Delhi Sultanate PDF

The Period from 1000 to 1200 CE
Rajput & Provincial Kingdoms
Presented by - Pratik Nayak

About Me
Seven Years Experience online & offline
teaching
BE Civil, M. Planning (CEPT University)
Cleared GPSC, Worked at Govt. of Gujarat

Early Medieval-transition period
320 550 600 750 1000 1200
Transition
Gupta Vacuum
Age
Rajput Kingdoms
The last Empire- Provincial

Harshavardhana Period of Political Kingdoms-
Vacuum Kashmir
Chalukya Ganga
The fight for Sena
Kannauj Hoysala
Pallava Kakatiya
Rise of
Feudalism Foreign Invasions
-Qasim
-Ghazni
-Ghori
Foreign Invasions-
Arabs & Huns
Post Gupta Age (600-750 CE)
Foreign Invasion-
Central Asia→ Huns
The rise of the

Feudal Chiefs
Foreign Invasion-
West Asia- Arabs-
Mohammed bin
Qasim
The Fight for Kannauj (750 to 1000 CE)
Gurjar-Pratihara
Rashtrakuta-
Deccan
Pala- Bengal
Rise of Imperialism
in S. India- Chola
dynasty
Imperial Cholas (9th Century to 13th Century CE)
Imperial Chola
Dravida Architecture
Spreading of Indian
Culture in SE Asia
Naval Supremacy
Medieval History Theme
Early Medieval (1000-1200 CE)- Rajput
Kingdoms & Foreign Invasions
Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)

Simultaneous History
Provincial Kingdoms – Vijayanagar,
Malwa, Gujarat, Bengal Starting of Modernism
Bhakti & Sufi Movement

Indo-Islamic Culture Entry of Europeans
(Modern topic)
Mughals (1526-1707) Later Mughals (1707-1857)
Marathas (1628-1680, 1707-1761)

British Conquest of
Political Fragmentation in 18th Century India
Rise of the Princely States

Understanding History
Early Medieval- (1000 to 1200 CE)
Rise of the Rajput

Kingdoms
Foreign
Invasions-
Mahmud of
Ghazni-1026 CE
Mohammed
Ghori- 1191-1192
CE
Mohammed
Ghori- 1191-1192
CE
1st Battle of
Terain- 1191
2nd Battle of
Terain-1192
Time of
Qutubuddin Aibak
& Bakhtiyar Khilji
Kashmir-
Karkota-
Hindu
shahi
Foreign Invasion
Mohd Bin Qasim
Dahir Kannauj
Gurjarpratihara Pala
Phase-1
8th
Century
CE
Rashtrakuta
Imperial
Cholas
Kashmir-
Foreign Invasion Karkota-
Hindu Utpal - Lohar
Mohd Ghazni shahi
Tomars
Arabs
Chandella Gahdavala
Chauhan
Sena
Solanki Parmara
Phase-2
11th
Century Ganga
CE
Kalyani-
Chaulya
Imperial
Cholas
Foreign Invasion
Mohd Ghori
Turkish rule
Established
Hindu
shahi
Chauhan
Gahdavala
Chandella
Sena
Parmara
Phase-3
12th Solanki-
Century Vaghela
Ganga
CE Yadava
Kakatiya
Hoysala
Formation of the Rajput Kingdoms ??
- How the other Rajput dynasties came up ??

Gurjara Pratihara ?
Finally got defeated at the hands of Ghaznavids
Fragmentation of the Rajput clans-1000 to 1200 CE
Fragmentation- Gurjara Pratihara
Chauhan Solanki Parmar Chandela Gadhvala

Rajaputs- Origin ?
- referred to certain specific lineage-based clans

-descendants of various groups of foreign invaders such as the
Shakas, the Kushanas, the Hunas
- Kshatriya varna
- multiple factors like the expansion of the agrarian economy
- Distribution of land grants by the king
- Expansion of local kings
- Set up an independent kingdom
- Started establishing matrimonial relations
- Construction of forts
- Legitimised by the Brahmanas after yajna

- Ancestory linked to gods
- Lord Rama→ Suryavanshi
- Lord Krishna→ Chandravanshi
- Certain clans emerged→ Sacrificial fire of sage Vashishta on

Mount Abu.
Rajaputs- Origin ?
Agnikula→
Pratihara Chauhan Parmar Chandela
Total 36 clans emerged over in different parts of the country

Gadhvala- Kannauj
Solanki- Gujarat
Tomars- Delhi
Chauhans of Ajmer
Chauhans ?
- Originally feudatory of Gurjar Pratihara

- Belonged to Sakambari (Sambhar) Rajasthan
- Later on moved the capital @ Ajmer
- By 10th Century CE, king Simharaja established independent kingdom
- Early founder→ 6th Century CE

- Vasudadeva → ruled from Ahichitra
- Vakpatiraja defied the authority of the pratihara
- Took title of maharaja, built 3 temples Chauhan
- Had 3 sons→ Simharaja, Vatsaraja, Lakshmana
- Finally Simharaja came to power
Rajput Kingdoms
Chauhan ?
944-971 CE 971-998 CE 1110-1135 CE 1110-1164 CE 1177-1192 CE
Simharaja-I Vigharaja -Ajayaraja Vigharaja-IV Prithviraja-III
Prithviraja-I Sucedded by
-Prithviraja
-Somesvara
Simharaja (c. 944−971 CE)
- title of Maharajadhiraja.
Vigraharaja II (c. 971−998 CE)

real founder
Defeated Mulraja I of Gujarat
Conquered till Naramada
Chauhan
Prithviraja I
killed a body of 700 Chalukyas who had come to Pushkara to rob
the Brahmins
Solanki
Ajayaraja II (c. 1110−1135 CE)
aggressive policy
defeated the Paramaras- Ujjain
founded the city of Ajayameru→ Ajmer
son Arnoraja came to power

Fight with Siddhraj Jayasimha
Matrimonial alliance→ daughter got married
Short lived→ hostilities broke out with Kumarpal coming to power
Vigraha raja IV (c. 1150−1164 CE)
known as Visaldev
By 1151→ fought with tomars, made them feudatories
Expansion→ from Siwalik to Udaipur
Shifted capital to Ajmer
Sanskrit patshala at Ajmer→ later on converted
Sarasvati Mandira
Conflict with the Paramara→ Raja Bhoja
Chauhan
Next kings→ Prithviraja II and Somesvara

Parmara
Somesvara had to take refuge to the court of Kumarpala
Got married to Karpuradevi (kalchuri)
Birth to Prithviraja III & Hariraja
Prithviraj III (c.1177−1192 CE)
Title→ Rai Pithora
Ascended the throne at the young age of 11, after death of
his father Someshvara
Took administration at the age of 16 years
Suppress the revolt of his cousin, Nagarjuna
invaded the Chandella kingdom and defeated its king Paramardi
famous Chandella warriors Alha and Udal lost their lives
Folk music→ Alha * Gahdavala
Chauhan
Invavded the Chalukyas→ Bhimadev II- concluded treaty
Hostitlity with Jayachandra- Gahadvala of Kannauj

Chandela
organised a svayamvara ceremony for
the marriage of his beautiful daughter Samyukta
carrying off the Gahadvala princess by force

1190→ fort of Tabarhindah conqured by the Ghurid forces
1191→ 1st Battle of Tarian , Ghori lost
1192→ 2nd Battle of Tarain , Prithiviraj lost
Books→
Prithviraja Raso- Chand Bardai
Prithviraja Vijaya- Jayanaka
इसका बदला ललया
No Way....
जायेगा
After Prithviraja lost, the chauhans went through internal crises
हमार नाम खिलजी
Govinda was installed as a vasaal in Delhi by Ghori है
But Prithviraja’s brother→ Harihara decided to take the control
Govinda established a new branch at Ranathambhore

Delhi
Hari-raja (c. 1193−1194 CE)
regained Ajmer and followed a policy of hostility Ajmer
against the conquerors of Delhi
Finally by Qutubuddin Aibak the Ajmer was taken under control
By 1301- the Ranthambhore branch of the Chauhan dynasty was also

taken by Alauddin Khilji
Chandella of Bundelkhand
The Chandellas of Bundelkhand
Originally- Feudatories of the Gurjar Prithara
Named from Chandratareya- Born of Moon
Conflict with the

Pratihara
Pala
Kalchuri Pratihara
Mentioned in the Mahoba inscription
Also called as Chandela’s of Jejabhukti Pala

Chandela
Nannuka (c.831−845 CE)
Was the founder king of Chandellas
Vakpati (c. 845−865 CE)

sons ruled
Jayashakti (Jeja) and
Vijayashakti (Vija)
Mahoba inscription
Territory named → “Jejakabhukti”
Rahila (c. 885−905 CE)

Chandela
Son of Vijayashakti
Ajaygarh temple
excavation of tanks and lakes,
Issued eulogistic inscriptions
Shri Harsha (c. 905−925 CE)

Helped the Pratihara to consolidate the rule
Contemporary of Rashtrakuta, Indra-III
construction of the Matangesvara temple
Yashovarman (c. 925−950 CE)
Was under the Pratihara
became practically independent
fortress of Kalanjara
Mentioned in the Khajuraho inscription of Dhangadeva
Q. Signinficance of Khajuraho Inscription ?

Military victory of Yashovarman
Pala
Parmara
Kalchuri
Gurjara
Chandela
Kurus etc
Starting of Chandella Architecture

Lakshman temple @ Khajuraho
Dhanga-Deva (c. 950−999 CE)
Became independent
Inscriptions→ no pratihara overlord mentioned
Issued the Khajuraho inscription
Euology in the writing
wives of the kings of Andhra, Anga,
Kanchi, and Radha resided in his prisons
Constructed temple-
Vishvanatha Temple at Khajuraho
Chandela
Vidyadhara (c.1003−1035 CE)
killed the Pratihara king of Kannauj – Rajyapala
Why ?
Ghazni invaded Kannauj
Rajyapala fled the scene
Hence vidhadhara decided to take on Rajyapala
Later on, had to face invasion from Ghazni
Constructed temple at Khajuraho

Kondariya Mahadeva temple
Chandela
Vijayapala (c. 1035−1050 CE)
Came to power for breif period
Weakening of empire took place
I defeated Alha
and Udal
Paramardi-deva (c. 1165−1203 CE)
Last powerful king
Madanpur stone inscription
Came into conflict with the Prithvi Raj Chauhan

Took refuge in the fort at Kalinjar
2 warriors Alha & Udal fought against Chauhan
Lost against the forces of Chauhan
Parmardi committed suicide/ran away
After this, the chandela couldn’t revive the power

Chandela
Small branches ruled from mahoba & kalanjara
Later on by 13th Century CE→ Alauddin Khilhi हमार नाम खिलजी

controlled the region है
Bamhni Sati record mentions Sultan Alaudin as
reigning king.
Paramara of Malwa
Paramaras of Malwa
originally based in the Mount Abu

sage Vishwamitra stole Vashishtha’s kama dhenu (wish-granting cow).
Vashishtha performed a sacrifice on Mount Abu

sacrificial fire emerged a hero who seized his cow and was named
Paramara (slayer of enemies
Upendra→ 1st King
Harsola Copper plate Inscription

Parmara
Were feudatories or Rashtrakuta
Shaivite kings
Ruled from Dhar and later on from Mandu
Upendra (9th Century CE)
Feudatory of Rashtrakuta
Was made the ruler of deccan and Malwa
Siyaka II (c. 948−972 CE)

Revolted against the Rashtrakuta
Captured Manyakheta
Munja (c. 972−990 CE)

Other names→ Utpala or Vakpatiraja II
titles of Amoghavarsha/Prithvivallabha/Srivallabha
Parmara
Fought against-
The Rajputana –
Kalchur- Tripuri
Chalukyas- Gujarat
succeeded by his younger brother Sindhuraja (990-1010 CE)

court poet Padmagupta→ Nava- Sahasanka- Charita
Succeded by the Raja Bhoja
Bhoja (c.1010−1055 CE)
most celebrated ruler
Climax period of the Parmara dynasty Hindu-Shahi
Empire expansion
Chittor-Konkan-Sabarmati-Vidisha
How ?
By 1018→ defeated the Chalukyas of Kalyani
Alliance with Rajendra Chola & Kalchuris to defeat the Parmara
Kalyani Chalukyas Chandela
Fought against the chandelle→ Chandella king Vidyadhara

Solanki
title of Parameshvara-Paramabhattaraka
Might have sent army to help the Hindushahi’s to fight

against the Ghazni
Ghazni’s invasion in Somnath

Changed route, for not coming into conflict with Bhoja Chola
Bhoja (c.1010−1055 CE)
Scholar and learned man
a polymath
grammar, poetry, architecture, yoga, and chemistry
Tilaka-Manjari,
composed by Dhanapala
established the Bhoj Shala

Centre for Sanskrit studying
Established the city of Bhojpur

Bhojeshwar temple
Kings emulated his style
Eg. Krishnadevaraya-→ Abhinavbhoja
Constrcution of Three dams

City established known as Bhojpal→ Bhopal
During the last part of his tenure, his son Jayasmiha-I took power
Joint attack by the Solanki and Kalachuris
Jayasmiha-I→ took help from Kalyani chalukyas
Later on, small kings used to rule this dynasty

By 1305→ Alaluddin Khilji destroyed the Paramara kingdom
Solanki of Gujarat (Patan)
Solanki Dynasty
Also called as Chaulukya
Ruled from 3 branches
1. Central India
2. Lata- South Gujarat- founded by Barappa
Capital at Brighakaccha
3. North Gujarat- Patan- founded by Mularaja-I Parmara
Mulraja I (c. 940 – 995 CE)

Founder of the Solankis
Fought against the Lata Kings & the Chauhans Solanki
Follower of Shaivism
Patronised Jainism
Mulavasatika (Mula’s residence) temple for the
Digambaras and the Mulanatha-jinadeva (the Jina who is
Mula’s lord) temple for the Shvetambaras.
Solanki Dynasty
Bhima I (c. 1022 – 1064 CE) Ghazni
Grandson of Mularaja
Faced invasion of Ghazni

Rebuilt the Somnath Temple
Sun Temple @ Modhera

Queen Udaymati- Rani-ki-vav (Queen’s Stepwell)
Vimal Vasahi temple @ Dilwara

Dedicated to Rishabhdeva (Adinath)
Built by minister Vimalshah Solanki
Karan dev (1065-1091)

