IOSR Journal of Mathematics (IOSR-JM)

e-ISSN: 2278-5728, p-ISSN:2319-765X. Volume 10, Issue 2 Ver. II (Mar-Apr. 2014), PP 13-16
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Solving n power class (Q) operators using MATLAB

Abstract: In this paper we investigate the charactisation of n power class (Q) operators on Hilbert space using MATLAB.
Mathematics Subject Classification: 47B99, 47B15
Key words: Normal operator, class (Q) operator, n power class (Q) operator, Hilbert space, Hadamard matrices
,MATLAB R2008a.

I. INTRODUCTION
Let H be a Hilbert space and L(H) is the algebra of allbounded linear operators acting on H . An
operator T in L(H) is called normal if , class(Q)if ( ) , n power class (Q) if
( ) . In general an power class(Q)operator need not be a normal operator. Existence of Operators on 2
power class (Q ) and 3 power class
(Q) are verified by using MATLAB R2008a version.
Program no. 1
Consider the operators ( ) ( )These two operators are 2 power class (Q) operators on the
complex Hilbert space. S+T is 2 power class (Q)But S+T is not normal.
S = [i 1;0 -i]
T = [i 0;1 -i]
Sum = S+T
ConjSum = conj(Sum)
ConjSumsq = ConjSum*ConjSum
Sumpow4 = Sum^4
L = ConjSumsq*Sumpow4……….(1)
Sumpow2 = Sum^2
M = ConjSum* Sumpow2………(2)
N = M*M.………(3)
k = Sum*ConjSum………(4)
v = ConjSum*Sum
On executing this program, equations (1) and (2) are same. From the output we can verify that( ) (
) (( )( ) ) . Hence S+ T is 2 power class (Q), Equations (3) and (4) are not equal.. Hence S+T
is not normal.
Definition:Hadamard matrices are matrices of 1's and -1's whose columns are orthogonal,
H'*H = n*I where [n n]=size(H) and I = eye(n,n).
An n n Hadamard matrix with n > 2 exists only if rem(n,4) = 0. This function handles only the cases where n,
n/12, or n/20 is a power of 2.
Examples
The command hadamard (4) produces the 4-by-4 matrix:
1 1 1 1
1 -1 1 -1
1 1 -1 -1
1 -1 -1 1
Program No.2
Consider Hadamard matrix of order 40. Here n = 40 and (power of 2). We verify this matrix of
order 40belongs to 40power Class (Q)
t = hadamard(40);
tstar = t;
tstarsq= tstar*tstar;
tpow80=t^80;
L = tstarsq*tpow80 …………(1)
tpow40=t^40;
S = tstar*tpow40;

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 Solving n power class (Q) operators using MATLAB

V = S*S …………(2)
On executing this program, equations (1)and (2) are same. From the output we can verify that
( ) . Hence Hardamard matrix of order 40 belongs to 40 power class Q.
Program no: 03
Consider Hadamard matrix of order 48. Here n = 48 and (power of 2). We verify this matrix of
order 48 belongs to 48power Class (Q)
t = hadamard(48);
tstar = t;
tstarsq = tstar*tstar;
tpow96=t^96;
K = tstarsq*tpow96 …………(1)
tpow48=t^48;
M = tstar*tpow48;
N = M*M ……………(2)
On executing this program, equations (1) and (2) are same. From the output we can verify that
( ) . Hence Hardamard matrix of order 40 belongs to 40 power class Q.
Definition:
Hilbert matrix is an × n matrix with elements (hij)where hij =
Program No 04

Let T = be an operator acting on 3 dimensional Hilbert space. Then T is 2 power class (Q), the

( )
matrix of T is a Hilbert matrix of order 3. T is 2 power class (Q) if it satisfies ( ) . We can also
verify T is 2 normal if
T = [1 1/2 1/3;1/2 1/3 1/4;1/3 1/4 1/5]
ConjT = conj(T)
ConjTsq = ConjT*ConjT
Tpow4 = T^4
L = ConjTsq*Tpow4 …………(1)
Tpow2 = T^2
M = ConjT*Tpow2
N = M*M …………(2)
On executing this program, equations (1) and (2) are same. From the output we can verify that
( )
// Hilbert matrix of order 3 is 2 normal//
O = ConjT*Tpow2 …………(3)
P = Tpow2*ConjT…………(4)
On executing this program, equations (3) and (4) are same. From the output we can verify that .
Program No 05

