P-9-T1 - 02 Kinematics PDF

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KINEMATICS IX -Physics
SCIENCE
The word science comes from the Latin word named “SCIENTIA” meaning knowledge. Science refers to a
system of acquiring knowledge. This system uses observation and experimentation to describe and explain
natural phenomena. In general the definition of science is “knowledge attained through study or practice”.
Physics
It is the branch of science which deals with the study of natural laws and their manifestation in the natural
phenomenon.
“Everything happens for a reason and that reason is usually – Physics”
Mechanics
It is the oldest branch of physics that focuses on the motion of objects and the forces that cause the motion to
change.
There are two branches of mechanics:
Kinematics
It deals with the concepts that are needed to describe motion, without any reference to forces or the cause of
the motion. e.g. Equation of motion.
Dynamics
It deals with the effect these forces have on motion. e.g. Newton’s laws of motion.
Rest
If the position of a body does not change as time passes, it is said to be at rest.
Motion
If the position of the body changes with time, it is said to be in motion.
Look at the book on your table. Is it at rest or in motion?

According to our definition, we should find out whether its position changes as time passes. The distance of
the book from the walls of the room remains unchanged. Its distance from the ceiling and from the floor also
remains unchanged. The position of the book remains unchanged with respect to the room. So, the book, as
seen from the room is at rest. Hence we can say that the book is at rest with respect to the room.
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Now if you move around the room, your position with respect the room changes from time to time.
Therefore you are in motion with respect to the room.
Similarly we see a variety of motions around us.
“Rest & Motion are relative terms”
Distance
It is the total path covered by an object considering a body travelling from A to B along the path between A
and B.
 Distance is a scalar quantity
 Units: SI and MKS unit is metre(m), CGS unit is centimeter(cm)
Displacement
Displacement is a vector that points from an object’s initial position towards its final position and has
magnitude that equals the shortest distance between the two positions.
 Displacement is a vector quantity
 Units: SI and MKS unit is metre(m), CGS unit is centimeter(cm)
Graphical Analysis
Here, distance travelled is AP + PB and Displacement is AB
Measuring technique
Identify the initial and final positions of the body. The length of the path from the initial and final positions
gives the magnitude of distance travelled. The straight line distance between these two positions gives the
magnitude of the displacement.
Speed
The rate at which the body moves or the distance covered by the body in unit time is called speed
 Speed is a scalar quantity
 Units: SI and MKS unit is metre/second (m/s); CGS unit is centimeter/ second (cm/s)
distance
speed =
time
Velocity
The speed of a body with specific direction or the rate at which body displaces is
called velocity
 Velocity is a vector quantity
 Units: SI and MKS unit is metre/second (m/s); CGS unit is centimeter/
second (cm/s)
displacement
velocity =
time
ACTIVITY
Match the following
1.Speed with direction a. A branch of Mechanics

2.Kinematics b. Distance
3.Displacement c. m/s
4.Length of the total path d. Velocity
5.Speed e. Vector quantity
Graphical Analysis
A truck moves 3 km to the north and then 4 km to the west.
Now let us understand the terms ‘speed’ and ‘velocity’ by observing the example given below. The distance
travelled by the truck is 7 km.
If the time taken by the truck to travel the distance of 7 km is 10 minutes, what is the distance covered by the
truck in one minute?
7
The distance covered by the truck in one minute is  0.7 km min ute
10
This is called as the speed of the truck.
Now we know that the displacement of the truck is 5 km, and if the time taken for this displacement is 5
minutes, what is the displacement in one minute?
5
The displacement of the truck in one minute is  1km min ute
5
This is called the velocity of the truck.
Now we shall see the four terms to understand these physical quantities
S. No. Terms Speed Velocity

1. Definition Speed is the distance covered Velocity is the displacement
by a body in unit time of a body in unit time
2. Measuring technique Dis tan ce Displacement
Speed  Velocity 
Time Time
3. Scalar or Vector It is a scalar quantity It is a vector quantity
nature
4. Units C.G.S  cm s C.G.S  cm s
M.K.S  m s M.K.S  m s
S.I.  m s S.I.  m s
Types of Velocity
Uniform Velocity: If an object covers equal displacements in equal intervals of time, it is said to move with
uniform velocity or constant velocity in a fixed direction.
Let us see with the help of an example:
A car starts at ‘O’ and travels a distance of 100 m and reaches ‘A’ in 1 minute and then it travels a distance
of 100 m from A to B in 1 minute and so on.
This means that the car covers equal displacements in equal intervals of time.
Then we can say that the car is moving with uniform velocity or constant velocity
Non – Uniform Velocity:- If a body covers unequal distances in equal intervals of time then we say that the
body is moving with non – uniform velocity
For example:
If a car covers 100 m in 1 minute from ‘O’ to ‘A’ 200 m in 1 minute from A to B and so on, it is covering
unequal distances in equal intervals of time.
Then we can say that the car is moving with non – uniform or variable velocity.
Average Velocity:- Average velocity of a body is the total displacement divided by the total time taken.
Total displacement
Average velocity 
Total time taken
Note: Average speed of a body is the total distance travelled divided by the total time taken.
Total dis tan ce
Average speed 
Tota time taken
Instantaneous Velocity: The velocity of an object in motion at specific point of time is called instantaneous
velocity
displacement in short interval of time
instantaneous velocity =
short interval of time
Relative Velocity
(a) Relative velocity of two bodies when they are moving in the same direction:
If two bodies, A and B are travelling in the same direction with velocities VA and VB then the relative
velocity of the two bodies is the difference between the velocities of the bodies ‘A’ and ‘B’,
VAB  VA  VB (Velocity of A with respect to B)

VBA  VB  VA (Velocity of B with respect to A)
If VA  VB then the relative velocity of the two bodies is zero i.e.,
The body ‘A’ appears to be at rest with respect to ‘B’ and the body ‘B’ appears to be at rest with
respect to ‘A’
(b) Relative velocity of two bodies when they are travelling in the opposite direction:
When two bodies are travelling in opposite directions, then one direction is assumed to be the
positive and the other direction the negative.
Then,
(i) The relative velocity of ‘A’ with respect to B
VAB  VA  VB (Velocity of A with respect to B)
(ii) The relative velocity of ‘B’ with respect to ‘A’ is
VBA    VA  VB  (Velocity of B with respect to A)
Acceleration
The rate at which a body changes its velocity or change in velocity of a
body in unit time is called acceleration of that body.
 Acceleration is a vector quantity
 Units: SI and MKS unit is metre/second2 (m/s2); CGS unit is
centimeter/second2 (cm/s2).
If ‘u’ is the initial velocity and ‘v’ is the final velocity and‘t’ is the time
interval then
change in velocity vu
acceleration =  a
time interval t
If the acceleration of a body is ‘a’ m / s it means the velocity of the body is increasing by ‘a’ units for every
2
second.
Let us study the acceleration of a body by observing the motion of a freely falling body. If the body reaches
the ground in 3s, then the observations are represented in a tabular form. Following are the observations
Velocity observed in the given
Time in seconds Displacement in metres
interval of time in m/s
0 0 0
1 4.9 9.8
2 19.6 19.6
3 44.1 29.4
It is observed that the velocity of the freely falling body is changing continuously.
Let us observe how it is changing:
Velocity of the body Change in velocity for an
Time in seconds in m/s. interval of one second
0 0 9.8
9.8
1 9.8
19.6
2 9.8
29.4
3
So it is clear from the above table that for every second the velocity is increasing by 9.8 m/s. This increase
in velocity per second or rate of change of velocity is known as acceleration.
Types of Acceleration
Uniform acceleration: If the velocity of a body changes by equal amounts in equal time intervals, the body
is said to be in uniform acceleration.
If the velocity of the uniformly accelerating body changes from v1 to v2 during time interval t 1 then
acceleration is equal to
v v
a  2 1 __ 1
t1
We will work out a problem to understand the concept.
A decelerating object does not necessarily have a negative acceleration.

