APA Style - 6 Edition: What Is Referencing?

APA Style – 6th edition
Latest revision: September 2017

DCU Library APA Referencing Style Guide
What is referencing?
You are referencing every time you credit the sources you used in your paper. Referencing is
a requirement in academic writing and you will be asked to present a list of all the works and
authors cited in your paper.
It is essential that when you use other people’s work and ideas, either directly or paraphrased,

you have to cite the source in the body of your essay (in-text citation) and in the list of
references at the end of the work.
Please note that using people’s ideas in any academic work without crediting is considered a
form of academic dishonesty (plagiarism) and treated as fraud, whether intentional or
unintentional. When it comes to citing your sources, being clear and consistent will help you
to avoid plagiarism.
Presenting someone else's ideas is important for several reasons:
● By comparing and contrasting ideas, you can build and support your argument;
● Crediting sources helps to avoid plagiarism;
● Applying international standards will facilitate the dissemination of your essay;
● Referencing helps locate the source of your information for researchers.
APA referencing style

The American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style is the most widely used
formatting and referencing style in the Social Sciences. This brief guide will present the most
recurring citation types with practical examples for both in-text citations and references.
Resources
As a DCU student, you have multiple resources you can use to find, store, manage and
present your references. First of all, lecturers of your department and library staff are willing
to help you. Additionally, you can contact the Information Service with any question you
might have. You can contact us at 01-884 2180 / info.library@dcu.ie (St Patrick’s Campus),
or at 01-700 5418 / library@dcu.ie (Glasnevin Campus). You can also get in touch via
Facebook or Twitter, or drop-in anytime during library opening hours.
There are many reference management software tools available to organise your references.
DCU offers students and staff free access to Refworks, which can be used to import APA
style references to generate reference lists. Refworks seminars are held regularly in the
library - enquire at the Information Service for more information.
The APA Website has a comprehensive blog (http://blog.apastyle.org/) full of case by case
examples and you can also look up the APA manual. We currently hold six copies of the
latest edition (6th) available in the Library shelf.
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Contents
In-text citation: general rules

Quoting
Quoting poems
Quoting plays
Quoting the Bible and classical works
Paraphrasing
Abbreviations
Using secondary sources (Secondary referencing)
References
The basics
Which words should be italicised?
Which words should be capitalised?
Common citation types with examples:

Books and book chapters
Book with a single author
Book with two authors
Book with three to five authors
Book with more than five authors
Book with no author
eBook
Edited book / Anthology
Chapter in an edited book / Anthology
Introduction / Preface / Foreword
Periodicals (Print journals, e-Journals, newspapers, magazines, newsletters)

Print journal article
e-Journal article
Newspaper article (Print or online)
Master’s theses and doctoral dissertations
Conferences, symposia and meetings
Website / Document on the Internet

Blogs, newsgroups and forum entries
Facebook / Twitter
Image on the Internet
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Personal communication (Interview, email, unpublished lecture)
Official publication
Government agency and organisation publication
Parliamentary and legal material
EU publication (Legislation, policy, directives,
regulation) Reports and press releases
Dataset and statistics

Data from Central Statistics Office
Audiovisual media
Film
Radio or television programme
Single episode from a television, radio or internet
series Music recording
Online video
Podcast
Performance / Play / Drama
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In-text citation: general rules

The APA style is an example of Author-Date style; this means that every time an author is
cited in your paper, you have to credit the work with an in-text citation. The in-text citation
can be either a direct quote or reporting the ideas with your own words.
Quoting
Direct quotation always requires the following information: author, year and page number (or
paragraph number) in parenthesis (brackets).
Short quotation (fewer than 40 words)

When the quote is short, incorporate the quote in the text and use double quotation marks.
Frith (2001) applied the “stranger reaction” (p.147) paradigm, comparing

behaviour of different groups of children…
When the short quotation is at the end of a sentence, use the following format:
Another useful paradigm in developmental psychology is based on the “stranger

reaction” (Frith, 2001, p. 146).
Long quotation (40 or more words)

Specific editing is required for long quotation. The long direct quote has to be presented in a
double-spaced, indented block (with no quotation marks).
Other studies provide evidences of positive social responsiveness:
A rich paradigm in developmental psychology is based on the stranger
reaction. The children diagnosed with autism between two and five years
old were compared with non-autistic children of the same age. In view of
the general belief of the inability of autistic children to form attachments,
they were surprised to find no differences in the behaviour of both groups
with strangers. (Frith, 2001, p. 146)
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Quoting poems
For short quotes, where no more than three lines are quoted, do not indent but leave the
quotation in the body of the text. Line breaks are marked with a slash (/).
The author uses powerful images in the opening lines: “Turning and turning in
the widening gyre / the falcon cannot hear the falconer; / things fall apart;”
(Yeats, 1920).
If you decide to introduce a long quote (more than three lines), indent maintaining the
original punctuation. No quotation marks are required.
The poem describes places familiar to the Irish reader:
From Dalkey Island

to the North wall,
to the blue distance seizing its perimeter,
its old divisions are deep within it.
And in me also.
And always will be (Boland, 1996).
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Quoting plays
For short quotes, apply the same rule as the general direct quote: incorporate the quote in the
text and use double quotation marks. Always conclude the quote with the author’s name, year
and act, scene and line numbers.
In an outburst of despair, the protagonist famously erupts: “Oh, full of scorpions

is my mind, dear wife!” (Shakespeare, 1611, 3.2.38).
For longer quotes, or dialogues, indent the quotation and provide both characters’ names
followed by a full stop and conclude with author’s name, year and act, scene and line
numbers.
Rural life emerges from the lines of Dancing at Lughnasa:
Maggie. Did he get the hens?

