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UNIT II BOILERS 9
Types and comparison. Mountings and Accessories. Fuels - Solid, Liquid and Gas.
Performance calculations, Boiler trial.
8. Define critical pressure ratio. Give its expression. [May & Nov 2017, Nov 2018]
The critical pressure ratio is the pressure ratio which will accelerate the flow to a
velocity equal to the local velocity of sound in the fluid. The maximum gas flow
through a nozzle is determined by the critical pressure. The pressure at which the
area is minimum and discharge per unit area is maximum is called critical
pressure ratio.
𝐧
𝐏𝟐 𝟐 𝐧−𝟏
=( )
𝐏𝟏 𝐧+𝟏
ME8595-Thermal Engineering II Department of Mechanical Engineering 2019-2020
9. Define nozzle efficiency or coefficient of nozzle [Dec 2013, Nov 2018]
The nozzle efficiency is therefore defined as the ratio of the actual enthalpy drop
to the isentropic enthalpy drop between the same pressures. Nozzle efficiency =
(actual enthalpy drop) / (isentropic enthalpy drop)
10. List the effects of friction in nozzle. [May 2014, Dec 2015, May 2018]
In practice, there is friction produced between the steam and the sides of the
nozzle; this friction causes a resistance to the flow which is converted into heat.
The heat formed tends drying the steam. i) The expansion is no more isentropic
and enthalpy drop is reduced ii) The final dryness fraction of steam is increased
as the kinetic energy gets converted in to heat due to friction and is absorbed by
steam. iii) The specific volume of steam is increased as the steam becomes more
dry due to this frictional reheating.
11. List the factors which influence nozzle efficiency.
When the steam flows through a nozzle the final velocity of steam for given
pressure drop is reduced due to the following reasons
i) The friction between the nozzle surface and steam
ii) The internal friction of steam itself
iii) The shock losses.
12. Define degree of undercooling and degree of super saturation.
The difference of supersaturated temperature and saturation temperature at that
pressure is known as degree of under cooling.
The ratio of super saturation pressures corresponding to the temperature
between super saturated region is known as the degree of super saturation.
13. Define coefficient of velocity in nozzle. [Dec 2014]
The ratio of the actual velocity of gas emerging from a nozzle to the velocity
calculated under ideal conditions; it is less than 1 because of friction losses.
14. Define coefficient of Discharge.
The ratio of the actual discharge to maximum discharge is known as coefficient of
discharge.
15. What is meant by carry over loss?
The velocity of steam at exit is sufficiently high thereby resulting in a kinetic
energy loss called Carry over loss or Leading velocity loss.
16. If the enthalpy drop in a stem nozzle of efficiency 92% is 100 kJ/kg determine
the exit velocity of steam. [May2017]
C2 = √η(∆h) C2 = √0.92 × 100 𝑪𝟐 = 𝟗. 𝟓𝟗 𝒎/𝒔
17. Write the equation of maximum discharge through a nozzle.
2
2n p1 2n n−1
mmax = A√ × ×( )
n + 1 v1 n+1
ME8595-Thermal Engineering II Department of Mechanical Engineering 2019-2020
18. Mention the values of maximum discharge for various steam.
Types of Steam Index number Maximum Critical
Discharge Pressure ratio
p p2
Dry saturated n=1.135 mmax = 0.637 A√v1 p1
= 0.577
1
p p2
Superheated n=1.3 mmax = 0.666 A√v1 p1
= 0.546
1
p p2
Gas n=1.4 mmax = 0.685 A√v1 p1
= 0.582
1
Wet steam n=
19. What is meant by metastable flow?
Equilibrium between the liquid and vapour phase is delayed and the steam
Continues to expand in a dry state. The steam in such a set of conditions is said to
be supersaturated or in metastable state as its temperature at any pressure is less
than the saturation temperature corresponding to the pressure. The flow of
supersaturated steam, through the nozzle is called supersaturated flow or
metastable flow.
20. What are the effects of super saturation or supersaturated flow? [Nov 2016]
There is an increase in the entropy and specific volume of steam
The heat drop is reduced below that for thermal equilibrium as an
consequence the exit velocity is reduced.
The density of supersaturated steam will be more than for the equilibrium
conditions which gives the increase in the mass of steam discharged.
The dryness fraction of steam is improved.
21. Differentiate supersaturated flow and isentropic flow.
S.No Supersaturated flow Isentropic flow
1 Entropy is not constant Entropy remains constant
Super saturation reduces the heat drop
2 No reduction in enthalpy drop.
therefore exit velocity is reduced
3 Mollier diagram cannot be used Mollier diagram can be used.
22. What is meant by steam injector?
A steam injector is a device employed to force water in to the boiler under
pressure.
23. List the applications of steam nozzle
i) To rotate steam turbine
ii) Thermal power plant
iii) To produce a very fine jet spray
iv) It is also used for cleaning purpose.
