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    Introduction To Optical Fiber Communication

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    zahirul Islam
    Optical fiber communication systems transmit messages as light through thin glass or plastic fibers. They have advantages over metal wire cables including huge bandwidth potential, small size, electrical isolation, immunity to interference, signal security, low loss allowing long distances between repeaters, and robustness. Early systems in the 1970s operated at 850nm with 45Mbps but advances now provide multi-terabit capacity transmission over hundreds of kilometers at 1550nm using techniques like WDM and optical amplification.

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    Introduction To Optical Fiber Communication

    Uploaded by

    zahirul Islam
    60 views18 pages
    Optical fiber communication systems transmit messages as light through thin glass or plastic fibers. They have advantages over metal wire cables including huge bandwidth potential, small size, electrical isolation, immunity to interference, signal security, low loss allowing long distances between repeaters, and robustness. Early systems in the 1970s operated at 850nm with 45Mbps but advances now provide multi-terabit capacity transmission over hundreds of kilometers at 1550nm using techniques like WDM and optical amplification.

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    Optical fiber communication systems transmit messages as light through thin glass or plastic fibers. They have advantages over metal wire cables including huge bandwidth potential, small size, electrical isolation, immunity to interference, signal security, low loss allowing long distances between repeaters, and robustness. Early systems in the 1970s operated at 850nm with 45Mbps but advances now provide multi-terabit capacity transmission over hundreds of kilometers at 1550nm using techniques like WDM and optical amplification.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    60 views18 pages

    Introduction To Optical Fiber Communication

    Uploaded by

    zahirul Islam
    Optical fiber communication systems transmit messages as light through thin glass or plastic fibers. They have advantages over metal wire cables including huge bandwidth potential, small size, electrical isolation, immunity to interference, signal security, low loss allowing long distances between repeaters, and robustness. Early systems in the 1970s operated at 850nm with 45Mbps but advances now provide multi-terabit capacity transmission over hundreds of kilometers at 1550nm using techniques like WDM and optical amplification.

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    of 18

    Introduction to Optical

    Fiber Communication
    Communication
    Message System
    Transmitter Transmission Receiver Message
    Source Medium Destination

    Noise,
    Interference,
    Delay Distortion

    Figure: Block diagram of a general communication system

    🞛 Transmission Media: BW Range Distance can be covered


    Cu-wire : kHz :~m
    Coaxial Cable : MHz : ~ few km
    Microwave Link : MHz ‒ GHz : ~ several km
    Satellite Channel : GHz : 100 km ~ Mm
    Optical Fiber : THz : several km ~ Mm
    Carrier frequency for Microwave Communication ~ 1 GHz (Typical)
    for Optical fiber Communication ~ 100 THz (1014 Hz), 105 times larger than
    that of Microwave Communication
    2
    EM Spectrum for Fiber-Optic
    Communication

    3
    EM Spectrum for Fiber-Optic
    Communication

    4
    Background
    🞛 Historical Perspective
    Early civilizations have used mirrors, fire beacons or smoke signals for
    communication (to convey a single information, mainly warning
    purpose)
    Up to 18th century (even today): signaling lamps (traffic control, naval
    vessel,
    airport control tower), flags and different other semaphore devices.

    Flag

    Signaling Lamp

    Fire Beacon

    The Term “fiber optics” was first introduced by N.S. Kapany at London during
    developing “flexible fiberscope” in 1956 (claim)
    Charles Kao and Charles Hockham at Standard Terleocom Lab in England
    proposed optical fiber as comm channel in 1966. At that time fiber loss was
    found as 20 dB/km
    Background

    In 1830s – Telegraphy, Light


    Is replaced by Electricity
    Use: Morse Code, dot-dash
    (Digital), 10bps

    In 1876 – Telephone is
    invented
    Analog Electrical Signal
    Electrical Comm System
    In 1966 – Optical Fiber
    Initially fiber loss 1000 dB/km
    Gradually: 20 dB/km
    0.2 dB/km

    Emergence of new technology

    6
    Evolution of Lightwave
    System
    1st Generation Lightwave System:

    Start 1970 ~ 1975 (research), commercially available in 1980


    Operating wavelength ~ 0.8 μm
    Attenuation (fiber loss) ~ (>) 1.0 dB/km
    Bit Rate ~ 45 Mb/s
    Repeater spacing ~ up to 10 km
    GaAs Semiconductor Laser Diode was used

    2nd Generation Lightwave System:


    Became available commercially in early 1980s
    Operated near ~ 1.3 μm
    Attenuation (fiber loss) ~ 0.5 dB/km
    Minimum dispersion @1300nm region
    Bit Rate < 100 Mb/s (MMF), increased (up to GB/s) by SMF
    Repeater spacing ~ 50 km (SMF)
    InGaAsP Semiconductor Laser Diode was used
    LASERs and detectors are changed with carrier wavelength
    Evolution of Lightwave
    System
    3rd Generation Lightwave System:

