Esterification is the general name for a chemical reaction in which two reactants (typically an alcohol and an acid) form

an ester as
the reaction product. Esters are common in organic chemistry and biological materials, and often have a characteristic pleasant,
fruity odor. This leads to their extensive use in the fragrance and flavor industry. Ester bonds are also found in many polymers.

Esterification is a reversible reaction. Hydrolysis—literally "water splitting"—involves adding water and a catalyst (commonly NaOH)
to an ester to get the sodium salt of the carboxylic acid and alcohol. As a result of this reversibility, many esterification reactions
are equilibrium reactions and therefore need to be driven to completion according to Le Chatelier's principle. Esterifications are
among the simplest and most often performed organic transformations.

Salicylic acid (from Latin salix, willow tree, from the bark of which the substance is obtained) is a beta hydroxy acid. This colorless
crystalline organic acid is widely used in organic synthesis and functions as a plant hormone. It is derived from the metabolism
of salicin. In addition to being a compound that is chemically similar to but not identical to the active component
of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), it is probably best known for its use in anti-acne treatments. The salts and esters of salicylic acid are
known as salicylates.

Salicylic acid has the formula C6H4(OH)COOH, where the OH group is ortho to the carboxyl group. It is also known as 2-
hydroxybenzenecarboxcylic acid. It is poorly soluble in water (0.2 g/100 ml H2O at 20 °C).[2] Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid or ASA) can
be prepared by the esterification of the phenolic hydroxyl group of salicylic acid.

A carboxylate anion, RCO2−, is an ion with negative charge that contains the group -COO−. It is the conjugate base of a carboxylic
acid.

Carboxylic acids dissociate into a carboxylate ion and a positively-charged hydrogen ion (proton) much more readily than alcohols
dissociate (into an alkoxide ion and a proton), because the carboxylate ion is more stable: the negative charge that is left behind
when a proton leaves the carboxylate group is 'shared' between the two electronegative oxygen atoms in a resonance structure.

Acetic acid, CH3COOH, also known as ethanoic acid, is an organic acid, which gives vinegar its sour taste and pungent smell. It is
aweak acid, in that it is only a partially dissociated acid in an aqueous solution. Pure, water-free acetic acid (glacial acetic acid) is a
colorless liquid that absorbs water from the environment (hygroscopy), and freezes at 16.5 °C (62 °F) to a colorless crystalline solid.
The pure acid and its concentrated solutions are dangerously corrosive.

Acetic acid is one of the simplest carboxylic acids. It is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical, used in the
production ofpolyethylene terephthalate mainly used in soft drink bottles; cellulose acetate, mainly for photographic film;
and polyvinyl acetate for woodglue, as well as synthetic fibers and fabrics. In households, diluted acetic acid is often used
in descaling agents. In the food industryacetic acid is used under the food additive code E260 as an acidity regulator and as a
condiment.

Iron(III) chloride, also called ferric chloride, is an industrial scale commodity chemical compound, with the formula FeCl3. The
colour of iron(III) chloride crystals depends on the viewing angle: by reflected light the crystals appear dark green, but by transmitted
light they appear purple-red. Anhydrous iron(III) chloride is deliquescent, forming hydrated hydrogen chloride mists in moist air. It is
rarely observed in its natural form, mineral molysite, known mainly from some fumaroles.

Iron (III) acetate, commonly known as basic iron acetate, is a chemical compound with the formula [Fe3O(OAc)6(H2O)3]OAc (OAc is
CH3CO2-). It is a salt, with one ionic acetate anion and the triangular cation [Fe3O(OAc)6(H2O)3]+.[2]. Each metal in the cation is
bonded to six oxygen atoms, including a triply bridging oxide at the center of the equilateral triangle. The water ligands can be
replaced with other Lewis bases, such as pyridine.

Benzoic acid, C7H6O2 (or C6H5COOH), is a colorless crystalline solid and the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid. The name derived
from gum benzoin, which was for a long time the only source for benzoic acid. This weak acid and its salts are used as a food
preservative. Benzoic acid is an important precursor for the synthesis of many other organic substances.