ME8595-Thermal Engineering II Department of Mechanical Engineering 2019-2020
PART – B (C301.1)
1. Derive the condition for maximum flow rate in steam nozzle. [May 2018]
2. Define critical pressure ratio of a nozzle and discuss why attainment of sonic
velocity. Also determines the maximum discharge through steam nozzle.
3. Derive the equation for critical pressure ratio. [Nov 2017]
4. In a steam nozzle, the steam expands from 4 bar to 1 bar. The initial velocity is
60m/s and initial temperature is 200ºC. Determine the exit velocity if nozzle
efficiency is 92%. [Nov/Dec 2018]
5. Steam expands isentropically in a nozzle from 1 MPa, 250º C to 10 KPa. The flow
rate of the steam is 1 kg/s. Find the following when the inlet velocity is
neglected, (i) Quality of steam, (ii) Velocity of steam at the exit of the nozzle, (iii)
Exit area of the nozzle. [Dec 2013]
6. The flow rate through steam nozzle with isentropic flow from pressure of 13 bar
was found 60 kg/min. steam is initially saturated. Determine the throat area. If
the flow is super saturated, determine the increase in flow rate. [May 2014]
7. Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 11 bar enters a convergent-divergent nozzle
and leaving at a pressure of 2 bar. If the flow is adiabatic and frictionless,
determine i) the exit velocity of a steam, ii) Ratio of cross section of exit and that
at throat. [May 2015]
8. Steam at a pressure of 10.5 bar and 0.95 dry is expanded through a CD nozzle.
The pressure of steam leaving the nozzle is 0.85 bar. Find the velocity of steam at
throat for maximum discharge. Take n=1.35. Also find the area at the exit and
steam discharge if the throat area is 1.2square cm. Assume the flow is isentropic
and there are no friction losses. [Dec 2014]
9. (a) What are the effects of friction in a nozzle? Explain
10. (b) A convergent-divergent nozzle is required to discharge 2 kg/s of steam. The
nozzle is supplied with steam at 7 bar and 180⁰C and discharge takes place
against a back pressure of 1 bar. The expansion upto the throat is isentropic and
the frictional resistance between the throat and the exit is equivalent to 63 kJ/kg
of steam. Taking approach velocity of 75m/s and throat pressure of 4 bar
estimate suitable areas for throat and exit and overall of the nozzle based on the
enthalpy drop between the actual inlet pressure and temperature and the exit
pressure. [May 2013]
11. In a test on a steam nozzle, the issuing steam jet impinges on a stationary flat
plate which is perpendicular to the direction of flow and the force on the plate is
measured. With convergent-divergent nozzle supplied with steam at 10 bar dry
saturated and discharging at 1 bar; the force is experimentally measured to be
600N. The area of the nozzle at throat measures 5 cm2 and that exit area is such
that complete expansion is achieved under these conditions. Determine: (i) flow
rate of the steam, and (ii) the efficiency of the nozzle assuming that all losses
occur after the throat. Assume n = 1.135 for isentropic expansion. [May 2017]
12. A convergent divergent nozzle required to discharge 2 kg of steam per second.
The nozzle is supplied with steam at 7 bar and 180°C and discharge takes place
against a back pressure of 1 bar. The expansion up to throat is isentropic and the
frictional resistance between the throat and the exit is equivalent to 63 kJ/kg of
ME8595-Thermal Engineering II Department of Mechanical Engineering 2019-2020
steam. Take approach velocity of 75 m/s and throat pressure 4 bar, estimate (i)
suitable areas for the throat and the exit, and (ii) overall efficiency of the nozzle
based on the enthalpy drop between the actual inlet pressure and the
temperature and the exit pressure. [Nov 2016]
13. The dry and saturated steam at a pressure of 10.5 bar is expanded isentropically
in a nozzle to a pressure of 0.7 bar. Determine the final velocity of the steam
issuing from the nozzle, when (a) friction is neglected, and (h) 10% of the heat
drop is lost in friction. The initial velocity of steam may be neglected.
14. Gases expand in a convergent divergent nozzle from 3.6 bar and 425° C to aback
pressure of I bar, at the rate of 18kg/s. If the nozzle efficiency is 0.92, calculate the
required throat and exit areas of the nozzle. Neglect inlet velocity and friction in
the convergent part. For the gases, take Cp = 1.113 kJ/kg K and γ= 1.33
15. Dry saturated steam at 2.8bar is expanded through a convergent nozzle to 1.7
bar. The exit area is 3cm3. Calculate the exit velocity and mass flow rate for, (i)
Isentropic expansion, (ii) Super saturated flow. [Nov/Dec 2018]
16. Explain the supersaturated or metastable flow of steam through nozzle and the
significance of Wilson’s line. [May 2016]
17. What are the effects of super saturation on discharge and heat drop?
18. The dry saturated steam is expanded in a nozzle from pressure of 10 bar to a
pressure of 5 bar if she expansion is supersaturated, find: 1. the degree of
undercooling and 2. the degree of supersaruration.
