THERMODYNAMICS

INTRODUCTION
• Introduction To Thermodynamics.
• System, Surroundings and Universe.
• Types Of Thermodynamics System.
• Explanation of Thermodynamic System.
• Zeroth Law of Thermodynamic.
• Heat And Internal Energy.
• Work.
• State variables.
• Extensive and Intensive Property
• Heat Capacity.
• Specific Heat Capacity.
• Process.
• Isothermal Process.
• Work done in isothermal expansion.
• Adiabatic Process,
• Work Done in Adiabatic Process.
• Isobaric process and Work done.
• Isochoric Process and Work done.
• First Law of Thermodynamic.
• Limitations of First Law.
• Second Law of Thermodynamic.
• Advantages of Thermodynamic Study.
Introduction To Thermodynamics

• It is the branch of Physics which deals with the study of transformation

of heat energy into other forms of energy.
• In Thermodynamics, we study the macroscopic quantities of the system
such as volume, pressure, temperature, internal energy, entropy,
enthalpy.
• One of the most important concepts of thermodynamics is the
Temperature!
 System, Surroundings And Universe

• System=The part of universe which is under investigation is known as

system.
• Surrounding=The part of universe which is not under investigation is
known as surrounding .
• Universe = System + surrounding.
• Thermodynamic Equilibrium=When macroscopic variables(like
pressure, volume, temperature, composition ,mass etc.) that
characterise the system do not change with time.
Thermodynamics System

• There are three types of Thermodynamics System.

• Open System

• Closed System

• Isolated System
Explanation Of System

• Open system=It is the Thermodynamics system in which matter and

energy of system can be evolved from system or share with
surroundings.
• Closed System=It is the thermodynamics system in which only energy
can be evolve from system not matter of system.
• Isolated System=It is the Thermodynamics system in which either
matter nor energy of system evolve from the system.
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamic

• According to Zeroth law, when the thermodynamic system A and B are

separately in thermal equilibrium with a third thermodynamic system c,
then the system A and B are in thermal equilibrium with each other
also.

The Zeroth Law

Heat And Internal Energy

• Heat = It is energy that flows from higher temperature to lower

temperature.
• This flow because of difference in temperature.
• Internal Energy=Internal Energy of system is the total energy
possessed by the system due to molecular motion and molecular
configuration. It means, due to random motion of atoms and
molecules of system.
• It is represented by U.
 Class Assignment Question
1. In the following indicator diagram, the net amount of work done will be

1. Positive 2. Negative
3. Zero 4. Infinity
2. An ideal gas changes from state a to state b as shown in Figure. What is the
work done by the gas in the process?

1. Zero 2. Positive 3. Negative 4. Infinite

3. In the cyclic process shown in the figure, the work done by the gas in one
cycle is

1. 28P1V1 2. 14P1V1 3. 18P1V1 4. 9P1V1

4. An ideal gas is taken around the cycle ABCA as shown in the P-V
diagram. The net work done by the gas during the cycle is equal to

1. 12P1V1 2. 6P1V1 3. 3P1V1 4. 2P1V1

WORK

• The energy transferred by the system to another that accounted for

changes in the external generalized mechanical constraints on the system
is known as Work.
• When work done by the system it means negative work.(-work).
• When work on the system it means positive work.(+work).

W   p.d
Diagram
State Variables

• State Variables of a system are the parameters which describe

equilibrium state of the system.
• For example = Pressure, Volume, Temperature, mass and
composition.
• The various state variables of a system are not necessarily
independent.
 Extensive And Intensive Property

• Extensive Property = This is the property of a system which is totally

depend upon the amount of a matter of a system.
• For example = Mass ,Volume, Internal energy etc.
• Intensive Property = This is the property of a system which is not
depend upon size of a system.
• For example = Pressure(P), Density(p), Force(F) etc.
• Note : Extensive/Extensive=Intensive.
Heat Capacity
• If a quantity of heat 'Q' produces a change in temperature ‘dT’ in a body, its
heat capacity is defined as ratio of heat and change in temperature.
• C = Q/DT
• The S.I. unit of heat capacity is J/k.
Specific Heat