Established the city of Karnavati
Solanki Dynasty
Siddharaj Jayasimha (1092-1142 CE)
Most famous ruler
Conquered
Kutch
Malwa
Saurashtra- Ranakdevi temple
Jain scholar- Hemchandracharya stayed in his court

Book→ Siddhemshabdanushasam
Rudramahal @ Siddhpur
Solanki
No more non-
Solanki Dynasty veg
Kumarapala (c. 1142−1171 CE)

Golden period of Gujarat’s history
Welfare state
Considered Hemchandracharya as his guru
Stopped all butcher shops
The kasais were given other employments
Rebuilt the Somnath temple
हम क्या करें गे ?? Solanki

Ghazni
Solanki Dynasty
Bhimadev-II (1172-1240)
battle of Kayadara- 1178 CE

Defated the Ghori near Mount Abu
rmy was commanded by his mother Naikidevi
Again by 1197→ Qutubiddin Aibak tried to plunder Gujarat

Aibak was also defeated
Title taken by Bhimadev→ Abhinav Siddharaj
After his death, the feudalism created crisis for the solankis
The feudal lords, Vaghela Dynasty came to power Solanki
Famous king→ Virdhaval
Luna Vashi temple dedicated to Lord Neminath,

Vastupal and Tejpal, who were both ministers of Virdhaval
Finally by 1297→ Alaluddin Khilji attacked Gujarat

Gahdavalas of Kannauj
The Gahadavalas of Kannauj
claimed to be Suryavanshi
Ruled from Kannauj
Founder→ 1090 CE- king Chandradeva
imposed a tax called turushkadanda possibly to defray
the expenses of war against Muslim invasions or to make annual
payments to the latter.
territory from Allahabad to Banaras Kannuaj
Benares made second capital
Govindchandra (c.1114−1154 CE)

Grandson of Chandradeva
Brought back the glory of Kannauj
Defeated the Ghaznavids
patron of both Hindu temples and Buddhist monasteries
Minister Lakshmidhara→ book
Kritya Kalpataru or Kalpadruma
Vijayachandra (c.1154−1170 CE)

Lost delhi
Tomars procalimed free from the Gahdavalas
इसका बदला ललया
The Gahadavalas of Kannauj जायेगा
Jaichandra (c. 1170 − 1194 CE)
Came into conflict with the Chauhans (Ajmer)

Prithviraja Chauhan wanted to Marry his daughter Sanyogita
But was not invited into Swayamvara
Hence Prithviraja forcefully took away Sanyogita
To teach lesson to Prithviraja, Jaichandra allied with Ghori (indirectly)

Battle of tarain Prithviraj lost
i ‫وی ویل تکه کاره‬-- -

chauhan ‫اف چاوهان‬
No Way....
The Gahadavalas of Kannauj
Jaichandra (c. 1170 − 1194 CE)
Came into conflict with the Chauhans (Ajmer)

Prithviraja Chauhan wanted to Marry his daughter Sanyogita
But was not invited into Swayamvara
Hence Prithviraja forcefully took away Sanyogita
To teach lesson to Prithviraja, Jaichandra allied with Ghori (indirectly)

Battle of tarain Prithviraj lost
‫نوو یور نومبر ویل کمه‬-
jaychand
गद्दार
Tomars of Delhi
The Tomaras
Part of the 36 Rajput clans
ruled the Hariyana (Haryana)
Capital at Dhillika (Delhi)
Earlier feudatory of Gurjar-Pratihara
Dynasty also known as Tuar
Constant conflict with the Rajput clans

13th century Palam Baoli (step well) inscription
Delhi ruled by 3 different dynasties
1. Tomara
2. Chauhan
3. Shakas (Delhi Sultan)
Famous king→ Angapala tomara

Mentioned in the Mehrauli iron pillar inscription
Coins title→ Shri Samanta Deva
Horse and Bull figure on coins
Name→ Dhillika
Mentioned in Prithviraja Raso
Story of Brahman and Vasuki (king of serpents )
The Tomaras
Part of the 36 Rajput clans
Contribution ?
King Anandpal-II
Established the citadel of Lal Kot
Built a tank- Anang Tal
King Surajmal
Established the Surajkund reservoir at Haryana
Kashmir
Kashmir & North-West

KINGDOM OF KASHMIR
AND NORTH-WEST
Rajtarangini→ “River of Kings”

inspired by model works as the Harshacharita and the Brihatsamhita
7,826 verses, it is divided into eight books- 8 Taranga (Waves)
Book I
Imaginary tales of Kashmir kings
Gonanda was the first king and a contemporary of Lord Krishna
Asoka and Kanishka
Book II
new line of kings- not mentioned in any sources
Pratapaditya to Aryaraja
Book III
Reign of Matrigupta- contemporary of malwa vikramaditya
Talks @ establishment of Karkota dynasty
KINGDOM OF KASHMIR
AND NORTH-WEST
Rajtarangini→ “River of Kings”

Book IV- talks about the establishment of Utpal dynasty
Books V and VI→

Passing of power from Karkota dynasty to Lohar dynasty
Book VI- talks @ Queen Didda
Book VII
death of King Harsha (1101)
Book VIII
Rule of Jayasimha (reigned 1128–49)
Kalahana belonged to this period
The history of Kashmir continued to be written even during Mughals

Kashmir annexed by Akbar 1586
Rajatarangini (by Jonaraja),
KINGDOM OF KASHMIR
AND NORTH-WEST
Ruled by 3 dynasties I visited

Kashmir
1. Karkota (625-855 CE)
2. Utpal
3. Yashkala
Main source→ Rajtarangini (Kalhana)
Foundation during the time of Harsha
Minister Champaka
founded by Durlabhvardhana (589-634 CE)

Son of Champaka (minister in the court of Harsha)
Capital at Parihaspur
Hieun Tsang visited Kashmir during his period
KINGDOM OF KASHMIR
AND NORTH-WEST
Lalitaditya/Muktapida(c.697−733 CE)
Most famous king
Expansion of empire
Defeated the Arab-s Junaid
Fought against the Tibeteans
Defeated & killed the Momin Sultan of Uzbekistan
Fought against the Kannauj (Yashovarman)
Established the sun temple @ Martanda
Ruled from Parihaspura & Srinagar
Diplomatic relations with China- Tang dynasty
Vajraditya (c.734−741 CE)
Jayapida (c.745−776 CE)

Died because of brahamna’s curse
Next dynasty→ Utpala comes to power

Utpala Dynasty (855-902 CE)
Avanti Varman (c. 855−883 CE)

Founder
Controlled the damras (aristocrats)
Constructing irrigation channels
Flood gate @ Mahapadma (Wular lake)
cities of Avantipur and Suyapur

Temples→ avantiswami and avantiswara
Features of administration→
tantrins (a body of foot soldiers),
ekangas (a body of
royal body guards) and
the damaras (landed chiefs),
Sugandha→ queen of the utpala dynasty
Son → Shankarvaraman came to power

Conquered upto Kabul
King Yashaskara- Didda- Establishment of Lohara Dynasty
Queen Didda (c.958 – 1003 CE)

wife of king Kshemagupta and
the daughter of Simharaja of Lohara
regent for her son and various grandsons

Later on became sovereign
Kalhana→ wrote about her ?

Merciless and ruthless
Killed her sons & grand sons
Extra maritial affair
Issued coins in her name

towns-→ Diddapura and Kankanapura
Hindu Shahi Dynasty
Who were they ?

NW India ruled by Kushans till 3rd Century CE
Later on by 9th Century CE- Turkish Shahiya dynasty ruled this region
2 division in the Shahis→
Buddhist Shahi
Hindu Shahi
How Hindu Shahi came to power ?

Kallar (890-895 CE)
a Brahmana minister of King Lagaturman
Toppled the Shahiya king
Fought against the arabs
Shifted capital from Kabul to Udabhanda, Rawalpindi
Hindu Shahi Dynasty
Ghazni
Jayapala (c.964–1001 CE)
Fought against the Turkish kings of Kabul
Hindushahi
Laghman-Multan-Sindh-Kashmir
Battle of Peshawar
Vs. Sultan Sabukitgin
Anandapala (c.1001 −1010 CE)

Son of Jayapala
Fought against Mahmud Ghazni
Battle of Chahch
Also known as the Porus
Trilochanpala (c.1010−1022 CE)

Mentioned by Al-biruni
Bheempala (c.1022–1026 CE)

Battle of Nandana
Fearless king→ by Utbi
Sena
The Sena of Bengal

Ganga of Odissa
Ganga
THE SENAS OF BENGAL (1097−1225 CE)
region of Karnataka, as indicated
by the Deopara inscription.
Founder→ Samanta Sen
Vijaya Sena(c.1095−1158 CE)

Barrackpore copper-plate→ Maharajdhiraja
Founder of the dynasty
Became independent from the palas Sena
conquered Vanga
2 capitals→ Vikrampura & Vijaypura
Umapati Dhara composed the Deopara inscription
Ballal Sena (c.1158−1179 CE)

Expansion of empire Ganga
Banga, Barendra, Rar, Bagri & Mithila
Capital @ Nabadwip Kalyani
Matrimonial relations with the Kalyani Chalukyas
Wrote→ Danasagara and Adbhutsagara
THE SENAS OF BENGAL (1097−1225 CE)
Lakshamana Sena (c.1178−1207 CE)
Empire expansion
Kannauj-Assam-Odissa Ghori
Defeated Jayachandra
first Bengali ruler to extend his suzerainty beyond Benaras
Titles→
Ariraja-Madana- Sankara
Gaureswara
Paramvaishnava
Patronised Jayadeva→ vaishnav saint

Wrote Gita Govinda Sena
Minister→Halayudha
Wrote Adbhutsagara
By the end of his rule, foreign invasions took place

Bakhtiyar Khilji destroyed Bengal
Annexed the region
THE GANGAS OF ODISSA
Capital at Kalinganagara
Modern day → Srikakulam (AP)
founded by King Anantavarman Chodaganga

lineage from the Western Ganga Dynasty (Karnataka)
carried south Indian culture to Odisha
title of Trikalingadhipathi
built the famous Jagannath Temple of Puri Sena
Narsimhadeva (c.1238–1264 CE)

constructed the Sun temple of Konark
King Bhanudeva IV (c.1414–34 CE).

Last ruler Ganga
Dynasty came to end
Kalyani- Chalukyas
Yadavas- Deogir
Kalyani Chalukyas
ruled from Kalyani

Founder Taila or Tailapa II
Origin→ related to Western Chalukyas
But became Feaudtories of Rashtrakuta
By the end of 10th Century CE→ Kannauj Triangle
Taila (957-997 CE)

proclaimed independence from the Rashtrakuta
Got help from the Kadamba
Satyasraya (c.997−1008CE)
Victory against the Rajaraja (Chola)
Died on an elephant
Someshvara-I (c.1043−1068 CE)

Fight against the cholas Kalyani
Killed Rajendra Chola
Somesvara II (c.1068−1076 CE)

Helped by his brother Vikarmaditya (Army Chief) Chola
Became independent
KALYANI Chalukyas
Vikramaditya VI (c.1076−1126 CE)

Title → Permadideva and Tribhuvanamalla (meaning “lord of three
worlds”)
brother-in-law, Adhi-Rajendra on the chola seat
Patronised scholars & authors

Bilhana → Vikramankadeva Charitra
Vijnaneswara→ Mitakshara, commentary on Yagnavalkya Smriti
Shaiva by faith
Temple building
Mallikarjuna temple, the Mahadeva temple, the
Kaitabheshvara temple, and the Kalleshvara temple
By 1190 dynasty came to end

Hoysala in Karnataka
Yadavas of Deogir
Yadavas of Devagiri
Founder→ Dridhaprahara
Son Seunachandra I→ became feudatory of Rashtrakutas
Territory called as→ Seunadesa.
Famous king→ Bhillama V

Laid foundation for Yadava empire
Jaitugi Parmara
Fought against the kakatiyas Solanki
King Rudra was killed
Invaded Gujarat, Malwa etc.
Yadava
Kakatiya
Hoysala
Yadavas of Devagiri (860-1317)
Simhana
Fought against the hoysala
Defeated the paramara and solankis
Patronised art & literature
Sangitaratnakara of Sarangadeva, an important work on music, was
written in his court
Anantadeva → astrology college at Khandesh

and Changadeva→ commentary on Brhihadsamhita & Brahmagupta
Siddhanta
Later kings→
Krishna
Mahadeva- got defeated at the hands of Hoysala
Ramachandra will try to revive the Yadava empire

Yadavas of Devagiri
Ramachandra
1296 Alauddin Khalji attacked Devagiri

lost his independence
Later on Alauddin weakened control over Deccan
Hence Ramchandra proclaimed Independence
Alauddin sent Malik Kafur to finish off the Deogir
Ramchandra taken as prisoner

Son Sankardeva killed
है
Yadavas of Devagiri
Economic Conditions ?
Aruvan- tax on agriculture
Income from market tax- Santhey aya
House Tax- Man dere
Taxes on profession→ Bannige
Virabalanja→ trade organisation at Aihole

Several branches located in south India
Merchant Guilds→
Settis,
Nakharas,
Yadavas of Devagiri
Religious Conditions ?
Buddhism in decline
Jainism- Royal Patronage
Establishment of Vir Shaiva sect
New sect emerged
Mahanubhavas→ worshippers of Krishna
Traditionall→ Dattatreya considered to be founder
1273→ Chakradhara also related to it
Starting point of Vithoba movement

Jnandev
Namadeva (a tailor),
Janabai (a maid servant) and
Narahari (a goldsmith)
Yadavas of Devagiri
Literature ?
Sanskrit literature
Bhaskaracharya belonged to this period
father, Mahesvara (known as
Kavisvara), wrote two works on astrology, Sekhara and Laghutika
Bhaskarcharya→
Siddhanta Siromani (composed in 1150) and Karanakutuhala
-Lilavati
-Bijaganita
-Grahagaita
-Goladhyaya
grandson Changadeva
grand-nephew Anantadeva
Sarangdeva→ Sangitratnakara
Marathi literature
Jnanesvari
Marathi devotional songs→ Abhanga composed during this period

Kakatiyas- Warangal
Hoysala- Dwarsamudra
Kakatiyas of Warangal (1163-1323)
Beta I
a feudatory of the Kalyani Chalukyas
Prola II
Became independent from the Kalyani Chalukyas
Rudradeva
Anumakonda inscription
Expansion of empire
Got defeated at the hands of the Yadava
Temple Building-
Dedicated to Shiva
Thousand-Pillar temple at Anumakonda
Capital @ new town called Orugallu, modern Warangal
Succedded by Son Mahadeva

