2/5/2014

Aquifer Water Quality

Groundwater Hydraulics

Daene C. McKinney

(?aA~c/ q ~ u 4~~/V
I/tk~'~ h ~ ~6;k/~..,.'~

1
 Introduction
• Groundwater Quality
- Sampling Plan
- Field Measured Parameters
pH

Alkalinity

• Conductance
• Salinity

Dissolved Oxygen

Turbidity

- Chemical Equivalence

- Laboratory QA/QC

- Diagrams

• Piper
• Stiff

- Water Quality Classification

- Irrigation Water

• Sodium

z -*

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Water Quality Management Process

• Identify
- Problem /

- Indicators
pollutant load from each source

- Target Values
land use.
ambient pollutant concentration in waterbody hydrologlcal.
• Assess source(s) and
ecologlcal
• Determine linkages human health and blological conditlon
characteristics
of waterbody
- Sources -7 Targets
• Allocate permissible appropriate designated use for the waterbody

loads
• Monitor and evaluate
• Implement

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Groundwater Qual ity

• Helps us understand the hydrogeologic system

• Indicates comingling of groundwater and

surface water

• Helps us interpret groundwater flow dynamics

• Delineates groundwater contamination

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Sampling and Analysis Plan

• Document written in advance of sampl ing that

defines:

- Sampling locations and frequency

- How field parameters are measured

- How samples are collected

- Quality control and assurance measures

• Do NOT go to the field without a plan!

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- SO&''do5 To/a~ d-c~~s (.s-T;3/

Basic Water Quality Parameters

• pH
• Specific conductance (EC)
• Salinity
• Total dissolved solids (TOS)
• Turbidity
• Dissolved oxygen (DO)
• Biochemical oxygen demand (BaO)
• Temperature

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/~80)
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 2/5/2014

Concentrotlon of
Hydrogen t ons
compared lo dlsti lled water

pH
• Measures hydrogen ion
concentration Gropef ruit , Orenge Julce, 50do

Acld rl!l!n
TomoloJutce
• Negative log of hydrogen ion
Sofl drlnking wtlter

concentration
Urlne
Soli vo
• Ranges from Oto 14 std. units "Pure" wo.ler

• pH
- 7 neutral BOkjng so(]o

- 0-7 acidic Greot Solt Ulke

Mllk of Magn esio -'1
- 7 - 14 alkaline Am mol'l1o solution

Soop y water

Oven cleoner

1/1 LiQutd arajn cleoner

Thanks t o Ph i! Brow n

¡: & 'lA..-eeV'-l!'a-el~;<Jy ,éé (Ó~S

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7
 2/5/2014

5oLt-~g\~/ 4 20kes E~~r-CoSr

d~khs ~d~dkP~

Solubility of Specific lons

Based on Water pH

pFl ,

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4 S 6 7 8 9

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lb;; ¡A:.'o

a-W
1/er-t"D//lit: ¡Cc~

tÓ~ro

4t XL{';xA.f) ~:- . ,- . ' . -- _.' • ~ .' . ·' 0 Al ·' .'. '-0_'- ' .'. 'o~:::.·. ....MEt'S';

Toxic metals less available in water at pH 6 to 8.

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Alkalinity

• ((aeid neutral izing eapaeity"

• Important beeause it buffers the water against

ehanges in pH

• For most waters, alkalinity ineludes t he

biearbonate ion (HC0 3-)

• Other ions su eh as orthophosphate (H P0 4 -),

borates, may eont ribute to alkalinity but in

small amounts

dd'~c/ ,cue4.¡e d ,c~~ 6'.:d,v-.?Ó~~

( /lr!~3- )

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Cond uctivity O)..¡iJ'{Of

tf t \ ¡;~~
. ~~ .J~ ú~~.fI~1~tJ) fP 212
.,,/ • Measures electnc ~ ~~ ?~~~f--P-FVtvJd'
conductivity (EC) of water ~~ \~~~ WIT~
CO"Y E"::!!;OROHN:CICROIAHOS
APPAOK IMAre DISSOLVIiD SOLIDS

• Higher value means water ~ ~.. '-.. '~·;'':;'' IC'''"",,S ...;,:,:.~~=O"~S

is a better electrical t .... ~ ,

- p.."
conductor .... .. ¡;;­
" ~

• Increases when more salt >< .~

·o :;;

Q~
2ª..
ltJ
~
(e.g" sodium chloride) is ... elz
dissolved in water
~
~ uo
•
b
>­ ::::>
<>
'"
• Indirect measure of salinity ~ : •
8z

• Units are Ilmhos/cm at 25° .,~

Ir
·
• ·..
e ~
{\
~

C or Ilsiemens/cm
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 Conductivity at Barton Springs

• Specific conductance is an indication of the hardness of water. The specific
conductance declines in spring water when rainfall enters tlíe aquifer and later
discharges in the spring. Below is a graph demonstrating this effect in Barton
Springs. Rainfall is indicated in red, and specific conductance in blue. . \
-;~c~c.¡';' ~~
~ 0.< BARTOHSPRIN~:"~:bC!:;CONDUCTANCE ~'J-W.-)tf¡J (3?rfrv... Ex ­
090

~ "­

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~~
680

. . 015

,%4 !
610

E
0°,: 660 ~
2­ ~ j
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o
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o
015 640
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CIl
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0. 1

!!30

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620

o 6 10

~~ª~~~H~~~§~~~H~~H~~~H~~~~~~~~~
Dale (mldd/yy)

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\ I

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t?rfe~~\C!cA ~ ~.