PART – C (C301.1)
1. Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 8bar enters a convergent divergent nozzle
and leaves it at a pressure of 1.5bar. If the flow is isentropic and if the
corresponding expansion index is 1.133, find the ratio of cross-sectional area at
exit and throat for maximum discharge. [AU Nov/Dec 2015]
2. Steam turbine develops 185 kW with a consumption of 16.5 kg/kW/h. The
pressure and temperature of the steam entering the nozzle are 12 bar and 220º C.
The steam leaves the nozzle at 1.2 bar. The diameter of the nozzle at throat is
7mm, Find the number of nozzles. If 8% of the total enthalpy drop is lost in
friction in the diverging part of the nozzle, determine the diameter at the exit of
the nozzle and the exit velocity of the leaving steam. Sketch the skeleton Mollier
diagram and show on it the values of pressure, temperature or dryness fraction,
enthalpy and specific volume at inlet, throat and exit. [Nov/Dec 2018]
3. Calculate the throat and exit diameters of a convergent divergent nozzle which
will discharge 820kg of steam per hour from a pressure of 8bar superheated to
220⁰ C into a chamber having a pressure of 1.5bar.
The friction loss in the divergent part of the nozzle maybe taken as 0.15 of the
total enthalpy drop.
4. State the relation between the velocity of steam and heat during any part of a
steam nozzle.
5. Find the percentage increase in discharge from a convergent-divergent nozzle
expanding steam from 8.75 bar dry to 2 bar. when; 1. the expansion is taking
place under thermal equilibrium, and 2. the steam is in metastable state during
pan of its expansion. Take area of nozzle as 2500 mm2
ME8595-Thermal Engineering II Department of Mechanical Engineering 2019-2020
UNIT – II BOILERS
PART – A (C301.2)
1. Define Boiler?
Boiler is defined as a closed vessel in which steam is produced from water by
combustion of fuel.
2. What are the primary requirements of steam generators or boilers?
The water must be contained safely
The steam must be safely delivered in desired condition (pressure,
temperature, quality and required rate).
3. List the purpose of boiler
For generating power in steam engines or steam turbines.
Industries like sugar mills, cement factory, chemical industries
For heating the buildings and producing hot waters.
4. Classify the boilers?
(i) According to flow medium inside the tubes: Fire tube and Water tube.
(ii) According to boiler pressure: Low, Medium and High pressure
(iii) According to draft used: natural and artificial draft
(iv) According to method of water circulation : natural and force circulation
(v) According to furnace position: Internally fired and externally fired
(vi) According to number of tubes: Single tube and multi tube boiler
(vii)According to mobility: Stationary, portable, Marine boilers.
5. Explain fire tube boiler.
Fire tube or “fire in tube” boilers; contain long steel tubes through which the hot
gasses from a furnace pass and around which the water to be converted to steam
circulates. Fire tube boilers, typically have a lower initial cost, are more fuel
efficient and easier to operate, but they are limited generally to capacities of 25
tons/hr and pressures of 17.5 kg/cm2.
6. Explain water tube boiler.
Water tube or “water in tube” boilers in which the conditions are reversed with
the water passing through the tubes and the hot gasses passing outside the tubes.
These boilers can be of single- or multiple-drum type. These boilers can be built
to any steam capacities and pressures, and have higher efficiencies than fire tube
boilers.
7. Explain Packaged Boiler.
The packaged boiler is so called because it comes as a complete package. Once
delivered to site, it requires only the steam, water pipe work, fuel supply and
electrical connections to be made for it to become operational. Package boilers are
generally of shell type with fire tube design so as to achieve high heat transfer
rates by both radiation and convection.
8. What are the two main classification of a stoker fired boiler?
Chain grate or travelling grate stoker
Spreader stoker
ME8595-Thermal Engineering II Department of Mechanical Engineering 2019-2020
9. What do you meant by tangential firing with respect to pulverized coal fired
boiler?
The method of firing used for coal firing in pulverized fuel fired boiler is the
tangential firing. In this type of firing four burners are used at the corner to
corner to create a fire ball at the center of the furnace.
10. What are the main advantages of FBC over conventional firing?
Fluidised bed combustion has significant advantages over conventional firing
systems and offers multiple benefits – namely fuel flexibility, reduced emission
of noxious pollutants such as SOx and NOx, compact boiler design and higher
combustion efficiency
11. What are the parameters which affect the performance of the heat transfer in
FBC?
i) Bed temperature ,ii) Bed pressure ,iii) Superficial gas velocity ,iv) particle size
v) Heat exchanger design, and vi) Gas distributor plate design
12. Define ‘fluidizing velocity’ for an FBC boiler?
The velocity required to make the particles in suspension in the air stream in a
Fluidized Bed combustor is called fluidizing velocity.
13. In a FBC boiler, when is the bed said to be fluidized state?
The bed of solid particles in a FBC exhibits the properties of a boiling liquid and
assumes the appearance of a fluid. In this state the bed is said to be fluidized.
