Double Pipe Heat Exchanger:: Objectives: Procedure

Double pipe heat exchanger:
Objectives:
1- to demonstrate the counter flow and parallel flow heat exchanger .
2- to calculate the overall heat transfer coefficient for each of both methods.
procedure:
for parallel flow: close valves 4 &5. Open valve 6 and regulate water flow with valve
For counter flow: close valves 3 & 6 .open valve 5 and regulate water flow with valve
1- Fill the apparatus with clean water up to the upper mark and watch that it does
not go beneath the lower mark.
2- Switch the pump on and then set the heater control to the required temperature
( not abvove 80 degrees).
3- Wait for the system to reach steady state while calculating mass flow rate and
then record temperatures from 1 –19.
Calculate the heat capacity(C ) and heat exchanger effectivness (F):
*if m`h * Cph > mc* Cpc

C=(m`c * Cpc ) / m`h * Cph
E=(tc2-tc1) / (th1-tc1)
**if m`c * Cpc > m`h *Cph

C = (mh * Cph ) / ( mc * Cpc)
E = ( th1-th2 ) / (th1-tc1)
***Q = m`c*Cpc(tc2-tc1) =m`h *Cph (th1-th2)
****Q = h * delta t
*****U= 1/[ Ro/Riha + (Ro Ln (Ro/Ri))/K + 1/ hb]
******Delta tm = (o- i) / Ln (o- i)
list of symbols:
Di = inner diameter (mm)
Do = outer diameter (mm)
Mc =mass flow rate of cold water kg/s
Mh = mass flow rate of hot water kg/s
K = thermal conductivity W/m.k
C= heat capacity ratio.
E = heat exchanger effectiveness factor
Cph = specific heat of hot water
Cpc = specific heat of cold water
Q = heat transfer .W
U= overall heat transfer coefficient
o = temperature difference between outlet water
I = temperature difference between inlet water
Ro =outer radii of the pipe (mm)
Ri =inner radii of the pipe (mm)
Delta tm =log mean temperature difference
Ha = heat transfer coefficient for inner tube
Hb =heat transfer coefficient for outer tube
Discription of apparatus:
it consists of a water storage and heating tank that has a heating element inserted
into it. A controller is provided to control the water temperature in the tank. A
centrifugal pump delivers its suction from the tank and discharges to the inner tube of
the outer tube. A set of thermocouples are used to measure temperature at various
points along the double-pipe heat exchanger. A set of valves are constructed to give
either counter or parallel flow.
Given datd:
K(thermal conductivity) of copper =386 W/M.k at 20 C
K(thermal conductivity) of copper =379 W/M.k at 100 C
Specific heat of water =
temp C Cp j/kg,k
20 4182
40 4178
60 4184
80 4196
Small pipe : inner diameter Di=13.5 mm
Outer diameter Do=15.0mm
Distance between thermocouples =100 cm nominal.
Plots of water temperature through the thermocouples
Note that the inlet water starts from thermocouples 19 and 18.
Data :
Cold water:10 liter in 60 seconds
Hot water :5 liter in 41 seconds
M`h = 10/60 =0.1667 kg/s
M`c = 5/41 = 0.12195kg/s

parallel flow counter flow
Thermocouple 8 pass 4 pass 8 pass 4 pass
1 35.5 23
2 38 32
3 35 25
4 39 36.5
5 41 40
6 34 28
7 34.5 26
8 39.5 37
9 41.5 39 41.5 40
10 32.5 32 29 25.5
11 42 41 41 39.5
12 44 42.5 43 41.5
13 30.5 30 30.5 26.5
14 29 28.5 32 28.5
15 45.5 44.5 44.5 43.5
16 26.5 26.5 33.5 30
17 49.5 47 46.5 46
18 23.5 23 35.5 32
19 51.5 50.5 48.5 47
sample calculation: for 8 pass parallel flow

m`c= 0.12195kg/s m`h=0.1667 kg/s Cpc=4180
Cph=4182
m`c*Cpc= 0.12195*4180=510 W/c
m`h*Cph=0.1667 *4182=697.1394W/c
m`c * Cpc < m`h *Cph