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 2/5/2014

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~-fr-'PU'~ h ts kdl//};s z;~ ~~s

Sal inity
Salts in Sea Water
CJ/tiCao lcium 0- 17) Potasium(1.13%) 101051 0
M agnes i u~ (3 .65)
Other (0.6%) oh$
• Classification of Ground Water
• Composition Based on Total Dissolved

Solids Content

Type of Water Dissolved salt content (mg/I)

Fresh water < 1,000 mg/I
Brackish water 1,000 - 3,000 mg/I
Moderatly saline 3,000 - 10,000 mg/I Salts in Seawater
water
Highly saline water 10,000 - 35,000 mg/I
Sea water > 35,000 mg/I

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Dissolved Oxygen ~o~

~ C~lA-A~ I~~ ~_.

• Amount of gaseous oxygen

(02) dissolved in water
• Oxygen gets into water by
diffusion from the
surrounding air, by aeration¡
and through photosynthesis wa'""body

• DO range from 0-18 mg/I f

bottom sediment
• Need 5-6 mg/I to support a

diverse population

• DO < 2 mg/I - Hypoxia

°0 !I 10 15 20

Thanks to Phil Brown

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2/5/2014

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~~~~~.
_ ~ el~ fi/;;e/é~'~ .fé y4¡o.- /eo/oc--) "'- /~ •
A- ~ ~/eCC¡CJlA h/ k; ~ ~j ( /~ ,e.r7f~
(),ff"'(
,~~ [k-:
Turbidity
~ /l
1éy..-ky..v/~ rf~,~
pJ. ~ pfr"¡'(JtH­
• Mea su red in N ephelo metric ~ RmnONAtmENOS Of ffiBH OA[R F~H ACllVIWm ruRBlD1IY VAlUBANO n~E /Y-
Turbidity Units (NTU) ~ j.
• Estimates light scattering by
suspended particles
• Photocell set at 90 0 to the direction
~
~t
R ~~
of light beam to estimate scattered ~
~
rather than absorbed light
• Good correlation with
concentration of particles in water

HOURS
I DAVS
liME ----1.~
WEEKS MONTHS

cf¡~f 'ttewfo

HF Scientific MicroTPI
- Turbidity Meter YSI556 MPS
Thanks to Phil Brown

14
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~/t/- ~.,0. ~ A-u. kA--A J-t.o

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~~
ry.e~a...e..t..'t:T)A.

Water Uses
Use Typica l quality parameters

I Public Water Supply Tu rb idity, TOS, inorgan ic and

organic com pou nds, microbes
2 Water contact recreation Tu rbidity, bacteria, toxic
compounds
l; Fish propagation and wildl ife DO, chlorinated o rganic
compoun ds
4- Industrial water supply Suspended and dissolved
constituents
5 Agricultural water supply Sod ium, TOS

& Shellfish harvesting DO, bacteria

3 - /Jofo?-~'~ ,Le ~?cef

! A-. v~k ¡¿Ive5'-f;.e
4 _ k')~A~:~~h A ¿:t~
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1
 2/5/2014

Periodic Ta ble of the Elements

lA btll2 "Ctli!!:Dllitn: S!bQ!.!t CQm
7­
-
;--¡-
...,..
e 2012 Todd Helmensttne
H Aboul Chemlstry

--....
He
2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A
--~

- - ..,.- ---el ­ -
3
Li Be
4
B
6
C N
7
•
O .;
F .­
tf6,07
....... ..........
90121&2 10.111

""""
'400157

-"'""'­
11 12 13
S~
15
_... Z
Na
22518D7f19

-~
19
Mg

--
,,,""
20
3B
21
4B
22
5B
23
6B
24
7B
25
OOOOOO .;}\ OOOOOO
26 27

-
2a - --- .......
­- -
lB
29
2B
30
Al
26.9815386
AIumInum
31
a_

Ge ~
P
3Oe13712
w
S
31005
'''w
34
Sr .,.
- -"". . _. ;. K'r
K Ca Se Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Se
,."" ,,"""', ...... ........, ...,. ..... "..
..
40.07' .....855912 1,7 .1167 50.9<115 51.511961 58933 195 OJ.... 69 ,723

""- """"'
3a "
5alfldi\nl Titllnium VllfllKli um Ch rOO'ium MallQllnfllle ,~
"""'. "-", l ioe Ga l~um

~-
.,,"
- --;0 -­.... ..
37 39 40 41 42 43 45 46 47 4a 49 50

. .....Y Sb T:t i
--Rb
"..,.
Sr
SlIonIllm
~

Yltrium
Zr
9 1 224
Z;,cooium
Nb
.,,..,.
N;obi um
Mo
95."
IIIotytxIo.",""
Te
"'1
T"" hfllllium
Ru
10101
RUll'oeniu m
Rh
102,90!55O
Rhodi um
Pd
105,42
Palllldium
Ag
I07S6B2
Sitver
Cd
112 .4 11
CedlTlium
In
114.111'
I"d ium
Sn
11a.1I0
r. "" ':
.;.
-
55 56 57-7 1 72 73 74 75 76 77 7a 79 80 al a2 83
Cs Ba Hf Ta Re Os Ir Au Hg Pb Bi Al
-
W pt TI
13211(6.4519
c-...
137321 178.49 1&0.947811 183 ,&01 1&62(17 190.23 192.217 195.0&4 196.866.569 200.59 20<1 .3&33 207'
l_ ,..""'" II1II
I. "",hanj~

89-103
Hólfnium Tant.."'m T"'"9slen
-~ """~ lridium ""Ilru.m GoOd """'o Th¡¡iJivrn Bi ~ th