Rose. I don’t think so.
Maggie. Was the door left open?
Rose. They’re all right. They’re safe.
Agnes. We’ll get another white rooster for you (Friel, 1990, 2.63-67).
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Quoting the Bible and classical works

When you make a reference to the Bible, or other classical religious works (including ancient
Greek and Roman works), provide the book, chapter and verse. The first time the work is
cited, identify the version used.
Another advice found in the Bible: “do not envy the wicked, do not desire
their company” (Proverbs, 22:24, New International Version).
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Paraphrasing
You can decide to summarise a specific section/idea of a previous study. In this case, when
you credit the original author, you only have to include the author’s surname and the year in
parenthesis (author, year). You don’t have to include the exact page number as you re-wrote
the section with your own words.
When the name of the author is used as part of your narrative just add the year after the
surname in parenthesis:
Gray (2007) analyses best practice in palliative care.
When a work is referred to in the body of the paper, include the author’s surname and year in
parenthesis:
Positive outcomes emerge utilising the principles of flow (Bryan, 2006).
For two or more sources in the same statement, use semi-colons to divide works:
Several cross-disciplinary studies addressed the issue (Purcell, 2010; Ryan,

2011).
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Abbreviations
If a corporate author is cited multiple times in the body of the text, APA style suggests
abbreviating to facilitate the reading. The first use in the text should introduce the corporate
author: write out the name (British Broadcasting Corporation) followed by the acronym
(BBC) that will be used in any subsequent citations. Note that if the corporate author is
abbreviated the first time, for consistency it should be abbreviated throughout the paper.
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Data available from the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI, 2009)
highlights…
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Using secondary sources (Secondary referencing)

It is always recommended to use the original source. If primary sources are not available, or
if you have not read them, it is essential to correctly cite the secondary source. In the body of
your text, name the primary source with year. Add “as cited in” followed by details of the
secondary source. You must only include in your reference list the consulted source.
Smith (2003) as cited in Carey and Doyle (2006) has shown…
when notions of risk have become central to child protection practice (Smith,
2003, cited in Carey & Doyle, 2006).
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References
The second part of the APA referencing style requires that you keep track of the full
bibliographic details of the works you cite in your assignment. All sources should be listed in
alphabetical order at the end of the essay in a section called References.
Please note that a reference list differs from a bibliography. A bibliography includes sources
not cited in the paper, but acknowledged by the author as influential in the study. A clear and
consistent reference list will be sufficient for most of your assignments, but you do need to
double-check with your lecturer.
The most common formatting style for a reference list requires double-spacing with hanging
indents for the second and subsequent lines of each source.
Lopresti, D., & Nagy, B. (1999). A Tabular Survey of Automated Table Processing.
Graphics Recognition, 2, 1-12.
Walker, J. (2006). Fitness and the urban walker. London: Blandford. Wooldridge, A.
K., & Morgan, R. A. (2010). The physical basis of geography: An outline of
geomorphology. New York: Longman.
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The basics
1. The reference list should be on a new page from the assignment
2. Name the list References at the centre of the page (not in bold, underlined, or use quotation
marks)
3. All text should be double-spaced
4. All lines following the first line of each reference should be indented 0.5 inch from the left
hand side of the page
5. APA guidelines recommends using 12pt, Times New Roman font throughout the whole
assignment, though double-check with your lecturer
Which words should be italicised?

The APA guidelines are clear about this. You have to use italics for all titles of books,
journals and videos but do not italicise article and chapter titles. Volume numbers have to be
italicised but issue numbers do not.
Example of chapter in edited book:
Davies, A. (2005). Validity and validation in language testing. In E. Hinkel (Ed.),
Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning (pp.
795–814). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Example of journal article:
Harsh, C., & Martin, G. (2013). Comparing holistic and analytic scoring methods:
Issues of validity and reliability. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy &
Practice. 20( 3), 281-307. doi:10.1080/0969594X.2012.742422
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Which words should be capitalised?

The same set of rules applies for capitalisation. Capitalise all major words in journal titles.
For books, chapters, articles and web pages, capitalise only the first word of a title (and
subtitle if present). You also need to capitalise the first word after a colon and proper nouns.
Example of capitalisation in journal article:

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Krieg, S. (2010). The professional knowledge in Australian contemporary early
childhood teacher education. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood.
11(2), 144-155.
Example of capitalisation in book:
Janet, P. (1965). Mental and nervous disorder: A comparative policy development
analysis. London: Frank Cass.
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The following are the most common kind of references, grouped by types:
Books and book chapters

Book with a single author
In-text citation. Including when the author is a corporate body.
Bolton (2000) introduced the notion of matrix.

