2 1-Thermodynamics PDF

Thermodynamics
Raysil M. Lerado, RPh, MSPh

OBJECTIVES
The student should be able to:
1. Understand Thermodynamics and its use for

describing energy related changes in reactions.
2. Understand the first, second and third law and its use
3. Define and Calculate free energy functions and apply

them pharmaceutically relevant applications
4. Define chemical potential and equilibrium process

Thermodynamics
Deals with
quantitative
relationship
between
interconversion of
various forms of
energy.
Thermodynamic properties
 Temperature
 Pressure
 Mass
 Volume
 Heat
Temperature
 Measure of hotness or
coldness
 Its considered as
thermodynamic
property, that is
measure of energy
contain in a mass.
Heat
 The form of energy
transferred from one
place to another as the
consequence of
temperature difference
between two places
 Expressed in Joules(J) or
Calorie(Cal)
Work
 The transfer of
energy that can be
used to change the
height of the weight
somewhere in the
surroundings.
Thermodynamics Systems
 Open system
 Can exchange
both energy and
matter with its
surroundings
Closed system
A B
 Exchange work with its Exchange Heat with its

surroundings surroundings
Isolated system
 Neither work or
heat can be
exchanged
through
boundaries
Laws of Thermodynamics
 First law of thermodynamics
 Second Law of thermodynamics
 Third law of thermodynamics
 Zeroth law of thermodynamics
First law of thermodynamics
 Conservation of energy
 Energy cannot be created nor destroyed
 Internal energy – The effects of heat(Q)

and work (W) in a given system during a
transformation from initial to final
thermodynamic state are related to an
intrinsic property.
Internal energy
 Internal energy is
equal to the heat of the
system.
 The surrounding heat
increases, so the heat
of the system
decreases because
heat is not created nor
destroyed.
Thermodynamics processes
 Isothermal process
 Isobaric process
 adiabatic process
 Isometric process
Isothermal process
 Those processes in which the system is

maintained at a constant temperature
 Isothermal system requires either open
or closed system
Isothermal process
 Internal energy equation:
 IE = Q-W
○ Where:
○ Q – heat
○ W - work
 IE = nCv T
○ Where: n – number of moles
○ Cv – molar heat capacity @ constant volume
○ T – change in temperature
Internal energy equation:
 In terms of work and volume
 Work = nRT ln( vf/vi)
where: n - # of moles
R – molar gas constant
T – temperature in Kelvin
Vf - final volume
Vi – initial volume
 In terms of work and pressure
 Work = nRT ln (Pin/Pf)
Example problem #1
 5 moles of an ideal gas expands from 3L
to 8L at a constant temperature of 300K.
a. What is the change in the internal
energy of the gas?
b. How much work was performed by the
gas?
c. How much energy was transferred
during this process?
Example #2
 7 moles of an ideal gas undergoes
compression at a constant temperature
of 400K. The pressure increases from
2atm to 8 atm.
a. What is the change in internal energy of
the gas?
b. How much work perform by the gas?
c. How much heat energy was
transferred?
Isobaric process
 a thermodynamic process in which the
pressure stays constant: ΔP = 0.
 W=P V
○ Where: P – pressure
V - change in volume (Vf-Vi)
Example problem 3
 During an isobaric process, a gas
expands from 0.01 m^3 to 0.05 m^3 at a
constant pressure of 3.0 x 10^5 Pa. How
much work was performed by this gas?
Example problem 4
 5 moles of an ideal gas was heated at a
constant pressure from 27*C to 127*C.
How much work was done by the gas?
Adiabatic process
 The one in which no heat enter or leave the
system , this process require an isolated
system and the temperature of the system
may be changed.
 Formula for adiabatic process:

 aU(IE) = nCv T

Example problem #5
 The temperature of 4 moles of neon gas
with a molar heat capacity of 12.47
decreased from 500K to 300K during an
adiabatic expansion. A) how much heat
energy is transferred? B)calculate the
internal energy of the gas. C) how much
work was performed during this
process?
Isometric process
 An isometric process, also called a
constant-volume process, an
isovolumetric process, or an isochoric
process, is a thermodynamic process
during which the volume of the closed
system undergoing such a process
remains constant.
 Formula: W=P V
 PV=nRT
 Au=nCv T
Isometric/Isochoric
Example problem #6
 A 41.0L rigid cylinder contain 5 mol of a
diatomic gas. The pressure increases from
3atm to 9 atm. Assume molar heat capacity
of the system is 20.79.
 A) how much work is done in the gas?
 B) Calculate the initial and final
temperature of the gas?
 C) Determine the change in internal energy
of the gas?
 D) How much heat energy was
transferred?
Summary graph
Activity #1 (midterm)
Number 1)
 At a constant temperature of 23*Celsius. A
5 moles of an ideal gas expands from 4.5L
to 9.5L
a. What is the change in the internal energy
of the gas?
b. How much work was performed by the
gas?
c. How much energy was transferred during
this process?
Number 2)
 An ideal gas having 7 moles was heated
at a constant pressure from 30*C to
130*C. How much work was done by the
gas?
Number 3)
 A diatomic gas having a constant volume of
50.0L in a system, contains 5 moles and
the pressure increases from 4 atm to 16
atm.
 A) how much work is done in the gas?
 B) Calculate the initial and final
temperature of the gas?
 C) Determine the change in internal energy
of the gas?
 D) How much heat energy was
transferred?

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Thermodynamics

Raysil M. Lerado, RPh, MSPh

1. Understand Thermodynamics and its use for

3. Define and Calculate free energy functions and apply

4. Define chemical potential and equilibrium process

 Exchange work with its Exchange Heat with its

 Internal energy – The effects of heat(Q)

 Those processes in which the system is

 Formula for adiabatic process:

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