Got killed by Yadava
Son Ganpatideva was taken prisoner
Became free and revived the Kakatiyas
Kakatiyas of Warangal
Ganapatideva
long reign of 63 years
Most important ruler
measures for improving trade and agriculture
Motupalli→ important sea port
completed the city of Warangal→ capital shifted
No sons, hence gave power to daughters
two daughters, Rudramba and Ganapamba
Rudramba married to Eastern Chalukyas
Rudramadevi
rush the rebellion of the recalcitrant nobles
Suppressed the feudal lords→ Ambadeva
Grandson→ Kumara Rudradeva or Prataparudra
Decline of the Kakatiya
Administration→ reddi → the headman of the village

kingdom was organised on a military basis talari → the village policeman
military chiefs known as nayakas Vetti→ waterman
Got land grants from the kings
maintain for the service of the king a stipulated number of troops
Gajasahini- elephant officials

Ashvasahini- Horse officials
Angarakshas→ bodyguards
Lenkas→ fought with the king in army
Local Administartion
Nadu- District
Sthala- Group of villages
Village
Village officials→ ayagars

Land grants to the village
Grains to the village→ Meras
Revenue →
merchant-guilds wielded unlimited
powers and enjoyed full autonomy
furnishing forces (srenihala) to the king

At the time of Islamic invasion
Source of Revenue-
Land
Trade & commerce
Lands were surveyed and classified
Sunkamu
taxes on garden lands, duties on
exports and imports, customs duties
temples at Anumakonda, Palampeta, Pillalamarri
Appayacharya→ wrote Pratishthasara
various schools of Saivism like the Kalamukha, Kapalika,

and Pasupata
Pasupata Saivism flourished during this period
Telugu literature also flourished

Tikkana’s → Nirvachanoltara-Ramayanam
Andhra Mahabharata
UPSC CSE- Prelims 2017
1. Which one of the following was a very important seaport in the
Kakatiya kingdom?
(a) Kakinada (b) Motupalli

(c) Machilipatnam (Masulipatnam) (d) Nelluru
Hoyasalas (1026-1343)
feudatories of the Chalukyas
founder of the dynasty was Sala- Nripakama

Successor→ Vinayaditya- son Ereyanga- Ballala I
capital at Belur
Dvarsamudra (Halebid) Alternative capital
Bittiga or Vishnuvardhana
Bother of Ballala-I
Real founder of the kingdom
Expansion of empire- upto chola territories
Follower of Jainism
Influenced by Vaishnavism (Ramanujam)
Hoyasalas
Last king-
Ballala III
By 1310→ over-powered by Malik kafur
Dynasty came to end with the death of Ballala III
Significance of Hoysala ?
Temple building- part of Sculpture art
Hoyasalesvara temple at Halebid
Kesava at Somnathpur
Chenna Kesava at Belur and
Hoyasalesvara at Halebid
THANKS!
The Period from 1000 to 1200 CE
Rajput & Provincial Kingdoms

About Me
teaching

750 1000
1200
Rajput Kingdoms Turkish rule
Provincial
Period of Political Kingdoms-
Vacuum Kashmir
Ganga
The fight for Sena
Kannauj Hoysala
Kakatiya
Foreign Invasions
-Qasim
-Ghazni
-Ghori
Post Gupta Age (600-750 CE)
Foreign Invasion-
Central Asia→ Huns
The rise of the

Feudal Chiefs
Foreign Invasion-
West Asia- Arabs-
Mohammed bin
Qasim
The Fight for Kannauj (750 to 1000 CE)
Gurjar-Pratihara
Rashtrakuta-
Deccan
Pala- Bengal
Rise of Imperialism
in S. India- Chola
dynasty


(Modern topic)
Marathas (1628-1680, 1707-1761)

British Conquest of

Rise of the Rajput

Kingdoms
Foreign
Invasions-
Mahmud of
Ghazni-1026 CE
Mohammed
Ghori- 1191-1192
CE
Mohammed
Ghori- 1191-1192
CE
1st Battle of
Terain- 1191
2nd Battle of
Terain-1192
Time of
Qutubuddin Aibak
& Bakhtiyar Khilji
Kashmir-
Karkota-
Hindu
shahi
Foreign Invasion
Mohd Bin Qasim
Dahir Kannauj
Phase-1
8th
Century
CE
Rashtrakuta
Imperial
Cholas
Kashmir-
Hindu Utpal - Lohar
Mohd Ghazni shahi
Tomars
Arabs
Chandella Gahdavala
Chauhan
Sena
Solanki Parmara
Phase-2
11th
Century Ganga
CE
Kalyani-
Chaulya
Imperial
Cholas
Foreign Invasion
Mohd Ghori
Turkish rule
Established
Hindu
shahi
Chauhan
Gahdavala
Chandella
Sena
Parmara
Phase-3
12th Solanki-
Century Vaghela
Ganga
CE Yadava
Kakatiya
Hoysala
History
In the early 7th century AD in

Prophet Mohammed's present-day Saudi Arabia, the
Caliphate conquered the Prophet Mohammed founded Islam
Middle East
Mrunal.org
Origin and Growth of Islam
Meaning→ ‘submission’
Abdullah and Amina→ got married

Son Mohammed
Raised up by the uncle, Abu Talib
Married a widow- Khadija
Location- Mecca
intersection of busy commercial routes
Got the message from Allah

the messenger of Allah
Started preaching the message
Didn’t liked by the wealthy class of people from mecca
Migrated to Medina, 24 September 622 CE
Starting point of Hijri calendar

Later on date changed→ July16, 622
Few persons emigrated with Mohammed to Medina

They were called as Muhajir
Few welcomed them, they were called as Ansars
630 CE→ returned to Mecca with his followers
Passed away in 632 CE
Q. Post Death – What next ??

Who will be the successor ?
Divided in 2 groups-
1. muhajirs and ansars of Medina→ not appointed anyone as
successor- Hence they elected Abu Bakr as the leader
starting of Sunni Sect
2. Others→ son-in-law Ali as his heir

Shias (Partisans)
Schism and fight for Successor
Prophet Mohammed died in 7th century AD
Dispute over who should succeed him in ruling

the vast Caliphate
Some wanted to elect a successor, while some Shia Sunni

argued power should go by divine birthright to
Mohammed's son-in-law, Ali
The Battle of Karbala, 680 AD
Dispute became a civil war

Ali Killed in iraq near Kufa
20 years later- Ali’s son hussein travelled with his followers from mecca to karbala, where
a battle took place and he was kiied
For Shia Muslims main Pilgrimage- Kufa and Karbala
Prophet Mohammed died in 7th century AD
Dispute over who should succeed
him in ruling the vast Caliphate
Some wanted to elect a successor,

while some argued power should go
by divine birthright to Mohammed's
son-in-law, Ali Shia Sunni
Dispute became a civil war The Battle of Karbala, 680 AD
Ali Killed in iraq near Kufa
20 years later- Ali’s son hussein travelled with his followers
from mecca to karbala, where a battle took place and he was
kiied
For Shia Muslims main Pilgrimage- Kufa and Karbala
Abu Bakr (632–34)
Conquered Byzantine
Umar al-Khattab (634–44) territories of Syria, Palestine
Got assassinated and Egypt and the Sasanid
countries of Iran and Iraq
Rashidun Usman (644–56)
Initially peaceful, but later on
Civil war broke out
Ali (656–61) Muawiya, the governor of

Syria did the revolt against ali
Muawiya became Caliph Ummayid Dynasty → Arab conquest of Sindh (712CE)

Battle of Karbala (661-749 CE)
680 CE
Overthrown by the-
Abbasids (749–1258),
Pehle…
1. Qasim aaya
2. Fir Ghazni
Aur fir last mein..
3. Ghori aayega
Foreign Invasions ??
- Mohammed Bin Qasim

- Mahmud of Ghazni
- Mohammed Ghuri
Kashmir-
Karkota-
Hindu
shahi
Foreign Invasion
Mohd Bin Qasim
Dahir Kannauj
Phase-1
8th
Century
CE
Rashtrakuta
Imperial
Cholas
Arab Invasion of Sindh ?
Causes for Arab Conquest

lure of wealth
Sindh- transition point
Makran coast
Spread of Islam
Religious zeal
Territorial expansion
Khalifa- religious and political head
immediate cause
Arab ships captured by the sea-pirates of Sind-Debal
It had muslim women as well
Hajaj demanded the ship to get free from Sindh

Dahir said, no control over them
Hence, Hajaj decided to conquer Sindh
Arab Invasion of Sindh ?
Ummayid Governor of Iraq- Al- Hajjaj
Mohammed Bin Qasim sent to Conquer Sindh

By 711 CE→ conquered Debal
Sindh ruled by King Dahir→ marched to Brhamanabad

June 20th, 712 AD
Battle of Aror
712 CE→ Dahir was killed by Qasim
The people of Sindh were called as Zimmis
Son Jaisingh was accepted as the ruler
attack Multan in 713 CE
714 CE→ death of Haijaj

New caliph Walid recalled back Qasim- killed
Jaisingh reoccupy Brahmanabad
New governor→ Junaid

Hanafi School of thought
Jaziya imposed
Tried to enter India, but stopped by Pratihara- Nagabhatta
By 871→ the abbasid khalifa- lost control over Sindh

2 branches emerged→ Multan & Mansura
Conquered by Ghazni by 1000 CE Onwards
Significance ?
effect on the politics of India
Limited effect
establish of an Islamic state in India

Division of society
Muslim & Non-Muslim
all non-Muslim into two categories

1. Zimmis
live under the protection of the ruler
Payment of Zajiya
2. Kafirs
conversion or death
Majority came under the Kafirs
transmission of Indian culture to the Islamic world

Traders
Science
Education
Astrology
Pehle…
1. Qasim aaya
2. Fir Ghazni
Aur fir last mein..
3. Ghori aayega

- Mahmud of Ghazni
- Mohammed Ghuri
Kashmir-
Hindu Utpal - Lohar
Mohd Ghazni shahi
Tomars
Arabs
Chandella Gahdavala
Chauhan
Sena
Solanki Parmara
Phase-2
11th
Century Ganga
CE
Kalyani-
Chaulya
Imperial
Cholas
The Ghaznavids and Mahmud of Ghazni
Ummayid Dynasty → Arab conquest of Sindh (712CE)

(661-749 CE)
Overthrown by the-
Abbasids (749–1258)
They conquered large regions
Made them converted to Islam
One of them were the turks
palace guards and mercenary

Commanders (amir ul umra )
Came into conflict with the Samanids (Persians)

Samanids ruled over Iran and Central Asia
The role of Ghazi emerged
Samanids hired the turks as slaves

Alptagin (अलप्तगीन)→ the governor of Balkh for the samanids
Became independent- kingdom at Ghazni 977 CE
Son Subutakgin (सबक्ु तगीन) came to power
Over a period of time- Mahmud came to power
Sultan Subktagin (सबुक्तगीन)

1st encounter with Jaipal
Was able to partially stop the Ghaznavids
But once Mahmud of Ghazni came to power- he routed Indian kings
Sultan Mahmud Ghazni- 1000 to 1027

Young age- 27 years
Linked himself with Persian rulers
Court author- Firdausi
Attacked India for 17 times

Left Afghanistan in the month of September-October
Stayed here for 6-8 months
Goes back in the month of March-April
Aware about geography- hence avoided the northern plains- due to heat
River- flooding – avoided certain routes
Taking away- gold, sliver, precious stones, horses, men , women, slaves etc.
Q. Mahmud of Ghazni ? (998-1030 CE)
1000 – 1027 CE, he attacked India 17 times.
1.1000 CE- annihilation of the Hindushahis

Battle of Waihind – 45000 vs. 12000 soldiers
defeated the Hindu Shahi ruler Jayapala, 5 lakh people taken away
as slaves
2. 1004–06 CE
Subjugation of Bhatiya- mass slaughtering
Attacked Multan- Abdul Fathe Daud
3.1008 CE
2nd Battle of Waihind
Hindu Shahi ruler- Anandpala
Entered till Nagarkot (Kangra), looted temples- 7 lakh gold coins, 7
maunds of gold
4. 1014 CE,
Attacked thanesar & Mathura
Looting and destroying of temples
Q. Mohammed of Ghazni ? (998-1030 CE)
1000 – 1027 CE, he attacked India 17 times.
5. 1018 CE,
Attacked over Kannauj- defeated Rajyapal
Destroyed the Chandella dynasty –
Also killed the remaining Hindushahi rulers
Trilochanapala & Bhimpala
6. 1025 CE
Attack over Somnath
Went back after a week because of imminent conflict with
Bhimdev-I
7. 1026 CE
Punished the Jats in North India
1030→ Death
Al Biruni→ Kitab- ul- Hind
Firdausi- Shahnama
Somnath Attack-
Came with 30000 soldiers
Via Multan-Ajmer- Desert region
Avoided the Rajput kingdoms
Reached Somnath in January 1026
3 days the town offered resistance
More than 50000 killed

Sacking & destroying of temple
Razed to ground, set on fire
Mahmud- broke the Shivlinga
Adioted title- butshikan
Stayed here for 2 weeks
Returned via Anhilwara, wanted to carve out empire

But resisted by the army and officials
Reached Ghazni in April 1026

Distributed wealth, gold-silver among the kings
Distributed to the Caliphs
Post his Death ?
Son Mahmud came to power
Had to fight against the Seljuk empire
Hence, Mahmud ranaway towards Punjab.

The Ghaznavid empire got disintegrated
The Ghaznavids continue to raid into the Gangetic

valley and Rajputana
Q. Why these Invasions & its Impact ?
-intention of establishing an empire ???