The term deceleration has nothing to do with whether the acceleration ‘a’ is positive or negative. This term
only means that the acceleration vector points opposite to the velocity vector indicating that the moving
object is slowing down, which means the magnitude of the velocity decreases.
Ex: Let us assume

(i) If a car travels to the right side then it is in positive direction.
(ii) If a car travels to the left then it is negative direction. Now if the car is travelling in positive
direction then its velocity is positive. If this car starts decelerating then the acceleration ‘a’ is
negative. If this car reverses its direction and starts deceleration, the velocity becomes negative
and the acceleration becomes positive as it is slowing down, it should be opposite to direction of
velocity.
 Any decelerating object need not necessarily have a negative acceleration.
Non-uniform acceleration: If the velocity of a body changes by unequal amounts in equal intervals of time,
it is said to be in non-uniform acceleration.
ACTIVITY
Find acceleration for

1. A car moving with constant
velocity
2. A ball moving with reducing speed
in east direction. At a particular
instant, speed is 2m/s. After 2
seconds, the speed is 1m/s
3. A stone falling down freely
Equations of Motion
The physical quantities of a body in motion are represented in a tabular form along with the units:
S. No. Physical quantity General representation Units
1. Displacement s cm, m, km
2. Time t s, min, h
3. Initial velocity u cm/s or m/s, km/h
4. Final velocity v cm/s or m/s, km/h
5. Acceleration a cm/s2 or m/s2, km/h2
Let us see the equations of motion which are based upon the above physical quantities.
S. No. Equation of motion

1. v  u  at
2. 1
s  ut  at 2
2
3. v 2  u 2  2as
The terms present in above formulae are shown below:
Terms present in the

S. No. Equation of motion
formula
1. v  u  at u, a, v, t
2. 1 s, u, t, a
s  ut  at 2
2
3. v  u  2as
2 2
v, u, a, s
It is observed that in all the formulae the term ‘u’ and ‘a’ are common. So let us checkout the terms which
are actually connected in the formula, assuming that ‘a’ is constant for an initial velocity ‘u’
S. No. Equation Terms present Significance of the Equation

1. v  u  at v, u, a, t v  f  t  This formula tells us about the
velocity attained by a body after travelling
for ‘t’ seconds.
2. 1
s  ut  at 2
s, u, a, t s  f  t  This formula tells us about the
2 displacement of the body after travelling for
‘t’ seconds.
3. v 2  u 2  2as v, u, s, a v  f  s  This formula tells us about the
velocity after travelling a distance of ‘s’ units
Hence the equations of motion are valid for a constant acceleration for an initial velocity ‘u’. The equations
of motion are derived below
Special cases of equations of motion

(a) If a body starts from rest, then the initial velocity, u  0 and the equations of motion are:
v  at
1 2
s at
2
v 2  2as
(b) If a body comes to rest, then v  0 and acceleration becomes negative. Then the equations of motion
are:
u  at  0
1
s  ut  at 2
2
u 2  2as
(c) If a body has uniform velocity then change in velocity is zero i.e., a  0 , and the equations of the
motion become:
vu
s  ut
Acceleration Due To Gravity

The acceleration of a body falling freely under the influence of the Earth's gravitational attraction is directed
downward, towards the centre of the Earth. Near the Earth’s surface it is approximately 9.8m s 2 . ‘g’
decreases with increasing altitudes.
Equations of motion of freely falling body

If a body is falling from a height ‘h’ with acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ then the equations of motion
becomes:
v  u  gt
1
h  ut  gt 2
2
v  u  2gh
2 2
But the initial velocity of freely falling bodies is zero i.e. u  0
Then, the equations of motion become:
v  gt
1 2
h gt
2
v2  2gh
Equations of motion of body projected vertically upwards

When a body is projected upwards with an initial velocity ‘u’, it is raised to a certain height ‘h’ since we are
considering the acceleration due to gravity of a freely falling body as positive, we take a negative value for a
body projected upwards, and the equations of motion are
v  u  gt
1
h  ut  gt 2
2
v  u  2gh
2 2
Graphical Analysis
Let a particle be thrown vertically up from the point ‘A’ on the ground with the initial velocity ‘u’ which is
taken as positive and shown pointing up in the figure. Air resistance is assumed to be negligible.
Upward direction
As the acceleration due to gravity ‘g’ acting vertically down, the particle is subjected to retardation and ‘a’ is
negative being equal to –g. this has the effect of gradually reducing the particle velocity until comes to rest
momentarily at the maximum height B.
Initial velocity = u
Final velocity = 0
Acceleration due to gravity = -g
Height reached by the body = h
Downward direction
Now the particle descends, its velocity pointing down, i.e. ‘v’ is negative. As the acceleration is directing
downward throughout the motion during descent both ‘v’ and ‘a’ are negative. The negative acceleration
causes the velocity to become more and more negative. The numerical value however increases until the
particle returns to the point ‘C’ on the ground in the neighborhood of the starting point A.
Initial velocity  0
Final velocity  v
Acceleration due to gravity  g (It is nothing but a freely falling body)
The Graphs and Their Significance
How to plot graphs between two terms.

Imagine a body starting from rest with a constant acceleration. Then plot a graph between velocity (v) and
time (t).
(a) Identify the dependent and independent terms
For example: velocity (v)  dependent term
Time (t)  independent term
Plot the dependent terms on the y-axis and the independent terms on x-axis.
(b) Find the relation between these two terms.
Example: The relation between v and t for a body with uniform acceleration is v = u + at.
As the vehicle starts from rest u = 0, and ‘a’ is constant, then v = kt.
(c) In this relationship replace the dependent variable with y and the independent variable with x. in the
given relation between velocity and time, we can replace it from
v  kt to y  kx
(d) Arrange the equation and check the nature of the graph from the following chart:
S. No. Types of equation Graph Diagram

1. Linear equation Straight line
2. y = mx Straight line passing through

origin
3. xy = constant Hyperbola
4. x 2  y2  a 2 Circle with radius ‘a’
5. y  Kx 2 Parabola
Now we will start our graphical study with displacement and time graph.
Displacement and time graph

In displacement – time graph ‘t’ is the independent term and ‘s’ is the dependent.
Hence we represent y – axis for the displacement and x- axis for time. Let us study the graph for different
conditions
a) Body at rest: If a body is at rest, then the displacement of the body at any instant remains the same.
i.e., if a body is at position ‘A’ initially, it will be at the same position with increase in time.
Hence it is a line parallel to time axis.
b) Uniform Motion
In a uniform motion, equal distances are covered in equal interval of time.
Distance is a linear function of time. Hence if the initial point of the body is (0, 0) i.e. the time is
zero, then initial displacement is zero. It is a straight line passing through the origin.
c) Non-uniform motion
If the distance and time varies non-linearly i.e
If a body covers unequal distance in equal intervals of time, then it is a case of non-uniform motion.
d) Constant acceleration
The displacement time graph for constant acceleration is a smooth parabolic curve passing through
the origin.
 Distance and time graph of a uniform motion is a straight line while that of a non-uniform motion
is a curved line.
 Slope of the distance – time graph gives the velocity of the body.
Velocity – Time Graph

In a velocity time graph, time is the independent term and velocity is the dependent, hence we represent
velocity on y-axis and time on x-axis.
(a) Uniform velocity

If the velocity of a body is constant i.e. if it is moving equal displacement in equal intervals of time
then the v – t graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis as shown in the graph.
(b) Constant Acceleration:

The velocity and time graph for constant acceleration is shown in the adjacent graph. it is a straight
line passing through the origin.
 Slope of the velocity – time graph gives the acceleration of the body.
 Area of the velocity – time graph gives the displacement of the body.
Acceleration – Time Graph

We know that if the change in velocity is uniform, then the change in velocity with respect to time is nothing
but the uniform acceleration.
(a) Uniform Acceleration

If a body is moving with constant acceleration, then the graph is a straight line parallel to the time
axis.
 Area of the acceleration – time graph gives the

change in velocity of the body in the given time
interval.
Summary of Graphs for various types of motion
SOLVED EXAMPLE
1. The velocity – time graph represents the motion of a cyclist along a straight line.
(a) Determine the distance travelled with uniform acceleration.
(b) Determine the distance travelled with uniform velocity.
(c) Determine the distance travelled with uniform retardation.
(d) Determine the total distance travelled.
(e) Calculate the acceleration.
(f) Calculate the retardation.
(g) Calculate the average velocity.
Sol: The area under velocity – time graph gives the displacement or distance.
1
(a) Distance travelled during the acceleration of the cyclist = Area of OAD   5  40  100m
2
(b) Distance travelled with uniform velocity = Area of rectangle ABCD = 40  2 = 80m
1
(c) Distance travelled with uniform retardation = Area of BEC   4  40  80m
2
(d) Total distance = 100+80+80=260m
Slope of the velocity – time graph gives the acceleration:

velocity at A  velocity at O 40  0
(e) a    8m / s 2
Time elapsed between O and D 5
[We can take the difference between any two points]
Velocity at C  Velocity at B 0  40 40

(f) Retardation     10 m s 2
Time elasped between E and C 11  7 4
[We can take the difference between any two points]
Negative sign indicates the retardation of the body.
Total displacement 260

(g) Average velocity    23.6m / s
Total time 11
2. A driver of a car travelling at 54 km/hr applies the brakes and decelerates uniformly. The car
stops in 5s. Another driver going at 36 km/hr applies his brakes and stops in 10s. On the same
graph, plot velocity time graph of the two cars. Which of the two cars travelled farther after
the brakes were applied?
Sol: First car:

5
The car is travelling with a velocity of 54 km/hr  54   15m / s
18
The final velocity  0 , as he comes to rest after applying brakes.
Time taken to come to rest  5s
v  u 0  15
 Retardation    3m s 2
t 5
We will tabulate the velocity of the car after every second using the relation v  u  at
Time 0 1 2 3 4 5
Velocity 15 12 9 6 3 0
Let us plot the graph for above values
Second car:
5
The car is travelling with a velocity of 36 km/hr  36   10m / s
18
The final velocity  0 , as the driver comes to rest after applying brakes.
Time taken to come to rest  10s
v  u 0  10
Retardation    1m s 2
t 10
We will tabulate the velocity of the car after every second using the relation v  u  at
Time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Velocity 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Let us plot the graph for the above values

If we combine both the graphs,
1
Area of OAB gives the displacement of the first car after applying brakes  5 15  37.5m
2
1
Area of OCD gives the displacement of the second car after applying brakes  10 10  50m
2
Hence the second car moves farther than the first car.
3. Derive the equations of motion, using the graphical study