87 88 10. 105 106 107 l oa 109 110 111 112 113 114 11 5 11 6
'" ú:o
Fr
,- ...... "".,-
[223J

i'1a;;'1c~ Lanthanides
Ra
",.,
Rf
[2<"
R<CI>eI10M0"'"

57
La
138. ~7
Ob
"..,
Oubnl.."

Ce
58

140. 116
Sg
[271 [
Salborgium

59
Pr
140 .110765
Bh
[272)
Bohllum

60
Nd
14-4 .2<42
-~
Hs
~7q

61
Pm
[1<451
Mt
~7~
,...".¡....

62
Sm
150.36
Os

63
Eu
--
[2811
0''''''__

15196<4
.. Rg
""'l

Gd
64
- Cn
"..,
Cqlemicium

65
Tb
154.92535
Uut
~..j
Ununt,¡,...,

66
Oy
182.500
FI
[2891
, -~

67
Ho
164 .93032
Uup
,'
'.1",","",,,,,,

68
Er
Lv
1'93'
l ....,morium

69
Tm
1.!J8. ~21
Uus
..... 1"::"
70
Yb
m ...
71
Lu
17<49683
u nlhantlm c.riom ~ ~"""" Neodymium PlOITI&I hiurn Samarilm Europium
157.25
GodoIlr.i \IfTI Tfll biu m Dy..prOllll.nl HoIm um ,­100
187.259
Thuli um Ylle,bh n¡ Lutllh¡m

'~Jo5
a9 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 101 102 103

.
-
Ae Th Pa Np

-- I ...... 1_- ...

U Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

-- -
Actinides
I"n 232""" 23.!JJ)2891
~J"
~, .'n 12<471
~'. ~'"
~'" "'_""IA
2310l5.!J8 ""j [2S2[ 12112)
Ad'_ Pluton"'m 'M_ '250' c..........
"""""
u...,~ Neploolum 8efkelium c.llfotmum ~elnium

1 Altcalr Metals 1 AJka[me

Earth
Tr~n:t:~n I Baste Melal I Semi M.... Non Mmal Lanthanldes I Actlnides I
( l t
H~/l NO

t
¡jtl1 1t:~ ( tft~ 1efp..{

~? ~.p-

IIL

16

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 2/5/2014

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~ d a~ ~/-~'CÁ\~ / )' e/ ¿t~
~~/m.-~

Abunda nce of Dissolved Constit uents

in Surface and Ground Water
• Majar Canstit uent s -/ ¿'u+k /é?okA-fi~~~S
(>5mg/L) , (> 5~/~)

-Ca - ~éJ

;;>

- Mg ~> ;t/~V--€~~

- Na ~ ../J~'o

_ el ..--¿ oh.rt)

- Si -.;> 5Gk't!J'o

- SOl-- sulfate -7 ~fO r •

- H2eo 3 - carbon ic acid ? ~ ~¿:u'"'cdó~eo

- He0 3- - bicarbonat e -¿ d<.ear:f"~~7G

17

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 2/5/2014

/J~rvc/a~~'~ ~ eo~~~k1 J~¿ftS

~ el a~ ~Cu'J)' e/ ~ ~~//';~

Abundance of Dissolved Constituent s

in Surface and Ground Water
• Minar Canstituents -7 ~~~~1-I.:;fs ~~,Aef
(0.01-10 mg/L) !é?¿;1 - /0 ~/R)
- B -7 6oro
_ K -i> /o?S'JO
_ F __) ~S';tGro
_ Sr -) esTn:n-Le;;
_ Fe ~ ¡;e/rO

- C0 32- - ca rbonate -7 O¡;:t../:;fo 'J(¿L:J;

- N0 3 - - nitrate --:P <?u~;tb

18
 2/5/2014

4¿<:~/~j¿J,_X-U~ ~ ~~?-<-€~~ Jc~ft5'

tZr-a-
l'

~ d ~\J ) e/~ ~~~

Abundance of Dissolved Constituents

in Surface and Ground Water
• Trace Constituents ~ Lb~ ?<-é'ds- tZv-C<;Jv-A.o~r'
« 0.1 mg/I) ( < 17.1 ry/e) - Pb - /e ""-'-<>

- Al "7 ~~~·o - Mn ., ~~v2¡:O

- As -7 ¿:U'.!eP-Co - Ni ? ~'~

- Ba -7 ,6tNt-\o - Se 7 ~'Yu.;P,

- Br ~ k~ - Ag 7> ~ft..-
_ Cd ? &/~'t7 _ Zn -7> ?"U..c
- Co '7 Coó.aej;; - others ,....;> () T/() $

- Cu -7 &~

19
 2/5/2014

r 2
-- &~ . \ ,
- ~~ /a.-r tL () ~ s &x. tC-()~JI tCf,fa. ~ f?o--­
~~'~ru~ 7~t ~~
4J:eY:-/7A~Je ~X- ~uce ,fé a~~~/
ecz¡;~~S

Water Cla ssification

• How?
- Compare ions with ions using chemical equivale nce
- Making sure anions and cations ba lance
- Use of diagrams and models
• Why?
- Helps define origin of the water
- Indicates residence time in the aquifer
- Aids in defining the hydrogeology
- Defines suitability
 2/5/2014

4Ju.e'e0 ~ 7~/J~~~ ~=<-~~ ~

_ és d¿:?:.~&'.¡::,i Fr~'eo ~ ~S ~S~

h ~ ;;u.6/é/ht-~
__ k é!o~2Á-~t!.-G~ h ¿ 'O"keS" dIIí!!!! ~
()Aer/" ~,Lbs /;Ye¡uP~~ ) /' ¡6-dr:

What is Chemical Equ ivalence?