Acetyl chloride, CH3COCl, also known as ethanoyl chloride or acyl chloride, is an acid chloride derived from acetic acid. It
belongs to the class of organic compounds called acyl halides. It is a colorless liquid. Acetyl chloride does not exist in nature,
because contact with waterwould hydrolyze it into acetic acid and hydrogen chloride. In fact, if handled in open air it gives off
white smoke owing to the hydrolysis from the moisture in the air. The "smoke" is actually small droplets of hydrochloric acid formed
by hydrolysis.

Acetic anhydride, or ethanoic anhydride, is the chemical compound with the formula (CH3CO)2O. Commonly abbreviated Ac2O, it
is the simplest isolatable acid anhydride and is a widely used reagent in organic synthesis. (Formic anhydride spontaneously
decomposes, especially once removed from solution.) It is a colorless liquid that smells strongly of acetic acid, formed by its reaction
with the moisture in the air.
Acetamide (IUPAC: ethanamide) is an organic compound with the formula CH3CONH2. It is the simplest amide derived from acetic
acid. It finds some use as a plasticizer and as an industrial solvent. The related compound N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) is more
widely used, but it is not prepared from acetamide.

Oxalic acid is the chemical compound with the formula that can be written in a number of equivalent ways, C2O4H2, C2O2(OH)2, and
as HOOCCOOH. This colourless solid is a dicarboxylic acid. In terms of acid strength, it is about 3,000 times stronger than acetic
acid. Itsconjugate base, known as oxalate (C2O42-), is a reducing agent as well as a chelating agent for metal cations. Typically
oxalic acid occurs as the dihydrate with the formula C2O4H2·2H2O.

Succinic acid ( pronunciation: [sək-ˈsi-nik ˈa-səd]; IUPAC systematic name: butanedioic acid; historically known as spirit of
amber) is adicarboxylic acid. Succinate plays a biochemical role in the citric acid cycle. The name derives from Latin succinum,
meaning amber, from which the acid may be obtained.

The carboxylate anion is called succinate and esters of succinic acid are called alkyl succinates.

Dicarboxylic acids are organic compounds that are substituted with two carboxylic acid functional groups. In molecular formulae
for dicarboxylic acids, these groups are often written asHOOC-R-COOH, where R is usually an alkyl, alkenyl, or akynyl group.
Dicarboxylic acids can be used to prepare copolymers such as nylon, polyurethanes and polyethylene terephthalate.

In general, dicarboxylic acids show the same chemical behaviour and reactivity as monocarboxylic acids. The ionization of the
second carboxyl group occurs less readily than the first one. This is because more energy is required to separate a positive
hydrogen ion from the doubly charged anion than from the single charged anion.

A mnemonic to aid in remembering the order of the common nomenclature for the first six dicarboxylic acids is
"Oh my, such great apple pie!" (oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, adipic,pimelic). A variant for the first nine adds "Sweet as sugar!"
(suberic, azelaic, sebacic) to the end of the mnemonic. An additional way of remembering the first six dicarboxyilc acids is by simply
recalling the acronym OMSGAP, which is a simplification of the previously described mnemonic device.

When one of the carboxy groups is replaced with an aldehyde group, the resulting structure is called a "aldehydic acid".

In chemistry, a derivative is a compound that is derived from a similar compound or a compound that can be imagined to arise from
another compound, if one atom is replaced with another atom or group of atoms.[1] The latter definition is common in organic
chemistry. In biochemistry, the word is used for compounds that at least theoretically can be formed from theprecursor compound.[2]

Chemical derivatives may be used to facilitate analysis. For example, melting point (MP) analysis can assist in identification of many
organic compounds. A crystalline derivative may be prepared, such as a semicarbazone or 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone (derived
from aldehydes/ketones), as a simple way of verifying the identity of the original compound, assuming that a table of derivative MP
values is available.[3] Prior to the advent of spectroscopic analysis, such methods were widely used.

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