The research introduced the notion of matrix (Bolton, 2000).
References.
Author, Initial(s). (Year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
Bolton, A. (2000). Managing the academic unit. Philadelphia: Open University
Press.
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Book with two authors

In-text citation.
As demonstrated by Bryan and Clegg (2006) in an influential study… An

influential study (Bryan & Clegg, 2006) has shown the consequences of…
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References.
Author#1, Initial(s)., & Author#2, Initial(s). (Year). Title of work. Location:
Publisher.
Bryan, C., & Clegg, K. (2006). Innovative assessment in higher education. London:
Routledge.
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Book with three to five authors

In-text citation. Cite all names in the first citation and in subsequent citations give only first
author followed by “et al.”
Brown, Bull and Pendlebury (1997) agreed that the experiment…

The experiment was repeated in another study (Brown, Bull & Pendlebury,
1997).
Subsequent citations of same source:

It is useful to refer again to the research conducted by Brown et al.
(1997) as it is demonstrated in the aforementioned study (Brown et al.,
1997).
References.
Author#1, Initial(s)., Author#2, Initial(s)., & Author#3, Initial(s). (Year). Title of
work. Location: Publisher.
Brown, G., Bull, J., & Pendlebury, M. (1997). Assessing student learning in higher
education. London: Routledge.
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Book with more than five authors

In-text citation. Give the name of the first author followed by “et al.” and year for the first
and all other citations.
Stein et al. (2008) stated…

As found in relevant research (Stein et al., 2008).
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References. Give the first 7 authors in the order of appearance. When 8 authors or more,
include the first 6 names, insert three ellipsis points, and add the last name.
Author#1, Initial(s)., Author#2, Initial(s)., Author#3, Initial(s)., Author#4,
Initial(s)., Author#5, Initial(s)., Author#6, Initial(s)., … Author#9,
Initial(s)., (Year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.
Stein, G., Gilbert, D., Plath, R., Schneider, W., Cox, B. Y., Elliott, P., …Hogg,
G., (2005). Computational protein design. New York: Taylor &
Francis.
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Book with no author

This might occur for dictionary entries and encyclopaedias. Move the title to the author
position, followed by date of publication. Apply the same rule for any other source without
author. If no date is available, add (n.d.).
In-text citation. Capitalise all major words. Italicise the title of books, periodicals, brochures
and reports. Use double quotation marks for title of articles, chapters and web pages.
The Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology ( 1992) defines

acoustics as…
Another definition of acoustics (Academic Press Dictionary of Science and
Technology, 1992) focuses on…
References.
Entry. (Year). In Title of dictionary. Location: Publisher.

Acoustics.( 1992). I n Academic Press dictionary of science and technology. San
Diego: Academic Press.
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eBook
For an eBook available on database, add the URL, or when available, the digital object
identifier (DOI) at the end of the reference.
In-text citation. Refer to the in-text citation for single, two, five or more than five authors.
In a precedent study Smith (2008) highlights…

As it was highlighted in a precedent research (Smith, 2008)…
References.
etrieved from (URL)

Author, Initial(s). (Year). Title of eBook. R
Smith, K. (2008). Environmental hazards: Assessing risks and reducing disaster.
Retrieved from http://www-dawsonera
om.dcu.idm.oclc.org/abstract/9780203884805
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Edited book / Anthology

In-text citation. Refer to the in-text citation for single, two, three or more authors.
Money and Schiffman (1966) stated that…

As defined in a preliminary research (Money & Schiffman, 1966).
References. Place editor’s name in author’s position, followed by (Ed.) or (Eds.)
ocation:
Author, Initial(s)., & Author, Initial(s). (Eds.). (Year). Title of Book. L
Publisher.
Money, J., & Schiffman, G., (Eds.). (1966). The disabled reader: Education of the
dyslexic child. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
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Chapter in an edited book / Anthology

In-text citation. Refer to the in-text citation for single, two, three or more authors.
Foskett (1997) has considered fieldwork…

The value of fieldwork has been assessed in research (Foskett, 1997).
References. Note that chapter titles are not italicised, but book titles are. Introduce editor(s)
with “In” and followed by Editor’s Initials and Editor’s surname.
Author, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the book chapter. In Initial(s). Editor’s surname
(Ed.), Title of Book ( pp. xx-xx). Location: Publisher.
Foskett, N. (1997). Teaching and learning through fieldwork. In D. Tilbury & M.
Williams (Eds.), Teaching and learning geography ( pp. 189-201). London:
Routledge.
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Introduction / Preface / Foreword