• Chemical analysis of groundwater samples

- Concentrations of ions are reported by
• weight (mg/L)
• chemical equivalence (meq/L)

• Takes into account ionic charge

&e-e.~~t!/1fY,. G;d/I"~ ~
I '

• Eguivalent Concentration -7
a~ ce;v7/7J-C. i,I!w..
. eoncentration
Equwalent eoncentration = - ~
-t., (FOrmUla wei9 ht) - { ,~~~_uQ, J
(lCJl<-ee",,h-cloJ. ~/"'.kte Charge I

.. ?eX; jUt; /R)

• ~'~xez~ rú-{ 'J4-q'CA- (1<1?j /--i')
~

~ 0uJz~ k
- //eJ,A..€ e~ ,<.-'{)~C"'L

21
 2/5/2014

Periodic Table of the Elements

1A 8A

-
hilo IIchemlstrv about com
---,-
~
!ti 2012 Todd Hel menslin e

- _mH
I .OO7ao'

3
2A
4
Abou t Chemistry

3A

B
4A
6
5A
7

,,- -- ....­
6A
6
7A

F
-. ­ ­
Li Be C N O
"'., 8012182 10.a" ,fO,07 '40081
o._
""""" "*- ""­
"
... ~i .... ­
'2 13 '5 '6
Ar
Na ,.Mg
,,,,,,,.
-.. 1- -
'9 20
3B
2'
4B
22
5B
23
6B
24
7B
25
000000
26
"\)!,oooooo
27 28
1B
2.
2B
30
Al
2&.8815386
~~

31 - --,,-,; --..... ...Kr

P
.....
a- JO''''''
S
u'"'
34
el

- .:.:.-Sb ....Te ­ -i ­­
O',...e
K Ca Se Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Se Br

-.. .
"...,
37
"""
CoOOOm
36
44955912
5 caooium
39
. 7.867
Tila", um
40
SO.9415
V~um

4'
SU96 1
CNomium
<2
".,.""
MIIr>9'IMa.
43
55.a.5
"00
"
53833 195

""'"
45
.....
58." "

46
03.'"
"-"'
47
""

Z. .

'8
•.n J
Galliu m
49 50
-'LO'.
~
- -
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Te Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn
", ........ ,,,,, ,,"""
At -.;.-

.".
"'" "" 101 01
"'""'" 10842 112.411

-"'"
107.8682 " 48111
1115 .710

..
SlIUIlI"... Ynrium Zifcn<~um Niobium Mcll _ Teclmellum Rulhenhlm Rhodi um Pa lladium S llvet' cadrTium Indiu m Ti"

..... - ­
55 56 57-71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 8' 82 83
Cs Ba Hf Ta Re Os Ir Au Hg TI Pb Bi Po
132I1C15-tSl
c..Nm .......
137.321
L¡¡r¡jh¡¡nida<
1111.49
H¡,ln ium
1&O, i04 783
W
ISJ.~
Tur>gsten
186.20 7
RI\etliurn
190.Z3
O&n1um
19'2.217
lridilm
Pt
195.084
Pta linum ....
196966569 200.59 "".3833
""­
lO" .... " .::
Tilnl..lum MefCUIY ThlJlhum
"""
87 88 89-103 10' 105 '06 107 108 ' 09 110 11 1 112 113 11 4 " 5
u;;,
116
U;;'
Fr Ra Rf Ob Sg Bh Hs Mt Os
...
Rg Cn Uut FI Uup Lv
, - .......,
"'"
"231
Ad.,iOOs ""~
1'1_""......
57
La
'''''
Dubnium

Ce
58
[271}
StlltOOrglum

59
Pr
[mi
Butlrtum

6D
Nd
'"''
-~

Pm
61
[27S[
Mflltlllll ium

Sm
62
-~
[281[

63
Eu
[21101

6'
Gd
_~
"'.
Copo"nlci um

65
Tb
""1
UI1unt,il,m

66
Oy
,--
"" 1
67
Ho
O'"
,-~

68
Er
[2831
LÑltf1llOIium

Tm
89
­ .....

Yb
70
:..=..
71
Lu
Lanthanides 1389(15.47
Lanllla ""m
89
1401HI
"",,,m
90
1«1.1I07S5
Pr.-,."" "",
1 4~ 2 ~2

~nium

92
11451
Prorr..thlum
93
150.J!J
S" mari...-n
94
151964
Europlum
95
157 .25
Gadd inlum
96
153.92535
Terbó um
97
""", ...
USVXIO
~
1&4.93032
HoImium
9S
107.2159
E,_
t tl1U342 1
Thulium
101
"'""
'l"tlefbiUIlI

102
17~ .9G58

Lutetium
103
9' 9B '00
Ae Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk ef Es Fm Md No Lr

-- I.-... 1--
Actinides

I AIk." Metals
J22~
........"

I
232." ' "
.......m

Alkahne
--
23103588

Transition
Meta l
238.02891
..........,
I
-~

Basic Metal
"'~

I
""1
PIuIonIum

SemI .....
O" O'~

""""'"
"'~
-,~
[251]

"""""'""" ...........
12'21

Lanlha nides
,,.~

,~

I
"'."_'".......
AChnldel I
1""1
-... ~
"""

Earth Non .....'

