Week 4

Moments, Skewness and

Kurtosis

1
Stat 101/math 107
Department of Statistics
Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore
Symmetry and Skewness
Symmrtey and Skewness
Symmetry Skewness
 the distribution is symmtrical,  Skewness measures the extent to
when the values of mean , which the observations are
median and mode are equal. asymmetric.
 If observations are symmetric  In other words, skewness tells us
around the mean there are as whether there are many more
many observations less than the observations above or below the
mean than there are observations mean.
greater than the mean  Like mean, skew is sensitive to extreme
values.
 Skewness
REFERS TO ASYMMETRY

Skewed to the left Skewed to the right

Positively Skewed distribution Negatively skewed distribution
▪ There is a long tail on the right ▪ There is a long tail on the keft and
and the mean is on the right of the mean is one left od the mode
the mode.

Skewness is +ve or –ve depending upon the location of the

mode with respect to mean
 Example : The algebra test results of a class is presented using
histogram

 The kangroo fits our graph its tail

going to the right
There are a small number of tusdents whi  So it has positive skewness
have done well, which makes this graphg
strech out horizontal to the right  Then mean> median> mode
 There are a small number of  The Kangroo fits onto our graph
stduents who have done poorly, with its tail going to the LEFT.
which makes this graph stretch
 So it has Negative skewness
out horizontally to the left.
 Then mean< median< mode
 This particular class is faily normal
and has both low and high
 Two kangroos show this graph is a
scores.
mirros image type shape.
 This graph streches our evenly on
 The graph is symmetrical
both sides of the Mode at 60-69.
 Mean= medain = mode
MEASURES OF SKEWNESS

 shows the degree of asymmetru or departure from symmetry of a

distribution
 Also indicates the direction of the distribution

 Karl Pearson’s first formula to find coeffiicient of Skewness (sk)

𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 −𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒
1. 𝑠𝑘 = 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
 sometimes mode is not possible to find (we have no mode or mora than
one mode), then we (Mean – Mode) can me taken as
3(Mean –Median)
MEASURES OF SKEWNESS

 Karl Pearson’s second forumla to find coeffiicient of Skewness (sk)

3 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛−𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛
2. 𝑠𝑘 = 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑠𝑘 > 0 Positively skewed 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 > 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 > 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒

𝑠𝑘 < 0 Negatively skewed 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 < 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 < 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒

𝑠𝑘 = 0 Symmetrical 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 = 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒

Example 1: Give the following statistics on weights of court justices in
kilograms. Calculate coefficient of skewness using Karl Pearson’s methods.

mean= 74.1, median=75, mode=84 and standard deviation=11.25

𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 −𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒 3 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 − 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛

𝑠𝑘 = 𝑠𝑘 =
𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

3 74.1 − 75
75 −84 𝑠𝑘 =
𝑠𝑘 = 11.25
11.25

𝑠𝑘 = −0.88 𝑠𝑘 = −0.24

Negatively skewed

Video Example : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5HUZe_QXXww

Example 2: The following frequency distribution presents the
monthly salaries in rupees of 20 employees of a firm

Salary (Rs.) 60-80 80-100 100-120 120-140 140-160

Frequency 4 5 4 4 3

Calculate Karl Pearson’s Co-efficient of Skewness.

 Solution
Calculate mean, mode and standard deviation to measure skeweness

Classes f X fX fX2
60-80 4 70 280 19600
Modal class 80-100 5 90 450 40500
100-120 4 110 440 48400
120-140 4 130 520 67600
140-160 3 150 450 67500
Total Σ𝑓 = 20 Σ𝑓𝑋 = 2140 Σ𝑓𝑋 2 = 243600