In-text citation. Refer to the in-text citation for single, two, five or more than five authors.
Hakel (2001) highlighted the importance of performance in college… The value

of performance in college has been assessed in research (Hakel, 2001).
References.
Author, Initial(s). (Year). Introduction/Preface/Foreword. In Initial(s). Editor’s
surname (Ed.), Title of Book (pp. xx-xx). Location: Publisher.
Hakel, M. D. (2001). Introduction. In M. Crowe (Ed.), Integrating learning,
development, and performance in college (pp. iii-ix). London: Oxford
University Press.
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Periodicals (Print journals, e-Journals, newspapers, magazines,

newsletters)
Print journal article
In-text citation.
Murphy and Shuttleworth (1997) examine the effects of…

Strong correlations have emerged in the study (Murphy & Shuttleworth, 1997)
ive the first seven authors in the order of appearance. If there are eight authors
References. G
or more, include the first six names, insert three ellipsis points and add the last name.
Author#1, Initial(s)., & Author#2, Initial(s). (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal,
Volume number(Issue number), Pages.
Murphy, A., & Shuttleworth, I. (1997). Education, Religion and the “First
Destinations” of recent school-leavers in Northern Ireland. The Economic
and Social Review, 28(1), 23-41.
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E-journal article
In-text citation.
Based on previous findings (Dahl-Michelsen & Solbraekke, 2014)…
Dahl-Michelsen and Solbraekke (2014) argue that…
References. W hen available, always include digital object identifier (DOI). If the article is
freely available, include the full URL. If the journal is only available via database, give the
URL homepage of the database.
How to find a DOI? The DOI is typically located on the first page of the electronic journal
article or it can be found on the database landing page for the article. It is a unique
alphanumeric string assigned by a registration agency to identify content and provide a
persistent link to the resource.
Volume number(Issue number), Pages. doi:xxx/xxxxx.xxxx.xxx
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Volume number(Issue number), Pages. Retrieved from http://database
Dahl-Michelsen, T., & Solbraekke, K. N. (2014). When bodies matter: Significance
of the body in gender constructions in physiotherapy education. Gender &
Education, 26( 6), 672-687. doi:10.1080/09540253.2014.946475
Dahl-Michelsen, T., & Solbrække, K. N. (2014). When bodies matter: Significance
of the body in gender constructions in physiotherapy education. Gender &
Education, 26( 6), 672-687. Retrieved from http://ebscohost.com
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Newspaper article (Print or online)

In-text citation.
Finley (2014) analyses price fluctuation of equity holdings.

Equity holdings can influence price fluctuation (Finley, 2014).
or article retrieved online, give full URL if available; alternatively give the
References. F
home page if the article is only available by search.
Author, Initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper title. p. xxx. Author,
Initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper title. Volume and/or Issue
number [if applicable]. Retrieved from
http://www.newspapername.com
Finley, R. (2014, March 29). Prospects still slim for major pick-up of global
economy. The Irish Examiner, p. 27.
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Finley, R. (2014, March 30). Prospects still slim for major pick-up of global
economy. The Irish Examiner. Retrieved from
http://www.irishexaminer.com
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Master’s Theses and Doctoral Dissertations

In-text citation.
Meehan (2007) investigates how poets are influenced by local communities.

Another approach (Meehan, 2007) looks at the relationship between…
or a DCU doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis:

References. F
Author, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the work. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation /
master’s thesis). DCU, Dublin

Meehan, D. (2007). An exploration of the relationship between poet and the
community based on the work of three contemporary Irish poets.
(Unpublished master’s thesis). DCU, Dublin.
For a thesis found on a database / institutional repository (i.e. Doras, DCU Online Research
Access Services).
Author, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the work. (Unpublished doctoral
dissertation/master’s thesis). Retrieved from Doras, DCU Online Research
Access Services (http://doras.dcu.ie/xxxx)
Emmett, Y. (2013). Living theory of leadership development for e-learning.
(Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from Doras, DCU Online Research
Access Services (http://doras.dcu.ie/17723/)
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Conferences, symposia and meetings

In-text citation.
Noak (2009) argues that school health education state policy...

Another approach (Noak, 2009) suggests that state policy…
References. I n dealing with proceedings, the general distinction is whether the outcome is
formally published or not. Sometimes the outcome of a conference can be published as a
standalone book. In this case the reference format will be the book or chapter of a book.
Author, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the contribution. Title of the conference/meeting
(pp.xx-xx). Location: Publisher.
Noak, M. (2009). State policy support for school health education. Mathematical

Proceedings of the 53rd annual meetings of the Royal Irish Academy ( pp.69-
98). Dublin: Royal Irish Academy.
If the proceedings are published periodically, use the journal article referencing format.
Author#1, Initial(s)., & Author#2, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the contribution.
Proceedings of the Name of the Institution, Volume, Pages xx-xx.
Lloyd, P. M., & Shay, K. (1999). Integrating geriatric dentistry into general
practice residency programmes. Proceedings of the Royal School of Dental
Science, 4, 202-256.
For an unpublished paper presentation or poster session:
Author, Initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of the contribution. Paper presented at
the Name of the Conference, Location of the Conference.
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Boylan, M. (2009, August). Alice in Wonderland and cultural diversity. Paper
presented at the 19th Biennial Congress of the International Research
Society for Children’s Literature, Frankfurt.
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Website / Document on the Internet

According to the APA style manual, if you generally refer to an entire website, and not a
single page/document, it is sufficient to include the URL in the text. No references needed.
[See APA style blog]
In-text citation.
The DCU Library website has information about its research and information
services (http://www4.dcu.ie/library/index.shtml)
If you mention a specific document/page of the website (authored or not), you need to include
the source in the reference list.
In-text citation.
Zimmer (2015) analyses homelessness in New York City.