22

23
 2/5/20 14

íi{.R;,& L ~~~

IeKJ~/~
r

- ~u.e~¿~CcH e/e/~fo ~¡;;~.~ r

~~ h aTo~S)7 fo~~s:/<-~s
0k~

Formula weight
• Formula weight
- Multiply atomic weight by # of atoms and add together

• E.g.,
- Formula weight of water

H2 0 =2*(Atomic Wt of H} + 1*(Atomic Wt of O)

2*(1.008} + 1 *(16) =18.01

Atomic Weight (Relative atomic mass) is a dimensionless physical quantity, the ratio

of the average mass of atoms of an element to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of

carbon-12

- AJá pr~ M ~ : fz O H
·!ko ~ :2* ¡/el<? afo~'~ hf4'~).{?~)-; 1 ?f/~fo
~~~ .reeP 04je>4/ () )
: 2x I~ 00 f) r -' ,¡l (16)::: /f· oJ
j' f /"">/. / . . // Cbx;f~q/
(ekJ /I~~'eo ~M rr-q~771tt ¿;¿'}'o~~ ~ ~
t • )
/ ;

f;fr;¿CcA
~~ d<..~xsy~ ues I ,&".. ~4c.e~ 4 ~ ~ft'-.­
~~~o 4 ~;rbU4!)) 4 ax e;ft-<.At2:J-<-~ ~ :t.!/.z dP A 23
~ Le ¿eX ctfo~ .Le ~ZÁ-O - /~
 8a~~C€ Yo~~
2/5/2014

_ ¡¿. Z;Loj ¿~ )t)V-e) ~ élo/'ree~~'2Á-7é

dR;fr~~¿s /or ~~ ~/'O-.To/l.'o . I

- á k~ h ~f' ~¿~S ~~ P2./- ~

o.. ~ h~ A ~J a~~s (Z;;~ ~
~~/,e)

Ion Balance

• If all ions are correctly determined by a lab

- sum of cations shou ld equal sum of anions (all in

meq/L)

• Errors in analysis and chemical reactions i~

samples
- 5% difference is considered acceptable
- > 5%, question the lab results

,
- Los ~ el' a~g:.os
€/"/O,-er ! ?'t"a.c?c;/o<7<€S
:¡~I~'ea~ ~ Iíu t7U'vPc;1zy
- ¡J1{, 570 /i ~¡;'KX~O- 0j ~~ ~:/~
~~6;€
> 5'fr / ~.5"¡f;7PA- ~s <re~4~ /e/
k~l'a-To~ré) .
24
 2/5/2014

¿, , Calculating Equ ivalence

2~1U.fZf;v /uJ.~ e3/€')<..{'..reo.....

Parameter
Sandstone Aquifer
For instance:- r re~ I

The atomic wt. of Sodium ~e.to a~ ~

mg!L Meq/L
fC4t;o
Na+ 19 0.827
(valence of one) = 22.989 (Yi7Mua¡¡;. .c ~ ) =
CI' 13 0.367 22·i/1
SO/o 7 0.146 And its charge is one -) I Á- ~ ¡¿ fta
Ca2+ 88 4,391 i Dividing the concentratio~ of
M g2+ 7.3 0.6 sodium in the sample (19 mg/L)
HC0 3-
by its "combining wt." = 0.827
, 320 5.245
meq/L or its equivalent
A
". p'V ." Total Anions r./ 5.758 concentration .
,A .L' 5.818
U /f0" Total Cations ( tt J

% Difference 1% ·~~fo~ <s:-/-'

10 ~¡eI'€v...C1t>. Concentration 19
Equivalent Concentration = -- = 0.827
(FOrmula weight) (22.¡89)
Charge

&u.(!Q~fael.~
~'Yd¡;~

.¡ htv/~~ ~ &v<-d~~~ Ld j'odí.-o M) ~ ~

~;;;~ (19 ~/¿) / ~ ~ // #s;o ~t<A.-5¡~ Ir;:

25
?J . f.2( fUl.f!' ji (/ fo- ~cJ2VvkCt~ e?-«\~xA
 Use of Diagrams

• There numerous types of diagrams on which

anions and cations (in Meq/L) can be plotted .
These include:
- Piper
- Stiff
- Pie
- Schooler sdookv

- Depth Profile - /e+·e ~rr¡Ah~

26
 J¿~ ~ KH 2/5/2014

k &1Á-~~ Le ~~J ~ ;c-~~s

Á ~ ¡Li~er~ Le k-- vu-¡;:&-f (~ )(¿¿k-c~~'

1 ~5 t7-~u€5 .JU,.c ¡[/'rAró a. 4 ~~ a..,.

/]/U e; ¡,el

Na + K L--._--'...J....i...-'-!-J.--.L-1--'--'---------L----.J el
ea He03
• Concentrations of Mg so.
Fe C03
cations are plotted to
the left of the vertical
axis and anions are
plotted to the right
(meq/L)
• The points are
connected to form a
polygon.
• Waters of similar
quality have distinctive
shapes.

- ~:;- ~:R-~> .í~ Ú~¿f' ~~ fo~ UYL

-;k~U-o .
_ k A-~ A: &J{~ ;:<'~~I t;e'-v.e2Á--fo-~
tla/'ClC-hK 's;;t3óJ' ~~.~ /

27
 2/5/2014

Stiff Diagrams in Cyprus

SttffDlagram

Shlt Dagram t (_ J

+­ t.