14. List the three types of FBC boilers?
Atmospheric classic Fluidised Bed Combustion System (AFBC)
Atmospheric circulating (fast) Fluidised Bed Combustion system(CFBC)
Pressurised Fluidised Bed Combustion System (PFBC).
15. What is the principle of CFBC (circulating fluidized bed combustion) boiler?
CFBC technology utilizes the fluidized bed principle in which crushed (6 –12 mm
size) fuel and limestone are injected into the furnace or combustor. The particles
are suspended in a stream of upwardly flowing air (60-70% of the total air),
which enters the bottom of the furnace through air distribution nozzles. The
balance of combustion air is admitted above the bottom of the furnace as
secondary air. While combustion takes place at 840-900oC, the fine particles (<450
microns) are elutriated out of the furnace with flue gas velocity of 4-6 m/s. The
particles are then collected by the solids separators and circulated back into the
furnace. This combustion process is called circulating fluidized bed (CFB).
16. List some of the features of bubbling bed boiler?
(i) Distribution plate through which air is blown for fluidizing.
(ii) Immersed steam-raising or water heating tubes which extract heat directly
from the bed.
(iii) Tubes above the bed which extract heat from hot combustion gas before it
enters the flue duct.
ME8595-Thermal Engineering II Department of Mechanical Engineering 2019-2020
17. List the advantages of CFBC boilers over AFBC boilers.
Higher processing temperature because of high gas velocity through the
system.
Lower combustion temperature of about 870 oC can be achieved constantly,
which results in minimal NOx formation.
The combustion air is supplied at 1.5 to 2 psig rather than 3 to 5 psig as
required by bubbling bed combustors.
Higher combustion efficiency.
Better turndown ratio.
18. What is a high pressure boiler? Give two examples?
The boilers which produce steam at pressure of 80 bar and above are known as
high pressure boiler. Examples: Lamont, Loeffler and Benson boilers.
19. Name some high pressure boiler?
Lamont, Loeffler and Benson boilers
20. What is supercritical boiler and list the advantages.
The steam generator or boiler designed between the working ranges of 125atm
and 510oC to 300atm and 660oC is called super critical boiler.
Advantages: Large heat transfer rate, problems of corrosion and erosion are
minimized, more adoptable to load fluctuations, high thermal efficiency.
21. What are the advantages of high pressure boilers?
Less number of steam drums will be required
Less floor space is required
Use of high pressure and high temperature is economical
The tendency of scale formation is eliminated due to high velocity of water
through tubes
The efficiency of the plant is increased
22. Compare Fire tube boiler and water tube boiler
S.
Water Tube boiler Fire Tube boiler
No
Water is inside the tube and flue Flue gases inside the tube and water
1
gases surrounded to it. surrounded to it.
Operating pressure is up to 170- Operating pressure is up to 25 bar
2
180 bar (high pressure boilers). (low and medium pressure boilers).
Steam generation rate is very
3 Less steam generation rate.
high (more than 3000 kg/hr)
4 Suitable for power plants Suitable for small industries
Example: Babcock and Wilcox Example: Vertical boiler, locomotive
5
boiler boiler, Lancashire boiler.
23. What do you mean by scale formation in boilers?
A deposit of medium to extreme hardness occurring on water heating surfaces of
a boiler because of an undesirable condition in the boiler water.
ME8595-Thermal Engineering II Department of Mechanical Engineering 2019-2020
24. Factors affecting selection of boiler
(i) Size of drum (ii) Rate of heat generation (iii) Working pressure (iv) Type of
boiler (v) Initial cost and (vi) Quality of steam
25. Mention any four boiler mountings?
Water gauge Feed check valve
Pressure gauge Stop valve
Safety valves Blow off cock
Fusible plug
PART – B (C301.2)
1. Explain the following boiler terms: Shell, grate, furnace, mountings, accessories,
water level, scale, blowing off, lagging and refractory.
2. Enumerate the factors which should be considered while selecting a boiler and
what are the essentials of good steam boiler?
3. Explain with neat sketch the construction and working of any two of the
following high pressure boilers: (i) LaMont boiler (ii) Loffler boiler (iii) Benson
boiler (iv) Velox boiler.
4. Explain with neat sketch the construction and working of FBC Boiler.
5. What is function of boiler mountings? How do accessories differ from
mountings?
6. Explain with neat sketches any two of the boiler accessories
(i) Economiser (ii) Injector (iii) Air preheater (iv) Superheater
7. What is steam trap? Explain with neat sketch expansion type of steam trap.
8. What are the various types of draughts and write the advantages of artificial
draught over natural draught.
9. Derive an expression for max discharge of gases through the chimney for a given
height of the chimney
10. The following are the data collected for a boiler using coal as the fuel. Find out
the boiler efficiency by indirect method.