C = (m`c * Cpc ) / ( m`h * Cph)=(510/697.1394)=0.7316
E = ( tc2-tc1 ) / (th1-tc1)=(35-23.5)/(51.5-23.5)=0.4107
Q cold= m`c*Cpc(tc2-tc1) =0.12195*4180(35-23.5)=5862.14W
Q hot=m`h *Cph (th1-th2)=0.1667*4182(51.5-34.5)=11851.4W
Q = h * delta t 
ha=Q/delta th =m`hCph=697.14 W/c
hb=Q/delta tc =m`cCpc=510W/c
U= 1/[ Ro/Ri*ha + (Ro Ln (Ro/Ri))/K + 1/ hb]

= 1/[7.5/6.25*697.14+(7.5 Ln(7.5/6.25))/386 +1/510]= 138.416
Delta tm = (o- i) / Ln (o- i)
= (0.5-16.5)/Ln(0.5/16.5) = 4.576
o=th2- tc2 =38-35=3 (c )

i=th1-tc1=51.5-23.5=28 (c )
Results:
8 parallel 4 parallel 8 counter 4 counter

mc 0.12195 0.12195 0.12195 0.12195
mh 0.1667 0.1667 0.1667 0.1667
temp inlet hot 51.5 35.5 48.5 39
temp inlet cold 23.5 23.5 23 25
temp outlet hot 38 32.5 40 32
temp outlet cold 35 32 35.5 27
Cpc 4180 4180 4180 4180
Cph 4182 4182 4182 4182
mh*Cph 697.14 697.14 697.14 697.14
mc*Cpc 510 510 510 510
heat capacity ratio C 0.7316 0.7316 0.7316 0.7316
heat exchanger effect E 0.4107 0.4107 0.7107 0.4017
Q from hot 11851.4 5808.956 7671.217 3608.956
Q from cold 5862.14 5160.21 5160.21 5160.21
ha inner tube of hot water 697.14 697.14 697.14 697.14
hb outer tube of cold water 510 510 510 510
U 138.416 138.416 138.416 138.416
o 0.5 4.5 0.5 5
I 16.5 12 14.5 15
delta tm 4.576 9.6516 4.1576 9.1023
Discussion and conclusion:

In this experiment we used thermocouples to get the temperature at different places
such as the inlet and outlet of each mode of the operation and the mass flow rate.
Pipes were made from copper because it has high conductivity ratio.
We calculated:
Heat transfer coefficient.
Heat capacity ratio.
The heat exchanger effect.
The experiment was done four times.

8 pass in parallel and counter flow,
4 pass in parallel and counter types of flow.
Data was taken and set to compare between each mode:

We found that 8 pass is obviously better than 4 pass that is because water exchanges
heat for a longer time. And the parallel flow rate increases the heat exchanger effect
thus counter flow is better.
flow rate.
8 passes( parallel)
tempreture(c)
60
40 Series1
20 Series2
0
2 4 8 5 9 11 12 15 17 19
thermocuples
4 passes(parallel)
60
temp.(c)
40 Series1
20 Series2
0
9 11 12 15 17 19
thermocopels
8 passes (counter)
60
temp.(c)
40 Series1
20 Series2
0
2 4 8 5 9 11 12 15 17 19
thermocoples
4 passes(counter)
60
temp.(c)
40 Series1
20 Series2
0
9 11 12 15 17 19
thermocoples
Note:
Series 1 is for inner pipe
Series 2 is for outer pipe

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Double pipe heat exchanger:

*if m`h * Cph > mc* Cpc

**if m`c * Cpc > m`h *Cph

***Q = m`c*Cpc(tc2-tc1) =m`h *Cph (th1-th2)

*****U= 1/[ Ro/Riha + (Ro Ln (Ro/Ri))/K + 1/ hb]

******Delta tm = (o- i) / Ln (o- i)

Cold water:10 liter in 60 seconds

Hot water :5 liter in 41 seconds

M`h = 10/60 =0.1667 kg/s

M`c = 5/41 = 0.12195kg/s

sample calculation: for 8 pass parallel flow

m`c * Cpc < m`h *Cph

U= 1/[ Ro/Ri*ha + (Ro Ln (Ro/Ri))/K + 1/ hb]

o=th2- tc2 =38-35=3 (c )

8 parallel 4 parallel 8 counter 4 counter

Discussion and conclusion:

The experiment was done four times.

Data was taken and set to compare between each mode:

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if m`h Cph > mc* Cpc

***Q = m`cCpc(tc2-tc1) =m`h Cph (th1-th2)