28

2/
 2/5/2014

Pie Diagrams
¡f~fi/C ~'sCb.-
Igneous VOIcanic
Sandstone Aquifer

:=j ItbU1~'~
~~ ~~~{)
Calcium bicarbonate water Magnesium bicarbonate water ~/v JI , 1/
"'Iuvlum A/úv;;;t
. Na
. Na . ea
. ea DMg
DMg Da
Da . 504
. 804 . HC03
. HC03 . ""'3
. ""'3

Sodium chloride water Sodium-calcium bicarbonate

water with nitrates

1/; e ;6/'"t.C. ro h k ~o

~ ¿CM- ""U-<..·;/~rbs:.
~~~~ex-4 ~
~c:..e.-O _ ..4:>~~

29

3D

 ¿:~~'='~ tf!o-v<-<J2 k 'o hP ¿Zr -4: 2/5/2014

~r l/e/~ ~ ~ MSkS¡oe.r' /f'.r//)

Average Composition of
¡J rSea Water and Mississippi River water
ro~~fo ~ h lUdí IIr
L-"t<-r/~ Iff~¡{;'
T~ Seal]lvaterl1mg/L)11l
Ca~ M grn ____ HC03~
S04m...:: ""'" ,...:::---­
Sea water Mississippi River
Parameter
(mg/L) water (mglL)
Na 10,500 20

Cl 19,000 24

S04 2,700 51

Ca 410 38

Mg 390 10
M i ssi ssi pp i~ ive rl]lvat er~ m g/L)1i
HC0 3 142 113

M gl1l

30
 2/5/2014

(]~~ u ~ ~.!Ter~~ ~

ÁfiK:.1A-frs II-~fero.s

Ground Water Quality in Different Aquifers

fgneous/
Sandstone Limestone Shale with Alluvium
Parameter Volcanic
Aquifer Aquifer Salts (Farmland)
Aquifer

pH 7.5 7.8 6.5 7.1 7.4

Na 19 29 184 1220 114

el 13 53 6 1980 / 30

S04 7 60 7 1000 74

ea 88 144 34 353 64

Mg 7.3 55 242 159 19

He0 3 320 622 1,300 355 402

N0 3 0.4 0.3 0.2 2.4 60

J ¡ { f ! j
¡gr~ Mio IltXu'tzro ~'.foro 4~¡e~
file ~;..; q;>
Mes
~
4&V/d
1/re'KA.'s~ (]~¡p.., I ,esr;)~ (~e~4)
'l~ C!u-Plrvo

31
 2/5/2014

{!K'~'o h ~1e(?c,lO~ /J 4~~

~/tt!<J AR ~ ~e-e

(6~M E/f{ - t:lI)

Aquatic Freshwater Protection Criteria

(USA EPA Guidelin es)

Criteria Recomme¡:¡ded Standard

pH 6.5-9.5

Alkalinity 20 mg/L or more

30 day average 5.5 mglL

Dissolved Oxygen
(warm water fish)

Should not reduce Photosynthesis by

Suspended Solids
more than 10% in the water
(
v
No ftie/7~){ r-e ~'r .e/
e¡éc-~...té ~ ¡O?bs:/;"~s-/.r
~ 1M--~.4/ ~Yo ~ d
a~

E¡;;~r /e~~'X~/!v
JII 6·5- 7-S"
4IaJ9«'~c/ 20 ?'UJ!-f o ' ~

~~k ~ cfta'r ~S- ~/¿

~X:-!fM; ,,~~
(J12c.e.>,ee t:t~ ~)-V!e)
¡; t.'/t;~ Ji<.r;t~/tf
32
 2/5/2014

C~/e/7~J' ~ d 4~ .4
~h~ ~~t7--~ ('&x'4!

(0 úL~J' é!= /!'I ~ 17.14?

Drinking W ater Crit eria

(USA EPA Guidelines)
Criteria Recommended Standard ...- Reason

Coliform Bacteria O colonies/ml Health

pH 6.5-8.5 Aesthetic

Health'

Barium 2 mg/L

Nitrate 10 mg/L Health

Total Dissolved

500 mg/L Taste

Solids

,
{!xp¡-co ,ES$v.../dFff~~~¿ ~~
&cJrc~ cj {lo;;'X/~0u e ~
~l3-fifr~
~.~ .. !.~
§~/efr'~
111
80'rlO ;¿ /-Uf /.e F~

Aíe'/~1o /0 talfe J~

.JOÍ{~S' Toh~ ~() ~/t

J'~r 33
dv~tf~>

)1

 2/5/2014

Table 7.4.2 Hardness Classification of Water (afier Sawyer and McCarty 36)

Hardness, mg!l as CaC0 3 Water c1ass

0-75 Soft
75-150 Moderately hard
150-300 Hard
Over 300 Very hard

T07 04 02

() - :f ~ !vé7V'e (tt;i1A-4/
fj- IJO /hck/7Lc& JU.f~7f cYC/lA.
¡jO- jOO
JulO-­
hM ]00 1'/7 Jv~

34

35
 -'

,E/ ~es;4 "tU ~ ;¡¡6~rrd~

2/5/2014
¡/;:¡fee-Ib> ,t~/;Tcnc~s
_ lf..Jépx..Je ,,(e k:U<.A.4,uJ<-"- ~#"""-
+k~É.EA ~
_ &~/e ~ t'M J'o~~ /d-/"O- d ~J;
.e.r~ "'- era.~ I &:t<--e/'"f) &z;/4'fr-t-u-€K/e
- .¡:;:e¡é~ / ¡H'..fÚ r2V' 4t 9Ub'e.r~ 0 el
L?t:t~.

Groundwater Sampling
• Important Points
- Be sure to take a representative sample
- Make sure samp le bottles are properly rinsed
- Filter and preserve samp les in the field
- Take field measurements with proper equipment
- Store on ice
- Send to a certified water chemistry laboratory within
24 hours of sampling
- Have a qua lity cont rol program with dup licates,
blanks, field blanks, or spiked samp les
¡ ~)
t~Mr;!~(r~
- ktU1.,~ ~ MA2~'~o-;xeJ ~ d &-~
r2tn'L id .er~ ~~~
- 4e~e-e:K-CL7- ¿00' ~~ ~ Lre~
- [''K,l//~r ·
~/rA.Io/7'o ~'~eo .-ee
¿¿ ?<.M.-
~~ eerZ;:¡k~( h~ 4 ~ c2Cf k~
M ?-uv..fs:1J.eo.
~ 7e~ <U.--:- ;Wo?w:- A> ~nJ.& ~'c/.V 35
~ &~a.s / ¡(I~..f/~ptp..s / Oí mCl'eJ'~ a¿(yo~
 2/5/2014

,El /-;I'úesh ~ ~
- aJ~¿Lf e/ ~~' ~V\.- ~ r? I

_ ¡ehr~~ cz/<7U ye/ e.)~*~ f

/~~du)
~~~
- a~ed4-/' e/)0~'~R- h ~~ au. ~