Sol: We know that the slope of velocity – time graph gives the acceleration i.e.,
(i) Slope of the line PQ gives the acceleration of the body.
QR QS  RS
a  
PR PR
vu
a
t
 at  v  u  v  u  at ……. (1)
(ii) The area below ‘PQ’ gives the displacement. Hence the total area is OPQS.
OPQS  OPRS  PRQ
1 1
 OP  OS   PR  QR  u  t   t   v  u 
2 2
1  vu 
 ut  t  at    a  v  u  at 
2  t 
1
 ut  at 2
2
(iii) Distance covered in time ‘t’ is given by the trapezium OPQS.
1 1 1  vu 
s   OP  QS PR   v  u  t  v  u 
2 2 2  a 
 vu  v u
2 2
 t  from 1    v2  u 2  2as

 a  2a
4. A truck moves 3 km to the North and 4 km to the West.

a) What is the total distance travelled by the truck?
b) What is the displacement of the truck?
Sol: a) the total distance travelled by the truck is equal to
= AB + BC = 3 + 4 = 7 km
b) As we have found the displacement of the truck, we join A to C with an arrow pointing towards C,
In order to find the displacement of a body:

“Join the initial and the final positions of the body with a straight line with an arrow tip pointing
towards the final position”.
The length of the straight line gives the magnitude of displacement and the direction of the arrow
gives the direction of displacement.
The magnitude of the displacement is equal to
AC  AC  AB2  BC2 (U sin g Pythagorastheorem)
 32  42  5km
 Direction of displacement is equal to 530 North-West.
Displacement of the truck is equal to 5km, North-West.
5. A whale swims due East for a distance of ‘x’ km, turns around and goes due West for ‘y’ km,
and then turns around again and heads ‘z’ km due East.
a) What is the total distance travelled by the whale?
b) What is the magnitude and the direction of displacement of the whale?
Sol: Case (i): Let the whale start at ‘A’ and move due East,
a distance of ‘x’ km. the distance, AB = ‘x’ km

The displacement AB = + x km
Case (ii) : Again, it turns back and moves

Due west to a distance of ‘y’ km
The distance BC = ‘y’ km
Since the direction is reversed, the displacement, BC = -y
Case (iii) : Again, it turns back and moves due East at a distance ‘z’ km from ‘C’ to ‘D’
The distance CD=’z’ km
The displacement CD = +z km
Using cases (i), (ii) and (iii) we can find the distance and displacement of the whale. The total
distance travelled by the whale is (x + y + z) km.
The total displacement is (x – y + z) km, which is the vector addition.
6. If a body is projected vertically upwards, it reached to the top of the wall of height ‘h’. Find the
displacement of the body after it returns to the ground.
Sol: If a body is projected vertically upwards, it reaches to the tower and returns to the ground.
(i) its displacement from A to B is h.
(ii) Its displacement from B to A is – h.
Hence the total displacement = h – h = 0.
But the distance travelled by the body = 2h
Here the distance travelled by the body is 2h, but the displacement is zero.
7. Michael Schumacher is raring to go at the start of the practice session in the Italian F1 Grand
Prix. He starts from Start Line and then after weaving around the 30 km long circuit comes
back to the Start Line. What is his displacement?
Sol: The initial position and the final position of Schumacher is the same.
The shortest distance between these two is zero.
So, we can see that through Schumacher had travelled a distance of 30km, he still had no
displacement.
Therefore we can have distance travelled with no displacement, but we can never have displacement
without distance travelled.
Now let us see s few examples, which may give a clear idea of the distance and displacement, when
a body travels along a circle.
8. When a body is moved along a circular path of radius ‘r’ and completes one revolution, what is
its displacement and its distance?
Sol: Let a body start its motion from point ‘A’. After 1 revolution, the body
comes back to same point ‘A’.
 The initial and final positions are same.
 The distance between initial and final position is zero.
 The displacement of body is zero.
Note: For ‘n’ revolution around a circular path, the displacement is zero
and distance travelled equal to n  2r.
9. A man moves along a circular track of radius ‘r’. He starts from one end of a diameter, moves
along the circular track and reached the other end of the diameter. What is the ratio of the
distance travelled by him to his displacement?
Sol: Let the initial position of the man be ‘A’.
He travels along the circle and reaches the point ‘B’.
(i) The distance travelled by the man is equal to length of the arc AB,
2r
Which is half of the circumference of the circle i.e.,  r
2
(ii) The displacement of the man is straight line distance between ‘A’
and ‘B’. it is from ‘A’ to ‘B’ which is measured along the straight
line AB.
But AB is the diameter of the circle which is equal to 2r.
Hence the displacement of the man is 2r.
r 
The ratio of the distance travelled by the man to his displacement =  or  : 2
2r 2
10. If a body moves one quadrant of a circle with radius ‘r’ along the arc ‘AB’, what is its
displacement and its distance?
Sol: The displacement is the magnitude of the distance measured along the straight line AB i.e., between
the initial and final points.
We know that OA = OB = r and AOB forms a right angled triangle.
Hence AB  OA  OB ,(ByPythagoras theorem)
2 2 2
AB2  r 2  r 2  2r 2  AB  2 r
We take positive value since displacement is from ‘A’ to ‘B’ which is considered to be positive.
1
The distance travelled by the body is along the arc AB, which is th of the circumference of the
4
2r r
circle The distance travelled by the body  
4 2
11. A body moves along the arc AB of a circle with radius ‘r’, which makes an angle of 600 with the
centre. Find its displacement
Sol: If the body moves along the arc AB, then displacement is the magnitude of the distance between A
and B measured along the straight line ‘AB’
Given AOB  600 , and OA  OB

Since OA  OB , it can be an isosceles triangle. Then OAB  OBA
Let OAB  OBA  x 0
But we know that the sum of the three angles in a triangle is equal to 1800
Here 60  2x  180  2x  180  60  120x  600
Since all the three angles are equal it is an equilateral triangle

OA  OB  AB  r ,
Hence the displacement, AB = r
12. A cyclist moving on a circular track of radius 100 m completes half of the revolution (AB) in
one minute. What is his speed and velocity, if he takes 30 sec to travel along the straight line
AB? Find the ratio of the speed the velocity of the cyclist.
Sol: Given: The radius of the circular track = 100 m
The distance travelled by the man along the arc AB  r  100
Time taken by the cyclist to travel the Arc of distance AB  1min  60sec
Dis tan ce travelled 100 10

Hence the speed of the cyclist    m sec
Time taken 60 6
The displacement of the cyclist is along the line AB which is the diameter of the circle AB  2r
Displacement  2 100  200m
200 20
 Velocity   m sec
30 3
10 20 
Ratio of the speed to velocity  :  : 2 or  : 4
6 3 2
Therefore the ratio of the speed to velocity of the cyclist   : 4
13. Convert 15 m/s into km/hr

15m
Sol: 15 m s 
1sec
1
We know that 1km=1000 m  1m  km
1000
1
And 1hr  60  60s  1s  hr
3600
1
15  km
1000 15  3600 18
Here 15m / sec    15   54km / hr
1 1000 5
3600
14. A car covers 30 km at a uniform speed of 60 km/h and the next 30 km at a speed of 40 km/h.
Find the average speed for the entire journey
Sol: a) First let us sketch the problem
Now divide the problem into cases, if needed.

In this problem we will divide it into two cases
Case (i): For first 30 km (AB)
Case (i): For second 30 km (BC)
After this we are going to write down the data in an organized manner.
It will be better if you write it below the sketch.
Also while writing the data, assign them to proper variables with proper subscripts
Case – I (AB) Case – II (BC)

Speed of the car in the part (AB) Speed of the car in the part (BC)
vAB  60km / hr distance travelled by the car in vBC  40km / hr distance travelled by the car in
the part s AB  30 km . Let the time taken to cover the part sBC  30km . Let the time taken to
this distance be t AB cover this distance be t BC
Let the total time taken be ‘t’
Total dis tan ce AC s AB  s BC
Average speed   
Total time taken t t AB  t BC
30  30 60
  _____ (1)
t AB  t BC t AB  t BC
s
Now applying distance travelled (s) = speed  v   time  t  or t  for both the cases we get,
v
s AB 30 s 30
t AB   t BC  BC 
v AB 60 v BC 40
1 3
t AB  hr t BC  hr
2 4
Substituting the values of t AB and t BC in equation (1), we get
60 60 60 4
Average speed     60   48 km hr
1 3 23 5 5

2 4 4 4
 The average speed of the car for the entire journey is 48 km/hr.
15. A car passes the 100 km, 160 km and 240 km marks on the highway at 11:00 AM, 11:45 AM
and 2:00 PM respectively. Find the average speed of the car during:
(a) 11:00 Am to 11:45 AM (b) 11:45 AM to 2:00 PM (c) 11:00 AM to 2:00 PM
Sol: (a) The distance covered between 11:00 AM and 11:45 AM  160 100  60km
45 3
Time interval to travel this 60km  45 min utes  hr  hr  0.75hr
60 4
60km
 Average speed   80km / hr
0.75hr
(b) The distance covered between 11:45 AM to 2:00 PM = 240-160=80 km
9
Time interval to travel this 80km  2hr15 min  hr
4
80  4 320
 Average speed    35.5km / hr
9 9
(c) The distance covered between 11:00 AM to 2:00 PM =240 – 100 = 140 km
Total time interval = 3 hrs
140
 Average speed   46.6 km / hr
3
16. The maximum speed of a bus is 80 km/hr. It takes 8 hrs to travel a distance of 320 km. What is
the ratio between the maximum speed and the average speed of the bus?
Sol: Maximum speed of the bus  80km / hr
Time taken to travel a distance of 320 km = 8 hrs
dis tan ce travelled 320