Another article (Zimmer, 2015) highlights homelessness crisis in New York
City. References.
Author, Initial(s). (Date of publication when available; n.d. if not available). Title
of article. Title of website. Retrieved from http://xxxx.xxx
Zimmer, A. (2015, October 13). Increase in homelessness affecting city real
estates. The Awl. Retrieved from http://www.dnainfo.com/new
york/20151013/murray-hill/increase-homelessness-affecting-city-real
estate-brokers-say.
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Sometimes it can be difficult to identify the person responsible for the authorship of an entry.
If no information is provided, just use the title of the website as corporate author.
In-text citation.
Hardness in the migrant camp near Calais is described in detail by the BBC
(2016).
A news report (BBC, 2016) addresses the crisis of Syrian refugees camping in
Calais.
References.
Title of Website. (Date of publication when available; n.d. if not available). Title of
article. Retrieved from http://xxxx.xxxx
BBC News. (2016, January 22). Syrian refugees from Calais arrive in UK after legal
ruling. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-35379110
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Blogs, newsgroups and forum entries

For material that is subject to frequent change (i.e. blogs and personal pages, organisations’
websites, online dictionaries), add the retrieved date. If the author’s name is not available,
provide the screen name. Blog entry titles are not italicised.
In-text citation.
Lupton (2015) argues that…

A common approach to protecting personal digital data (Lupton, 2015)
References.
Author, Initial(s). (Year, Month Day). Title of the entry. Title of the website/blog.
[Blog post]. Retrieved Month Day, Year from http://xxxx.xxxx
Lupton, D. (2015, December 10). Public understanding of personal digital data.
This Sociological Life. [Blog post]. Retrieved January 5, 2016 from
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https://simplysociology.wordpress.com/2015/12/10/public
understanding-of-personal-digital-data
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Facebook / Twitter
Include the author’s name as presented in the account and the full length tweet. Abbreviate
the Facebook post if too long. Include [Twitter post] or [Facebook update] after the title.
In-text citation.
The Irish Food Board (2016) announced the production of extended market
reports…
Extended market reports were recently announced (Irish Food Board,
2016). References.
Author Screen Name. (Year, Month Day). Full post or truncated version if too
long. [Facebook update/Twitter post]. Retrieved from http://xxxx.xxx
Irish Food Board. (2016, January 16). In 2016 we will produce sector and market
reports for Chilled, Frozen, Value Added Meals & Gluten Free Bakery
#BBSmallBiz. [Twitter post]. Retrieved from
https://twitter.com/Bordbia/status/689400395282558976
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Image on the Internet

If you intend to reproduce an image found online (chart, graph, picture, photograph,
infographic, illustration, table, etc.) in your text, first you need to clarify the copyright status
of the image. Some websites such as Flickr Commons (https://www.flickr.com/commons) or
Pixabay (https://pixabay.com) offer a bank of images available as public domain. Other
images are available to be freely used (Attribution License) with the only condition to credit
the author. See Creative Commons webpage (http://creativecommons.org) for details.
21 | Page
The APA referencing style guide advises to label the images as numbered figures (i.e. Figure
1, Figure 2 etc.) and add a caption with title, copyright statement and a escription of the
image.
In-text citation. For images republished online, add both original date and date of online
publication. If neither is available add “n.d.”
In the image presented (Glucksman Library, 1986/2010) it is
depicted… Caption.

Figure 1. Unidentified pianist and clarinettist (Glucksman Library,
1986/2010)
References.
Author, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the image [image] (Year, Month Day). Retrieved
Month Day, Year, from http://xxx.xxxx
Glucksman Library. (2010). Unidentified pianist and clarinettist [ image] (1986).
Retrieved January 18, 2016, from
https://www.flickr.com/photos/ul_digital_library/9269252308/in/alb
u m-72157634603228191/
22 | Page
Note: If author is not available, move the title to the author position, followed by date of
publication or n.d. if date unknown or not available.
References.
Title of the image [image] (Year, Month Day). Retrieved Month Day, Year, from
http://xxxx.xxxx
Connemara, Ireland [ image] (n.d.). Retrieved December 15, 2015, from
https://pixabay.com/en/reland-connemara-paradise-1004474/
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Personal communication (Interview, email, unpublished lecture)