- Lahore captured very late (1022)
- Treasure trove in order to acquire the means for
consolidating his Central Asian empire
- Greed played important role
- Took title of Ghazi- champion of Islam
- Jehad
- Ghazni- finest cities of the day

- Campaign directed against the Hindus and other infidels;
- Also against the Muslim kings as well- eg. Multan
- political situation in Northern India around 1000 AD was very
favourable to a determined invader
- No leading power had arisen in early eleventh-century
Northern India
- Made favourable conditions for further invasions

- Mohammed Ghori
Pehle…
1. Qasim aaya
2. Fir Ghazni
Aur fir last mein..
3. Ghori aayega

- Mahmud of Ghazni
- Mohammed Ghuri
Foreign Invasion
Mohd Ghori
Turkish rule
Established
Hindu
shahi
Chauhan
Gahdavala
Chandella
Sena
Parmara
Phase-3
12th Solanki-
Century Vaghela
Ganga
CE Yadava
Kakatiya
Hoysala
The Ghurid Dynasty and Muhammad Ghori
started as vassals of Ghazni
Sultan Alauddin who earned the title of jahan-soz (the world
burner)
Khwarizmi empire vs. the Ghurids
Two brothers came to power

1173→ Ghiyath ud-din- ruled over Ghur
Ghori original name→ Shahabuddin Muhammad
(also known as Mui’zz ud-din Muhammad bin Sam)
1173–1202 CE→ brother Ghiyath ud-din from

1202–1206 CE→ became supreme ruler
Mui’zz ud-din was not satisfied

Knew about India
establishing a permanent empire in India
Invasions resulted into a Turkish rule in India
Conquered territory placed under governor
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Iran, India, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and

Turkmenistan
Mohd. Ghori (c.1173–1206 CE)
1175–1178 CE- conquest of Multan & Sindh
Uchch (in Upper Sindh) from the Bhatti Rajputs
1178 CE- Conquest of Gujarat

Battle of Kayadara- against the Solanki Bhimadev-II
Got defeated, but the zeal continued
creating a suitable base in Punjab
1179–1186 CE- Conquest of Punjab

1179-conquered Peshawar 1179,
1182- Sindh
1190- Punjab and Lahore
Now, road clear for further expansion
1191 CE- 1st Battle of Tarain

Ghori tu toh giyo Bhagoo….
Why ?
Prithviraj Chauhan- ruled over Delhi- Ajmer
Wanted to expand over the western areas
The issue was regarding the area of Tarabhind (Bhatinda)
Ghori- wanted to enter in the eastern side

Both sides confronted each other at Tarain (near Karnal)
Ghori’s army was routed- narrowly escaped death,

Prithviraj conquered Bhatinda, but didn’t garrisoned
Already having issue with Jaychand
Ghori decided to move back

Reassambled and made preprations for futher attack
Resulted into 2nd Battle of Tarain

The Ghurid Dynasty and Muhammad Ghori Ghori fir se
aaya… Dekhte hai
Second Battle of Tarain (c.1192 CE):
turning points in Indian history
Ghori won- indirectly helped by Jaychand

Prithviraj Chauhan lost
Prithviraj and son Govinda were taken as prisoners

Allowed to rule as vassal in Ajmer
Later on executed
A new branch of Chauhan dynasty emerged at Ranthambhore
Sanyogita-
Q. Why Ghori won ? Prithviraja इसका बदला ललया
जायेगा
use of iron stirrups
Method of warfare
speed of the Turkish cavalry
use of horse shoes
Treachery by Jaichand
1194- Battle of Chandwar
- Ghori decided to take over Kannauj
- Jaychand got defeated
Kannauj and Chandwar consolidated the position of Ghori-

Turkish rule on India
Let’s proceed
towards kannauj
गद्दार
Post Chandwar ?
Ghori returned to Ghazni to carry out his
conquests in the western frontiers
Gave control to his slave-governors

1. Qutubuddin Aibak
2. Bakhtiyar Khilji
I am going back, Yes sir… Ji Sir…

keep me updated
1. Qutubuddin Aibak
1195–1202 CE
captured Aligarh and Ranthambore
Later on fought against the Solanki
Bhimadev-II defeated Aibak once again
Once again Aibak attacked Gujarat, this time he was able to win
Conquered Bundelkhand- end of the Chandela
2. Bakhtiyar Khilji
1197- conquest of Bihar
1205- Conquest of Bengal
destroyed the universities of
Nalanda and Vikramshila
Nadia or Navadvipa taken away from the Sena dynasty

Later on Khilji was assisinated by his own officials
Aibak was made the vicerory, but Ghori maintained control over
India
The Ghurid Dynasty and Muhammad Ghori Too much
revolts….
By 1205-
Muizz-ud-din Muhammad was defeated on the Ox
The local Khokhar people of Punjab, revolted

Ghori→ crushed their uprising and then returned to Ghazni
By 1206→ Ghori was killed by the Khokhar on the banks of

Jhelum
What next ?
Ghori had no sons
But had large number of slaves Tera mera
Rishta purana
Taj-ud-din Yilduz was recognised as the ruler of Ghazni
Qutubuddin Aibak, strained the relationship with Ghazni,

resulting into formation of Independent kingdom
Establishment of slave dynasty
Pehle…
1. Qasim aaya
2. Fir Ghazni
Aur fir last mein..
3. Ghori aayega
Q. Why the Rajputs/Indian Kings lost against the

Foreign Invaders ?
Q. What was the impact of these invasions ?

We fought bravely,
Q. Why the Rajputs lost against the Foreign Invasions ? we didn’t lost…
We did our duty
Multiple reasons are responsible for them :
Why the Rajput’s lost ?
Political- Administration Military Socio-Cultural Economic Religious
-
Q. Why the Rajputs lost against the Foreign Invasions ?
1. Political Reasons
- Tripartite struggle→ over Kannauj
- Exhausted the capacities
Hindu
- Political Fragmentation shahi
- Lack of centralised authrority
- There was no dominant power Chauhan
- The Rajput lacked unity among themselves Gahdavala
- Got defeated at the hands of the invaders Chandella

- Didn’t focus on the NW Frontiers
- The rulers were busy on their own issues Parmara
- Eg. Hindushahi’s were fighting on their own – got half hearted Solanki-
Vaghela
support
- Prithviraj Chauhan alienated his allies because of expansionist
policies
- No foreign help was there- because of inward looking attitude,
diplomatic constraints
- Feudalism- had inward approach, discouraged foreign travel
- The local rulers were not updated with the scenario- political
developments of the west & central asia
- Couldn’t learn from the past mistakes
- Ghazni to Ghori- 150 years of Gap
- Could have consolidated
- Turks-
2. Military Reasons - Turks used Horses for fighting
Rajputs - Saddle- better use by the Turks
- Feaudalism- economic issues - Turks- Horse shoe (metal)-
- No standing army - Hence horse can be moved to difficult terrains
- Method of warfare- traditional system-frontal attacks
- Vir bhogya Vasundhara - Turks- Offensive and Aggressive
- Lack of cohesion among forces - Conscious of fighting in foreign land, if lost, no
- Feudal lords- soldiers had good relations, but the soldiers possibilities of going back alive
didn’t had loyalty towards the king
- - Turks- few numbers, mainly soldiers with
- Use of Elephants by the Rajputs, intention to loot & destroy
- Elephant- less mobile and less flexible, liability - Iron Stirrup
- Horses- Quick and Agile -
- Rajputs- putting up camp- tent cities, along with family, - Soldiers were motivated ? Why ?
servants and civilians - Could reach to the post of commander
- Slaves→ becoming sultan
- Rajputs→ Method of fighting- Defensive - Attaracted the finest soldiers
- Rope Stirrup - Beat-Rally-Rout

- Limited soldier availibilty for Indian kings - Side attack system
I am a
Ghazi….
3. Economic Reasons
- Feaudalism- economic issues
- No major source of income for the state
- Land lords- feudal chiefs dominated the scene
- Indian Kings- limited resources,

- Lesser military strength, no proper administration
- Temples- source of wealth

- Attracted the rulers from outside
- Ghazni- looted and destroyed temples as main focus
- This wealth couldn’t be utilised for fighting
Q. Why the Rajputs lost against the Foreign We followed Fight to
Rajdharma win…
Invasions ?
3. Socio-Cultural reasons
- Rajputs- very much idealistic 3. Socio-Cultural reasons
- Chankya- straight trees are cut first - Turks-
- Idealism and ethics became the weakness - No idealism
- Quite barbaric in actions
- Fairness is important rather than the outcome - No concept of rajdharm
- Raja- Rajadharm - No ethical fight
- War- Dharmayuddh - Fight to kill, annihilation
- No surprise attack, always warning was given - Surrendering at times, again attacking
- Ethical fighting- Dawn to Dusk - Even attack on the retreating enemy
- Enemy got pardoned - Annihilation of civilians, families
- Not attacking the families or civilians - Even attacking in the night on the opposite
- Retreating enemy shall not be attacked from the camps
back - No forewarning followed- always surpise attack
- No surrender in the battle, it is better to fight and - Taking help from Indian kings
get killed
- Surrendering as a part of strategy was never
accepted
Q. Why the Rajputs lost against the Foreign I am a Ghazi
Invasions ? 4. Religious reasons
4. Religious reasons - Turks-
- Rajputs- very much idealistic - No idealism
- Ethical fighting - Quite barbaric in actions
- No concept of religious warfare - Religion played a major role
- Infact protection of religious sites was followed - The concept of Ghazi spirit
even in the case of defeated king - Motivation for soldiers
- Religion of the Indian kings didn’t played - Concept of Jehad- spread of Islam
motivating role for the fights - Concept of Jannat
- Motivation to fight for hundred of years,
We fought thousands of kilometres from home
ethically
Q. Impact of the Turkish Invasion on India ? ?
Impact of Turkish Invaisons
Political- Administration Military Economic

Socio-Cultural
-
I am the
Sultan
Political- Administration
-establishment of Centralised
authority
- Expansion of empire
- Use of Iqta system- land
grants
- Administration- portfolio
system
- Diwan- Wazir,
- Arz, Insha etc.
- Focus on urban
settlements
है
Military
- Standing army
- Directly under the Sultan
- Weakening of feudal lords
- Elephant discarded
- Use of horse
- Method of warfare- surrounding
attacks
- Roll call and inspection within
army
Convert or pay
tax…..
Socio-Cultural
- Theocratic state
- Islamic culture
- Conversion started
- Jaziya system started
- Egalitarian
- Histriography
- Tawariksh
- New festivals
- Languages- Persian, Urdu
- Dressing
- Sufi saints
- Bhakti movement
Economic
-Political stability
Development of economy
- Development of economic activities

- Focus on secondary & tertiary sector
- Merchants & traders
- Artisans & craftsman
- New technique of Paper manufacturing

- Sweet sellers of Delhi- used papers
- Book Binding
- Textile- Spinning wheel
- Cotton cloth- textile→ block printing
- Gun powder- pyrotechnique
- Irrigation- Persian wheel- Araghatta/Saqiya

- Tin/silver plating over metals
Economic
- Trade & Commerce

- Direction→ Qibla, trade routes
- Military- Reorganised
- Development of specialised crafts- eg. Horseshoe
makers etc.
- Establishment of state factories→ Karkhana System
- Civil engineering→ construction of forts & minars

- Lime mortar as strengthening agents
- Monetisation of Economy- issue of coins

- Silver-tanka
- Copper- jital
- Resulting into urbanisation→ towns & cities

- 3rd Urbanisation
THANKS!
Delhi Sultanate- Slave Dynasty & Khilji Dynasty

About Me
teaching

750 1000
1200
Provincial
Vacuum Kashmir
Ganga
The fight for Sena
Kannauj Hoysala
Kakatiya
Foreign Invasions
-Qasim
-Ghazni
-Ghori


(Modern topic)
Marathas (1628-1680, 1707-1761)

British Conquest of

Rise of the Rajput

Kingdoms
Foreign
Invasions-
Mahmud of
Ghazni-1026 CE
Mohammed
Ghori- 1191-1192
CE
Mohammed
Ghori- 1191-1192
CE
1st Battle of
Terain- 1191
2nd Battle of
Terain-1192
Time of
Qutubuddin Aibak
& Bakhtiyar Khilji
Kashmir-
Karkota-
Hindu
shahi
Foreign Invasion
Mohd Bin Qasim
Dahir Kannauj
Phase-1
8th
Century
CE
Rashtrakuta
Imperial
Cholas
Kashmir-
Hindu Utpal - Lohar
Mohd Ghazni shahi
Tomars
Arabs
Chandella Gahdavala
Chauhan
Sena
Solanki Parmara
Phase-2
11th
Century Ganga
CE
Kalyani-
Chaulya
Imperial
Cholas
Foreign Invasion
Mohd Ghori
Turkish rule
Established
Hindu
shahi
Chauhan
Gahdavala
Chandella
Sena
Parmara
Phase-3
12th Solanki-
Century Vaghela
Ganga
CE Yadava
Kakatiya
Hoysala
Medieval India- 1200 CE Onwards
1192 1206
1526
Delhi Sultanate
September
Ghurid Bhakti-Sufi 2019
Invasion Slave Dynasty Movement
(1206-1290)
Provincial Kingdoms-
Khiljis (1290-1320) Vijayanagar Empire,
Gujarat, Malwa , Bahmani
Tughlaq (1320-1414) Kingdom, Deccan
Sultanate
Sayyid (1414-1451) Entry of

Europeans
Lodhi (1451-1526)
Delhi Sultanate (1200 to 1526)
Slave Dynasty
(1206-1290)
Qutbuddin Aibak
Iltutmish
Razia
Balban
Q. Impact of
the Turkish
Conquest ???
Ghori tu toh giyo Bhagoo….
Why ?
Prithviraj Chauhan- ruled over Delhi- Ajmer
Wanted to expand over the western areas
The issue was regarding the area of Tarabhind (Bhatinda)
Ghori- wanted to enter in the eastern side

Both sides confronted each other at Tarain (near Karnal)
Ghori’s army was routed- narrowly escaped death,

Prithviraj conquered Bhatinda, but didn’t garrisoned
Already having issue with Jaychand
Ghori decided to move back

Reassambled and made preprations for futher attack
Resulted into 2nd Battle of Tarain

The Ghurid Dynasty and Muhammad Ghori Ghori fir se
aaya… Dekhte hai
Second Battle of Tarain (c.1192 CE):
turning points in Indian history
Ghori won- indirectly helped by Jaychand

Prithviraj Chauhan lost
Prithviraj and son Govinda were taken as prisoners

Allowed to rule as vassal in Ajmer
Later on executed
A new branch of Chauhan dynasty emerged at Ranthambhore
Sanyogita-
Q. Why Ghori won ? Prithviraja इसका बदला ललया
जायेगा
use of iron stirrups
Method of warfare
speed of the Turkish cavalry
use of horse shoes
Treachery by Jaichand
1194- Battle of Chandwar
- Ghori decided to take over Kannauj
- Jaychand got defeated
Kannauj and Chandwar consolidated the position of Ghori-

Turkish rule on India
Let’s proceed
towards kannauj
गद्दार
1. Qutubuddin Aibak
1195–1202 CE
captured Aligarh and Ranthambore
Later on fought against the Solanki
Bhimadev-II defeated Aibak once again
Once again Aibak attacked Gujarat, this time he was able to win
Conquered Bundelkhand- end of the Chandela
2. Bakhtiyar Khilji
1197- conquest of Bihar
1205- Conquest of Bengal
destroyed the universities of
Nalanda and Vikramshila
Nadia or Navadvipa taken away from the Sena dynasty

Later on Khilji was assisinated by his own officials
Aibak was made the vicerory, but Ghori maintained control over
India
The Ghurid Dynasty and Muhammad Ghori Too much
revolts….
By 1205-
Muizz-ud-din Muhammad was defeated on the Ox
The local Khokhar people of Punjab, revolted

Ghori→ crushed their uprising and then returned to Ghazni
By 1206→ Ghori was killed by the Khokhar on the banks of

Jhelum
What next ?
Ghori had no sons
But had large number of slaves Tera mera
Rishta purana
Taj-ud-din Yilduz was recognised as the ruler of Ghazni
Qutubuddin Aibak, strained the relationship with Ghazni,

resulting into formation of Independent kingdom
Establishment of slave dynasty
Delhi Sultanate- Slave Dynasty
1206 1210-1236 1236-40 1246 1246-1287 1287-1290
Qutubuddin Aramshah -Ruknuddin Behram Shah Nasriduddin Kaiqabad

Aibak Firoze (1240-42) Mahmud Shah
(1246-1266) Kaimurs
Iltutmish-
1211 1236 Razia Sultan Alauddin Shah
Ghiasuddin Decline
(1236-40) (1242-46)
Balban
(1266-1287)
Q. Slave Dynasty→ How it came to power ? Do I look like
Term is contradictory a slave ?
Slave & Dynasty can’t be together
Ancient- Early Medieval Practice of Slavery
Also called as Mamluk Dynasty
1. Qutbi Dynasty (1206-1211)- Qutubuddin Aibak

2. 1st Ilbari Dynasty (1211-1266)- Iltutmish
3. 2nd Ilbari Dynasty (1266-1290)- Balban
How these slaves became prominent ?