 The average speed of the bus    40km / hr
time taken 8
Ratio between the maximum speed and the average speed of the bus  80 : 40  2 :1
17. A tourist, being chased by an angry tiger, is running in a straight line towards his car at a
velocity of 4 m/s. The car is away at a distance ‘d’. The tiger is 26 m behind the tourist and
running at 6 m/s. The tourist reaches the car safely. What is the maximum possible value for
‘d’?
Sol: First, visualize the problem.
Here we will divide the problem into two cases as the motion of a man and of the tiger.
Man Tiger
vman  4 m s v tiger  6m s
s man  d m stiger   26  d  m
t man  ? t tiger ?
We have to find the maximum value of ‘d’. For ‘d’ is to be maximum the tourist and the tiger should
reach the car at the same time
s s d 26  d
 t man  t tiger  man  tiger    6d  4d  26  4  d  52m
v man v tiger 4 6
Therefore d max imum  52 m
Hence if the distance between the tourist and the car is 52m, the tourist can reach the car safely.
18. A car travelled 60 km with an average velocity of 40 km/h due North. It travels at 25 km/hr for
1st 15 km, at 64h km/hr for next 32 km/hr. The trip consists of 3 parts. North for the next 32
km. With what constant velocity (magnitude and direction) does the car travel for the last 13
km of the trip?
Sol: First, we will sketch the problem
Second, we are dividing it into three parts of 15 km, 32 km and 13 km each
Taking North as positive
AB BC CD AD
vAB  25km / h vBC  64km / h vCD.  vCD km / h vAD  40km / h
sAB  15km sBC  32km sCD  13km s AD  60km
t AB  ? t BC  ? t CD  ? t AD  ?
Total time taken to cover AD  Time taken to cover AB  Time taken to cover BC  Time taken to
cover CD
 t AD  t AB  t BC  t CD
s AD s AB s BC s CD
   
v AD v AB v BC v CD
60km 15km 13km 32km
   
40km / h 25km / h v CD km / h 64km / hr
3 3 1 13
   
2 5 2 v CD
2 13
   v CD  32.5 km h
5 v CD
Therefore, the car travels the last 13 km segment of the journey with a constant velocity of 32.5
km/h N. (North because the sign of the answer is positive)
Always assume one direction as the positive direction. Then assign proper signs for all the vector
quantities. Then you don’t have to determine which direction the particle is moving at the final
instance, the sign of the answer will tell you the direction in which the particle is moving.
19. You drive on the National Highway from Mumbai to Chennai, half the time at 56 km/h and the
other half at 89 km/h. On the way back you travel half the distance at 56 km/h and the other
half at 89 km/h. What is your average speed?
(a) From Mumbai to Chennai (b) From Chennai to Mumbai
(c) For the entire trip (d) what is your average velocity for the entire trip?
Sol: (a) Average Speed for the trip from Mumbai to Chennai:
Let the total distance between Mumbai and Chennai be d MC km
Let the time taken be t MC
Let the average speed from Mumbai to Chennai be v MC
For the first half of the time, the velocity  v1  56 km h
t v t
Distance covered during the first half time is d1  v1  MC  1 MC km
2 2
For the second half of the time, the velocity, v2  89 km h
t v t
Distance covered during second half time is d 2  v 2  MC  2 MC km
2 2
 Total distance covered  d1  d 2
 v t v t  v  v 
 d MC  d1  d 2  d MC   1 MC  2 MC  km  1 2  t MC km
 2 2  2
v  v 
 d MC  1 2  t MC km …….. (1)
2
Total Dis tan ce
By definition, Average Speed 
Total Time
d
 Average Speed for the trip from Mumbai to Chennai  MC
t MC
d v  v 
 vMC  MC  1 2 km / h (from 1)  v MC 
56  89
 72.5km h
t MC 2 2
(b) Average Speed for the trip from Chennai to Mumbai:

Let the total distance be dCM km
Let v1 be the speed for the first half of the journey v1  56 km / hr
Let v 2 be the speed for the second half of the journey  v2  89 km/h
d 2 d
Time taken to cover the first half of the journey  t1  CM  CM
v1 2v1
d 2 d
Time taken to cover the second half of the journey  t 2  CM  CM
v2 2v 2
d CM d CM d CM  1 1 
 Total time taken  t CM  t1  t 2      
2v1 2v2 2  v1 v 2 
d
Average speed from Chennai to Mumbai  CM
t CM
d CM 2v1v 2 2  56  89
 vCM   vCM    68.74 km h
d CM  1 1  v1  v 2 56  89
  
2  v1 v 2 
It is good practice of solving the problem using Variables and substituting the values only at
the end.
(c) Average Speed for the entire trip

Now in order to find the average speed for the entire trip, a clever reasoning will do the trick
“We can say that you travelled from Mumbai to Chennai with a speed of vMC  72.5km / h
and back from Chennai to Mumbai with a constant speed of vCM  68.74km / h
Now as the distance Mumbai to Chennai and from Chennai to Mumbai is the same, we can
use the result directly, that is
2v CM v MC
Average Speed 
v CM  v MC
2  72.5  68.74
 Average Speed for the entire trip  km h  70.57km / h
72.5  68.74
(d) Average Velocity for the entire trip
Displacement
By definition, Average Velocity 
Time Taken
Here the Displacement for the entire trip  0  Average velocity  0
Remember these results

(i) If a body travels for half the time with a constant speed ‘u’ and for the remaining half with a
constant speed ‘v’ then
uv
Average Speed 
2
(ii) If body travels half the distance with a constant speed ‘u’ and for the remaining half of the
distance with a speed ‘v’ then
2uv
Average Speed 
uv
The above Formulae also hold good for velocity if the direction of motion is a straight line
Note: If a body has travelled a certain distance with different speeds, then we can say that the body has
travelled that distance with a constant speed which is equal to the Average Speed calculated.
20. Train A travelling east with a speed of 13m/s and train ‘B’ is travelling West with a speed of 28
m/s,
(a) What is the velocity of train ‘A’ as seen by the passenger in train ‘B’?
(b) What is the velocity (magnitudes and direction) of train ‘B’ as seen by the passenger in
train ‘A’?
Sol: Let us assume that the velocity of ‘A’ is positive and the velocity of ‘B’ is negative.
Then velocity of train ‘A’ is VA  13m / s . The velocity of train ‘B’ is VB  28m s
Since both the trains are travelling in opposite directions, the relative velocity of ‘A’ with respect to
‘B’ is VA  VB  13   28  41m / s
And the direction is towards east as ‘A’ is moving towards east.
Similarly, the velocity of ‘B’ with respect to ‘A’ is VB  VA   28  13
And the direction is towards west as ‘B’ is moving towards west.
21. A stream flows at the rate of 5 km/hr in a given time a boat travels downstream three times the
distance traversed by it in upstream. Find the speed of the boat in still water.
Sol: Let the speed of the boat in still water be Vb and the speed of the steam is Vs  5km hr
Then relative speed during upstream  Vb  Vs
Relative speed during downstream  Vb  Vs
Given  Vb  Vs   3  Vb  Vs  in unit time
Vb  Vs  3Vb  3Vs
 4Vs  2Vb  4  5  2  Vb
20
 Vb   10km / hr
2
 The speed of the boat in still water  10km hr
22. A car moving at 20 km/h speeds up to 80 km/h in 6 seconds. Assuming that it moves in a fixed
direction with uniform acceleration, find its acceleration.
6 1
Sol: Initial velocity v1  20 km h , Final velocity v2  80 km h , Time Interval hr  hr
3600 600
v 2  v1  80  20 
Acceleration of the car, a   km / h 2  km / h 2    km / hr 2  36000km / hr 2
t  1 
 600 
23. The muzzle velocity of a gun is the velocity of the bullet when it leaves the barrel. The muzzle
velocity of one rifle with a short barrel is greater that the muzzle velocity of another rifle that
has a longer barrel. In which rifle is the acceleration of the bullet greater? Give reasons.
Sol: Let the muzzle velocity of the short barrel be ‘ v1 ’ and the velocity of the long barrel is ‘ v 2 ’. But if
we mention velocity ‘ v1 ’ it does not give any information about the acceleration of the short barrel.
Similarly, if we mention ‘velocity v 2 ’ it does not give any information about the acceleration of the
long barrel.
The change in velocity of the long barrel or the short barrel in unit time will give the acceleration and
acceleration does not depend on the mass of the body.
Hence if the change in velocity in unit time is the same, then both the rifles will have the same
acceleration
24. A runner accelerates to a velocity of 5.36 m/s due west in 3s. His average acceleration is 0.640
m/s2, also due west. What was his velocity when he began accelerating?
Sol: The final velocity achieved by the runner v  5.36m / s
Time taken to achieve the above velocity, t  3s
Average acceleration a  0.640m / s
2
Let the initial velocity be ‘u’

vu 5.36  u
But we know that a   0.64   0.64  3  5.36  u
t 3
 u  5.36   0.64  3  3.44m s
 The runner’s velocity when he began accelerating  3.44m / s
25. An electron travelling with a velocity of 5  103 m/s passes through an electric field with an
acceleration of 1012 m / s 2 . How long will it take for the electron to double its velocity?
The initial velocity of the electron is given as u  5 10 m s
3
Sol:
The acceleration of the electron in the electric field  10 m s
12 2
Let the velocity be doubled in time ‘t’