    Became available commercially in 1990


    Operated near ~ 1.55 μm, Fiber Dispersion is high at this
    range for SSMF
    But Attenuation (fiber loss) ~ 0.2 dB/km
    Bit Rate ~ 2.5 Gb/s
    Repeater spacing ~ 60 km, Electronic Repeaters (so
    coherent receivers used to increase bit rate)

    4th Generation Lightwave System:


    Became available after 1990 (around 1992)
    Operated near ~ 1.55 μm
    Attenuation (fiber loss) ~ 0.2 dB/km
    Bit Rate ~ 10 Gb/s, Optical Amplification + WDM
    Technology = System capacity is enhanced much
    Repeater spacing: 60~ 80 km
    By 1996, large number of submarine lightwave systems were
    8
    deployed using that technology
    5th Generation Lightwave System:
    Starting from 2000
    Operated near ~ 1.55 μm (1.53 to 1.57 μm), (covering S, C, L
    bands: extending the wavelength range of WDM system)
    Attenuation (fiber loss) ~ (≤) 0.2 dB/km, Dry fiber can be used:
    Low loss over 1.3 μm to 1.65 μm wavelength range
    Bit Rate ~ 10 Gb/s, 40 Gb/s, 1000s of WDM channels are
    possible, Total capacity 100 Tb/s or more
    EDFA, and Raman Amplifier can be used
    Repeater spacing ≥ 60 km
    Current trend: increase the Spectral Efficiency (SE) of WDM
    systems using Advanced Modulation Formats, SE from typically
    below 0.8 b/s/Hz to 8 bit/s/Hz

    Fiber-optic communication technology is around 40 years


    old. Started from around 1975, It has advanced rapidly. 1st
    generation started with bit rate of 45 Mb/s, after 40 years it
    has jumped by a factor of around 1,000.
    Capacity (Bit-rate×Distance) has increased to ≥ 105 times
    9
    Wavelength band and Different types of fibers

    10
    Evolution of Lightwave
    System

    Low loss window for lightwave system at different stages


    Attenuation Profile

    BW= 50 THz

    The profile has three low-loss windows.


    Potential bandwidth is 50 THz
    12
    Fiber
    Types
    30

    20 SSMF

    Dc
    10 NZDSF
    (ps/nm -
    km)
    0 DSF

    -10

    -20

    -30
    1250 1350145015501650
    Wavelength (nm)

    Chromatic dispersion and attenuation


    characteristics of
    various fibers
    Evolution of Lightwave
    System

    Increase of bit-rate distance product with time


    Optical Communication
    Systems
    Optical communication systems can be classified into two
    broad categories: 1) Guided and 2) Unguided
    1) Guided: optical fibers are used as guided medium, i.e.,
    transmission channel (fiber-optic communication)
    2) Unguided: like wireless communication, no physical channel,
    optical communication requires transmitter and receiver only
    LOS propagation and spreads mainly in forward direction, so
    not suitable for broadcasting applications
    much affected by atmosphere, so may not be
    much suitable for terrestrial applications.
    Suitable for free-space communication above earth
    atmosphere (e.g. intersatellite communications)

    15
    Basic Principle of Optical Fiber Communication (guided)

    Non-electrical signal is converted into electrical


    signal by transducer and the transmitter
    (modulator) converts it into proper form

    OE Source E/O Converter: LED or LASER (for high speed)

    OE Detector O/E Converter: Optoelectronic detector PIN


    photodiode or APD (for high speed)
    Receiver Filter + Amplifier, for Digital: Decision circuit
    16
    A Typical Optical Fiber Communication
    System

    Message Fiber cable


    Source

    Amplifier
    Modulator
    and
    Equalizer
    LED/ Amplifier Photodetector:
    Optical LASER p-i-n
    Source Demodulator
    photodiode/
    APD
    LED or Reconstructed
    LASER signal at
    drive circuit
    Destination

    17
    Advantages and Disadvantages of
    OFC
    Advantages:
    ❑ Huge Potential BW: 1013 to 1016 Hz
    ❑ Small Size and Weight: very small core dia < 10 μm (SMF),
    (less than human hair, 20 to 180 μm), 50 μm (MMF)
    ❑ Electrical isolation: glass or plastic (no earth loop, no spark or short ckt)
    ❑Immunity to interference and crosstalk: dielectric WG (no EMI, no RFI, no
    transient, not susceptible to lightning strikes)
    ❑ Signal Security: no significant radiation, not broadcasting like wireless
    ❑ Low loss: ≤ 0.2 dB/km, wide repeater spacing
    ❑Robustness & flexibility: fiber cables have high tensile strength, compact,
    small bend radii
    ❑ System Reliability and ease of maintenance: life time 20-30yrs etc.

    Disadvantages:
    ❑ Huge Installation Cost but cost/capacity decreases
    ❑ Bending losses

    18

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