APA style suggests to prioritise published sources over personal communications. If you
decide to use this type of sources, you don’t need to provide a reference list entry as no
recoverable data is publicly available.
Despite what the APA manual says, if agreed with the lecturer, include the entry in the
references. Either way, in the body of the text, always include “personal communication”.
In-text citation.
O’Sullivan (personal communication, September, 4, 2015) stated
that… References.
Name of the person interviewed, initials. (Year, Month, Day). Personal interview.
Toíbín, C. (2013, June 15). Personal interview.
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Official publication
When you use any official document published by Government, a government department,
national or international organisation, and no specific author is mentioned, the organisation
should be given as corporate author.
23 | Page
Government agency and organisation publication

In-text citation.
The Department of Education and Skills (2015) reported that…
As shown in the report (Department of Education and Skills, 2015).
References. I f the material is retrieved online, add Retrieved from http://xxx.xxx
Corporate Author. (Year). Title (Series or reference number). Retrieved from
http://www.xxx.xxx
Department of Education and Skills. (2015). Guidelines for the publication of
school inspection reports. Retrieved from
http://www.education.ie/en/Publications/Inspection-Reports
Publications/Evaluation-Reports
Guidelines/insp_publication_reports_guidelines.pdf
References. I f the material is available in print, add Place of publication and Publisher.
Corporate Author. (Year). Title (Series or reference number). Place: Publisher.
Department of Education and Skills. (2015). Guidelines for the publication of school
inspection reports. Dublin: Stationery Office.
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Parliamentary and legal material

In-text citation.
The Social Welfare Act (2010) regulated the issue.

Legislation (Social Welfare Act, 2010) addressing the issue…
References.
Title, source or section number if available, (Year). Retrieved from http://xxxx
24 | Page
Social Welfare Act, (2010). Retrieved from

http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2010/act/34/enacted/en/htm
l (Back to Contents)
EU publication (Legislation, policy, directive, regulation)

The European Union publishes primary legislation and secondary legislation, such as
directives and regulations. In references, add legislation type and number in brackets after the
title (i.e. Regulation 1288/2013).
In-text citation.
A transnational partnership regulated the issue with the Union programme for
education, training, youth and sport (2013).
A recent transnational regulation addressed the issue (Union programme for

education, training, youth and sport, 2013).
References.
European Union, Name of the EU agency. (Year). Title of publication. (Legislation
type i.e. Regulation/Policy/Directive and Number of Legislation).
Retrieved from http//xxxx.xxxx
European Union, Directorate General for Education and Culture. (2013). Union
programme for education, training, youth and sport. (Regulation
1288/2013). Retrieved from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal
content/EN/TXT/?qid=1452089307139&uri=URISERV:150102_1
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Reports and press releases

In-text citation.
25 | Page
This study (Byrne et al., 2006) highlights that…
Byrne et al. (2006) encourage a better understanding…
References. I f the material is available in print, add Place of Publication and Publisher.
Author, Initial(s). (Year). Title of report (Report No. xxx). Place of Publication:
Publisher.
Byrne, T., Nixon, E., Mayock, P. & Whyte, J. (2006). The free time and leisure needs
of young people living in disadvantaged communities ( Research briefing
issue 1). Dublin: Children’s Research Centre.
When the organisation is the corporate author, use the following template for a print report:
Corporate author. (Year). Title of report ( Report No. xxx). Location: Publisher
Children’s Research Centre. (2006). Not just homelessness: A study of out of home
young people in Cork City. (Research briefing issue 4). Dublin: Trinity
College Dublin.
For reports retrieved online, with identified author(s):
Author, Initial(s). (Year). Title of report ( Report No. xxx). Retrieved from Agency
name website: http://xxxx
Byrne, T., Nixon, E., Mayock, P. & Whyte J. (2006). The free time and leisure needs
of young people living in disadvantaged communities ( Research briefing issue 1).
Retrieved from Children’s Research Centre website:
https://www.tcd.ie/childrensresearchcentre/assets/pdf/ResearchBriefi
n gs/ResearchBriefingIssue1PDF292kB.pdf
26 | Page
For report retrieved online authored by a corporate body:
Corporate author. (Year). Title of report ( Report No. xxx). Retrieved from
http://xxx
Children’s Research Centre. (2006). Not just homelessness: A study of out of home
young people in Cork City. (Research briefing issue 4). Retrieved from
https://www.tcd.ie/childrensresearchcentre/assets/pdf/ResearchBriefin
gs/ResearchBriefingIssue4PDF205kB.pdf
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Dataset and statistics

In-text citation.
The Higher Education Authority (2006) provides the number of the full-time
student population by gender and age.
A comprehensive research grouped the full-time student by gender and age

(Higher Education Authority, 2006).
ame of the dataset is italicised.