• The quantity of heat 'Q' required to produce a change in temperature ‘dT’

is also proportional mass ‘m’ of the sample.
• Q = m.CAT, where C is called specific heat of the substance.
• C = Heat capacity/mass.
Process

• Defined by change in a system, a thermodynamic process is a passage of

a thermodynamic system from an initial to a final state of a
thermodynamic equilibrium.
• A thermodynamical process is said to be take place when some changes
occur in the state of thermodynamic system, i.e., the thermodynamic
parameters of the change with time.
Isothermal Process

• Isothermal Process in which occurs at a constant temperature.

• A change in pressure and volume of a gas without any change in its
temperature is called an isothermal change. MP<n Vo)
• PV=constant
Work done Isothermal Expansion
• Consider one gram mole of an ideal gas enclosed in a cylinder with
perfectly conducting walls and fitted with perfectly frictionless and
conducting piston.
• dW = F * dx = P*A*dx
• dW = P. dV
• From ideal gas equation for one mole.
• PV = nRT
• n=I
• PV = RT
 Class Assignment Question

1. In the isothermal expansion of an ideal gas. Select wrong statement.

1. There is no change in the temperature of the gas
2. There is no change in the internal energy of the gas
3. The work done by the gas is equal to the heat supplied to the gas
4. The work done by the gas is equal to the change in its internal energy

2. If heat is supplied to an ideal gas in an isothermal process,

1. The internal energy of the gas will increase
2. The gas will do positive work
3. The gas will do negative work
4. The said process is not possible
3. For an ideal gas, in an isothermal process.
1. Heat content remains constant
2. Heat content and temperature remain constant
3. Temperature remains constant
4. None of the above
4. The isothermal Bulk modulus of an ideal gas at pressure P is
1. P 2. gP 3. P/2 4. P/g

5. When an ideal gas in a cylinder was compressed isothermally by a

piston, the work done on the gas was found to be 1.5 x 104 joules. During this
process about.
1. 3.6 x 103 cal of heat flowed out from the gas
2. 3.6 x 103 cal of heat flowed into the gas
3. 1.5 x 104 cal of heat flowed into the gas
4. 1.5 x 104 cal of heat flowed out from the gas
6. A given quantity of a gas is at pressure P and absolute temperature T.
The isothermal bulk modulus of the gas is.
2 3
1. 3P 2. P 3. P
2
4. 2P
• P = RT/V
V2
RT

• W = V1 V
.dV

• W = 2.3026 RT'log10 V2/V1

• This is the equation of Work done in isothermal Expansion.
Adiabatic Process

• Adiabatic Process is that in which change in heat of a system is Zero.

• In this change pressure and volume of a system changes.
• AQ = 0
Work Dine In Adiabatic Process

• Consider one gram of mole of an ideal gas enclosed in a cylinder with

perfectly non conducting walls and fitted with a perfectly frictionless non
conducting piston. Lower
• F=P*A
• dW = F*dx
• dW = (P*A).dx
• dW = P.dV .............(1)
• Total work done by gas in adiabatic expansion from to V2.
V2

• W= P.dV
V1
V2

V1
P.dV

• The equation of adiabatic changes is PVg

• = constant K ................(2)
 Cp
• g  Cv

• From equation 2

• P = KV-l

• Put in equation 1.
V2


 .dV
KV
• W= V1
 K
• W = 1  [V2l-y – V1l-y

• W = R (T2 – T1) /1-g

• This is the equation of work done in adiabatic process.