Fuel firing rate = 5599.17 kg/hr Total surface area of boiler = 90 m2
Steam generation rate = 21937.5 kg/hr GCV of Bottom ash = 800 kCal/kg
Steam pressure = 43 kg/cm2(g) GCV of fly ash = 452.5 kCal/kg
Steam temperature = 377 °C Ratio of bottom ash to fly ash = 90:10
Feed water temperature = 96 °C Fuel Analysis (in %)
%CO2 in Flue gas = 14 Ash content in fuel = 8.63
%CO in flue gas = 0.55 Moisture in coal = 31.6
Average flue gas temperature = 190 °C Carbon content = 41.65
Ambient temperature = 31 °C Hydrogen content = 2.0413
Humidity in ambient air = 0.0204 kg / kg dry air Nitrogen content = 1.6
Surface temperature of boiler = 70 °C Oxygen content = 14.48
Wind velocity around the boiler = 3.5 m/s GCV of Coal = 3501 kCal/kg
ME8595-Thermal Engineering II Department of Mechanical Engineering 2019-2020
11. Estimate the mass of flue gases flowing through the chimney as per the data given
below:
Draught produced = 20mm of water column, temp of the flue gases = 573K,
Ambient temp =303K, mass of air used = 19kg per kg of fuel burnt, Dia of
chimney = 2m and neglect the losses.
12. A steam generator evaporates 18000 kg/hr of steam at 12.5bar and a quality of
0.97 from feed water at 105oC when coal is fired at the rate of 2040 kg/hr. if the
higher calorific value of the coal is 27400 kJ/kg find (i) The heat rate of boiler in
kJ/hr. (ii) The equivalent evaporation (iii) The thermal efficiency
13. A fuel contains 90% C, 3.3% H2, 3% O2 0.8% N2 0.9% S2 and remaining
incombustible mass. Find the HCV, LCV, chemically correct air-fuel ratio and
composition of exhaust gas on percentage mass basis.
14. Discuss the pollution emission and the effect of lean burn on it.
15. Write the classification of fuels and explain briefly with the examples.
PART – C (C301.2)
1. What are the basic requirements of combustion equipment? Explain briefly the
following methods of burning of coal : (i) Stoker firing (ii) Pulverized fuel firing
2. What is the function of a steam separator? Discuss with a neat sketch any one
type of steam separators.
3. The following observations were made during the trial of a boiler plant
consisting of a battery of Lancashire boilers and an economizer: Calorific value of
coal / kg = 29915 kJ, Mass of feed water per kg of dry coal = 9.1 kg ,Equivalent
evaporation from and at 100oC per kg of dry coal = 9.6 kg ,Temperature of feed
water to economizer = 12oC ,Temperature of feed water to boiler = 105oC, Air
Temperature = 13oC, Temperature of flue gases entering economizer = 370 oC ,
Mass of flue gases entering the economizer = 18.2 kg /kg of coal , Mean specific
heat of flue gases = 1.046 kJ/kgoC. Find (i) The efficiency of the boiler (ii) The
efficiency of the economizer (iii) the efficiency of the whole boiler plant.
4. (i) What are the major performance features of the CFBC boiler (circulating
fluidizing bed combustion boiler)?
(ii) Explain at least six advantages of fluidized bed boilers?
5. (i) What is the benefit of providing Economiser for a boiler?
(ii) Calculate the fuel oil savings by providing an Economiser for a boiler. The
performance data of the boiler are given as below:
Average quantity of steam generated : 5 T/h
Average flue gas temperature : 315 oC (without economiser)
Average steam generation / kg of fuel oil : 14 kg
Feed water inlet temperature : 110oC
Fuel oil supply rate : 314 kg/h
Flue gas quantity : 17.4 kg/kg of fuel
Gross calorific value of fuel : 10,000 kCal/kg
Rise in feed water temperature by providing economizer: 26 °C
Annual operating hours : 8600
ME8595-Thermal Engineering II Department of Mechanical Engineering 2019-2020
PART – B (C301.3)
1. Explain the pressure and velocity compounding diagram of multistage turbine
with neat sketch. [Nov/Dec 2014]
2. Elucidate the working of velocity, pressure and velocity pressure compounding
methods with neat sketch. [May 2018]
3. Explain the pressure band velocity compounding of a multi stage turbine.
4. In a De-lavel turbine, the steam enters the wheel through a nozzle with a velocity
of 500 m/s and at an angle of 20º to the direction of motion of the blade. The
blade speed is 200 m/s and the exit angle of the moving blade is 25°. Find the
inlet angle of the moving blade, exit velocity of steam and its direction and work
done per kg of steam.
5. In a De Laval Turbine steam issues from the nozzle with a velocity of 1200 m/s.
The nozzle angle is 20˚C, the mean blade velocity is 400 m/s and the inlet and
outlet angles are equal. The mass of steam flowing through the turbine per hour
ME8595-Thermal Engineering II Department of Mechanical Engineering 2019-2020
is 1000 kg. Calculate i) Blade angles ii) Relative velocity of steam entering the
blades iii) Tangential force on the blades iv) Power developed v) Blade efficiency.