The final velocity, v  double the initial velocity  2  5 10  10 m s
3 4
changein velocity v  u
We know that acceleration, a  
time taken t
104  5 103 5 103
a  
t t
But acceleration is given as, a  10 m s
12
5 103 5 103
 10 12
t 12
 5 109 s
t 10
 in a time interval of 5 109 seconds the velocity of the electron is doubled
26. A car is travelling with a velocity of 28 m/s. The person in the car applies brakes when t 0  9.0s
. The velocity of the car has been reduced to v  13m/ s when t  12.0s , what is the average
acceleration of the car?
Sol: The average acceleration of an object is always specified as its change in velocity, v  v0 , divided by
the elapsed time, t  t 0 . This is true whether the final velocity is greater or less than the initial
velocity.
v  v0
The average acceleration according to the formula is, a 
t  t0
13m / s  28m / s
  5.0m / s 2
12.0s  9.0s
27. A train travelling with a speed of 60 km/h applied brakes and acquires a retardation of 40
km/h2. After how long will the train come to rest?
Sol: Let the train comes to rest after ‘t’ hr and the initial velocity of the Train, u  60km / h
Final velocity of the train, v  0 , since it comes to rest
The train acquires retardation after applying brakes i.e. a  40km / h
vu 0  60
We know that a    40km / h 2
t t
60 3
t  h  1.5h
40 2
Hence the train comes to rest in 1.5 h after applying the brakes.
28. Derive a formula for finding the distance travelled by a body in the n th second.
Sol: Let the distance travelled by a body in nth second be ‘ sn ’
The distance travelled for ‘n’ seconds  s1
And the distance travelled for  n  1 seconds  s2
For an initial velocity ‘u’ and constant acceleration ‘a’, the formula for finding the distance is,
1
s  ut  at 2
2
1
s1  un  an 2
2
1
s 2  u  n  1  a  n  1
2
2
But s1  s 2  Distance travelled by the body in nth second i.e. sn
1  1 2
 s n  s1  s 2  un  an 2   u  n  1  a  n  1 
2  2 
 
 un  an 2   un  u  a  n 2  1  2n  
1 1
2  2 
1 2 1 2 1
 un  an  un  u  an  a  an
2 2 2
1  1
 u  a  an  u  a  n  
2  2
 1
 The distance travelled by the body in the nth second is, s n  u  a  n  
2  
29. The left ventricle of the heat accelerates blood from rest to a velocity of +26 cm/s
(a) If the displacement of the blood during the acceleration is +2.0 cm, determine its
acceleration (in cm/s2)
(b) How much time does it take for the blood to reach its final velocity?
Sol: First, we will write the data of the given problem.
Initially, the blood is at rest i.e. u  0
Final velocity, v  26cm / s
(a) The displacement of the blood during the acceleration  2.0cm
Then find the acceleration of the blood i.e. a  ?
Let us see the formula in which v, u, s and a are present. We have
(i) v  u  at
1
(ii) s  ut  at 2
2
(iii) v  u  2as
2 2
The third formula is suitable for our problem.
Hence we use v 2  u 2  2as   26    0   2  a  2

2 2
26  26
  a  a  13 13  169 cm s 2
2 2
 The acceleration of blood is 169 cm/s2
(b) Now we know s, u, v and a. We have to find the time taken to reach its final velocity.
Let us see the formula which is based on these terms.
First and the second formula can be used to find the time to reach the velocity of 26 cm/s.
26 2
v  u  at  26  0  169  t   s
(i) 169 13
1 1 2 2 2
s  ut  at 2  2  0  t  169  t 2   t  sec
(ii) 2 2 169 13
2
Hence the time taken to reach the velocity of 26 cm/s is s
13
30. A car is accelerating at 1.6 m/s2. It passes through a 20.0m wide crossing in a time of 2.4 s.
After the car leaves the crossing, how much time is required for its speed to reach 32m/s?
Sol: Let us write the data given in the problem:
The acceleration of the car, a  1.6m s
2
Time taken to travel a distance of 20 m =2.4 s

The final velocity of the car 32m / s
1
Let us find the initial velocity of the body ‘u’ using the formula s  ut  at 2
2
1 1
 20  u  2.4  1.6   2.4   u  2.4  20  1.6  2.4  2.4  u  6.413m / sec
2
2 2
To find the time taken to reach the final velocity, we use the formula v  u  at
v  u 32  6.413
t   16s
a 1.6
31. A body starts from a point ‘A’ with velocity ‘U’ and reaches point ‘C’ with velocity ‘V’. What
was its velocity at the midpoint of AC.
Sol: Let the body starts at point A, where its velocity is U. At point C, the velocity is V. Let B be the
mid– point and let its velocity be V1
Step – I Sketching:
V1  ?
Step =II Divide and Rule: We know that Britishers ruled India by divide and rule policy. Similarly
the problem can be ruled and simplified by dividing it into segments or cases. In the above problem
let the first segments or case be AC and second segment or case be AB.
Case – I Case – II
AC AB
Note: u1  initial velocity of first case
u 2  Initial velocity of second case
v1  Final velocity of first case

v2  Final velocity of second case and so on.
Step – III: Data Noting

Direct Data
(Constitutes the given terms and the required terms)
u1  U u2  U
v1  V v 2  V1  ?
Indirect Data
(Constitutes the assumed terms or known constants)
Let 1
a a 2 a  a
To use the formulae in kinematics we need four terms
Let us introduced the fourth term
s1  2x  s2  x
Let
Step – IV: Selection of formula: This is done by observing the given data. In the above data the
terms are u, v, a and s, Separating u and a the formula connecting v and s is v 2  u 2  2as
Step – V: Generation of equations
Substitute Case – I terms in the selected formula and generate an equation (1) similarly substitute
Case – II terms in the selected formula to get equation (2) as follows:
Vl  U2  2  a  x  2ax
2
V 2  U 2  2  a  2x  4ax ……. (1) ….. (2)
Step – VI: Analysis of equations
The two equations connect 5 terms V, U, a, x and V1 out of which V, U and V1 are concerned terms
(terms which are given and which are needed) and a and x are unconcerned terms
(terms which are assumed or introduced)
Step – VII: Elimination of unconcerned terms
Eliminate the unconcerned term by dividing equations (2) with (1)
 2    V l   U 2  2ax   V l   U 2  1  2
2 2
1 V 2  U 2 4ax V2  U2 2  V   U   l  V  U 
l 2 2 2 2
 2Vl  2U2  V2  U2  2Vl  V2  U2  2U2  2Vl  V2  U2

2 2 2
V2  U2 V2  U2
 Vl   Vl 
2
2 2
(Note: Always make sure that your answer is in terms of the given data)
Scientific Approach for Problem Solving
The above flow chart forms the basis for problem solving in physics.
32. A body is moving such that it covers a distance of ‘K’ m during which its velocity gets halved.
Then what is the further distance it travels before coming to rest.
Sol: Let us suppose that the body is travelling from A to B during which a distance of ‘K’ m is covered.
Let ‘u’ be the velocity at A, hence its velocity at B is u/2, Let the body cover a further distance of
K1m from B to C before its velocity become zero at C.
Sketching:
BC  K1  ?
AB BC
s1  K s 2  BC  K1  ?
u1  u u2  u / 2
v1  u / 2 v2  0
a1  a  a 2  a
Let
(The body is decelerating since the velocity decreases from u to u/2)

v 2  u 2  2as
Apply the above formula for both the cases we get,
 u 2  u 2  2  a  K 0 2   u / 2   2  a  K 1
2 2
2
3 2 u
 u  2aK  2aK1
4 …… (1) 4 ……. (2)
Eliminating the unconcerned terms by dividing equation (1) by (2), we get
3 2
   4 u  2aK  3  K
1
 2  u 2 2aK1 K1
K
4  K1  m
3
33. A body moving with uniform acceleration has its velocity doubled in ‘t’ seconds. The velocity
becomes quadrupled in ________ seconds.
Sol: Let the body starts from a point A with a velocity u and takes a time of ‘t’ sec to reach point B where
its velocity has become 2u. Let t 1 with the time taken from point A to point C where the velocity at
C is 4u.
AB AC
t1  t sec t 2  t1  ?
v1  2u v2  4u
u1  u u2  u
Let a1  a a2  a
v  u  at
2u  u  at  u  at … (1) 4u  u  at  3u  at1 ……. (2)
 2   3u  at1  3  t1  t1  3t
1 u at t
 t AC  3t
34. A bullet fired into a wooden block loses ¾ of its velocity after penetrating 15 cm into it. How
much further distance it has to penetrate to be stopped completely?
Sol: Let AB  15cm be the distance travelled by the bullet A where its velocity is ‘u’ at point A and loses
3/4th of the initial velocity  u  3u / 4  u / 4  and becomes u / 4 at point B. Let us suppose that it
travels a further distance s1 from point B where its velocity becomes 0 at point C.
(AB) (BC)
u1  u 3 u
u2  u  
4 4
u
v1 
4 v2  0
Let 1
a  a 2  a  a
(The body is decelerating since the velocity decreases from u to u/4)
s1  15cm
Let s 2 = s1  ?
v 2  u 2  2as
15u 2
2
u 15u 2
   u 2
 2    a   15    2  a  15   30a    (1)
4 16 16
 0    u4   2   a   sl  16u  2  a  sl  16

