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    Solution To Exercises: A Breviary of Seismic Tomography

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    The document provides solutions to 3 exercises: 1) It shows that a pure rotation results in no deformation of an object, represented by the strain tensor being equal to 0. 2) It proves that a signal's Fourier transform being equal to its complex conjugate implies the signal is real. 3) It uses the chain rule to show that any differentiable function of the form f(x - ct) satisfies the 1D wave equation, representing a propagating wave with velocity c.

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    Solution To Exercises: A Breviary of Seismic Tomography

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    rinzzz333
    50 views3 pages
    The document provides solutions to 3 exercises: 1) It shows that a pure rotation results in no deformation of an object, represented by the strain tensor being equal to 0. 2) It proves that a signal's Fourier transform being equal to its complex conjugate implies the signal is real. 3) It uses the chain rule to show that any differentiable function of the form f(x - ct) satisfies the 1D wave equation, representing a propagating wave with velocity c.

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    The document provides solutions to 3 exercises: 1) It shows that a pure rotation results in no deformation of an object, represented by the strain tensor being equal to 0. 2) It proves that a signal's Fourier transform being equal to its complex conjugate implies the signal is real. 3) It uses the chain rule to show that any differentiable function of the form f(x - ct) satisfies the 1D wave equation, representing a propagating wave with velocity c.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    50 views3 pages

    Solution To Exercises: A Breviary of Seismic Tomography

    Uploaded by

    rinzzz333
    The document provides solutions to 3 exercises: 1) It shows that a pure rotation results in no deformation of an object, represented by the strain tensor being equal to 0. 2) It proves that a signal's Fourier transform being equal to its complex conjugate implies the signal is real. 3) It uses the chain rule to show that any differentiable function of the form f(x - ct) satisfies the 1D wave equation, representing a propagating wave with velocity c.

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    You are on page 1of 3

    Solution to Exercises

    From : A Breviary of Seismic Tomography, by Guust Nolet , 2008


    …………………………………………………………………………………………………

    Exercise 2.1 Show that a pure rotation gives rise to Eij ≡ 0, i.e. no deformation.
    (page 16)

    Exercise 2.2 Show that p(t ) is a real signal if its Fourier transform P (ω) satisfies
    P (ω) = P (−ω)∗ (page 19)

    Exercise 2.3 In one dimension, (2.12) reduces to the wave equation for a string:

    ∂2 P ∂2P
    c2 = . (2.19)
    ∂x 2 ∂t 2
    Assume that the velocity c is constant. Use the chain rule of differentiation to show that
    any differentiable function of the form

    P (x, t ) = g(x − ct ) (2.20)

    satisfies the wave equation for the string. Explain why, therefore, this equation is named
    the ‘wave equation’. (page 19)
    SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, Page 1 of 2

    2
    Ray theory for seismic waves

    Solution
    Exercise 2.1 See Fig. B2.2†; let the angle of rotation be α. The change of ux
    along y-direction is

    ∆ux = ux (x, y + dy) − ux (x, y) = −dy sin α − 0 = −dy sin α.

    The change of uy along x-direction is

    ∆uy = uy (x + dx, y) − uy (x, y) = dx sin α − 0 = dx sin α.

    Thus
    ∂ux ∆ux
    = lim = − sin α, (2.1)
    ∂y dy→0 dy

    ∂uy ∆uy
    = lim = sin α. (2.2)
    ∂x dx→0 dx

    Adding (2.1) and (2.2) gives


    ∂ux ∂uy
    + = 0.
    ∂y ∂x
    By definition of strain tensor, we have
     
    1 ∂ux ∂uy
    12 = xy = + = 0.
    2 ∂y ∂x
    The above proof can be repeated for all permutations of i, j = 1, 2, 3. Therefore a
    pure rotation gives rise to ij ≡ 0.

    † When numbers for figures or equations are preceded by a B they refer to figures/equations in A Breviary for
    Seismic Tomography.

    6
    SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES, Page 2 of 2

    Ray theory for seismic waves 7


    f(x−ct) (a) At time t 0

    x
    f(x−ct) (b) At time t0 + dt
    dx=cdt

    Fig. 2.1. Function f (x − ct) represents a propagating wave with velocity c in the +x
    direction.

    Solution
    Exercise 2.2 The inverse Fourier transform gives
    Z ∞
    1
    p(t) = P (ω)e−iωt dω.
    2π −∞
    Inserting the condition P (ω) = P (−ω)∗ , we get
    Z ∞ Z ∞
    1 ∗ −iωt 1
    p(t) = P (−ω) e dω = − P (−ω)∗ e−iωt d(−ω).
    2π −∞ 2π −∞
    Let w = −ω, then
    Z ∞
    1
    p(t) = P (w)∗ eiwt dw = p(t)∗ .
    2π −∞

    Hence p(t) is real.


    Solution
    Exercise 2.3 Applying the chain rule of differentiation to any differentiable func-
    tion of the form f (x ± ct) yields
    ∂P ∂2P
    = ±cf 0 , = c2 f 00 ,
    ∂t ∂t2

    ∂P ∂2P
    = f 0, = f 00 , (2.3)
    ∂x ∂x2
    where f 0 and f 00 are the first and second order derivatives with respect to the argu-
    ment x − ct. Inserting (2.3) into (B2.19) we get c2 f 00 ≡ c2 f 00 .
    To see that the solution describes propagating waves, imagine that at t = t0 , so that
    f (x − ct) represents a wave as shown in Figure 2.1a. At t = t0 + dt,the argument
    x − ct will remain unchanged if the distance x increases by dx = cdt, and thus the
    shape of function f (x−ct) will remain the same (Figure 2.1b). Therefore, f (x−ct)
    describes a wave propagating with velocity dx/dt = c in the +x direction.

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