Σ𝑓𝑋 2140
𝑋ത = = = 𝑅𝑠. 107
Σ𝑓 20
 𝑓𝑚 −𝑓1
 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 𝑙 + ×ℎ
𝑓𝑚 −𝑓1 + 𝑓𝑚 −𝑓2
5−4
𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒 = 80 + × 20=80+10=Rs.90
5−4 + 5−4

Σ𝑓𝑋 2 Σ𝑓𝑋 2 243600 2140 2

𝑠= − = − = 731 = 𝑅𝑠. 27.03
Σ𝑓 Σ𝑓 20 20

𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 −𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒 107−90

 𝑠𝑘 = = = 0.63
𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 27.03

As sk>0, so the distribution is positively skewed

MEASURES OF SKEWNESS

 Bowley suggested a formula for skewness based on relative positions of

quartiles.
 Bowley’s coefficient of skewness
𝑄3 + 𝑄1 − 2𝑄2
𝑠𝑘 =
𝑄3 − 𝑄1
 Its value lies between -1 to +1
 In a symmetrical distribution , the quartiles are equidistant from the value of
the means i-e 𝑄2 − 𝑄1 = 𝑄3 − 𝑄2 and the coefficient of skewness will be zero.
 If 𝑄2 − 𝑄1 > 𝑄3 − 𝑄2 , the distribution is negatively skewed
 If 𝑄2 − 𝑄1 < 𝑄3 − 𝑄2 , the distribution is positively skewed
Example3:

Calculate quartile coefficient of skewness from the information

about two Places given below.

Measure Place A Place B

Median 201.0 201.6
Third Quartile 260.0 242.0
First Quartile 157.0 164.2
Solution

Place A Place B

𝑄3 +𝑄1 −2𝑄2 𝑄3 +𝑄1 −2𝑄2

 𝑠𝑘 =  𝑠𝑘 =
𝑄3 −𝑄1 𝑄3 −𝑄1

260 + 157 − 2 × 201 242 + 164.2 − 201.6

𝑠𝑘 = 𝑠𝑘 =
260 − 157 242 − 164.2

417 − 402 406.2 − 403.2

𝑠𝑘 = 𝑠𝑘 =
103 77.8

𝑠𝑘 = 0.146 𝑠𝑘 = 0.0386

Positivelyt skewed
Example 4:
 The following frequency distribution represents the annual sales and
number of firms. By using quartiles, find a measure of skewness.

Annual Sales (Rs. 00,000) No. of firms

10-20 30
20-30 195
30-40 240
40-50 115
50-60 54
60-70 10
70-80 6
80-90 15
90-100 15
 Solution:
Sales (Rs. 00,000) f C.F
10-20 30 30
𝑛 680
20-30 195 225 Q1 Locate Q1: = = 170
4 4
30-40 240 465 Median or Q2
40-50 115 580 Q3
50-60 54 634 2𝑛 2(680)
Locate Q2: = = 340
60-70 10 644 4 4

70-80 6 650
80-90 15 665
3𝑛 3(680)
90-100 15 680 Locate Q3: 4 = = 510
4
Total 680
 ℎ 𝑛
 𝑄1 = 𝑙 + − 𝐶. 𝐹.
𝑓 4
𝑛
 l=20; f=195.; h=10; C.F.=30; 4 = 170
10
𝑄1 = 20 + 170 − 30 = 𝑅𝑠. 27.28
195

ℎ 2𝑛
 𝑄2 = 𝑙 + 𝑓 − 𝐶. 𝐹.
4
2𝑛
 l=30; f=240.; h=10; C.F.=225; 4 = 340
10
𝑄1 = 30 + 340 − 225 = 𝑅𝑠. 34.79
240