References. N
Corporate author (or author(s) of the report in the format Author, Initial(s). if
available). (Year). Title of dataset. Retrieved from (name of database when
available) URL
Higher Education Authority. (2006). Age of all full-time students, undergraduate
and postgraduate. Retrieved from
http://www.hea.ie/files/files/file/statistics/2006/AllFTAge06%20Ame
n ded.xls
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27 | Page
Data from Central Statistics Office

In-text citation.
According to the Central Statistics Office (2011), the level of education

attainment…
This report (Central Statistics Office, 2011) presents the level of education
attainment…
References.
Central Statistics Office. (Year). Title of report/dataset. Retrieved from CSO
website: http://xxx.xxxx
Central Statistics Office. (2011). Educational Attainment Thematic Report 2011.
Retrieved from CSO website:
http://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/e
d ucation/2011/educationalattainment2011.pdf
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Audiovisual media
This category includes films, radio or television programmes and music recordings.
Information needed for the citation can be found in the opening and closing credits of the film
or programme. For additional information, the APA blog recommends to use the IMBD
website (www.imbd.com).
Film
Note that primary contributors such as producer and director are listed in the author’s position
and followed by their role in parenthesis (Producer) and (Director). For films, director is
given as in-text citation but in references first author will be the producer.
In-text citation. Use the director’s surname and year when you cite a film in the body of your
text, but use the producer’s surname as main author in the references.
The film (Jordan, 1996) opens with...

28 | Page
References.
Producer, initial(s). (Producer), & Director, initial(s). (Director). (Year). Title of
film. Country of origin: Studio.
Woolley, S. (Producer), & Jordan, N. (Director). (1996). Michael Collins. Ireland;
Warner Bros.
(Back to Contents)
Radio or television programme

In-text citation.
The topic was introduced in the national radio (Donnelly, 2014)…
References.
Author, Initial(s) (Producer) & Author, Initial(s) (Presenter). (Date of
Broadcast). Programme title [Program Type]. Location: Network or
Studio.
Donnelly, T. (Producer) & Wilson, M. (Presenter). (2014, February
8. Drivetime [ Radio broadcast]. Dublin: RTE Radio 1.
(Back to Contents)
Single episode from a television, radio or internet series.

For an episode from a television or radio series, use the book chapter format. Give script
writer and director in the author position and producer in the editor position. Provide URL if
available online (web series or episode retrieved online).
In-text citation.
The author’s life is the subject of a television series episode (Yentob,
2008)… References.
29 | Page
Writer, Initial(s). (Writer) & Director, Initial(s). (Director). (Year). Title of the
episode [Television series episode]. In Initial(s). Producer’s surname
(Producer), Title of the programme (Series number). Place: Broadcaster.
Yentob, A. (Writer) & Parsons, R. (2008). A wild sheep chase: In search of Haruki
Murakami [Television series episode]. In C. Ryan (Executive Producer),
Imagine. (Series 13). London: BBC One.
(Back to Contents)
Music recording
In-text citation.
Example of traditional African songs played to children (Kidjo,
Writer, Initial(s). (Year). Title of song. [Recorded by Artist, if different from
writer]. On Title of album [ CD, record, cassette, MP3, etc.] Location: Label.
Kidjo, A. (2003). The sun shines in the Benin. On African playground [ CD]. New
York: Putumayo Kids.
(Back to Contents)
Online video
When available, include title and URL in references. If the author’s name is not available,
provide the screen name.
In-text citation.
Other video-artists were inspired by the subject (Sekine, 2015)…
References.
30 | Page
Author, Initial(s). [or Screen name] (Year, Month Day of publication). Title of
video [Video file]. Retrieved from http://xxxx.xxxx
Sekine K. (2015, April 15). Young Juvenile Youth [ Video file]. Retrieved from
https://vimeo.com/143468503
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Podcast
In-text citation.
The perspective of local historians of the battle of Clontarf (Lennon,
Author, Initial(s). (Year, Month Day of recording). Title of the contribution [Audio
podcast]. Part of Title of the series / Conference. Retrieved from
http://xxxx.xxx
Lennon, C. (2014, April 1). Historical and antiquarian perspective on the Battle of
Clontarf. Part of City Hall Lecture Series Commemorating the Battle of
Clontarf. Retrieved from
http://www.dublincity.ie/story/commemorating-clontarf-battle-and-its
legacy?language=en
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Performance / Play / Drama

In-text citation. See Di rect quote from a play page if you intend to use the exact words of the
play. Use director’s name when referring to the performance in the body of text.
31 | Page
The performance (Comyn, 2015) celebrates the 25th anniversary of the play.
References.
Director, Initial(s) (Director). (Year, Month Day). Title of the performance. By
Author of the Play. Place: Name of the Theatre.
Comyn, A. (Director). (2015, October 6). Dancing at Lughnasa. By Brian Friel.
Dublin: Gaiety Theatre.
(Back to Contents)
32 | Page

APA Style - 6 Edition: What Is Referencing?