-sold in the markets
-after conquest taken away
- Every king will keep them under the different departments
- Used for religious conquest
Delhi Sultanate- Slave Dynasty Hum hain
Aibak
1. Qutubuddin Aibak (1206-1210)
Turkish origin
Aibek- lord of the moon
Sold off to a Qazi in Persia- learnt theology and
horse riding
Later on again sold off to Mohammed Ghori
Ghori had no sons.

Hence gave chance to slaves
Political patronage- chance to enhance their skills
Many slaves were given important position
Considered them as their sons
Hence gained complete loyalty from them
Appointed as viceroy by the Ghori

Used title of Malik
By 1206, post the death of Ghori tried to attain
freedom
1208- visited Ghazni- got the title Sultan
Q. Aibak as ruler ?
Q. Aibak as ruler ? Qutubuddin Aibak
Political- Administration Socio-Cultural Architecture Scholars
Tajuddin Yaldauz- ruler of Follower of Sufism Quwat-ul-Islam Hasan Nizami –

Ghazni Mosque Taj-ul-Massir
Qubacha- Multan Qutubuddin Bakhtiyar
Harishchandra- Kannauj Kaki Qutb Minar Fakh-ul-din –
Rajput kings Tarikh-i-
Dhai din ka Jhopra Mubarakshahi
Defeated all of them Imposition of Jaziya
Dil dariya baki
Capital @ Lahore Donation- Lakhdata or Hum khub sab samandar
Title Sultan donate kiya
Lakhbaksh
By 1210- passed away after falling from Horse

Playing chaugan (polo)
Passed away.
Son Aram Shah came to power for a brief period

Non functional and not liked by the nobles
Hence, the nobles decided to replace the king
Invited Iltutmish from Kara to take control
Iltutmish came to power in the year 1211.

2. Iltutmish (1211-1236)
Initially slave of Qutubuddin Aibak
Purchased by paying 1 lakh jitals
Belonged to Ilbari tribe
Rose to the position of amir-i-shikar
Also married off to the daughter of Q. Aibak
Made the governor of Badaun in 1206

By 1210- was invited to Delhi by the nobles
Aram shah, the ruler of Delhi wasn’t liked
Killed Aram Shah- assumed the title of Sultan
Known as the real founder of Delhi Sultanate?

Why ? I purchased
Tum bhi to
gulam the….
you…yaad
Shifting of Capital- rakhna
Delhi to Lahore
2. Iltutmish (1211-1236)
Q. Real founder ? Iltutmush
Political- Administration Socio-Cultural Architecture Scholars
Shifting of Capital-
Lahore to Delhi
Signficance ?
Delhi Sultanate- Slave Dynasty Bhai, India
mein sab lock में आ रहा हूँ, इंडिया
down hai
2. Iltutmish (1211-1236) → Q. Real founder ?
Political- Administration
Accepted the chatri of
Yalduz initially in Delhi
By 1225-1226
Once, Consolidated power Controlled East India
1215- defeated Yalduz brought Bengal
Battle of Tarain and Bihar
1217- controlled Qubacha 1226- Ranathambhore

from Punjab 1231- Mandor, Jalore,
Bayana, and Gwalior
1220- diplomatic move
against Chengiz Khan Got a setback in Gujarat-
Didn’t gave shelter to Bhimadev-II
Jalaluddin
Mangbarani, the son of the
Shah of Khwarizm
2. Iltutmish (1211-1236)
Q. Real founder ?
Administration recognized by the Abbasid

Caliph of Baghdad in c.1229
Shifting of Capital-
Lahore to Delhi the mansur (the letter
of recognition/ Investiture)
Started the Chahalgani
system
- Chalisa
- 40 loyal nobles
- Iqta System
- divided his empire into
Iqtas
- Iqtadar→ law and order
and collect revenue
2. Iltutmish (1211-1236)
Economy
Q. Real founder ?
- Iqta
Socio-Cultural- Architecture - Coinage
- Silver coins- Tanka-175
tomb building gms
- Copper coins- Jital
Completed Qutb Minar
Hauz-i-Sultani By 1236- passed away We are the

Naturally chalisa….
Minhas-us-Siraj stayed in his court
Desecration of temples- Bhilsa & Ujjain
Persecuted the Ismaili Shias
Motivated Muslims to migrate into hilly

areas of hindu habitat
Beta ab kya
Delhi Sultanate- Slave Dynasty karoge?
2. Iltutmish (1211-1236)
Passed away in 1236
His Sons & Daughters→
Ruknuddin Firoze Chalisa-40 Razia

Nasiruddin Mahmud -succeded by putting
-not liked by the - 1236-1266
- Conquered Bengal & Bihar brother into
nobles -we will decide who
- Was supposed to become confinement
-But no alternative, will be the sultan
Sultan Ruled for the next 4
- made sultan initially - We are the state
- But he passed away in years
- Govt handled by
1229 before Iltutmish
Shah Turkan
(Turkish maid)
-hence revolt within

family
- Both were killed
I am the
Delhi Sultanate- Slave Dynasty Sultan….
3. Razia (1236-1240)
Half brother of Ruknuddin
Highly educated
Brought up Iltutmish like a son- horsetraining, shooting,
swords
Attending court activities
Iltutmish- indirectly nominated her to the throne

First and the last female sultan of Delhi
Didn’t liked by the orthodox- ulemas & nobles Ye duniya
Red clothing- appeared at Jama Masjid Raziya….. humein jeene
adorn herself in male attire and rode out in public on an nahin degi
elephant
4 governors rebelled against her

Use of diplomacy- 2 were again siding with Razia
Appointed yakut as amir i akhur (royal stabels boss)

Accused of having an affair with him
Character assassination started

Revolt started at Bhatinda by the local governor-
Altuniya
3. Razia (1236-1240)
Razia + Yakut proceded towards Bhatinda

Inbetween Yakut was killed by the troops of Altuniya
Razia was taken prisoner by Altuniya
Behram Shah was proclaimed as the Sultan of Delhi
Razia→ meanwhile, won over her captor Altuniya

Married Altuniya, and reorganised herself
Both proceded towards Delhi, but were killed in action

October 1240 at Kaithal
End of Raziya
Behramshah ruled from 1240-1242

4. Behramshah (1240-1242)
Was made the Sultan by the Chalisa We are the

chalisa….
Hence inderctly the chalisa controlled the administration
In 1241- the mongol invasion took place @ Lahore
1242- put to death by his own army

Khislu Khan- proclaimed himself as sultan, but was discared
5. Alauddin Masud Shah (1242–46 CE)

Son of Ruknuddin, Grandson of Iltutmish, Nephew of Raziya
Puppet in the hands of the Chalisa
Role of Balba- married the daughter of the sultan
Disintegration of the sultanate took place- Bihar, Bengal, Punjab
etc.
By 1246- removed from the power
Nasirudin Mahmud was placed as the sultan
Delhi Sultanate- Slave Dynasty We are the
chalisa….
6. Nasiruddin Mahmud (1246-1266)
Son of Nasriuddin, Grandson of Iltutmish
Became sultan at the age of 17 years
Was helped by Balban- Chalisa

Balban(Ulugh Khan) given the role of Naib
carefully build his own group, and within a short span

of one and a half years, won over some of his opponents My name is
Balban became defacto ruler Balban
Marched towards the Northwest every year to control the

rebellions
Balban later poisoned Nasiruddin and captured the throne
Balban- established the second Ilbari Dynasty

My name is
Delhi Sultanate- Slave Dynasty Balban
7. Balban (1266-1287)
Belonged to the Ilbari tibe

Sold as slave in Basra
1232- purchased by Iltutmish- made him his attendant
Part of chalisa
Was made amir I shikar
Initially worked as the Minister of Nasiruddin (1246-1266)
marrying his daughter to the Sultan
Defacto ruler
Once came to power→ 1266 onwards

realised the importance of Chalisa
Delhi under constant siege from the Mewatis
Mongols invading in the Punjab region
Ganga–Yamuna doab and Awadh, the roads were infested with
the robbers
Rajput zamindars getting powerful & strong
Balban→ Decided to make a bold impact ?

How ? ??
चन
ु चुन के
Delhi Sultanate- Slave Dynasty मारूंगा
7. Balban (1266-1287)
Q. Iron & Blood Policy
Sultan→ Zil-e-Ilahi (Shadow of God)

Sijada (prostration) and paibos (kissing the
Sultan’s feet)
recipient of divine grace (Nibyabat-i-Khudai)
Nasir- amir-ul-momin (Caliph’s right hand man)
member of Iltutmish’s family killed

deadly blow to Chahalgani
spared only the most obedient nobles and eliminated all others
by fair or foul means.
Many were poisoned and killed

Appointment of the spies to look on the nobles
racist and excluded non-Turks, celebrated Navroz
No Hindustani muslims
Separation of Departments-
Diwan-i-arz→ Military
Diwan-i-unzarat →Finance Department
चन
ु चुन के
Delhi Sultanate- Slave Dynasty मारूंगा
7. Balban (1266-1287)
Q. Iron & Blood Policy

Diwan-i-arz→ Military
deployed the army in
different parts of the country to put down rebellion
Mewat, Doab, Awadh, and Katihar were ruthlessly suppressed
restoration of law and order

Robbers were mercilessly pursued
governor of Bengal, Tughril Beg→ became independent

Army was sent, Tughril was beheaded
administered justice with extreme impartiality

Malik Baqbaq, the governor of Badaun→ cruelty towards
servants, was flogged by Balban
1285→ Final blow by Mongols- son Mahmud was killed in the

Mongol invasion
1287→ death of Balban
8. Kaiqabad (1287-1290)
Grandson of Balban
Kotwal of Delhi→ Fakhr-ud-din made him the sultan
Sank into debauchery and was unable to give up his dissipated
lifestyle
Was paralysed, kicked to death by the khiljis
Replaced by his infant son→ Kaimurs for 3 months
By 1290 CE,
Firoz, the Ariz-i-Mumalik→ the Minister of War
murdering Kaimurs and seized the throne
title of Jalaluddin Khalji

Khilji revolution started
Delhi Sultanate- The Khilji (1290-1320)
Khilji Revolution ???

Delhi Sultanate- The Khiljis
Khilji Dynasty
1290-1296 1296-1316 1316-20 1320
Jalaluddin Khilji Alauddin Khilji Mubarak Shah Khusrau Shah
-Decline
Delhi Sultanate- The Khilji
Khiji’s used to
work under us
Who were the Khiljis ?
Originally part of the 64 Turkish groups
Settled in Afghanistan
Adopted afghan socio-cultural life→ hence considered as Afghans
Served in the armies of the Ghori and Ghazni

Eg. Bakhtiyar Khilji- under Mohammed Ghori
Later on Mongol invasion in Afghanistan

Hence many of them migrated towards India in large groupings
Not considered as the purest group of nobles

Hence discarded by the slave dynasty
Not given high ranks
When the khiljis assumed power→ they started off a revolution

Jalal used to I am Jalaluddin,
Delhi Sultanate- The Khilji will rule….
work in my No, sir…
admin
Jalaluddin Khilji – 1290-1296
Started as a soldier under Iltutmish/Balban
Later on made iqtadar of Samana
Decided to topple the regime of Kaiqabad

Became sultan at the age of 70 years
Ruled for six years
Generous and benevolent sultan
Even robbers were given warning first time
Malik Chhajju→ nephew of Balban, allowed to remain governor of
Kara
Initially revolted, but allowed to continue after a warning
1291→ Second revolt by Chhhaju, he was replaced by his son-in-
law- Alaluddin Khilji
Executed sidi maula (sufi saint)

1292- Encounter with Mongols
Campaigns against the Rajputs
1296- toppled by Alauddin khilji

Delhi Sultanate- The Khilji नाम याद रखना
Alauddin Khilji- 1296- 1316 CE

Birth 1266 CE
Original name- Ali Gurshap
Nephew & son in law of jalauddin Khilji
Initially worked under Jalaluddin, important part in Khilji revolution

Amir-i-tuzuk- master of ceremonies
1291- after chajus revolt – governor(iqta) of kara
1292- expedition to Bhilsa
Got promoted- ariz I mumalik- minister of war
Iqta of oudh also given
Alauddin heard about the richness of Deogir
Feb 1296- obtained sanction from the Sultan Jalaluddin

Proceded towards Deogir- 8000 soldiers
Crossed vindhyas- reached Ellichpur
Fight took place,
Ramchandra defeated, plunder and looting of the Deogir took place
Came back to Kara on June 1296

Jalaluddin was invited to Kara to share the spoils of the war
अपना टाइम आएगा
Jalaluddin’s Visit to Kara- July 1296
On the bank of river ganges
Crossed the river with a small feet of personal army
Treachously murdered by Alauddin Khilji
Alaluddin Khilji – 1296 – 1316
Opened up the treasures and gold won over
To the Jalali nobles and soldiers
Distributed the wealth among officials
Marched towards Delhi- took 3 months

Entered in October 1296
More than 1 lakh army
Great pomp and show
Jalali members fled to multan
Land and property confiscated
Won over the remaining nobles by giving them high offices

Six months advance salary- soldiers
Ulemas, shaiks,- land grants, liberal gifts
Consolidation of power- became autocrat

Expansion of empire
Governance & reforms
Alauddin Khilji – 1296 – 1316
Alauddin Khilji
Theory of Kinship Imperialsim Governance & Reforms Socio-Cultural

- Expansion of - Military -policy
-Autocratic rule empire - Market
- Wild Aims- Zil-e-ilahi - Land Revenue
- Supression of nobles & - Wanted to revive
elite the times of
Alexander
- Wanted to establish new - Hence title→
religion & surpass Prophet Sikander-i-azam
- But the plan was dropped
at the instance of his uncle अपना टाइम आएगा
- Kingship knows no
Kinship
- Refuted the suzerainty
of the Caliph
Yes sir…
Alauddin Khilji – कल से सब बूंद
revive Balban’s policies of ruthless governance
Procalimed zil-e-ilahi
slaughtered the New Musalmans, and the old Balbani and Jalali
nobles
Wanted to crush the rebellions ?