Take blade velocity co-efficient as 0.8 [April/May 2015]
6. A steam jet enters the row of blades with a velocity of 375 m/s at an angle of 20º
with the direction of motion of the moving blades. If the blade speed is 165 m/s,
find the suitable inlet and outlet blade angles assuming that there is no thrust on
the blades. The velocity of steam passing over the blades is reduced by 15%. Also
determine power developed by the turbine per kg of steam flowing aver the
blades per second.
7. In a single stage impulse turbine the isentropic enthalpy drop of 200 kJ/kg occurs
in the nozzle having efficiency of 96% and nozzle angle of 15°. The blade velocity
coefficient is 0.96 and ratio of blade speed to steam velocity is 0.5. The steam
mass flow rate is 20 kg/s and velocity of steam entering is 50 m/s. Determine (a)
the blade angles at inlet and outlet if the steam enters blades smoothly and leaves
axially, (b) the blade efficiency, (c) the power developed in kW and (d) the axial
thrust.
8. Steam enters the blade row of an impulse turbine with the velocity of 600 m/s at
an angle of 25°C to the plane of rotation of the blades the blade mean speed is 250
m/s. The blade angle at the exit side is 30°C. The blade friction loss is 10 %.
Determine blade angle inlet, blade efficiency and work done per kg of steam
[May/ June 2014]
9. (a) The velocity of steam leaving the nozzle of an impulse turbine is 10000m/s
and the nozzle angle is 20oC . The blade velocity is 350m/s and the blade
velocity of co-efficient is 0.85.Assuming no losses due to shock at inlet ,calculate
for a mass flow of 1.5kg/s ,and symmetrical blading, (i) Blade inlet angle, (ii)
Driving force on the wheel, (iii) Axial thrust on the wheel and (iv) Power
developed by the turbine.
(b) Differentiate between impulse and reaction turbine. [April/May 2013]
10. In a single stage impulse turbine the blade angles are equal and nozzle angle is
20o.the velocity coefficient for the blade is 0.83 find the maximum blade efficiency
possible. If the actual blade efficiency is 90% of maximum blade efficiency, find
the possible ratio of blade speed to steam speed. [Nov/Dec 2017]
11. In one stage of a reaction steam turbine, both the fixed and moving blades have
inlet and outlet blade tip angles of 35º and 20º respectively. The mean blade
speed is 80 m/s and the steam consumption is 22 500 kg per hour. Determine the
power developed In the pair, if the isentropic heat drop for the pair is 23.5 kJ per
kg.
12. A Parson's reaction turbine, while running a 1400 r.p.m. consumes 30 tonnes of
steam per hour. The steam at a certain stage is at 6 bar with dryness fraction of
0.9 and the stage develops 10 kW. The axial velocity of flow is constant and equal
to 0.75 of the blade velocity. Find mean diameter of the drum and the volume of
steam flowing per second. Take blade tip angles at inlet and exit as 35º and 20º
respectively.
ME8595-Thermal Engineering II Department of Mechanical Engineering 2019-2020
13. A Parson’s reaction turbine has mean diameter of blades as 1.6 m and rotor
moving at 1500 rpm. The inlet and outlet angles are 80°C and 20°C respectively.
Turbine receives steam at 12 bar, 200°C and has isentropic heat drop of 26 kJ/kg.
5% of steam supplied is lost through leakage. Determine the following
considering horse power developed in stage to be 600 hp.(a) the stage efficiency
and (b) the blade height.
PART – C (C301.3)
1. A convergent-divergent nozzle for a steam turbine has to deliver steamunder a
supply condition of 11 bar with 100ºC superheat and a back pressure of 0.15bar.
if the outlet area of the nozzle is 9.7cm2, determine using steam tables, the mass
of steam discharged per hour. If the turbine converts 60% of the total enthalpy
drop into useful work, determine the power delivered by the turbine. Neglec the
effect of friction in the nozzle. Take CP of superheated steam as 2.3 kJ/kg.k
[Nov/Dec 2018]
2. A 50% reaction turbine (with symmetrical velocity triangles) running at 400
r.p.m. has the exit angle of the blades as 20º and the velocity of steam relative to
the blades at the exit is 1.35 times the mean blade speed. The steam flow rate is
8.33 kg/s and at a particular stage the specific volume is 1.381m3 /kg. Calculate
for this stage. A suitable blade height, assuming the rotor mean diameter to be 12
times the blade height.
3. In a reaction turbine, the blade tips are inclined at 35º and 20º in direction of
motion. The guide blades are of the same shape as the moving blades, but
reversed in direction. At a certain place in the turbine, the drum diameter is 1
meter and the blades are 100 mm high. At this place, steam has a pressure of 1.7
bar and dryness 0.935. If the speed of the turbine is 250 r.p.m. and the steam
passes through the blades without shock, find the mass of steam flow and the
power developed in the ring of the moving blades
4. A reaction turbine runs at 300 r.p.m. and its steam consumption is 15400 kg/hr.
The pressure of steam at certain pair is 1.9 bar; its dryness 0.93 and power
developed by the pair is 3.5 kW. The discharging blade tip angle is 20° for both
fixed and moving blades and the axial velocity of flow is 0.72 of the blade
velocity. Find the drum diameter and blade height. Take the tip leakage steam as
8%, but neglect blade thickness.