ℎ 3𝑛
 𝑄3 = 𝑙 + 𝑓 4
− 𝐶. 𝐹.
𝑛
 l=40; f=115; h=10; C.F.=465; 4 = 510
10
𝑄1 = 40 + 510 − 465 = 𝑅𝑠. 43.91
115
 Bowley’s coefficient of skewness
𝑄3 + 𝑄1 − 2𝑄2
𝑠𝑘 =
𝑄3 − 𝑄1
 𝑄1 = 27.18 ; 𝑄2 = 34.79 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄3 = 43.91
43.91 + 27.18 − 2 × 34.79
𝑠𝑘 =
43.91 − 27.18

71.09 − 69.58
𝑠𝑘 =
16.73

𝑠𝑘 = 0.09

The distribution is positively skewed

Video Example : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NIU51PzSD5o

22 Moments

 Moments basically represents a convenient and unifying method for

summarizing certain descriptive statistcial measures.
 Moments can be defined as the arithmetic mean of various powers of
deviations tajen from the mean of a distribution.

 Method to find Moments

1. Moments about mean or Central Moments
2. Moments about Arbitrary origin or Raw Moments
23 Central Moments

 The first four moments about mean (Central Moments) are defined below:

Σ𝑓 𝑋−𝑋ത
 𝑚1 = =0
Σ𝑓

Σ𝑓 𝑋−𝑋ത 2
 𝑚2 = = 𝑆2
Σ𝑓

Σ𝑓 𝑋−𝑋ത 3
 𝑚3 = Σ𝑓

Σ𝑓 𝑋−𝑋ത 4
 𝑚4 = Σ𝑓
24 Properties of Central Moments
1. The first moment about mean is always zero. i-e. 𝑚1 = 0
2. The second moment about mean measures variance. i-e.,
𝑚2 = 𝑆 2
3. The third moment about mean measure skewness
𝑚3
√𝑏1 = 3Τ2
𝑚2
If √𝑏1 > 0, the given distribution is positively skewed
If √𝑏1 < 0, the given distribution is negatively skewed
If √𝑏1 = 0, the given distribution is symmetrical

4. All odd moments ( in a symmetrical distribution) are zero.

5. The fourth moment measure Kurtosis (explained in slide …)
𝑚4
𝑏2 = 2
𝑚2
25 Example 5:

 Following table shows a frequency distribution of daily number of car

accidents at a particular cross road during a month of April.

No. of Car Accidents (X) 2 3 4 5 6

No. of days (f) 9 11 6 3 1

 Compute first four central moments for the above frequency distribution.
26 Solution
First calculate arithmetic mean

X f fX
2 9 18
3 11 33
4 6 24
5 3 15
6 1 6
Total Σ𝑓 = 30 Σ𝑓𝑋 = 96

Σ𝑓𝑋 96
𝑋ത = = = 3.2
Σ𝑓 30
27

X f ഥ
𝑿−𝑿 ഥ
𝒇 𝑿−𝑿
2 9 -1.2 -10.8
3 11 -0.2 -2.2
4 6 0.8 4.8
5 3 1.8 5.4
6 1 2.8 2.8
Total Σ𝑓 = 30 𝛴𝑓 𝑋 − 𝑋ത = 0

Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝑋ത
𝑚1 = =0
Σ𝑓
28

X f ഥ
𝑿−𝑿 ഥ
𝒇 𝑿−𝑿 ഥ
𝒇 𝑿−𝑿 𝟐

2 9 -1.2 -10.8 (-1.2)*(-10.8)=12.96

3 11 -0.2 -2.2 0.44
4 6 0.8 4.8 3.84
5 3 1.8 5.4 9.72
6 1 2.8 2.8 7.84
Σ𝑓 = 30 𝛴𝑓 𝑋 − 𝑋ത = 0 ഥ
𝚺𝒇 𝑿 − 𝑿 𝟐
= 𝟑𝟒. 𝟖