2 2
u2
2
 2as l    (2)

u2
 2   16  2asl  1  sl  sl  1cm
 l  15u 2 30a 15 15
16
35. A police man sitting on his motor cycle observers a thief moving in car at constant velocity of
30 ft/sec and starts simultaneously chasing him, with an acceleration of 3 ft/sec 2. When and
where he is going to catch the thief?
Sol: Let AB be the distance travelled by the thief with a uniform velocity of 30 ft /sec. Let PQ be the
distance travelled by police with an acceleration of 3 ft/sec2. Since the police and the thief start their
journey simultaneously and the police is going to catch the thief the time taken and also distance
travelled by both of them will be the same.
AB  PQ  ? t ?
AB PQ
u1  30ft / sec u2  0
a1  0 a 2  3ft / sec
t1  t  ? t2  t  ?
S1  x  ? S2  x  ?
1 2
S  ut at
2
Applying the above formula for both the case, we get
x  30t … (1)
1
x   3 t 2 …… (2)
2
Equating (1) and (2), we get
1
30t  3t 2  60t  3t 2  20t  t 2  t 2  20t  0
2
 y  t  20  0  t  20sec  or  t  0
 t  20sec
Substitute the value of ‘t’ in equation (1), we get

x  30  20  600ft.
36. Moving with uniform acceleration a body covers 150 m during 10 sec. So that it covers 24 m
during the tenth second. Find the initial velocity an acceleration of the body
Sol: Case – I (10 s) Case – II (10th second)
s1  150m s 2  24m
t1  10s n  10th second
u1  u  ? u2  u  ?
a1  a  ? a2  a  ?
1
s  ut  at 2  1
2 sn  u  a  n  
 2
1
 150  u 10   a  10 
2
 1
2 24  u  a 10  
 2
150  10u  50a …… (1)  24  u 
19a
 48  2u  19a …… (2)
2
Solving (1) and (2) we get, a  2m s2 and u  5m s
37. In a cricket the toss of a coin decides which team will bat first and which does the bowling. The
umpire tosses the coin with an initial velocity of 6.00 m/s. In the absence of air resistance, what
is the height the coin will reach from its point of release? Find the time taken by the coin to
reach the ground for this important decision
Sol: Given: The initial velocity ‘u’  6.00m / s
Acceleration due to gravity ‘g’  9.8m / s
Final velocity ‘v’ after reaching the height ‘h’ = 0
Then the equation of motion in which the above terms are present is v 2  u 2  2as
 02   6   2   9.8   h
2
36
h  1.837m
2  9.8
Let time taken to reach this height ‘h’ be ‘t’. Then using the formula v  u  gt ,
6
0  6.00  9.8  t  t   0.612s
9.8
Now let us find the time taken by the coin to reach the umpire from height ‘h’
1
In the downward movement the equation of motion is, h  gt 2 , where u  0
2
2h 2h 2 1.837
 t2  t   0.612s
g g 9.8
Hence the total time taken by the coin reach the umpire is
0.612  0.612  1.224s
38. Prove that the initial velocity of a body projected vertically upwards is equal to the velocity of
the body on returning to the ground if the maximum height reached by the body is ‘h’ m.
Sol: Let the velocity of the body projected vertically upwards  u m s
Maximum height reached  ' h ' m

Velocity of the body after reaching the ground be v m s
We know that acceleration due to gravity  'g 'm s
2
Upward direction:
Initial velocity  u
Final velocity = 0
Acceleration due to gravity   g
Height reached by the body = h
Using the formula v  u  2gh , we can find the projected velocity ‘u’
2 2
 02  u 2  2gh
 u  2gh ….. (1)
Downward direction:
Initial velocity  0
Final velocity  v m / s
Distance travelled  h
Acceleration due to gravity  g m s
Using the formula v  u  2gh , we can find the final velocity of the body after reaching the
2 2
ground.
 v2  02  2gh
 v  2gh …. (2)
But (1) = (2)
Hence the projected velocity ‘u’ is equal to the velocity of the body on returning to the ground.
39. Find the maximum height reached by the body when it is projected vertically upwards with an
initial velocity ‘u’
Sol: Maximum height reached by the body:
If a body is projected vertically upwards with a velocity ‘u’ then,
The Initial velocity, u  u m s
Final velocity, v  0
Acceleration due to gravity g m s
2
Let the maximum height reached by the body be ‘H’

Then, using the formula v  u  2gH
2 2
We get
0  u 2  2gH
u2
H
2g
Which is the maximum height reached by the body if it is projected vertically upwards with a initial
velocity of ‘u’ m/s
40. Prove that the time of ascent is equal to the time of descent if a body is projected vertically
upwards with an initial velocity ‘u’ m/s
Sol. To prove that Time of ascent = Time of descent:
That is, if a body is projected upwards from the ground, it reaches to a certain height and returns to
its initial position.
Time of ascent:
Let the initial velocity = u m/s
Acceleration of the body = -g m / s 2
Final velocity of the body, v = 0
The time of ascent =‘t’s
Now, using the formula v = u - gt for a projected body, we can find the time of ascent i.e. time taken
to reach the height.
u
 0  u  gt  u  gt  t 
g
Time of descent:
After reaching the maximum height, the body starts coming down.
The initial velocity, u = 0 m/s
Acceleration due to gravity = g
Final velocity = v m/s
Time of decent =‘t’s
Let the height
1
Reached by the body be ‘h’ m. then using the formula h  gt 2 for a freely
2
1 2h 2h
h  gt 2  t 2  t    (1)
2 g g
Falling body
Now, in order to eliminate ‘h’, which is an unknown quantity, let us use the formula
v2
v2  u 2  2gh  v2  2gh  h     (2)
2g
Substituting (2) in (1), we get
2× v2 v
t= =
2g×g g
But we know that u = v i.e. projected velocity of a body is equal to the velocity of the body on
reaching the ground.
u
t = = time of descent
g
 Time of ascent = Time of descent
41. A body took ‘t’ sec. to come down from top of a tower. Time taken to cover half the height of
the tower is---------------------
Sol. Let AB be the tower of height ‘h’ m and the body takes ‘t’ seconds to come down from A to B as
shown in the figure.
h
Let C be the midpoint and hence AC  m
2
AB AC
t1  t t2  tl  ?
a1  g a2  g
u1  0 u2  0
s1  h s2  h / 2
S  ut  1/ 2at 2
Applying the above formula for both the cases, we get
1 h 1 l2
h  gt 2    (1)  gt    (2)
2 2 2
1 2
1  h  2 gt  2  t 2  t l2  t 2  t l  t sec
 2  h / 2 1 gt l2
2
tl 2 2
2
42. A body falling from rest has a velocity ‘V’ after it falls through a distance ‘h’. The distance i
has to fall down further for its velocity to become double is ------- time ‘h’.
Sol. Let a body starting from rest travels a distance of ‘h’ m from A to B during which it acquires a
velocity V as shown in the figure. Its velo0city becomes 2V at point C.
AB BC
s1  h s 2  BC  h l  ?
v1  V v2  2V
u1  0 u2  V
Let a1  g a2  g
v  u  2as
2 2
Apply the above formula for both the cases, we get

V2  02  2gh  2V 
2
 V 2  2gh l
 V2  2gh    (1)  3V2  2gh l    (2)
Eliminating the unconcerned terms by dividing equation (2) by equation (1) we get,
 2   3V 2  2gh l  h l  3h
1 V 2 2gh
43. A stone projected so as to reach a height ‘h’ passes point P and Q with velocities V/2 and V/3.
The distance between the points is ----- h, where ‘V’ is the initial velocity with which the body is
thrown.
Sol: Let AB be the tower of height ‘h’ m. and P, Q be the points where the stone passes to reach the
height. Given that the velocity of stone at P is V/2 and velocity of stone at Q is V/3. Let the distance
between the points P and Q be ‘x’ m.
s1  h s2  x  ?
uV u  V/2
v11  0 v12  V / 3
a1  g a 2  g
v  u  2as
2 2

 0   V 2  2  g  h
2 2 2
V V
      2  g  x
3 2
 V2  2gh    (1) 
5V 2
 2gx    (2)
36
Eliminating the unconcerned terms by dividing equation (2) by equation (1) we get,
5V 2
 2   36  2gx  5  x  x  5 h
1 V2 2gh 36 h 36
44. From a tower of height 300 m a body is allowed to fall freely and simultaneously a body from
the bottom of the tower is projected up with a velocity 75 m/sec. what is the height from the
ground level where the two bodies meet.
Sol: Let AB be the tower of height 300m. From point A, the top of the tower the body is allowed to fall
freely and from point B, another body is projected up with a velocity of 75 m/sec at the same time.
Let us assume that both the bodies meet at the point C which is at a distance of x from the ground.
AC  BC 
s1  AC  AB  BC  300  x s2  x
u1  0 u 2  75m / s
Let a1  g  a 2  g
Let t1  t  t2  t
S  ut  1/ 2at 2
1 1 1
300  x  0  gt 2  gt 2    (1) x  75t  gt 2    (2)
2 2 2
Adding equation (1) and (2) we get,
300 = 75t  t = 4 sec Substitute t = 4 in eq (2)
x  75  4  1/ 2  (9.8)  42  221.6m(considering g  9.8m / s2 )
45. A body travels for 5 seconds, covering 100 m for every second. Draw the distance time grsph
for this motion.
Sol: Let us represent the motion of the body in a tabular form i.e.
Time 0 1 2 3 4 5
Distance 0 100 200 300 400 500
Let us represent these points on the graph between‘s’ and‘t’.