Isobaric Process and Work Done

• Isobaric process= This process occurs at constant pressure but volume

and temperature changes with time of system.
• Work done In isobaric process = In an isobaric process, P is fixed .
• W = P(V2 – V1)

• W = nR (T2 – T1).
 Class Assignment Question

1. In a cyclic process shown in the figure an ideal gas is adiabatically

taken from B and A, the work done on the gas during the process B  A is
30 J, when the gas is taken from A  B the heat absorbed by the gas is 20
J. The change in internal energy of the gas in the process A  B is

1. 20 J 2. -30 J 3. 50 J 4. -
10 J
 PV
2. The gas law
T
= constant is true for
1. Isothermal changes only
2. Adiabatic changes only
3. Both isothermal and adiabatic changes
4. Neither isothermal nor adiabatic changes
5. The molar heat capacity for the process shown in figure is

1. C = Cp 2. C = Cv 3. C > Cv 4. C = 0
4. Four curves A, B, C and D are drawn in the figure, for a given amount of
gas. The curves which represent adiabatic and isothermal changes are

1. C and D respectively
2. D and C respectively
3. A and B respectively
4. B and A respectively

5. If a cylinder containing a gas at high pressure explodes, the gas

undergoes.
1. Reversible adiabatic change and fall of temperature
2. Reversible adiabatic change and rise of temperature
3. Irreversible adiabatic change and fall of temperature
4. Irreversible adiabatic change and rise of temperature
Isobaric Process and Work Done

• Isochoric Process = This is the process in which occurs at constant

volume but temperature and pressure of system changes with time.
• Work Done in Isochoric process=V is constant, no work is done on or
by the gas.
• W=0
 Class Assignment Question
1. In the following figures (1) to (4), variation of volume by change of
pressure is shown. A gas is taken along the path ABCDA. The
change in internal energy of the gas will be

1. Positive in all cases from (1) to (4)

2. Positive in cases (1), (2) and (3) but zero in case (4)
3. Negative in cases (1),(2) and (3) but zero in case (4)
4. Zero in all the four cases.
2. The process DU = 0, for an ideal gas can be best represented in the
form of a graph.

1. 2.

3. 4.
3. Consider two processes on a system as shown in figure. The volumes in
the initial states are the same in the two processes and the
volumes in the final states are also the same. Let DW 1 and DW2
be the work done by the system in the processes A and B respectively

1. DW1 > DW2 2. DW1 = DW2

3. DW1 < DW2
4. Nothing can be said about the relation between DW1 and DW2.
4. In a cyclic process shown in the figure an ideal gas is adiabatically taken
from B and A, the work done on the gas during the process B  A
is 30 J, when the gas is taken from A  B the heat absorbed by the gas
is 20 J. The change in internal energy of the gas in the process
A  B is.

1. 20 J 2. -30 J 3. 50 J 4. -10 J
5. For free expansion of a gas in an adiabatic container which of the
following is true?
1. Q = W = 0 and DU = 0
2. Q = 0, W > 0 and DU = Q
3. W = 0, Q > 0 and DU = Q
4. W = 0, Q < 0 and DU = 0

6. Starting with the same initial conditions, an ideal gas expands from
volume V1 to V2 in three different ways. The work done by the gas is
W1 if the process is isothermal, W2 if isobaric and W3 if adiabatic,
then.
1. W2 > W 1 > W 3 2. W2 > W3 > W1

3. W1 > W 2 > W 3 4. W1 > W3 > W2

7. A gas is expanded from volume V0 to 2V0 under three different
processes. Process 1 is isobaric process, process 2 is isothermal and
process 3 is adiabatic. Let DU1, DU2 and DU3 be the change in
internal energy of the gas is these three processes. Then.