5. (a) List the advantages of steam turbines over gas turbines.
(b) Determine the isentropic enthalpy drop in the stage of Parson's reaction
turbine which has the following particulars: speed=1500 rpm, mean diameter of
the rotor = 1m, stage efficiency =80%, speed ratio = 0.7, blade outlet angle =20o.
ME8595-Thermal Engineering II Department of Mechanical Engineering 2019-2020
PART – B (C301.4)
1. Explain the Cogeneration system with neat sketch
2. Explain about the types of topping cycle cogeneration system
3. Compare the Topping cycle and Bottoming cycle cogeneration system
4. Explain briefly about the sources and utilization of residual heat.
5. Discuss the various applications of Residual heat recovery system
6. Enumerate the Economic aspects of Cogeneration and Residual Heat Recovery
7. Explain the operating principle of a waste heat recovery boiler with examples.
8. Explain about heat pump and heat pipes.
9. Explain about recuperative & regenerative heat exchangers along with their
advantages disadvantages.
10. Explain about Economic Considerations in Heat Exchanger Selection
11. Explain the operating principle of regenerator?
12. Explain the various types of recuperators.
PART – C (C301.4)
1. Explain the operating principle of a heat pump with examples.
2. What are the typical applications of a heat pipe in heat exchangers?.
3. Give two examples of residual heat recovery sources, What are the direct and
indirect benefits of residual heat recovery system?
ME8595-Thermal Engineering II Department of Mechanical Engineering 2019-2020
PART – B (C301.5)
1. Explain working of vapour compression refrigeration cycle with neat sketch.
[Dec2013, Nov 2017, Nov 2018]
2. Explain the working principle of vapour absorption refrigeration cycle with neat
sketch. [Dec 2014, May 2018]
3. A refrigeration machine is required to produce i.e., at 0°C from water at 20°C. The
machine has a condenser temperature of 298 K while the evaporator temperature
is 268 K. The relative efficiency of the machine is 50% and 6 kg of Freon-12
refrigerant is circulated through the system per minute. The refrigerant enters the
ME8595-Thermal Engineering II Department of Mechanical Engineering 2019-2020
compressor with a dryness fraction of 0.6. Specific heat of water is 4.187 kJ/kgK
and the latent heat of ice is 335 kJ/kg. Calculate the amount of ice produced on 24
hours.
The table of properties of Freon-12 is given below:
Temperature Liquid heat Latent heat Entropy of liquid
(K) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kgK)
298 59.7 138.0 0.2232
268 31.4 154.0 0.1251
4. A F12 vapour compression refrigeration system has a condensing temperature of
50 ºC and evaporating temperature of 0ºC. The refrigeration capacity is 7 tons. The
liquid leaving the condenser is saturated liquid and compression is isentropic.
Determine i)The refrigerant flow rate ii) The power required to run the
compressor iii) The heat rejected in the plant and iv) COP of the system use the
properties of F12 as listed in the table. [Nov 2018]
Temp Pressure hf hg Sf Sg
(ºC) (bar) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg.K) (kJ/kg.K)
50 12.199 84.868 206.298 0.3034 0.6792
0 36.022 187.397 187.397 0.1418 0.6960
5. 28 tonnes of ice from and at 0°C is produced per day in an ammonia refrigerator.
The temperature range in the compressor is from 25°C to – 15°C. The vapour is
dry and saturated at the end of compression and an expansion valve is used.
Assuming a co-efficient of performance of 62% of the theoretical, calculate the
power required to drive the compressor.
6. An ammonia refrigerator produces 30 tons of ice at 0oC in a day of 24 hours. The
temperature range in the compressor is from 25o C to -15oC. The vapour is dry
saturated at the end of compression. Assume a COP of 60 % of theoretical value.
Find power required to drive compressor. Assume latent heat of ice is 335kJ/kg.
For properties of ammonia refer table below: [May 2013]
Temperature hf hg Sf Sg
( C)
o (kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kgK) (kJ/kgK)
25 298.9 1465.8 1.124 5.039
-15 112.3 1426.5 1.4572 5.549
7. The temperature limits of an ammonia refrigeration system are 25o C and -10oC. If
the gas is dry at the end of compression, Calculate the COP assumi8ng no-under
cooling of the system. The properties of ammonia are given below. [Dec 2013]
Temperature (oC) Liquid heat Latent heat Liquid entropy
(kJ/kg) (kJ/kg) (kJ/kgK)
25 298.90 1166.94 1.2420
-10 0.5443 135.37 1297.68
8. Explain briefly various absorption systems, and give the comparison vapour
compression system and vapour absorption system. [June 2014]
9. Explain various types of air conditioning systems with neat sketch.
ME8595-Thermal Engineering II Department of Mechanical Engineering 2019-2020
10. Explain various psychrometric processes with the help of psychrometric chart.
11. The sling psychrometer in a laboratory test recorded the following readings: Dry
bulb temperature = 35°C Wet bulb temperature = 25° Atmospheric pressure =
1.0132 bar Calculate, (i) Specific humidity, (ii) Relative humidity, (iii) Vapour
density in air, (iv) Dew point temperature and (v) Enthalpy of mixture per kg of
dry air.