It is a straight line passing through line OA
Let us find the slope of this straight line OA

i.e. slope between any two points like
(1,100) and (2,200) is
200  100 100

Slope    100m / s
2 1 1
This means the slope of distance time graph gives the velocity.
46. A body moves with a uniform velocity of 60m/s for 6s. Draw the velocity- time graph and
displacement-time graph.
Sol: Since the velocity is constant, the graph is a straight line parallel to time – axis.
The values of time and velocity are tabulated below:
Time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Velocity 60 60 60 60 60 60 60
The velocity at any particular instant is the same.

Displacement – time graph:
s
We know that v   s  v  t
t
Let us represent different values of ‘s’ and ‘v’ in a tabular form.
Time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Displacement 0 60 120 180 240 300 360
The graph is as shown.

It is a straight line passing through the origin.
Area of the velocity time graph gives the displacement of the body. Therefore the total displacement
the body after 6 seconds = OA  OC  60  6  360m
Non-uniform velocity: If a body is travelling with non-uniform velocity i.e. if its velocity changes
with time, there are two cases:
Case (i): When the change in velocity is uniform with respect to time.
Case (ii): When the change in velocity is non-uniform with respect to time.
Case (i):
Let the change in velocity be uniform with respect to time, which is nothing but the acceleration.
The graph is a straight line passing through the origin.
Case (ii):
If the change in velocity is non-uniform, then the graph is a curve passing through the origin.
Let us see an example based on velocity and time graph:
47. A body travels for 5s with velocity 2m/s, with an increase of 2m/s for every second. Draw the
graph between velocity and time. What are the observations?
Sol: Let us tabulates the results:
Time 0 1 2 3 4 5
Velocity 2 4 6 8 10 12
Let us see the slope of the straight line AB Take any two points like (1, 4) and (3, 8)
84 4
Slope =   2m / s 2
3 1 2
If we observe the slope of v-t graph, it is nothing but the acceleration of the body.
Hence the slope of velocity and time graph gives the acceleration.
48. A body starts from rest and undergoes an acceleration of 3m / s 2 for 5s.
Draw (i) Velocity – time graph (ii) distance – time graph (iii) Acceleration – time graph.
Sol: Acceleration tells us how much the velocity increases per second. Hence the velocity increases by
3m/s for every second.
The following table is obtained by reasoning. By substituting the ‘t’ value in the expression
v = u + at, where u = 0, a = 3, we calculate the ‘v’ value.
T(s) V(m/s)
0 0
1 3
2 6
3 9
4 12
5 15
Hence if we draw the graph with the above values, the graph is a straight line passing through the
origin.
Now let us draw the distance – time graph:
We know that the area below the line AJ of the v-t graph is nothing but the displacement of the body.
Let us find the displacement of the body after every second, using velocity – time graph:
S0 : Displacement at t = 0, s = 0
1
S1 : Displacement after 1s = area of ABC  1 3  1.5m
2
1
S2 : Displacement after 2s = area of ADE   2  6  6m
2
1
S3 : Displacement after 3s = area of AFG   3  9  13.5m
2
1
S4 : Displacement after 4s = area of AHI   4 12  24m
2
1
S5 : Displacement after 5s = area of AJK   5 15  37.5m
2
The graph is now plotted between displacement and time.
The acceleration time graph is a line parallel to the time axis, as it is constant which is equal to 3m/
sec 2 .
CROSSWORD PUZZLE
ACROSS
4 Physical Quantity that is described using its magnitude
5 Change in velocity
6 Vector quantity which represents the movement from the starting position to
the final position
7 Branch of Physics that describes the movement
9 Set of points where an object moves
11 Motion at a constant velocity
14 The measurement of the trajectory
DOWN
1 Magnitude of the velocity
2 Location from which compare other locations
3 Unit of distance
8 Location of an object
10 Physical Quantity that is represented by its magnitude, direction and
orientation
12 An object changing its position
13 Vector quantity which represents how fast an object moves and its
corresponding direction
EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS:
LEVEL - I
1. Slope of displacement-time graph is

(a) Distance (b) Speed (c) Acceleration (d) Velocity
2 A 150m long train is moving with a uniform velocity of 45 km/h. The time taken by the train to cross
a bridge of length 850m is
(a) 56s (b) 68s (c) 80s (d) 92s
3. A body starts from rest. What is the ratio of the distance travelled by the body during the 4th and 3rd
second?
(a) 7/5 (b) 5/7 (c) 7/3 (d) 3/7
4. The position of a particle moving along the x-axis at certain times is given below:
t(s) 0 1 2 3
x(m) -2 0 6 16
Which of the following describes the motion correctly?
(a) Uniform velocity (b) Uniform accelerated
(c) Non – uniform accelerated (d) There is not enough data for generalization
5. A racing car has a uniform acceleration of 4m/s2. The distance covered by the car in 10 seconds after
the start is:
(a) 200m (b) 100m (c) 300m (d) 400m
6 A car moving with a speed of 50km/hr, can be stopped by brakes after at least 6m. If the same car is
moving at a speed of 100km/hr, the minimum stopping distance is:
(a) 6m (b) 12m (c) 18m (d) 24m
7. A ball is released from the top of a tower of height ℎ meters. It take 𝑇 seconds to reach the ground.
What is the position of the ball in 𝑇/3 seconds?
(a) ℎ/9 Meters from the ground (b) 7ℎ/9 meters from the ground
(c) 8ℎ/9 meters from the ground (d) 17ℎ/18 meters from the ground
8. A particle is travelling with constant speed. This means

(a) Its position remains constant as time passes
(b) It covers equal distances in equal time intervals
(c) Its acceleration is zero
(d) It does not change its direction of motion
9. The velocity- time graph of a particle is not a straight line. Its acceleration is
(a) Zero (b) constant (c) negative (d) variable
10. A graph is plotted showing the velocity of a car as a function of time. If the graph is an inclined
straight line, means that
(a) The car started at rest (b) Acceleration was constant
(c) Acceleration was increasing (d) Velocity was constant
11. A ball is dropped from a window 24m high. How long will it take to reach the ground?
(a) 2.2s (b) 1.2s (c) 4.5s (d) 0.2s
12. In case of a moving body

(a) displacement = distance (b) displacement ≥ distance
(c) displacement ≤ distance (d) displacement < distance
13. Uniform circular motion is:

(a) Accelerated motion with varying magnitude of acceleration
(b) Accelerated motion with constant magnitude of acceleration
(c) Uniformly accelerated motion
(d) Cannot say
14. A particle is moving along a circular track of radius 1 m with uniform speed. Find the ratio of the
distance covered is the displacement in half revolution
(a) 1:1 (b)  : 2 (c) 0 :1 (d)  :1
15. A stone tied to a string is whirled by a circle. As it is revolving, the rope suddenly breaks. Then
(a) The stone flies tangentially
(b) The stone moves radially inward
(c) The stone moves radially outward
(d) The motion of the stone depends upon its velocity
16. There are ‘n’ steps, each of dimension l, b, and h. If a man climbs ‘n’ steps, what is his
displacement?
(a) n(h + b) (b) n (h2 + b2)
2 2 1/2
(c) n(h + b ) (d) NOT
17. Usain Bolt ran the 100m dash in 10s and Sachin ran the marathon, 42km in about 2hrs 10min. What
are their average speeds?
(a) 10m/s and 5.38m/s (b) 2m/s and 4m/s
(c) 4m/s and 2.34m/s (d) NOT
18. During a hard sneeze, your eyes might shut for 0.50s. If you are driving a car at 90km/hr, how far
does it move during that time?
(a) 5.3 m (b) 7.8 m (c) 12.5 m (d) 25m
19. Time is a ………… quantity.