WE LL SAM PLI NG

• Calculate Well Volume:

- Determ ine static water level
- Calculate volume of water in the we ll casing
• Purge t he well :
- A minimum of three casi ng volumes is
recommended. r---t réo.-e~
/'...- - r I~--­

frro~ /oJO
_ ~~ /¿¿/JJ1Lrdd~) e/ ~
- pfJZ. ~~.~ .4 ~~J v~~~
{!OY\-fe ~\~ ~ d jG,I'77// kx rf¿?¿~K­
~~ .

36

31­
 /j~J.s)J' M h ~s~ ~ ~ 2/5/2014

_ éu d (2a-~ !

_ /~ aOK~¡;'U~ r:yeCkfr'e.c....¡ ~A/

oúje'J-<-o ~~:Pu-e¿;bl/ d~M'~
_ ¿ 'Yt..ruf 4.~ ñ:cro/-LO .'
_ e~;4~~~ (f) .' /okO I ~ee:,1 ?-U/ue$'-;'~ I

ANALYSIS OF WATER SAMPLES

• Field:
- pH, specific conductance, temperature,

dissolved oxygen, an d alka li nlty

• laboratory:
- Cations; sodium,. calcium magnesium,
potasslum, and Iron

- Anions: bicarbonate, ca rbonate, su lfate, and

chloride

- Trace Meta ls, Radioactivity

~fd~O , / ¡;'eri'O
. - ,4'U(~ rxe s (-) .' fe~/foua. ~ du-~ NL~ /
~,4/0 I d /7Ú/O '

- ~M,4 rz.....-<R.¡;~ / ~ «.c;4'y, /.50'"

37
 L Xr7 O#'~ e/ Jc;~'o
/ 2/5/2014

_ é/ .JO d<-'o rye~eGJ~ ~ ~ e/~ ~

q-ed:v_j!;j- t: fr~~:¿Z~
-- Los ~Ios d~'?U)s; d~ ~k'K-(:.& Le
fo~'o ~ ~~~To

- Los ~ ~~5:" I ~ ¿;;{ ~~J4¿ 4 ~~

Sodium and Irrigation

• Sodium reacts with so il to reduce perl1)eabil ity.

• Alkali soils - High sodium with carbonate
• Saline soils - High sodium with chlo ride or sul ph ate
• Neither support plant growth
• Sodium Adso rption Ratio (SAR)
~'o
Na
SAR = ----;::::====
~(Ca + Mg)j2

Cr/JA- ~/U¡-V o' ~'¡;'-To

- ~~X--O .k>S"7fexe d ú'Tee..·n-<--<.·e~ 4€ &

¿d&t-~~
_ t!e~8/~ . ~ #-dO/{!/~ h ;;~~ I ~s)
38
 k ZKr&'~ ! d ~'¿¿, 2/5/2014
~~ f2vt ~ftJU-:.e" h ,/;4'0
_ ?I¿::?"eo ~ t:;Á>s
¡{s ft<ehs o.",.... CSc...P

r-r 4 r}O.~ ~h~ Le ~~~ íZz--t

el &x¡e~:,¿, 4:: ~~~

_ ~ ~ ~.ft~4 ~h'/) ~ /b~~

Sodium and Irrigation

• Low-sodium water /'

- Used on all soils with little danger of harmfullevels of

exehangeable sodium.

• Medium-sodium water
- appreciable sodium hazard in eertain fine-textured soils
• High-sod iu m water
- harmfullevels of exehangeable sodium in most soils
- require special soil management su eh as good drainage,
leaehing, and additions of organie matter.
• Very high sod ium water
- unsatisfaetory for irrigatio n unless special aetion is taken,

su eh as addition of gypsum to the so il

a4~~ h/e¡o ~ k-e/o.