How to do that ?
general prosperity of the nobles,
inter-marriages between noble families,
Inefficient spy-system, and हर नशा बबाादी का
drinking liquor पैगाम है ….Ji sir….
passed four ordinances

confiscated the properties of the nobles
intelligence system was reorganised
use of liquor and intoxicants banned
Social gatherings and festivities – only after permission
No senior officials were allowed to arrange marriages
reign was free from rebellions
Delhi Sultanate- The Khilji Aisa kaise….
कल से सब बूंद
Alauddin Khilji –
Suppression of Rural Elite

Khuts and muqaddams were also very rich
They also revolted against the sultan
offered military help to the rebels
Their property was also confiscated, hence, they were left over with
limited money- just like ordinary peasants
कल से सब बूंद
Alauddin Khilji –
Military Reforms
first Sultan to have a large
permanent standing army and paid them in cash
4,75,000 cavalrymen according to Ferishta
Chehra & Dagh system
abolition of the iqtas of the royal troopers

iqtas of big nobles and military commanders were partially continued
Q. Significance of this Military reforms ??

Multiple objectives
Delhi Sultanate- The Khilji कल से सब बूंद
Alauddin Khilji –
permanent standing army- 2 objectives
1. Stopping the invasion of Mongols
2. Imperialistic expansion
Q. How to stop Invasion of Mongols ?

Khilji’s army fought six times against the Mongols
First 2 invasion- mongols sent back
3rd invasion- mongols were able to penetrate→ but sent back
Last 2 invasions→ taught them a lesson
Fortitification of North-west Frontier→

Ghazi Malik (Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq) was appointed to as the Warden
of Marches
Hence, it created impact and the mongol invasion was stopped

during his period
Alauddin Khilji – Imperialistic Expansion ?
Gujarat, Rajputana, and the Deccan
1299→ Gujarat
1301→ Ranthambhor
1302-03→
1303→ Chittor
1305→ Mandu
1306 onwards→ Deccan & South हबीबी….

Deogir
Warangal
Dwarsamudra
Madurai
Thanjavur
1299→ Conquest of Gujarat-
Vaghela dynasty- Karan (ghelo)
Importance of Gujarat
Location
Strategic importance
Sea coast
Trade & commerce
Arabian Horses
2 military generals were sent→ हबीबी….
Ulugh Khan and Nusarat Khan
Karan rai fled away

Huge amount of money and wealth acquired
Malik kafur was taken as a slave
Kafur Hazardinari
Delhi Sultanate- The Khilji सबका नूंबर आएगा

1301→ Conquest of Ranthambhore -
Ruler Hamirdev
Continuation of the Chauhans
Jalaluddin tried to attack but couldn’t control
Hamirdev was accused of giving shelter to Mongol soldiers

Alaluddin himself came to the front-
Jauhar committed by the women
1303→ Chittor
Ruled by Rawal Ratan Singh
Queen Padmavati
Padmavath- written by Malik Mohammed Jayasi (1540)

1305→ Malwa- Mandu
Ain-ul- Mulk captured Malwa
Ujjain, Mandu, Dhar, and Chanderi also captured
sent Malik Kafur to the South and himself attacked Siwana
Raja Shital Dev also defeated
By 1311→ conquered almost all of North India
Now the conquest of Deccan & South India

Ruled by 4 dynasties
1. Yadava- Deogir
2. Kakatiya- Warangal
3. Hoysala- Dwarsamudra
4. Pandya- Madurai
Malik Kafur will be sent by Alaluddin for the conquest

हबीबी….
1310-1316→ Deccan & South India
Malik Kafur’s Conquest
1. Rai Karan (Vaghela dynasty)
Had fled away to Blagana- got defeated
2. Devagiri- Raja Ramchandra

Earlier defeated by Khilji-1296
1306-07- Ramchandra defied payment to Khilji
Kafur defeated him, but treated him respectfully
Ramchandra was given title of Rai Rayan
Khilji wanted to use Ramchandra in S.Indian campaigns
3. 1309- Warangal- Kakatiya

Pratap Rudradeva defeated
4.1311- Hoysala
Ballala-3 defeated
5. 1311- Madurai- Vira Pandya

Fled Madurai
Plundering took place
Temples- chola architecture
500 mans of gold
Mosque at rameshwaram was built
Malik kafur made→ Malik Naib
कल से सबकुछ
Delivery
Delhi Sultanate- The Khilji MRP
charges
lagega,,,,
Reforms by Khiji
1. Military reforms
2. Market reforms
four separate markets in Delhi
1.Grain market (Mandi) for grain.

2.Cloth and groceries market (Sarai Adl) for cloth, sugar,
dried fruits, butter, and oil.
3.Market for horses, slaves, cattle, etc.
4. Market for miscellaneous commodities.
price regulations
Department→ Diwani Riyasat
Shahna-i- Mandi- superintendant
merchant was registered under
Barids (intelligence officer) and munhiyans (secret spies)
Official→ Naib-i-Riyasat.
What if violation takes place ?
Harsh punishment, including expulsion from the capital, imposition of fine,
imprisonment, and mutilation
No hoarding was allowed Q. Impact of Market Reforms ?

same price was maintained
supply of grain was ensured by holding stocks in government store houses
Reforms by Khiji
3. Other reforms – Department→ diwan-i-mustakhraj
Land Revenue to enquire into revenue arrears and to collect them
ordered for the measurement of land
Classification of land
All were ordered to pay the taxes
सब कुछ
systematic
Ending of the Iqta system
Revenue collection increased for the king
Paid salary in cash to the soldiers
Confiscation of land given as endowments

Inam & Waqf lands
elimination of all middle-men
Sources of income-
Land revenue- 1/5th of the produce
Property tax- Gharai
Pastural Land tax- Charai
Alauddin Khilji→ Socio-Cultural ?
Patronised scholars
Amir Khusrau- Tuti-i-Hind (Parrot of India)
Mir Hasan Dehlvi
Architecture
Alai Darwaza,
Hauz Khas,
Mahal Hazaar Satoon,
Jamait Khana Mosque,
Alai Minar,
new capital at Siri
Delhi Sultanate- The Khilji हबीबी….
नको नको....
Alauddin Khilji→ How it ended ?
1315→ Khilji fell ill

1316→ Malik Kafur tries to capture power
nominated Shihab-ud-din, Alauddin’s six year old son, as ruler

imprisoned Mubarak Khan→ another son of Alauddin
Kafur was killed by Ala-ud-din’s loyal bodyguards
Mubarak khan was freed from jail,

Proclaimed himself as Sultan
Mubarak (1216–20)
debauched lifestyle
Homosexual
Baradus (Hindu) brothers, Hasan & Hasum
Hasan → title Khusrau Khan

iqta and army to him
10,000 Baradus were placed at the fort
Finally Hasan killed Mubarak
Khusrau (July–September, 1320)

title of Nasir-ud-din
Revolt by the nobles
Ghazi Malik, the governor of Dipalpur→ revolted
Fought at Hauz Khas
End of Khiljis
Starting of the Tughlaq dynasty
THANKS!
The Tughlaqs-Sayyids-Lodhis

About Me
teaching

750 1000
1200
Provincial
Vacuum Kashmir
Ganga
The fight for Sena
Kannauj Hoysala
Kakatiya
Foreign Invasions
-Qasim
-Ghazni
-Ghori


(Modern topic)
Marathas (1628-1680, 1707-1761)

British Conquest of

1192 1206
1526
Delhi Sultanate
September
(1206-1290)
Sultanate

Europeans
Lodhi (1451-1526)
Slave Dynasty
(1206-1290)
Qutbuddin Aibak
Iltutmish
Razia
Balban
Q. Impact of
the Turkish
Conquest ???
Khiljis (1290-1320)
Jalaluddin Khilji
Alauddin Khilji
Q. As a reformer or a
conqueror?
Tughlaq (1320-1414)
Political Expansion
Economic Decline??
Q. Foreign Invasions→
Rise of the Sayyids (1414-1451)
Rise of the Regional

Kingdoms→ Vijaynagar
Delhi Sultanate- Tughlaq Dynasty
1320-1325 1325-1350 1350-1388 1388-90 1390-94 1398
Ghiasuddin Mohammed -Ferozshah Tughlaq-II- Sikandar- 1394 Taimur’s

Tughlaq Bin Tughlaq Tughlaq 1388 invasion
Nasiruddin-1394*
Abu Bakr Mahmud 1414-
Decline
Shah- 1389
Nusrat Shah- and end
1394
Muhammad-
1390
Mubarak (1216–20)
debauched lifestyle
Homosexual
Baradus (Hindu) brothers, Hasan & Hasum
Hasan → title Khusrau Khan

iqta and army to him
10,000 Baradus were placed at the fort
Finally Hasan killed Mubarak
Khusrau (July–September, 1320)

title of Nasir-ud-din
Revolt by the nobles
Ghazi Malik, the governor of Dipalpur→ revolted
End of Khiljis
Delhi Sultanate- The Tughlaqs
Who were the Tughlaqs ?
Ferishta→
Ghazi Malik
Father of Ghiasuddin Bin Tughlaq→ slave of Balban
Personal name Qutulugh→ transformed into Tughlaq
Ibn Batuta→ belonged to Quarana tribe

Mixed race- Turkish father & non-Turkish mother
Ghazi malik→ worked in the administration of Jalaluddin Khilji

Worked as personal staffer in the admin of Alauddin’s brother
Later on made the Governor of Dipalpur

Decided to overthrow the rule of Khusrau
Son Jauna khan also helped him
Welcomed by nobles on September 7, 1320

Delhi Sultanate- The Tughlaqs Give me my Aisa
money back Kaise….
Ghazi Malik-Ghiasuddin bin Tughlaq
Reorganised the polity & administration
Important positions to trust worthy nobles
Old nobles were accommodated
Lands were given back
Police administration reorganised
Sharia based legal system
Recovered the money that was donated by old

king- khusrau khan
Recovering money from Sufi Saint-

Nizamuddin Auliya- 5 lakh tankas
Conflict occurred due this issue Established city of Tughlaqabad & Adilabad
Took back the reforms of Alauddin-

Land revenue became problematic
Took interest in construction of canals

Construction of roads
Reorganisation of postal services
Established the city of Tughlaqabad
Amir Khusrau was impressed by this reforms
Delhi Sultanate- The Tughlaqs I am Ghazi
Malik
By 1321→
Pratap Rudra Deva-II- Kaktiya
Tried to defy the authority
Jauna khan sent to control
Humiliated due to guerila warfare of the kakatiyas
1321→ 2nd expedition against Kakatiyas

Annexation of the kingdom took place
Warangal renamed as Sultanpur
Returning way- also destroyed Utkala
1322→ Bengal – Lakhnauti

Going through crises
Ghiasuddin + Bahram Khan (son)→ attacked

Decided to come back towards Bengal
Jauna Khan was given charge of Delhi→ looking after

Baaration ka
Delhi Sultanate- The Tughlaqs swagat..paan Hunuz Dilli Swagat nahi
parag se door ast karoge
hoga Hamara
Ghiasuddin + Bahram Khan

Annexed Bengal
Even Alauddin Khilji couldn’t do this
Jauna Khan
Follower of Nizamuddin Auliya
Decided to have a grand reception for the welcome of the

monarch at Afghanpur (outside Delhi)
Wooden entrance gate + pavilion was set up
Entry of Ghaisuddin and the gate went down

Sultan passed away + 6 other dignitaries
Delhi Sultanate- The Tughlaqs Hum Sultan
ho gaye…..
Muhammad bin Tughluq- Jauna Khan (12325-1350)
Captured throne @ Tughlaqabad

Welcomed by all sections of the society
Crown prince- title of Ulugh Khan

Highly educated- Persian, astronomy, maths, medicine,
logic
Also knew calligraphy
accepted non hindus in administration
ambitious schemes and novel experiments
diplomatic relations with far off
countries like Egypt, China and Iran
Ziauddin Barni mentions his five experiments

Experiments
Muhammad bin Tughluq- Jauna Khan (12325-1350) with Truth
5 Great Experiments
Transfer of Capital- The Khurasan Taxation of Quarachil Token

Delhi to Daultabad Expedition Doab Expedition Currency
Q. Transfer of Capital ??
Delhi to Daultabad (Deogir)
1327→ royal household and the ulema and Sufis from
Delhi to Devagiri
wanted to make the centrally located Devagiri his second
capital
orders relentlessly, causing great hardship to the

population
more than 1500 kilometre of travelling

Liberal grants were made
Arrangements were made for the long term stay
After 2 years- abolished this idea

No long term benefits
North-South India became closer
Deccan became the epicentre- cultural exchanges
Delhi Sultanate- The Tughlaqs Aaj raat 12 baje
se..coins
Muhammad bin Tughluq- Jauna Khan (12325-1350) bandh….
Q. Token Currency ??
Shortage of silver at that time- hence no coins
Decided to experiment like other kings
China → Qublai Khan
Mongol- Ghazan Khan
Introduction of copper/bronze coins having the same value

of silver-tanka
Initally difficult for traders and commoners to accept this
King promised to exchang bronze with the silver coins
Later on→ people started forging the coins at home

people exchanged the new
coins but the treasury became empty
Excess money supply of the coins took place
Devaluation of the currency- inflation took place
Finally decided to Discontinue the exanchge system

Hence Demonetisaiton
Delhi Sultanate- The Tughlaqs Ye mongols fir aa
gaye…
Q. Khurasan Expedition ??
Initial years→ faced invasion from the Mongols
Mongol leader Tarmashrin captured Sindh, came upto

Meerut
Tughlaq- launched offensive against the mongols, captured

region till Peshawar
Once again, he thought of having expansion in central Asia

Started collecting huge army
Many kings who had taken refuge in his court motivated
him of having a western frontier border
But, 2 experiments costed him dearly

Shifting of capital
Token currency
Hence army was organised- they were paid without work

Again the drainage of wealth took place unnecessarily
Q. Qarachill expedition (Kumaon Hills) ??