1. DU1 > DU2 > DU3 2. DU1 < DU2 < DU3

3. DU2 < DU1 < DU3 4. DU2 < DU3 < DU1
8. An ideal gas is allowed to expand freely against a vacuum in a rigid
insulated container. The gas undergoes.
1. An increase in its internal energy
2. A decrease in its internal energy
3. Neither an increase nor decrease in temperature or internal
energy
4. An increase in temperature
9. A thermodynamic process is shown in the figure. The pressures and
volumes corresponding to some points in the figure are : P A = 3 x
104 Pa, PB = 8 x 104 Pa and VA = 2 x 10-2 m3 VD = 5 x 10-3. In
process AB, 600 J of heat is added to the system and in process BC,
200 J of heat is added to the system. The change in internal
energy of the system in process AC would be

1. 560 J 2. 800 J 3. 600 J 4. 640 J

First Law of Thermodynamic

• This law is simply the general law of conservation of energy as applied

to heat energy.
• According to first law of Thermodynamics ,whenever heat is added to a
system, it transforms to an equal amount of energy in some other forms.
• When we supply some heat energy to a system ,it may be do one or both:
(i) Increases internal energy.
(ii) Do the external work.
 Class Assignment Question
1. First law of thermodynamics is given by
1. dQ = dU + PdV 2. dQ = dU x PdV
3. dQ = (dU + dV)P 4. dQ = PdU + dV
2. The first of thermodynamics is concerned with the conservation of
2. Momentum 2. Energy
3. Mass 4. Temperature
3. A system can be taken from the initial state p1, V1 to the final state p2,
V2 by two different methods. Let DQ and DW represent the heat given to
the system and the work done by the system. Which of the following must
be the same in both the methods?
4. DQ 2. DW 3. DQ – DW 4. DQ – DW
4. In thermodynamic process, 200 Joules of heat is given to a gas and 100
Joules of work is also done on it. The change in internal energy of the
gas is
1. 100 J 2. 300 J 3. 419 J 4. 24 J
5. The P–V diagram of a system undergoing thermodynamic transformation
is shown in figure. The work done on the system in going from A  B 
C is 50 J and 20 cal heat is given to the system. The change in internal
energy between A and C is

1. 34 J 2. 70 J 3. 84 J
4. 134 J
6. When a system is taken from state i to a state f along path iaf, Q = 50 J
and W = 20 J. Along path ibf, Q = 35J. If W = -13J for the curved return
path fi, Q for this path is

1. 33 J 2. 17 J 3. -7 J
4. -4 J
7. Ideal gas is taken through process shown in figure.

1. In process AB, work done by system is positive

2. In process AB, heat is rejected out of the system
3. In process AB, internal energy increases
4. In process AB internal energy decreases and in process BC internal
energy increases
• Heat added=Increase in Internal energy + External work done.
• dQ = Small amount of heat supplied to the system.
• dU = small change in Internal energy.
• dW = small amount of work done.
• According to first law of thermodynamics,
• dQ = dU + dW
Diagram Explanation
Limitations of First Law

• It does not tells us about in which direction heat flows.

• It does not tell about the Entropy of a system.
• It not gives the idea about the extent of change.
• It not gives the idea about the source of heat.
• It gives the idea about final temperature of two bodies when they are
in direct contact.
Second Law of Thermodynamic

• Second Law of Thermodynamics states that it is impossible to self

acting machine, unaided by an external agency to convey heat from
the body at lower temperature to another at higher temperature.
• This law was made by Clausius.
• According to Kelvin, it is impossible to derive continuous supply off
work by cooling a body to a temperature lower than that of the
coldest of it’s surroundings.
Heat Engine

T2
• The efficiency of a heat engine is given by (h) = 1 – T1
Q2
• or h = 1 – Q1

• Here T1 and T2 are temperature of hot body (source) and cold body
(sink)
• Q1 - heat absorbed from source

• Q2 – heat rejected to the sink.

 Class Assignment Question

1. The efficiency of Carnot’s engine operating between reservoirs,

maintained at temperatures 27oC and 127oC, is
1. 25% 2. 24% 3. 0.75% 4. 0.4%

2. A Carnot engine operates between 227oC and 27oC. Efficiency of the

engine will be
1 2 3 3
1. 2.
3 5 4 5
3. 4.
Thank
you…