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APA Style – 6​th ​edition

Latest revision: September 2017

It is essential that when you use other people’s work and ideas, either directly or paraphrased,

Presenting someone else's ideas is important for several reasons:

APA referencing style

In-text citation: general rules

Common citation types with examples:

Periodicals (Print journals, e-Journals, newspapers, magazines, newsletters)

Master’s theses and doctoral dissertations

Conferences, symposia and meetings

Website / Document on the Internet

Personal communication (Interview, email, unpublished lecture)

Dataset and statistics

In-text citation: general rules

Short quotation (fewer than 40 words)

Frith (2001) applied the “stranger reaction” (p.147) paradigm, comparing

Another useful paradigm in developmental psychology is based on the “stranger

Long quotation (40 or more words)

Other studies provide evidences of positive social responsiveness:

A rich paradigm in developmental psychology is based on the stranger

the general belief of the inability of autistic children to form attachments,

they were surprised to find no differences in the behaviour of both groups

with strangers. (Frith, 2001, p. 146)

The poem describes places familiar to the Irish reader:

From Dalkey Island

In an outburst of despair, the protagonist famously erupts: “Oh, full of scorpions

Rural life emerges from the lines of Dancing at Lughnasa:

Maggie. Did he get the hens?

Quoting the Bible and classical works

Gray (2007) analyses best practice in palliative care.

Positive outcomes emerge utilising the principles of flow (Bryan, 2006).

Several cross-disciplinary studies addressed the issue (Purcell, 2010; Ryan,

Using secondary sources (Secondary referencing)

Smith (2003) as cited in Carey and Doyle (2006) has shown…

Graphics Recognition,​ ​2,​ 1-12.

K., & Morgan, R. A. (2010). ​The physical basis of geography: An outline of

geomorphology.​ New York: Longman.

3. All text should be double-spaced

Which words should be italicised?

Example of chapter in edited book:

Davies, A. (2005). Validity and validation in language testing. In E. Hinkel (Ed.),

Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning (​pp​.

795–814). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum​.

Example of journal article:

Issues of validity and reliability. ​Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy &

Practice​. ​20(​ 3), 281-307. doi:10.1080/0969594X.2012.742422

Which words should be capitalised?

Example of capitalisation in journal article:

Krieg, S. (2010). The professional knowledge in Australian contemporary early

childhood teacher education. ​Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood.​

Example of capitalisation in book:

Janet, P. (1965). ​Mental and nervous disorder: A comparative policy development

analysis.​ London: Frank Cass.

Books and book chapters

Bolton (2000) introduced the notion of matrix.

Author, Initial(s). (Year). ​Title of work. ​Location: Publisher​.

Bolton, A. (2000). ​Managing the academic unit.​ Philadelphia: Open University

Book with two authors

As demonstrated by Bryan and Clegg (2006) in an influential study… An

APA Style – 6th edition

Graphics Recognition, 2, 1-12.

K., & Morgan, R. A. (2010). The physical basis of geography: An outline of

geomorphology. New York: Longman.

Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning (pp.

795–814). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Issues of validity and reliability. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy &

Practice. 20( 3), 281-307. doi:10.1080/0969594X.2012.742422

childhood teacher education. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood.

Janet, P. (1965). Mental and nervous disorder: A comparative policy development

analysis. London: Frank Cass.

Author, Initial(s). (Year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.

Bolton, A. (2000). Managing the academic unit. Philadelphia: Open University

Author#1, Initial(s)., & Author#2, Initial(s). (Year). Title of work. Location:

Author#1, Initial(s)., Author#2, Initial(s)., & Author#3, Initial(s). (Year). Title of

work. Location: Publisher.

education. London: Routledge.

Initial(s)., (Year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.

G., (2005). Computational protein design. New York: Taylor &

The Academic Press Dictionary of Science and Technology ( 1992) defines

Entry. (Year). In Title of dictionary. Location: Publisher.

etrieved from (URL)

Smith, K. (2008). Environmental hazards: Assessing risks and reducing disaster.

Retrieved from http://www-dawsonera

References. Place editor’s name in author’s position, followed by (Ed.) or (Eds.)

dyslexic child. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.

(Ed.), Title of Book ( pp. xx-xx). Location: Publisher.

Williams (Eds.), Teaching and learning geography ( pp. 189-201). London:

surname (Ed.), Title of Book (pp. xx-xx). Location: Publisher.

Hakel, M. D. (2001). Introduction. In M. Crowe (Ed.), Integrating learning,

development, and performance in college (pp. iii-ix). London: Oxford

Volume number(Issue number), Pages.

Destinations” of recent school-leavers in Northern Ireland. The Economic

and Social Review, 28(1), 23-41.

Volume number(Issue number), Pages. doi:xxx/xxxxx.xxxx.xxx

Volume number(Issue number), Pages. Retrieved from http://database

of the body in gender constructions in physiotherapy education. Gender &

Education, 26( 6), 672-687. doi:10.1080/09540253.2014.946475

of the body in gender constructions in physiotherapy education. Gender &

Education, 26( 6), 672-687. Retrieved from http://ebscohost.com

economy. The Irish Examiner, p. 27.

economy. The Irish Examiner. Retrieved from

or a DCU doctoral dissertation or master’s thesis:

Author, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the work. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation /

community based on the work of three contemporary Irish poets.

Author, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the work. (Unpublished doctoral

Emmett, Y. (2013). Living theory of leadership development for e-learning.

Access Services (http://doras.dcu.ie/17723/)

Author, Initial(s). (Year). Title of the contribution. Title of the conference/meeting