 L 2;n~¿Lec'~
/
I ~ kdM'~/
2/5/2014

- ~ &r.<-. 7
~~~ ..& ~~'A/

_ ¡/~~ L ~r/;~0 &.R~

_ ~ e~ ~~~'dó ~L~ ~ il~~'¡

_ ~4 0dlA- ~~/O...4 ~y-¡-(~ 4

~I)é/V/~U'~ I ~NI ~j / Z"7 / a¡/e~
7¿PA/r

Sa linity and irrigation

• Low sali nit y wat er
- used for most crops
• Medium sali nity wat er
- used with moderate amount of leach ing (potatoes,

corn, wheat, oats, and alfalfa)

• High salinity wat er

- Cannot be used on so il s having rest ricted drainage.
• Very high salinity wate r
- Can be used only on ce rtain crops and the n only if

special practices are fo llowed

- 4;u-a- ~ dh ~~k.{~ fe ~~~

"" No r-4 k,r- ú..~ ~ ¡gs ~s J

lf¿ut~ kx ~?Ut-/e --r-esfor-'~?-,~ /.db·~

1'/O¡Wo~·~'41 · /
- ,4~ &x.. n.7
a.e~ ~~z<-<-'4 -té M~~
- /áe~ W a~ A~~x-7f ~ &erhS' &Je~ I

! My; K' ~Ii~ {2;?eC/~ ~ .kjU<>~.., . 40

 Arsenic in Groundw ater

• Long-t erm expos ure to arsenic fron] dri nking

water is directly linked to :
- Cancer of the skin, lu ngs, urinary bladder and kidneys.
- Acute gastroint estinal and card iac da mage as we ll as
vascular disorders such as blackfoot disease.
- Sub-Iethal effects include diabetes, keratosis, heart
disease and high blood pressure .
• Toxicity is depende nt on diet and hea lth, but is
cumulative. Arsenic is excreted very slowly by the
body through deposition in the hair and nai ls.
 //9-{..;fecP otJA-~i 2/5/2014

kk~~ (lis) .
.. hu2M Z;~~ ~~~/eX~~J~
d ¿Z,~ h6Te~~ ,
_ O~r/-€ ¿;L~~~~ ~ ¿F a ~¡2-/t:>s
_ J¿h~~S ~¿J>~;/ár ~6J //"S'/~
á. joJA-tl.1 h /~x-;fc~'e2A-fo ,4 ~'X-;iilaj

BACKGROU ND
• Arsenic (As)
- toxic metal widespread in groundwater
• Occurs widely in aquifers
- deltaic sediments near mountain up lift zones
- deep sandy aquifer layers originating as riverine, 'lake

or coasta I deposits.

- Ganges, Mekong and Red Rive r deltas, sandy alluvial

deposits in South Asia, South East Asia, South

America, and in many parts of North America and

Europe.

-' e~fos ~foR"¿S 4 ~~s cue~cfCs/

O/"G; ~.I7~S Ce U-ú) '&s h/,,;';ft,s FV/d",6'J
/ /t~ ~ &; /7~~I/~t:o-/CJs; or Cfo~7é;-os .

.. ~s p{é/~S' /k ¿S' /7~S G'd7.eJ/ ~KCP{7 I +/

~ h/oy.'jÓ$" Cv-eJ-U)J<>S ¿v/i>;6.r.

42

43
 k ¿"><-h~·?<-<'Le,.I~~ ,4-./J2:U'co 2/5/2014

_ ES',(~ arfo~ &rR # ~~ ~ye~f ~#C30S r­

(es!d-'frio s ) ¡Zue7h-;A.~S) /ec'dr ~ t:~~¿~dU/

r'~~~'Yt?6 ~ .' r
.-1 ~/o5 ~r-M ~~~ S" / O

- E5:~lt>s "%V'-r~<%~ ,ce frer/"O 7;;

Arsenic Contamination

• Assoeiated with fluetuat ing wateL tables and .

flooding eveles partieularlv in

- Acidic sulfate soils or

- Iron and/or manganese-enriched layers,

- saline-Iayered aquifers

• Levels in wate r supplies ean varv through a

year adding to the diffieulties of identifieation
and monitoring.

1&LtA 7 2A.f2 ~ I

- 4~¡e/OS" &>{. 0>-,/aS J',dl~r

-- ¿s- ~rJlejs ~ ~S' ~ ~'~ 'S'hS' ~ ¿;¿~ /

~dkx ¡/a/'--;o/ ~ ~~.J' ,(e c<-x 4~/ a;CtJ{,~e.;

~[f 4 ~ Á¡;:~~~ ,(e ?A~~r~cy~ ?

~~¡;~ . 43
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Drinking Water Standards

• Worldwide 50 ppb limit (1942)

• US EPA
- Acceptab le mortality = 1 death per 1,000 people
for carcinogens

- Lifetime risk from exposure to 50 ppb As

• 13 cancer-related deaths per year per 1000 peop le

(1992)
- Current standard = 10 ppb standard

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Arsenic in the United States

• USGS analyzed US water quality dªta

• 10 ppb level exceeded by 8% of publ ic ground
waters tested
• EPA estimates that the 10 ppb ru le affects
about 4,000 water systems
• "Hotspots" of high co ncentration
- Central New England
- Midwest
- Western states.
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Arsenic in the United States

Arsenic concentrations in at least

25% of samples exceed:
• 50 ug/L D Insufficien t
• 10 data
,­
5

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~ USGS
Hawaii \"

46
 2/5/2014

Chemistry

• Arsenic has t he ability to switch betwe~n two

valency forms,

- AS3+ and AsS+.

• AS3+
- more soluble and more likely to be abso rb ed t han ASs+
- This switching prope rty makes detection and
/ measurement difficu lt and f requ ently unreliable

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Su mmary

• Sampling Plan
Field Measured Parameters
- pH
- Alkalinity
- Conductance
- Salinity
- Dissolved Oxygen

- Turbidity

• Chemical Equivalence
• Laboratory OA/QC
• Diagrams
- Piper
- Stiff
• Water Quality Classification
• Irrigation Water
- Sodium
- Salinity
• Arsenic

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