12. An air-water vapour mixture enters an air-conditioning unit at a pressure of 1.0
bar. 38°C DBT and a relative humidity of 75%. The mass of dry air entering is 1
kg/s. The air-vapour mixture leaves the air-conditioning unit at 1.0 bar, 18°C, 85%
relative humidity. The moisture condensed leaves at 18°C. Determine the heat
transfer rate for the process.
13. Saturated air at 3ºC is required to be supplied to a room where the temperature
must be held at 22ºC with a relative humidity of 55%. The air is heated and then
water at 10ºC is sprayed to give the required humidity. Determine, (i) The mass
of spray water required per m3 of air at room conditions.
14. A small-size cooling tower is designed to cool 5.5 liters of water per second, the
inlet temperature of which is 44ºC. The motor-driven fan induces 9 m3/s of air
through the tower and the power absorbed is 4.75 kW. The air entering the tower
is at 18ºC, and has a relative humidity of 60%. The air leaving the tower can be
assumed to be saturated and its temperature is 26ºC. Calculate, (i) the amount of
cooling water (make-up) required per second. (ii) The final temperature of the
water. Assume that the pressure remains constant throughout the tower at 1.013
bar
15. An office is to be air- conditioned for 50 staff when the outdoor conditions are 30o
C DBT and 75% RH if the quantity of air supplied is 0.4 m3/ min / person, find
the following: (i) Capacity of the cooling coil in tones of refrigeration, (ii) Capacity
of the heating coil in kW, (iii) Amount of water vapour removed per hour.
Assume that required inlet conditions are 200 C DBT and 60% RH. Air is first
conditioned by cooling and dehumidifying and then by heating. Describe the
factors that affect human comfort. [May 2013]
16. An office is to be air-conditioned for 50 staffs when the outdoor conditions are 30°
C DBT and 75 percentage RH if the quantity of air supplied is 0.4m3/min/person
find the following, i) capacity of cooling coil, ii) capacity of heating coil in KW, iii)
amount of water vapour removed per hour assume the air inlet conditions are 20°
C DBT and 60 percentage RH, air is conditioned first by cooling and
dehumidifying and then by heating, and iv) If the heating coil temperature is
25°C, Find the by-pass factor of heating coil. [June 2014]
17. Explain the desirable thermodynamics properties and environmental safety
aspects of alternative refrigerants. [Dec 2014]
18. Saturated air leaving the cooling section of an air conditioning system at 14°C at
the rate of 50 m3/ min is mixed adiabatically with the outside air at 32°C and 60%
RH at the rate of 20 m3/ min. assuming that the mixing process occurs at a
ME8595-Thermal Engineering II Department of Mechanical Engineering 2019-2020
pressure of 1 atm, determine the specific humidity, the relative humidity, the dry
bulb temperature and volume flow rate of the mixture. [May 2015]
19. Air at dry bulb temperature of 5 C and relative humidity of 80% is to be heated
o
and humidified to 24.5 ⁰C and 45% relative humidity, (i) by passing air through
heated water spray washer, (ii) by preheating assembly and then passing through
water spray washer with recirculated water till relative humidity rises to 95% and
then again heated sensibly to final required state. Determine for (i) and (ii) the
total heating required. The makeup water required in water spray air washer and
humidifying efficiency of the recirculated spray washer. [Nov 2017]
PART – C (C301.5)
1. Explain design and working of summer air conditioning for Hot and Dry, Hot
and Wet Weather. [APR/MAY 2018]
2. An ammonia refrigerator operates between evaporating and condensing
temperature of -16°C and 50°C respectively. The vapour is dry saturated at the
compressor inlet, the compression process is isentropic and there is no under
cooling of the condensate calculate the refrigeration effect per kg, the mass flow
and power input per kW of refrigeration and the COP.
3. Analyse the implications of high latent heat load on the design of Air conditioning
systems and on the energy efficiency of the overall system. [May 2017]
4. A small-size cooling tower is designed to cool 5.5 litres of water per second, the
inlet temperature of which is 44ºC. The motor-driven fan induces 9 m3 /s of air
through the tower and the power absorbed is 4.75 kW. The air entering the tower
is at 18ºC, and has a relative humidity of 60%. The air leaving the tower can be
assumed to be saturated and its temperature is 26ºC. Calculate, (i) The amount of
cooling water (make-up) required per second. (ii) The final temperature of the
water. Assume that the pressure remains constant throughout the tower at 1.013
bar