The Boiling Point of H O Has Been Extrapolated As Being 150.2 °C (302.4 °F), Approximately 50 °C (90 °F) Higher Than Water

Margrette Dolores R.
Lopez
Grade 7- Maalalahanin
Peta#2
Hydrogen Peroxide – Formula: H2O2 = Hydrogen2 + Oxygen2

Hydrogen peroxide is formed when two atoms of hydrogen form a bond with two atoms of oxygen
that have bonded to each other. Although it has only one more oxygen atom than is present in a
molecule of water (H2O), its properties are very different.
The boiling point of H2O2 has been extrapolated as being 150.2 °C (302.4 °F), approximately
50 °C (90 °F) higher than water.
Hydrogen peroxide is unstable and slowly decomposes in the presence of light. It is found in
biological systems including the human body.
Properties
Chemical formula H2O2
Molar mass 34.0147 g/mol
Appearance Very light blue color; colorless in solution
Odor Slightly sharp
Density 1.11 g/cm3 (20 °C, 30% (w/w) solution ) 1.450 g/cm3 (20 °C, pure)
Melting point −0.43 °C (31.23 °F; 272.72 K)
Boiling point 150.2 °C (302.4 °F; 423.3 K) (decomposes)
Solubility in water Miscible
Solubility Soluble in ether, alcohol Insoluble in petroleum ether
Vapor pressure 5 mmHg (30 °C
Acidity (pKa) 11.75
Magnetic susceptibility (χ) −17.7·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD) 1.4061
Viscosity 1.245 cP (20 °C)
Dipole moment 2.26
History
Alexander von Humboldt reported one of the first synthetic peroxides, barium peroxide, in 1799 as
a by-product of his attempts to decompose air.
Nineteen years later Louis Jacques Thénard recognized that this compound could be used for the
preparation of a previously unknown compound, which he described as eau oxygénée ("oxygenated
water") – subsequently known as hydrogen peroxide.
An improved version of Thénard's process used hydrochloric acid, followed by addition of sulfuric
acid to precipitate the barium sulfate byproduct. This process was used from the end of the 19th
century until the middle of the 20th century.
Thénard and Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac synthesized sodium peroxide in 1811. The bleaching effect of
peroxides and their salts on natural dyes became known around that time, but early attempts of
industrial production of peroxides failed. The first plant producing hydrogen peroxide was built in
1873 in Berlin.
Determination of the molecular structure of hydrogen peroxide proved to be very difficult. In 1892,
the Italian physical chemist Giacomo Carrara (1864–1925) determined its molecular mass
by freezing-point depression, which confirmed that its molecular formula is H2O2 At least half a
dozen hypothetical molecular structures seemed to be consistent with the available evidence In
1934, the English mathematical physicist William Penney and the Scottish physicist Gordon
Sutherland proposed a molecular structure for hydrogen peroxide that was very similar to the
presently accepted one.
Today, hydrogen peroxide is manufactured almost exclusively by the anthraquinone process, which
was formalized in 1936 and patented in 1939. It begins with the reduction of
an anthraquinone (such as 2-ethylanthraquinone or the 2-amyl derivative) to the corresponding
anthrahydroquinone, typically by hydrogenation on a palladium catalyst. In the presence of oxygen,
the anthrahydroquinone then undergoes autoxidation: the labile hydrogen atoms of the hydroxy
groups transfer to the oxygen molecule, to give hydrogen peroxide and regenerating the
anthraquinone. Most commercial processes achieve oxidation by bubbling compressed air through
a solution of the anthrahydroquinone, with the hydrogen peroxide then extracted from the solution
and the anthraquinone recycled back for successive cycles of hydrogenation and oxidation
Uses and Benefits
Hydrogen peroxide is used in a wide range of cleaning and personal care products, including hair
dyes and bleaches, bathroom cleaners and laundry stain removers. Is used throughout the
healthcare industry and by consumers to clean and disinfect. It is used throughout the healthcare
industry and by consumers to clean and disinfect.
Hydrogen peroxide can also be found in over-the-counter first aid antiseptics. It is a mild antiseptic
used on the skin to prevent infection of minor cuts, scrapes, and burns. It may also be used as
a mouth rinse to help remove mucus or to relieve minor mouth irritation (e.g., due to canker/cold
sores, gingivitis).
It has other consumer and industrial uses as well, including water treatment. In the home, it can
also be used to help remove mold and mildew stains from dishwashers, disinfect counters and
cutting boards, and wash vegetables by removing bacteria from them.
Hydrogen peroxide is active against a wide range of microorganism including bacteria, yeast, fungi
and spores. Commercially available hydrogen peroxide is a stable and effective disinfectant when
used on inanimate surfaces. It has been used in concentrations from 3 to 6 percent for disinfecting
ventilators, fabrics and endoscopes. It is also included as an antimicrobial active for use against
COVID-19.

The Boiling Point of H O Has Been Extrapolated As Being 150.2 °C (302.4 °F), Approximately 50 °C (90 °F) Higher Than Water

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Margrette Dolores R.

Hydrogen Peroxide – Formula: H2O2 = Hydrogen2 + Oxygen2

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