Topic 1 PDF

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 23

DCG6183

GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM


(GIS)
COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLO)
• Apply the concepts of GIS to develop
Geographic Information System
• Manipulate the technique of spatial analysis
and GIS applications in various areas.
• Solve the problem by using appropriate
technique in GIS software.
ASSESSMENT
• Coursework Assessment (CA) - 60%
- Test (1) 10%
- Quiz (1) 5%
- Essay Question (1) 10%
- Lab (2) – 35%
• Final Examination Assessment (FE) - 40%
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHICAL
INFORMATION SYSTEM
Typical GIS Definition
Any computerized
information system that
is designed to store,
manipulate, retrieve,
analyze and display
spatially referenced
data.

Image from http://www.vancecounty.org/departments/planning-and-


development/gis-geographic-information-system/
GIS: historical background
This technology has developed from:
– Digital cartography and CAD
– Data Base Management Systems

ID X,Y ID ATTRIB
1 1 1
2 2
2 3 3
3

CAD System Data Base Management System


GIS: historical background
• GIS has developed from two independent areas: digital cartography and
databases. These developments are closely related to the enormous growth
in power, and the corresponding reduction in the cost of computer
technology, since the late 1960’s.

• Digital cartography
• The desire to use computers to replace manual cartographic processes,
particularly for the more tedious tasks, was a focus in the 1970’s.
• Developments in digital cartography often resulted from developments in
the larger Computer Aided Design (CAD) field.
• At the same time the 1960’s quantitative revolution in Geography
encouraged the development of computer programs that could undertake
map analysis operations that would be difficult or too time-consuming to
undertake by hand.

• Database links
• The use of Data Base Management Systems (DBMS) is very important to the
current concept of GIS which involves the integrating of spatial and non-
spatial data. The development of relational DBMS was particularly
significant with examples such as Oracle being widely used today.
Spatial Data Attribute (Non Spatial) Data
Also known as geospatial Additional information
data or geographic about each spatial feature
information it is the data or housed in tabular format.
information that identifies
the geographic location of
features and boundaries on
Earth, such as natural or
constructed features,
oceans, and more.
Spatial Data

Attribute
Data

Image source: http://www.Colorado.edu


Spatial Data
• Features

– Buildings
– Road centrelines
– Lamp columns
– Gas pipes
– Road surfaces

Spatial Data in other term is a data that contains the general geographical
information that includes the location, coordinate (x,y),
Spatial data

Point

Line

Polygon

It is now important to identify these features into three categories: point, line or
polygon
Spatial data

Feature : Building
Object: Polygon
Entity: Tourist
Information
Bureau
Attribute Data
• Attribute data are data that shows the specific
detail of objects that located at a boundary.

• . The examples of the attribute data are the area


and perimeter of a building, the census or
amount of residents at the housing area and
others.
• Example
GIS and CAD
GIS – Geographical CAD– Computer Aided
GIS
Information System Drafting

Handle both spatial and Handle spatial data, limited


attribute data, handling of attribute data

Spatial data has topology Spatial data has no topology

Excellent analytical capabilities Limited analytical capabilities


GIS and DBMS
GIS – Geographical DBMS – Database
Information System Management System

Handle both spatial and Handles attribute data only


attribute data,

Excellent analytical capabilities Arithmetic analytical


capabilities
GIS and CAC
GIS – Geographical CAC- Computer Assisted
Information System Cartography

Handle both spatial and Handle spatial data, limited


attribute data, handling of attribute data

Spatial data has topology Spatial data has no topology

Excellent analytical capabilities Limited analytical capabilities


Components of GIS
A working GIS integrates five key
components: -

Hardware

Software

Data

People

Methods
Components of GIS : Hardware
Hardware is the computer on which a GIS
operates. The software runs on a wide range
of hardware types, from centralized computer
servers to desktop computers used in stand-
alone or networked configurations.

Image source: http://www.soil-


net.com/dev/page.cfm?pageid=casestudies_gis&login
as=anon_casestudies
Components of GIS : Software
• GIS software is essential to generate, store,
analyze, manipulate and display geographic
information or data.
• A good GIS software requires user
friendliness, functionalities, compatibilities,
updatability, documentation, cost
effectivness.
• Tools that support geographic query,
analysis, and visualization
Components of GIS : Software
The following is a list of GIS software producers
and their main products.
• QGIS
• ArcGIS
• Mapinfo

Non GIS software : Database management


System (DBMS)
Components of GIS : Data
Possibly the most important component of a
GIS is the data. Geographic data and related
tabular data can be collected in-house or
purchased from a commercial data provider. A
GIS will integrate spatial data with other data
resources and can even use a DBMS, used by
most organizations to organize and maintain
their data, to manage spatial data.
Components of GIS : People/Institution
• GIS user range from technical specialists who
design and maintain the system to those who
use it to help them perform their everyday
work.
Components of GIS : Method
• Procedure or documentation or Flow Chart

You might also like