Let T = be an operator acting on 3 dimensional Hilbert space. Then T is 3 power class (Q), the

( )
matrix of T is a Hilbert matrix of order 3. T is 3 power class (Q) if it satisfies ( ) .
Hilbert matrix of order 3 is 3 power class Q
T = [1 1/2 1/3;1/2 1/3 1/4;1/3 1/4 1/5]
ConjT = conj(T)
ConjTsq = ConjT*ConjT
Tpow6 = T^6
L = ConjTsq*Tpow6 …………..(1)
Tpow3 = T^3
M = ConjT*Tpow3
N = M*M ………….(2)

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 Solving n power class (Q) operators using MATLAB

On executing this program, equations (1) and (2) are same. From the output we can verify that
( ) .
Definition:
A bounded operator T on a Hilbertspace is said to be nilpotent if Tn = 0 for some n.
Program No 06
Consider the following irreducible nilpotent operators acting on C2.

R= ( ), S = ( ) Then both S and T are normal and 2 power class (Q)

R = [0 1 0; 0 0 2; 0 0 0]
ConjR = conj(R)
K = R*ConjR ………. (1)
V = ConjR*R ……….(2)
ConjRsq = ConjR*ConjR
Rpow4=R^4
L = ConjRsq*Rpow4 ……….. (3)
Rpow2 = R^2
M = ConjR*Rpow2
N =M*M ………… (4)
On executing this program, equations (1) and (2) are same. From the output we can verify that RR* = R* R.
Hence R is normal. Similarly, On executing this program, equations (3) and (4) are same. From the output we
can verify that ( ) The proof for S is similar.
Program No 7
Consider the operator ( )acting on 2 dimensional complex
Hilbert space which is 2 powerclass(Q) but not 3 powerclass(Q) .
T = [-i 0;2 i]
ConjT = conj(T)
ConjTsq = ConjT*ConjT
Tpow4 = T^4
L = ConjTsq*Tpow4 ……….(1)
Tpow2 = T^2
M = ConjT*Tpow2
N = M*M ……….(2)
T = [-i 0;2 i]
ConjT = conj(T)
ConjTsq = ConjT*ConjT
Tpow6 = T^6
L = ConjTsq*Tpow6 ……….(3)
Tpow3 = T^3
M = ConjT*Tpow3
N = M*M ……….(4)
On executing this program, equations (1) and (2) are same. From the output we can verify that.
( ) . Hence T is 2 power class (Q.) . Equations (3) and (4) are not same. From the output we can verify
that. ( ) . Hence T is not 3 power class (Q).

Program No 8
Consider the operators ( ) ( )acting on 2 dimensional complex
Hilbert space. Then the Product ST of 2power Class Q operators need not be 2 power class Q operator.
S = [i,1;0 -i]
T = [i,0;1,-i]
Product = S*T
ConjProduct = conj(Product)
Conjproductsq = ConjProduct*ConjProduct
Productpow4 = Product^4
L = Conjproductsq*Productpow4 ………(1)
Productpow2 = Product^2
V = ConjProduct*Productpow2

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 Solving n power class (Q) operators using MATLAB

Q = V*V………(2)
On executing this program, equations (1) and (2) are not same. From the output we can verify
that.( ) ( ) (( ) ( ) )

References
[1] S. Panayappan, N. Sivamani, Onn Power Class (Q) Operators, Int. Journal of Math. Analysis, Vol. 6, 2012, no. 31, 1513 – 1518.
[2] A.A.S .Jibril , On Operators for which ( ) International Mathematical Forum, 5,2010, 46, 2255 – 2262.
[3] KrutanRasimi, LuigjGjoka, Some remarks on N – power class (Q) operators,International journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics,
Volume 89, No. 2,2013, 147 – 151.
[4] A.A.S. Jibril , On n – power normal Operators, The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering Volume 33, Number 2A.
[5] A.A.S Jibril, On 2 – normal Operators. Dirasat, Vol.23 , No 2(1996), 190-194.

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