Ab hum pahadon
Wanted to control over trade route mein aa gaye…
Kashmir- Chinese horses via Sikiang
Army of 10000 soldiers marched
But few returned alive
Later on attacked the Kangra hills

Was successful
Delhi Sultanate- The Tughlaqs हाय दईया रे
दईया
Tax badha do…
Q. Taxation of Doab & Agrarian reforms ??
Increased the land revenue in the gangetic doab

50% of the total produce
Region was passing through famine, followed by plague
Peasant rebellion took place

farmers set fire to their grain barns and abandoned their
fields
realised that adequate relief measures and the promotion
of agricultural production were the only solution to the
problem.
Hence→ setting up of new department for

Agriculture→ Diwan-i-kohi
bring barren land under cultivation
takkavi loans to enable the cultivators to buy seed, to sink
wells, and to extend cultivation
Outbreak of Rebellions
Nobles revolt- as he made nobles from all communities
Due to these experiments- new states were carved out in the deccan
-Vijaynagar kingdom – Harihara and Bukka (c.1336 CE)

-Bahmani Kingdom (Deccan) – Hasan Gangu (c.1347 CE)
-Sultanate of Madurai: The rebellion of Hasan Shah
resulted in the establishment of the Madurai Sultanate.
Gujarat→ Taghi (a rebel officer) also revolted
governors of Oudh,
Multan, and Sindh also tried to get free
1351→ death of sultan

People freed and sultan also freed
Socio-Cultural – Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
Establishment of a City in Delhi

Jahanpanah
Constructed Mosque– Begumpuri @ Jahanpanah
Wanted to establish→ Unified city comprising Lal Kot, Siri,

Jahanpanah and Tughlaqabad with one contiguous fortification
Ibn Batuta- visited his court इबन बतत ू ा बगल में

जूता कहते तो करता
है फूर फूर फूर
Beta Jo hokum…
Feroz…Sultan
Post Mohammed Bin Tughlaq Banoge
Nobles→ discussion
Who should be the sultan ??
Feroz shah was chosen as sultan by the

nobles
Feroz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388)

long reign of Firoz (37 years) can be seen in two phases
Phase 1→ reversal of the centralising policies of the previous

regime and restoration of peace and prosperity
policy aimed to appease the nobles, the army, and theologians
Phase 2→ idecline in the strength and prosperity of the Sultanate

Beta
Ab humara
Feroz…Sultan
time aayega
Banoge
Phase 1→ reversal of the centralising policies of the previous regime and

restoration of peace and prosperity
Wazir Khani-Jahan Maqbul, an Islamicised Telangani Hindu, successfully

maintained the prestige of the
Sultan during this period.
Return of the sharia laws- Jaziya strictly implemented

Hindus as second grade citizens and adopted a very harsh
strictly followed the advice of the ulemas in running the

administration.
regard for Caliph of Egypt and styled himself as his deputy
prohibited Muslim women from going to worship at the grave of saints

Sab kuch free
kar do
Phase 1→ reversal of the centralising policies of the previous regime and

restoration of peace and prosperity
jobs be created for the unemployed
All positions were made hereditary, irrespective of competence
special tax on 28 items was abolished- considered to be unislamic
Iqta system was revived Dil dariya baki

Made hereditary sab samandar
Diwan-i-Khairat (Department of Charity)

-take care of orphans and widows
-Free hospitals like Dar-ul- Shafa
-marriage bureaus for poor Muslims
Other reforms ?
first Sultan to impose Sharb (irrigation tax).
built number of canals
department of public works
Canals connecting → ?
Sirsa to Hansi
Sutlej to Hansi: Longest canal (about 200 kilometres)
Yamuna to Hissar
1200 fruit gardens→ good revenue

Kharaj – 10% of produce
Zakat – alms for Muslims
Khams – 20% spoils of war
Economy→ new coins: Adha (50% Jital) and Bitch (23% Jital)
royal factories called karkhanas

thousands of slaves were employed
Diwan-i-Bandagan (department of slaves)
capturing the defeated soldiers→ converted into slaves
Socio-Cultural-Architecture
300 new towns were built

Firozabad- Feroz Shah Kotla
Jaunpur
Jama Masjid and the Qutab Minar- restored & repaired
Ashokan pillars from Topara and Meerut brought to Delhi
Wrote→ Futuhat-e-Ferozshahi
Scholars→ Barani (famous historian who wrote Tarikh-i-Firoz Shah and

Futwa-i-Jahandari)
Khwajja Abdul Malik Islami →wrote Futah-Us- Sulatin)

Military Campaigns
feeble military expeditions

Bengal, Kangra and Sind
1353-1358→ efforts made to capture Bengal

ruler Sikandar to accept his suzerainty
Odissa→ Raja Gajpati of Jajnagar in Orissa

seized Cuttack and destroyed the Jagannatha
temple at Puri.
attacked Nagarkot in the Kangra region

collected 1,300 Sanskrit manuscripts from the Jwalamukhi and other
temples
Thatta in lower Sind

Beta dhyan
rakhna
1387→ gave power to younger son

Son Muhammad came to power
Struggle for power between the Sultan and the nobles
rebellion of the slaves- 1 lakh
Feroz→ appointed his grandson, Tughluq Shah II
Passed away in 1388
Later Tughlaqs came to power.

Later Tughlaqs
Nasiruddin Muhammad (c.1394–1398 CE)
Disintegration of the Kingdom took place-
1394→ Sharqi kingdom @ Jaunpur
Malwa and Gujarat→ became Independent
During this period Timur invaded India-1398

में मालूँ ग
ू ा
सबको
Later Tughlaqs
Nasiruddin Muhammad (c.1390–1398 CE)
Disintegration of empire took place

1398→ Timur’s invasion on India
worsened the situation
Sacked Delhi for 3 days
entered Delhi there was no opposition

murdering thousands of people and
looting enormous wealth
1399→ went back

Haridvar, Nagarkot and Jammu
death blow to the Tughluq dynasty
appointed Khizr Khan as governor of Multan

Khizr khan overthrew the last Tughlaq king of Delhi
Establishment of Sayyid Dynasty
हमाल नाम तैमरु वा है
Later Tughlaqs मेला वचन ही शाछन है
Timur’s invasion ?
Disintegration of empire took place

How ?
Deccan
Multan
Bengal
Bihar
Jaunpur
Odissa
Gujarat
Malwa
Mewar
Delhi Sultanate- Sayyids
Sayyid Dynasty
1414-21 1421-33 1434-43 1443-1451
Mubarak Shah Muhammad Shah Alauddin Alam

Khizr Khan Shah
The Sayyids
Khizr Khan (1414-1421)

Made governor by Timur
at Multan and Dipalpur
enhanced Khizr Khan’s prestige
Title→ Rayat- i-Ala
Coins were struck and khutba in the name of Timur

consolidate the Delhi Sultanate
Multan to Kanuaj and from the foot of the Himalayas to the Malwa frontier
Mubarak Shah (1421–34)

expeditions against Mewatis, Katihar and the Gangetic Doab
asassinated by some of his own nobles.
Muhammad Shah (1434–51)

Confined to delhi
merely forty miles around his capital
Continuous rebellious regions like
Katehar, Badaun, Etawah, Patiali, Gwalior, Kampil,
Nagaur, and Mewat
The Sayyids
Alam Shah (1443–51)
incompetent Sultan and the weakest

Wazir, Hamid Khan
invited Bahlol Lodhi to take charge of the army
retired to Badaun in 1447
By 1451→ Bahlul lodhi capture power

By the time Lodhi came to power
In certain regions of the country
Development of Regional Kingdoms taking place
Q. Decline of the Delhi Sultanate took place?

Delhi Sultanate- Lodhi
Lodhi Dynasty
1451-1489 1489-1517 1517-1526 1526
Bahlul Lodhi Sikander Lodhi Ibrahim Lodhi 1st Battle of

Panipat
-consolidated -intolreant Arrogant and
rule Punished aggressive ruler Babur Vs.
-afghan peer nobles Ibrahim Lodhi
Issue with Daulat
Confiscation of khan lodhi
-
property
Hence Babur was
invited
Destroyed
temples
Gaz i sikandari
Lodhi (1451-1526)
Locational Aspect
Babur

Kingdoms
THE LODHIS (1451–1526)
Bahlul (1451–89)
1st Pathan Dynasty- ruled over Bihar
Initially granted the iqta of Sirhind

Controlled the power of the Khokhars
Called by the ruler of Delhi because of attack from
Malwa
Captured power in 1451
help of a few nobles

capable general
Invited nobles from Roh (Afghanistan) to settle
would require help and support of Afghan nobles
publicly declared that he considered himself one of
the Afghan peers and not the king
Afghan racial policy
Treated nobles respectfully

Bahlul (1451–89)
1st Pathan Dynasty- ruled over Bihar
foiled the Sharqi Sultan’s bid to seize Delhi-

defeated
suppressed the revolts in Mewat and Doab
the ruler of Multan,
invasion of Malwa failed
introduced Bahlol copper coins

Sikander Lodhi (c.1489–1517 CE)

Original name- Nizam Khan
mother was a Hindu goldsmith’s daughter

Exception of the afghan racial policy
Took the tile of Sikander
crushed Husain Shah Sharqi of Jaunpur
brought the whole of Bihar under his control
attacked Bengal and
forced its ruler to conclude a treaty with him
Contemporay- Rana Sanga (Mewar)

Mehmud Begarha (Gujarat)
1506 to 1517 - capturing Gwalior

Tomar ruler, Raja Man Singh
Only able to capture chanderi
Sikander Lodhi (1489-1517)
-development of agriculture
-gaz-i-Sikandari (Sikandar’s yard)
-32 digits for measuring cultivated fields
-confined to the khalisa lands
- examined the price schedules for the markets
bigot and showed little tolerance towards the non-Muslims

destroyed many Hindu temples- Nagarkot
Jaziya imposition
superior position of the Sultan

Hence nobles were made subordinate
Needs to follow the protocols- harsh treatment
Founded Agra in 1504 CE-2nd Capital (Significance ?)

Persian verses compilation- Gulrakhi
Aila-Babur… Haanji, hum
THE LODHIS (1451–1526) Daulat…गद्दार hain Babur
Ibrahim Lodhi (1517–1526 CE)
Arrogant and aggressive ruler

defeated by Rana Sanga of Mewar
openly insulted and humiliated his nobles
own uncle→ Alauddin revolted
Daulat Khan Lodi, the governor of the Punjab was insulted
disaffection between king and courtier
Daulat Khan Lodi invited Babur to invade India
first battle of Panipat (1526)
End of Delhi Sultanate- Starting of the Mughals

THANKS!
Delhi Sultanate-
Administration , Economy & Socio-Cultural Life

About Me
teaching

750 1000
1200
Provincial
Vacuum Kashmir
Ganga
The fight for Sena
Kannauj Hoysala
Kakatiya
Foreign Invasions
-Qasim
-Ghazni
-Ghori


(Modern topic)
Marathas (1628-1680, 1707-1761)

British Conquest of

1192 1206
1526
Delhi Sultanate
September
(1206-1290)
Sultanate

Europeans
Lodhi (1451-1526)
Slave Dynasty
(1206-1290)
Qutbuddin Aibak
Iltutmish
Razia
Balban
Q. Impact of
the Turkish
Conquest ???
Khiljis (1290-1320)
Jalaluddin Khilji
Alauddin Khilji
Q. As a reformer or a
conqueror?
Tughlaq (1320-1414)
Political Expansion
Economic Decline??
Rise of the Sayyids (1414-1451)

Kingdoms→ Vijaynagar
Lodhi (1451-1526)
Locational Aspect
Babur

Kingdoms
Delhi Sultanate-
Delhi Sultanate
Central Provincial & Agriculture 3rd Indo-Persian

Administration Local & Revenue Urbanisation Culture
Administration
Delhi Sultanate-
Administration ???
- Muslim theological basis
- Legality- law system
- Role of caliphate
- Theory of kingship
Delhi Sultanate- Administration बन्दे हैं हम उसके
हम पे ककसका ज़ोर
Muslim Political Ideas
Allah-Prophet Relationship
real master and sovereign of the whole
universe is Allah
Allah has sent Prophet
The ruler should follow directions of the
Allah
Theological Basis
sharia (Islamic Law)” मज़हबी कानन
ू
Theological Basis –
Based on the following:
Islamic society and government should be Significance ?
organised on the basis of divine injunctions
of the Quran Replaced the Duty based
ethics→ Righteousness
sayings and doings of
Prophet Muhammad, collectively known as
Dharmashastras
hadis
Other sources of law ??