(a) Scalar (b) Vector (c) Neither (a) nor (b) (d) Both (a) and (b)
20. A stone is allowed to fall from the top of a tower of height 100m and at the same time another stone
is projected vertically upwards from the ground with a velocity 25m/s. Find where the two stones
will meet from ground?
(a) 4m (b) 15.8m (c) 21.6m (d) 42.5m
LEVEL – II
1. A body moving in a straight line covers a distance of 14 m in the 5 th sec and 20m in the 8th second.
How much distance will it cover in the 15th second?
(a) 17m (b) 34m (c) 43m (d) 40m
2. The driver of train A moving at a speed of 30 m/s sights another train B moving on the same track at
a speed of 10 m/s in the same direction. He immediately applies brakes and achievers a uniform
2
retardation of 2m / s . To avoid collision, what must be the minimum distance between train A and
B when the driver of A sights B.?
(a) 100 m (b) 150 m (c) 25 m (d) 200 m
3. A stone falls from rest. The distance covered by the stone in the last second of its motion equals the
distance covered by it during the first three seconds of its motion. How long does the stone take to
reach the ground?
(a) 4s (b) 5s (c) 6s (d) 9s
4. From the diagram given below which is a v-t graph of a body. Find the total distance travelled by the
body.
10
v 5
1 2 3 4 5
(a) 25 m (b) 20 m (c) 30 m (d) 35 m
5. A particle moves in the direction of east with velocity of 15 m/s for 2 sec. Then it moves towards
north for 8s with a velocity of 5m/s. The average velocity of the particle is
(a) 1 m/s (b) 7 m/s (c) 5 m/s (d) 10 m/s
6. A body is dropped from a certain height above the ground. Its time of descent is 5s. But at t = 3s, the
body is stopped and immediately released. What is the remaining time the body takes to reach the
ground?
(a) 2s (b) 7s (c) 4s (d) 5s
2
7. A car, starting from rest, has a constant acceleration of 3m / s for some time and then has a constant
2
retardation of 2m / s for some time and finally comes to rest. The total time taken is 15s. The
maximum velocity of car during its motion is
(a) 12 m/s (b) 15 m/s (c) 18 m/s (d) 21 m/s
8. A car moving at a speed v is stopped in a certain distance when the brakes produce a deceleration a.
If the speed of the car was nv, what must be the deceleration of the car to stop it in the same distance?
2 3
(a) na (b) na (c) n a (d) n a
9. A 50 m long train starting from rest and having a constant acceleration crosses a 300 m long
platform. It leaves the platform at the speed of 50 m/s. What is the acceleration of the train?
(a) 0.6 m / s 2 (b) 0.8m / s2 (c) 3.57 m / s 2 (d) 1.2 m / s 2
10. A particle moving in a straight line covers half the distance with a speed of 3 m/s. The other half of
the distance is covered in two equal time intervals of 4.5 m/s of 7.5 m/s respectively. The average
speed of the particle during this motion is
(a) 4 m/s (b) 5 m/s (c) 5.5 m/s (d) 4.8 m/s
SUBJECTIVE QUESTIONS:
1. A man travels 3m along the North direction, 4m along the East direction and then 8m along the West
direction. The displacement of the man is ______ .
2. A honey bee leaves the hive and travels a distance of 2 km before returning to the hive. Is the
displacement for the trip same as the distance traveled? If not, why so?
3. What is the maximum and minimum displacement possible if a body moves along a circular path of
radius ‘R’?
4. There are ‘n’ steps each of dimensions , b, h . If a man climbs ‘n’ steps what is his displacement?
5. Can the displacement of a body exceed the distance? If not, why?
6. Does the magnitude of the displacement give the value of distance? Explain
7. A body is placed at the East of the origin ‘O’ and starts moving along the circle of radius ‘r’ and
comes to the position ‘B’. As it moves along the arc AB in an anti – clockwise direction, it makes an
angle of 1200 with the centre. Find its displacement and the direction of the body at that particular
point
8. A particle is moving with uniform velocity. Does it necessarily mean that it is moving along a
straight line?
9. A quantity to be measured is 20 m / s . Is it speed or velocity?
10. Two buses depart from Delhi, one going towards Mumbai and the other towards Kolkata. Each bus is
travelling at a speed of 30m s … Do they have equal velocities?
11. Can a body have a constant speed but a varying velocity? Check whether its vice versa is possible.
12. Carl Lewis ran the 100 m dash in about 10s and Bill Rodgers ran the Marathon 42 km in about 2hrs
10 minutes
(a) What are their average speeds?
(b) If Lewis could have maintained his sprint speed during a marathon, how long would it have taken
to finish?
13. Due to continental drift, the North American and European continents are apart at an average speed
of 3 cm per year. At this speed how long (in years) will it take for them to drift apart by another 1500
m?
14. The three – toed Sloth is the slowest moving land mammal. On the ground, the sloth moves at an
average velocity of .037 m/s, considerably slower than the giant tortoise, which walks at .076 m/s?
After 12 minutes of walking, how far would the tortoise have gone relative to the sloth?
15. If a body covers 60% of its distance with a velocity v1 and the next 40% with a velocity v 2 then
derive a formula to find the average velocity of the body.
16. Two cars moving in the same direction with the same velocity of 30 km/hr are separated by a
distance of 5 km. A truck coming from the opposite direction meets these two cars at an interval of 4
minutes. What is the velocity of the truck in km/hr?
17. A jogger accelerates from rest to 3.0 m/s in 2.0 s. A car accelerates from 38.0 to 41.0 m/s also in 2.0s.
(a) Find the acceleration of the jogger.
(b) Determine the acceleration of the car.
18. Starting from rest, as speed boat reaches a speed of 3.2 m/s in 2.0s. What is the boat’s speed after an
additional 3.0s has elapsed, assuming the boat’s acceleration remains the same?
19. If the initial velocity and the acceleration of a particle be 200 m/s and 10 m/s2 respectively. What
velocity would it acquire in ¼ minute?
20. A body moving with uniform acceleration had velocities of 5m/s and 25m/s when passing through
the points P and Q in its path. Find the velocity midway between P and Q.
21. A body moving with uniform acceleration has its velocity tripled in ‘t’ seconds. The velocity
becomes quadrupled in _________ seconds.
22. A bullet is fixed into a target loses half of its velocity after penetrating 3m.How much further will it
penetrate before it comes to rest ?
23. A body falling from rest has velocity ‘V’ after it falls through a distance ‘h’. The distance it has to
fall down further for its velocity to become quadruple is _________time ‘h’.
24. A stone projected so as to reach a height ‘h’ passes point X and Y with velocities V/4 and V/6. The
distance between the points is -------------h, where ‘V’ is the initial velocity with which the body is
thrown.
25. A stone is allowed to fall from the top of the tower of height 100m and at the same time another
stone is projected vertically upwards from the ground with a velocity 25 m/sec. Find when and where
the two stones will meet?
2
26. A body moving with an initial velocity of 20m/s undergoes a uniform acceleration of 10 m s for 5s.
It then undergoes a uniform retardation and comes to rest in 3s. Draw the velocity – time graph and
from it determine:
(i) The distance travelled during acceleration.
(ii) The total distance travelled. (iii) The uniform retardation,
27. What do the following graphs represent?
(i) (ii)
(iii) (iv)
28. Write down the types of motion of a body during P-O-Q in each of the following distance – time
graphs.
29. Draw the velocity – time and displacement – time graphs, if a body undergoes retardation.
30. Draw the velocity – time and displacement – time graphs of a freely falling body.
31. What does area under a-t curve represents.
32. What is wrong in the following graphs?
a) Score over graph in a one day cricket match b) Distance – time graph of an object
c) Height – age graph of a person d) Displacement – time graph of an object
33. Diagram shows a velocity – time graph of two cars A and B, which start from the same place and
move along a straight road in the same direction. Calculate
(a) Acceleration of A.
(b) What is the acceleration of car B between 2s to 4s?
(c) At what time intervals do both cars have the same velocity?
(d) Which of the two cars is ahead after 8 seconds and by how much?

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33

“Everything happens for a reason and that reason is usually – Physics”

There are two branches of mechanics:

Look at the book on your table. Is it at rest or in motion?

“Rest & Motion are relative terms”

Here, distance travelled is AP + PB and Displacement is AB

Match the following

1.Speed with direction a. A branch of Mechanics

S. No. Terms Speed Velocity

VAB  VA  VB (Velocity of A with respect to B)

A decelerating object does not necessarily have a negative acceleration.

Ex: Let us assume

 Any decelerating object need not necessarily have a negative acceleration.

Find acceleration for

S. No. Equation of motion

The terms present in above formulae are shown below:

Terms present in the

S. No. Equation Terms present Significance of the Equation

Special cases of equations of motion

Acceleration Due To Gravity

Equations of motion of freely falling body

But the initial velocity of freely falling bodies is zero i.e. u  0

Then, the equations of motion become:

Equations of motion of body projected vertically upwards

The Graphs and Their Significance

How to plot graphs between two terms.

S. No. Types of equation Graph Diagram

2. y = mx Straight line passing through

4. x 2  y2  a 2 Circle with radius ‘a’

Displacement and time graph

Velocity – Time Graph

(a) Uniform velocity

(b) Constant Acceleration:

Acceleration – Time Graph

(a) Uniform Acceleration

 Area of the acceleration – time graph gives the

Summary of Graphs for various types of motion

Slope of the velocity – time graph gives the acceleration:

Velocity at C  Velocity at B 0  40 40

Total displacement 260

Sol: First car:

Let us plot the graph for the above values

3. Derive the equations of motion, using the graphical study

 t  from 1    v2  u 2  2as

4. A truck moves 3 km to the North and 4 km to the West.

In order to find the displacement of a body:

a distance of ‘x’ km. the distance, AB = ‘x’ km

Case (ii) : Again, it turns back and moves

Given AOB  600 , and OA  OB

Since all the three angles are equal it is an equilateral triangle

Dis tan ce travelled 100 10

13. Convert 15 m/s into km/hr

Now divide the problem into cases, if needed.

Case – I (AB) Case – II (BC)

dis tan ce travelled 320

Taking North as positive

(b) Average Speed for the trip from Chennai to Mumbai:

(c) Average Speed for the entire trip

Remember these results