Σ𝑓 𝑋−𝑋ത 2 34.8
𝑚2 = = =1.16
Σ𝑓 30
29

X f ഥ
𝑿−𝑿 ഥ
𝒇 𝑿−𝑿 𝟐 ഥ
𝒇 𝑿−𝑿 𝟑

2 9 -1.2 12.96 12.96*(-1.2)=-15.552

3 11 -0.2 0.44 -0.088
4 6 0.8 3.84 3.072
5 3 1.8 9.72 17.496
6 1 2.8 7.84 21.952
Σ𝑓 = 30 𝛴𝑓 𝑋 − 𝑋ത 2
= 34.8 𝛴𝑓 𝑋 − 𝑋ത 3
= 26.88

Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝑋ത 3
26.99
𝑚3 = = = 0.896
Σ𝑓 30
30 X f ഥ
𝑿−𝑿 ഥ
𝒇 𝑿−𝑿 𝟑 ഥ
𝒇 𝑿−𝑿 𝟒

2 9 -1.2 15.552 18.6624

3 11 -0.2 -0.088 0.0176
4 6 0.8 3.072 2.4576
5 3 1.8 17.496 31.4928
6 1 2.8 21.952 61.4656
Σ𝑓 = 30 𝛴𝑓 𝑋 − 𝑋ത 3
= 26.88 𝛴𝑓 𝑋 − 𝑋ത 4
= 114.096

Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝑋ത 4
114.096
𝑚4 = = = 3.8032
Σ𝑓 30

Example 2 (video link ) : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1da4auXziT8

 Example 6

31 Find the first four

moments about the
mean for the frequency
disribution of marks of 50
students in English test.

Marks f X
20-24 1 22
25-29 4 27
30-34 8 32
35-39 11 37
40-44 15 42
45-49 9 47
50-54 2 52
Σ𝑓 = 50
 Solution
32
Marks f X fX ഥ
𝑿−𝑿 ഥ
𝒇 𝑿−𝑿
20-24 1 22 22 -17 -17
25-29 4 27 108 -12 -48
30-34 8 32 256 -7 -56
35-39 11 37 407 -2 -22
40-44 15 42 630 3 45
45-49 9 47 423 8 72
50-54 2 52 104 13 26
Σ𝑓 = 50 Σ𝑓𝑋 = 1950 Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝑋ത = 0

Σ𝑓𝑋 1950
𝑋ത = = = 39
Σ𝑓 50

Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝑋ത
𝑚1 = =0
Σ𝑓
 ഥ
𝑿−𝑿 ഥ
𝒇 𝑿−𝑿 ഥ
𝒇 𝑿−𝑿 𝟐 ഥ
𝒇 𝑿−𝑿 𝟑 ഥ
𝒇 𝑿−𝑿 𝟒
33
-17 -17 289 -4913 83521
-12 -48 576 -6912 82944
-7 -56 392 -2744 19208
-2 -22 44 -88 176
3 45 135 405 1215
8 72 576 4608 36864
13 26 338 4394 57122
Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝑋ത = 0 Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝑋ത 2 Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝑋ത 3 Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝑋ത 4
= 2350 = −5250 = 281050

Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝑋ത 2 2350 Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝑋ത 3 −5250
𝑚2 = = = 47 𝑚3 = = = −105
Σ𝑓 50 Σ𝑓 50

Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝑋ത 4
281050
𝑚4 = = = 5621
Σ𝑓 50
34 Moments about Arbitrary Origin

 When from the data it is being feel that the actual mean is bit difficult to
find out or in fractions, the moments are first calculated about an
assumend mean say A and the converted about the actual mean
 The first fours Moments about arbitrary origin or Raw moments are defined
as:
Σ𝑓 𝑋−𝐴
1. 𝑚′1 = Σ𝑓
Σ𝑓 𝑋−𝐴 2
2. 𝑚′2 = Σ𝑓
Σ𝑓 𝑋−𝐴 3
3. 𝑚′3 = Σ𝑓
Σ𝑓 𝑋−𝐴 4
4. 𝑚′4 = Σ𝑓
 Example 7:
35 A quality control inspector has recorded the
number of faulty items produced on an assembly
line for each of the first 127 working days of the
year. The figures are recorded in the following
frquency distribution