By Sultan→ Zawabit
Delhi Sultanate- Administration
I am the
khalifa
Caliphate
entire Muslim fraternity should have only a single

monarch
But as expansion of the empire took place→ ulema
or Muslim jurists developed the theory of governors
Sultans kept up the pretence of regarding the caliph

as the legal sovereign while they themselves were
the caliph’s representatives
khutba (prayer) and the sikka (coin) and adopted

titles indicative of their subordination to the caliph
secured a mansur- 3 sultans

Iltutmish
Mohammed Bin Tughlaq
Feroz Shah Tughlaq
My name is
Balban
Theory of Kingship
doctrine of farr or Farrah
Supernatural effulgence or radiance
-Balban
-Kaiqabad
Balban- Shadow of God
after the Prophet- the sultan is the most important

Continued to include name of caliph in the Khutba
Mohammed Bin Tughlaq-

no mention of caliph anywhere
Delhi Sultanate- Administration मेरा वचन ही शासन
हैं....… मज़हबी कानून
Muslim Political Ideas
Sultan’s role ?
zawabit (rules and regulations framed by

the Sultans) were also used for a smooth
and efficient running of the
administration
Law of Sucession Haha…king & that

too elected…lol
Islamic ideals should be a male adult, suffering from
no physical disability, a freeborn Muslim, having faith
in Islam, elected by the people
Exceptions-
Raziya
Qutubuddin Aibak
Alauddin Khilji
Kaiqabad
Central Administration
Sultan Naib- Wazir Ariz-i- Sadr Qazi ul Amir-munshi Barid-i-mumalik

Sultan Mumalik us Qazat
Sudur
Ariz-i-mumalik
Sultan head of the military department
legal head Diwan – I –ariz
Chief executive not the commander-in-chief
Highest court of appeal recruit, equip and pay the army
Chief of the armed forces
Boss of bureaucracy Sadr-us-sudur
head of the public charities and ecclesiastical
Naib Sultan department known as diwan-i-risalat
only when a ruler was weak or a minor
Or a special appointment for favour
practically all the powers of the Sultan on his behalf
Wazir
head of the finance department
mushrif-i-mumalik-record of the
Accounts
mustauf-i-mumalik-audited this account
Ariz-i-mumalik
head of the military department
Qazi-ul-quzat Diwan – I –ariz
head of the judicial department not the commander-in-chief
personal law (sharia) recruit, equip and pay the army
gave fatwas
Hindus- according to the personal laws
Sadr-us-sudur
Village level- Panchayat
head of the public charities and
Amir-munshi ecclesiastical department known as
records department, known as diwani- diwan-i-risalat
Insha
All farmans issued from his office
Barid-i-mumalik
information and intelligence department
Appointed other Barids in the provinces and
local administration
Provincial Government
kingdom was divided into a number of provinces
1. wilayat or iqlim or Iqta
neither well organised nor efficient.
2. tributary States
Iqta System→ Nobles/ Officials governor was called nayim or wali

unconquered or semiconquered
territory
he was acknowledged the governor of all the During the period of Mohammed Bin Tughlaq→ 24
land he could subdue by force states were there
Alaud-din Khalji’s reign→ no Iqta

The sultan himself went for the conquest
State divided into 12 provinces
Local Government
Provinces→ divided into Shiqs
Shiqs→ divided into Pargana control of the shiqdar
Pargana→ divided into Villages control of the amil
Village→ basic unit of administration control of the Khut & Muqaddam – Chaudhari
village accountant was called patwari.
Various Departments
Department of the Sultans Duty

Diwan-i-Risalat Department of appeals
Diwan-i-arz Department of Military
Diwan-i-Bandagan Department of slaves
Diwan-i-Qaza-i-Mamalik Department of justice
Diwan-i-Ishtiaq Department of pensions
Diwan-i-Mustakhraj Department of arrears
Diwan-i-Khairat Department of charity
Diwan-i-kohi Department of agriculture
Diwan-i-insha Department of correspondence
Various Departments
Official Role
Chief Minister; in charge Officers in charge of
Wazir
of revenue & finances. Sadr-i-jahan religious matters and
Head of military endowments
Ariz-i-Mumalik
department Amir-i-dad Public prosecutor
Legal Officer; dispensing Naib wazir Deputy Minister
Qazi
Sharia law Mushrif-i-mumalik Accountant general
Controller of Royal Officer in charge of the
Wakil-i-dar Amir-i-hazib
household Royal court
Head of state news Qazi-i-mumalik Chief Justice
Barid-i-Mumalik
agency
Head of chief judicial
Officer in charge of Qazi-ul-kazat
Amir-i-majlis department
Royal feasts & festivals
Officer commanding
Council of friends and Amir-i-Akhur
Royal Horses
officers consulted on
Majlis-i-am Superintendent of Royal
important affairs of the Shahna-i-pil
state Elephants
Head of Royal Officer in charge of police
Dahir-i-mumalik Amir-i-bahr
correspondence & transport naval port
Dealt with religious
Sadr-us-sudur matters and
endowments
Various Departments
Provincial- Admin Duty

Amir Governor
Responsible for law & order
Mukti/ Wali and collection of taxes in their
iqtas
Officials responsible for
Nazir/ Wakuf collecting revenue in the
provinces
Maintained accounts of the
Sahib-i-diwan provinces and sent them to
central administration
Officer in charge of land
Shiqdar
measuring a shiq
Delhi Sultanate-
Agriculture- Revenue
Economy
Trade & Commerce
AGRARIAN STRUCTURE AND RELATIONS
Land classification→
land into three categories
iqta land, i.e. land assigned to officials as iqtas
khalisa land or crown land, i.e. land which was under the direct
control of the Sultan and whose revenues were meant for the
maintenance of the court and the royal household
lnam land (also known as madad-i-maash or suyurghal or waqf

land), i.e. land assigned or granted to religious leaders and religious
institutions
मज़हबी कानून
Taxation System
1. Religious taxes
2. Secular taxes
1. Religious taxes→
Zakat- paid by muslims- religious and charitable purpose

Jizya- imposed on non-Muslims or zimmis for the protection
exempted from its payment, such as imbeciles, minors, destitutes,
monks and priests
Taxation System
2. Secular taxes→ Q. Method of collection ?

Kharaj- land tax, initially collected from Non-Muslim both in cash and in kind
peasants, later on paid by all revenue of the state was pooled into a
central treasury
khams → tax on mines, treasure troves Wazir→ central authority
War Booty→ plundering

state was entitled to only 1/5th of the war booty
Many sultans raised it to 4/5th for the state
Irrigation tax (shirb),

house-tax→ gharai
grazing tax→ Charai
customs and excise from traders and merchants,
Agriculture ?
Expansion of Agriculture
Land grants→ inam, iqta
Waste lands converted into Agriculture land
enhance agricultural production

Enhancement of Irrigation facilities
takkavi loans
cultivate cash crops
(wheat) in place of inferior ones (barley
Delhi Sultanate- Trade & Commerce→ Urbanisation
GROWTH OF COMMERCE AND URBANIZATION
3rd Urbanisation → Why & How?
1. Rise of Stone Forts on Major Arteries→ Bijapur (1325), Vijayanagar (1336),

Ahmedabad (1411)
2. Development of Forts into New Urban Centres

architectural elaboration of fortified space → self contained armed city
3.Determination of Political Geography by Army Routes→ Sultan’s domain consisted of

a series of fortified sites→ tax collection from neighbouring areas
4.Promotion of Physical and Social Mobility by Military Regimes

Armies protected trade routes and sultans built strategic roads
Short distance seasonal military migration by the peasants
5. Growth of Trade and Increasing Importance of Traders→ need of the Military

regimes?
diverse goods and services, from horses to weapons to cuisine, rugs, jewellry, art, and
entertainment
Cash required to pay the salary
bankers and merchants became powerful
Growth Of Trade And Commerce

Increase in Coins
Cotton textile and silk industry flourished Initially gold coins were converted
Sericulture was introduced→ silk production Gold coins or dinars→ Alaluddin Khilji
Later on Silver & Copper coins
Paper industry had grown
Merchants and their Activities
leather-making, metal-crafts Gujarati
and carpet-weaving Marwari
Multanis (mainly Hindus)
royal karkhanas by the sultans Khorasanis (Afghan Muslims).
supplied the goods needed to the Sultan and his
Household Efforts of Sultans to Increase Commerce
Political unification leads to Economic growth
costly articles made of gold, silver etc. Royal karkhanas
institution of dalals or brokers
new roads construction
Rest houses→ sarais
GROWTH OF TRADE AND COMMERCE
South Asia as a Land Bridge

Ibn Batuta→ commodities were produced in abundance
Marco polo →
Network of Trade Routes in the Indian Ocean

Cairo to Gujarat and Malabar
Cochin was India’s port of entry
Christian, Muslim and Jewish traders from the west
Ibn Batuta→ merchants from Faras [Persia] and Yemen

@ Mangalore
John of Marignola, Pope Benedict XII’s emissary to

China
Quilon→ most important city
Vasco da Gama→ 1498- Calicut (Malabar)

Delhi Sultanate-
Indo-Persian Culture→
Society
Architecture
Music
Literature
INDO-PERSIAN CULTURE
Society ?
Hindu society- traditional caste system

Condition of women- patriarchy- sati prevalent
Arabs & the Turks→ Purdah system

Impact on Hindu Society→
seclusion of women and the wearing of purdah
became common among the upper class women
Muslim society→ divided on ethnicity & race

Turks, Iranians, Afghans and Indian
(Hindustani) Muslims
Hindus→ considered as Zimmis

Jaziya imposition
Some sections also excluded from it
1. Architecture
Monuments built by different kings
Cities & forts established
Arch & dome method
Usage of mortar
Archuate designs
Kufi→ Quarnic verses in the form of Arabesque
-Quwwat-ul-Islam mosque,
-Qutub Minar
dedicated to the Sufi saint Qutbuddin Bakthiyar Kaki
Khilji Dynasty
-Alai Darwaza, Siri Fort, Jamat-e-khana mosque
Tughlaqabad→ Ghiasuddin bin Tughlaq

tomb of Ghyasuddin by Mohammed bin Tughlaq
MBT→ also built Jahanpanah
Feroz Shah Tughlaq→ Ferozabad/ Ferozshah Kotla
Lodhi- Lodhi Garden, Agra etc.

2. Music
Amir Khusrau→ classical music– khayal
musical instruments, such as the rabab and sarangi tabla
Sufi saints→ musical gatherings→ sama - Pir Bodhan
Raja Man Singh of Gwalior→ Man Kautuhal

Ragadarpan was translated into Persian
Persian Literature
Kalhana→ Rajatarangini
Minhaj-us-Siraj-Tabaqat-i-Nasiri,
Wrote @ Iltutmish Arabic Alberuni’s
Kitab-ul-Hind
Mir Hasan Dehlawi
Zia-ud-din Barani→ Tarikh-i-Firuz Shahi

After Firoz Shah Tughlaq
Fatawa-i-Jahandari
Zia Nakshabi→ translation from Sanskrit to Persian

Book – titu namah
Ahmad Sirhindi→Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi

After Mubarak Shah of Sayyid dynasty
AMIR KHUSRAU
Birth @ 1253 CEin Patiala
Father→ central Asia, Hazara- served during Iltutmish
period
Mother→ Hindustani- came to know about local
languages & Culture
started sabq-i-hind
Khazain-ul-Futuh
Related to Ala-ud-din Khalji
Hindi (Hindavi)- Hindustani
writing poetry from a tender age

Qiran-us-Sa'dain
Nuh Sipihr (1318)→animals, flowers and trees, its
languages and people
Became disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya

Hasht-Bihisht- religious tolerance
‘Dehlavi Hindi
इबन बतत ू ा बगल में
जूता कहते तो करता
INDO-PERSIAN CULTURE है फूर फूर फूर
Ibn Batuta → Born in Tangier, in Morocco

started his journey in 1325,
overland route
Morocco→ Mecca→ across Persia→ Samarkand to
Delhi.
lived at the sultan’s Mohammed Bin Tughlaq court in

Delhi for eight years
later served the sultan as an emissary to China,
Return→ via sea route

returned by sea via Sumatra, Sri Lanka, Kerala, Goa,
and Gujarat, before heading back to Morocco.
इबन बतत ू ा बगल में
INDO-PERSIAN CULTURE जूता कहते तो करता
है फूर फूर फूर
Ibn Batuta → Born in Tangier, in Morocco
Writings→ economic conditions ?
“horses ... are very numerous and the price of them is
negligible.”
Wrote @ agriculture
“a vast country, abounding in rice and nowhere in the
world have I seen any land where prices are lower than
there.”
Safety- law & order

road from Goa to Quilon, he wrote, “I have never seen a
safer road than this, for they put to death anyone who
steals a single nut, and if any fruit falls,
no one picks it up but the owner.”
THANKS!

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The Period from 1000 to 1200 CE

Rajput & Provincial Kingdoms

Presented by - Pratik Nayak

BE Civil, M. Planning (CEPT University)

Cleared GPSC, Worked at Govt. of Gujarat

320 550 600 750 1000 1200

The last Empire- Provincial

The rise of the

Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526)

Bhakti & Sufi Movement

Marathas (1628-1680, 1707-1761)

Rise of the Princely States

Rise of the Rajput

- How the other Rajput dynasties came up ??

Finally got defeated at the hands of Ghaznavids

Fragmentation of the Rajput clans-1000 to 1200 CE

Fragmentation- Gurjara Pratihara

Chauhan Solanki Parmar Chandela Gadhvala

- referred to certain specific lineage-based clans

- Legitimised by the Brahmanas after yajna

- Certain clans emerged→ Sacrificial fire of sage Vashishta on

Pratihara Chauhan Parmar Chandela

Total 36 clans emerged over in different parts of the country

- Originally feudatory of Gurjar Pratihara

- Early founder→ 6th Century CE

944-971 CE 971-998 CE 1110-1135 CE 1110-1164 CE 1177-1192 CE

Simharaja-I Vigharaja -Ajayaraja Vigharaja-IV Prithviraja-III

Vigraharaja II (c. 971−998 CE)

son Arnoraja came to power

Next kings→ Prithviraja II and Somesvara

Hostitlity with Jayachandra- Gahadvala of Kannauj

carrying off the Gahadvala princess by force

Govinda established a new branch at Ranathambhore

Finally by Qutubuddin Aibak the Ajmer was taken under control

By 1301- the Ranthambhore branch of the Chauhan dynasty was also

Conflict with the

Mentioned in the Mahoba inscription

Also called as Chandela’s of Jejabhukti Pala

Vakpati (c. 845−865 CE)

Territory named → “Jejakabhukti”

Rahila (c. 885−905 CE)

Shri Harsha (c. 905−925 CE)

Q. Signinficance of Khajuraho Inscription ?

Starting of Chandella Architecture

Later on, had to face invasion from Ghazni

Constructed temple at Khajuraho

Came into conflict with the Prithvi Raj Chauhan

Parmardi committed suicide/ran away

After this, the chandela couldn’t revive the power

Later on by 13th Century CE→ Alauddin Khilhi हमार नाम खिलजी

originally based in the Mount Abu

Vashishtha performed a sacrifice on Mount Abu

Upendra→ 1st King

Harsola Copper plate Inscription

Siyaka II (c. 948−972 CE)

Munja (c. 972−990 CE)

succeeded by his younger brother Sindhuraja (990-1010 CE)

Fought against the chandelle→ Chandella king Vidyadhara

Might have sent army to help the Hindushahi’s to fight