Topic 1 PDF
Topic 1 PDF
Topic 1 PDF
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• Digital cartography
• The desire to use computers to replace manual cartographic processes,
particularly for the more tedious tasks, was a focus in the 1970’s.
• Developments in digital cartography often resulted from developments in
the larger Computer Aided Design (CAD) field.
• At the same time the 1960’s quantitative revolution in Geography
encouraged the development of computer programs that could undertake
map analysis operations that would be difficult or too time-consuming to
undertake by hand.
• Database links
• The use of Data Base Management Systems (DBMS) is very important to the
current concept of GIS which involves the integrating of spatial and non-
spatial data. The development of relational DBMS was particularly
significant with examples such as Oracle being widely used today.
Spatial Data Attribute (Non Spatial) Data
Also known as geospatial Additional information
data or geographic about each spatial feature
information it is the data or housed in tabular format.
information that identifies
the geographic location of
features and boundaries on
Earth, such as natural or
constructed features,
oceans, and more.
Spatial Data
Attribute
Data
– Buildings
– Road centrelines
– Lamp columns
– Gas pipes
– Road surfaces
Spatial Data in other term is a data that contains the general geographical
information that includes the location, coordinate (x,y),
Spatial data
Point
Line
Polygon
It is now important to identify these features into three categories: point, line or
polygon
Spatial data
Feature : Building
Object: Polygon
Entity: Tourist
Information
Bureau
Attribute Data
• Attribute data are data that shows the specific
detail of objects that located at a boundary.
Hardware
Software
Data
People
Methods
Components of GIS : Hardware
Hardware is the computer on which a GIS
operates. The software runs on a wide range
of hardware types, from centralized computer
servers to desktop computers used in stand-
alone or networked configurations.