Number of faulty 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
items
Frequency 17 12 19 28 21 19 9 2

Calculate the first four moments

about an arbitrary value 5.
 Solution
36
Let A=5
X f X-A f(X-A)
0 17 -5 -85
1 12 -4 -48
2 19 -3 -57
3 28 -2 -56
4 21 -1 -21
5 19 0 0
6 9 1 9
7 2 2 4
total Σ𝑓 = 127 Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝐴 = −254

Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝐴 −254
𝑚′1 = = = −2
Σ𝑓 127
37

X f X-A 𝑓 𝑋−𝐴 𝑓 𝑋−𝐴 2

𝑓 𝑋−𝐴 3

0 17 -5 -85 425 -2125

1 12 -4 -48 192 -768
2 19 -3 -57 171 -513
3 28 -2 -56 112 -224
4 21 -1 -21 21 -21
5 19 0 0 0 0
6 9 1 9 9 9
7 2 2 4 8 16
total Σ𝑓 = 127 Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝐴 = −254 Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝐴 2
= 938 Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝐴 3
= −3626

Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝐴 2 938
𝑚′2 = = = 7.38
Σ𝑓 127
Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝐴 3 −3626
𝑚′3 = = = −28.55
Σ𝑓 127
 X f X-A 𝑓 𝑋−𝐴 𝑓 𝑋−𝐴 2 𝑓 𝑋−𝐴 3 𝑓 𝑋−𝐴 4
38
0 17 -5 -85 425 -2125 10625
1 12 -4 -48 192 -768 3072
2 19 -3 -57 171 -513 1539
3 28 -2 -56 112 -224 448
4 21 -1 -21 21 -21 21
5 19 0 0 0 0 0
6 9 1 9 9 9 9
7 2 2 4 8 16 32
total Σ𝑓 = 127 Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝐴 Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝐴 2
Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝐴 3 Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝐴 4

= −254 = 938 = −3626 = 15746

4
Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝐴 15746
𝑚′4 = = = 123.98
Σ𝑓 127
39 Relation between Central moments
and monets about any arbitrary points
 The conversion of raw moments into central moments are given below

1. 𝑚1 = 𝑚′1 − 𝑚′1 = 0
2
2. 𝑚2 = 𝑚′2 − 𝑚′1
3. 𝑚3 = 𝑚′3 − 3𝑚′2 𝑚′1 + 2 𝑚′1 3

2 4
4. 𝑚4 = 𝑚′4 − 4𝑚′3 𝑚′1 + 6𝑚′2 𝑚′1 − 3 𝑚′1
40 Using Example 7 (slide #35) prove the relation
between central moments and raw moments
 𝑚′1 = −2; 𝑚′2 = 7.38; 𝑚′3 = −28.55; 𝑚′4 = 123.98

 𝑚1 = 𝑚′1 − 𝑚′1
𝑚1 = −2 + 2 = 0
 𝑚2 = 𝑚′2 − 𝑚′1 2

2
𝑚2 = 7.38 − −2
𝑚2 = 3.38
41

3
 𝑚3 = 𝑚′3 −3𝑚′2 𝑚′1 + 2 𝑚′1
𝑚3 = −28.55 − 3 7.38 −2 + 2 −2 3

𝑚3 = −28.55 + 44.28 − 16
. 𝑚3 = −0.27
2 4
 𝑚4 = 𝑚′4 − 4𝑚′3 𝑚′1 + 6𝑚′2 𝑚′1 − 3 𝑚′1
2 4
𝑚4 = 123.98 − 4 −28.55 7.38 +6 7.38 −2 − 3 −2
𝑚4 = 123.98 + 842.796 + 177.12 − 48
𝑚4 = 1095.896
42 Skewness

 Skewness is the lack of symmetry in a distribution around some central value

(mean , median or mode). It is thus the degree of asymmetry

 Measure of skewness using moments:

𝑚32
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑘𝑒𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 = √𝑏1 = 3
𝑚2

If √𝑏1 > 0, the given distribution is positively skewed

If √𝑏1 < 0, the given distribution is negatively skewed
If √𝑏1 = 0, the given distribution is symmetrical
43
Find the momennt coefficient of Skewness using Example 5
(Slide #25)

𝑚3 = 0.896 and 𝑚2 =1.16

𝑚3 (0.896) 0.896
√𝑏1 = Τ2
= = = 0.717
𝑚23 1.16 3Τ2 1.2494

As √𝑏1 >0 , The distribution is positively skewed

 Kurtosis
44
 The three measure –central tendency, dispersion and skewness describe
the characteristics of frequency distributions. But these studies will not give
us a clear picture of the characteristics of a distribution.

 The expression “KURTOSIS” is used to describe the peakedness of a curve. It

is actually the measure of outliers present in the distribution.

 As far as the measure of shape is concerned, we have two characteristics:

Skewness which refers to asymmetry of a series and Kurtosis which measure
the peakedness of a normal curve.
45

 All frequency curves expose different degree of flatness and

peakedness.

 A measure of kurtosis indicates the degree to which a curve

of a frequency distribution is peaked or flat topped.
𝑚4
𝑏2 = 2
𝑚2
46

o If 𝑏2 = 3, the distribution is said to be

normal and the curve is a normal curve
(mesokurtic)
o If 𝑏2 > 3, the distribution is said to be more
peaked and the curve is leptokurtic
o If 𝑏2 < 3, the distribution is said to be flat
topped and the curve is platykurtic
47
Class Interval Frequency
Example 8: 20-24 2
The following frequnecy 25-29 2
distribution indeicates the 30-34 3
test scores of 40 students in 35-39 8
Educational Measurement 40-44 11
and Evaulation. Caluclate 45-49 6
the coefficient of kurtosis 50-54 1
55-59 3
60-64 2
65-69 2
Σ𝑓 = 40
48 Class
Interval
Solution
Frequency X fX ഥ
𝑿−𝑿 ഥ
𝒇 𝑿−𝑿 𝟐 ഥ
𝒇 𝑿−𝑿 𝟒

20-24 2 22 44 -20.875 871.53 677484.37

25-29 2 27 54 -15.875 504.03 267568.98
30-34 3 32 96 -10.875 354.79 119419.45
35-39 8 37 296 -5.875 276.125 6933.16
40-44 11 42 462 -0.875 8.42 1737.18
45-49 6 47 282 4.125 102.09 6.44
50-54 1 52 52 9.125 83.26 9530.62
55-59 3 57 171 14.125 598.54 41960.27
60-64 2 62 124 19.125 731.53 127023.75
65-69 2 67 134 24.125 1164.03 379783.36
Σ𝑓 = 40 Σ𝑓𝑋 = 1715 Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝑋ത 2 Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝑋ത 4
= 4694.345 = 1631465.4

Σ𝑓𝑋 1715
𝑋ത = = = 42.875
Σ𝑓 40
49

Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝑋ത 2 4694.345
𝑚2 = = = 117.35
Σ𝑓 40

Σ𝑓 𝑋 − 𝑋ത 4
1631465.4
𝑚4 = = = 40786.63
Σ𝑓 40

𝑚4 40786.63
𝑏2 = 2 = = 2.96
𝑚2 117.35 2

The distribution is approximately mesokurtic

 Example 5: From the following information calculate coefficient of
50
skewness and kurtosis

𝑚1 = 0; 𝑚2 = 8; 𝑚3 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑚4 = 108.8

𝑚32 0 2
𝑚4 108.8
𝑏1 = 3 = 3
=0 𝑏2 = = = 1.7
𝑚2 8 𝑚22 8 2

The distribution is symmetrical and platykurtic