Geographic Information System (GIS) : Rishab Sharma

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Geographic Information

System(GIS)

Presented by :
Rishab Sharma
MCA 2nd Sem
• What is GIS ?
• Components of GIS
Overview • Applications of GIS
• Examples
What is Geographic Information Systems (GIS)?

A geographic information system


(GIS) is a computer system for
capturing, storing, checking, and
displaying data related to positions on
Earth’s surface. GIS can show many
different kinds of data on one map,
such as streets, buildings, and
vegetation. This enables people to
more easily see, analyze, and
understand patterns and relationships.
GIS can use any information that includes location. The location can be
expressed in many different ways, such as latitude and longitude, address,
or ZIP code.
Components of GIS

GIS consisting of
hardware, software,
geographic data, and
personnel designed to
efficiently capture, store,
update, manipulate,
analyze, and display all
forms of geographically
referenced information.
GIS Hardware
Hardware is a computer within which the GIS data and computer software
applications are stored and accessed. There are different types of hardware
available nowadays which are server-based or desktop. The components of
hardware are:
•Motherboard: It is the board where major hardware parts are installed.
•Hard Drive: Also called hard disk, place to store data.
•Processor: It is called a Central Processing Unit (CPU), and performs
calculations.
•RAM: Random Access Memory (RAM) where all running programs load
temporarily.
•Printer: It is an output device used to print images, maps, or documents.
•External Disk: These are portable storage spaces such as USB drives, DVDs,
CDs, or external disk.
•Monitor: It is a screen for displaying output information.
GIS Software
It provides tools to run, edit and display spatial information. Key GIS software
applications include the DBMS(Database Management System, GIS tools for
the input and manipulation of geographic information, and a graphical user
interface (GUI) or dashboard, query tools, and layout.

Some of the software used in GIS are:


•Commercial– ArcView, ArcGIS/ArcInfo, GRASS, MapInfo, IDRIS, etc.
•Open Source– ILWIS, MapWindow, QGIS, Saga GIS, etc.
GIS Data

It is the most important component


of GIS, also known as the heart of
GIS. GIS stores location data as
thematic layers. Each data set has
an attribute table that stores
information about the feature. The
two main types of GIS data are
raster and vector.
GIS Data
•Spatial data: Spatial data can be either collected or purchased from the
commercial data provider. It refers to real-world geographic objects
such as streets, buildings, forests, river, and their respective locations.
These can be represented in the form of vector data (points, lines, and
polygon features) or raster also known as image data (grid form)

•Attributes (tabular) data: Attribute data describes the characteristics


of spatial features data such as a name, area, perimeter, depth, or
population.
By integrating spatial data with related attribute data we analyze, solve
and visualize the related data.
Raster Data
•Raster data represents geographic
information as a grid of cells.
•Each cell contains a value corresponding to
a specific location.
•The grid is divided into rows and columns,
with each cell referred to as a pixel.
•Raster data is commonly used for
continuous data representation like images,
elevation models, or satellite imagery.
Vector Data
•Vector data represents geographic
information as points, lines, and
polygons.
•Each point, line, or polygon has
associated attributes like name,
description, or coordinates.
•It's commonly used for discrete
data representation such as
boundaries, roads, or buildings.
People
• People are essential to GIS, involved in all phases from development to
data collection, manipulation, and analysis.
• Users can work individually or in groups, fulfilling roles such as GIS
managers, analysts, technicians, or users.
• Basic knowledge of working with geographic data is essential for all
involved.
Method
• GIS operates based on well-designed plans, business rules, and methods,
including models and operational practices.
• Methods may vary across organizations but address the questions to be
resolved.
• They define how data will be entered, stored, managed, retrieved,
transformed, analyzed, and presented in output forms.
Applications of Geographic Information System (GIS)

• Navigation (Routing and Scheduling)


• Surveying
• GIS Applications in Geology
• Tourism Information System
• Worldwide Earthquake Information System
• Traffic Density Studies
• Development of Public Infrastructure Facilities
• Location Identification
• River Crossing Site Selection for Bridges
• Regional Planning
• Municipal Infrastructure
• Emergency Services
Punjabi Wheat Estimates
David Lobell uses advanced satellite,
remote sensing, and geographic
information systems (GIS) technologies to
research ways to sustainably feed the
world’s growing population. This map
offers estimates of average wheat yields in
the Punjab region of India for 2000-2008.
(The data is derived from Landsat satellite
data.) Red shows areas with highest yields,
blue shows lowest yields, and white are
non-wheat areas (e.g. towns). Black lines
show location of major surface water
canals, where yields tend to be higher.
Earthquake Information

Measuring the impact of the


earthquake happened 47 km away
from Hengchun Township, Taiwan is a
good example determining the
relationship between different
locations. The closer to the epicenter,
the higher the magnitude and the
higher damage on the territory.
Changes Detected

Comparing images from


different dates using a time-
series method, you can discover
trends and make better-
informed decisions. It works
well in forestry, for instance,
when there is a need to monitor
deforestation.
Thank
You

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