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    Formula Sheet Ctb3365Dwx - Drinking Water: Element Atomic Mass Element Atomic Mass

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    Giancarlo Raúl Manrique Villarreal
    The document provides relevant formulas and tables for drinking water chemistry. Table 1 lists atomic masses of common elements in water. Table 2 gives dynamic and kinematic viscosity values at different temperatures. Equilibrium reactions for calcium carbonate are provided. Figures show relationships between CO2-HCO3 and Ca-pH. Tables 3-5 list coefficients for gases in water like kD values, air composition, and gas efficiencies. Relevant formulas are provided for Henry's law, the universal gas law, gas transfer, degassing, filtration, sedimentation, and more.

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    Formula Sheet Ctb3365Dwx - Drinking Water: Element Atomic Mass Element Atomic Mass

    Uploaded by

    Giancarlo Raúl Manrique Villarreal
    40 views4 pages
    The document provides relevant formulas and tables for drinking water chemistry. Table 1 lists atomic masses of common elements in water. Table 2 gives dynamic and kinematic viscosity values at different temperatures. Equilibrium reactions for calcium carbonate are provided. Figures show relationships between CO2-HCO3 and Ca-pH. Tables 3-5 list coefficients for gases in water like kD values, air composition, and gas efficiencies. Relevant formulas are provided for Henry's law, the universal gas law, gas transfer, degassing, filtration, sedimentation, and more.

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    The document provides relevant formulas and tables for drinking water chemistry. Table 1 lists atomic masses of common elements in water. Table 2 gives dynamic and kinematic viscosity values at different temperatures. Equilibrium reactions for calcium carbonate are provided. Figures show relationships between CO2-HCO3 and Ca-pH. Tables 3-5 list coefficients for gases in water like kD values, air composition, and gas efficiencies. Relevant formulas are provided for Henry's law, the universal gas law, gas transfer, degassing, filtration, sedimentation, and more.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    40 views4 pages

    Formula Sheet Ctb3365Dwx - Drinking Water: Element Atomic Mass Element Atomic Mass

    Uploaded by

    Giancarlo Raúl Manrique Villarreal
    The document provides relevant formulas and tables for drinking water chemistry. Table 1 lists atomic masses of common elements in water. Table 2 gives dynamic and kinematic viscosity values at different temperatures. Equilibrium reactions for calcium carbonate are provided. Figures show relationships between CO2-HCO3 and Ca-pH. Tables 3-5 list coefficients for gases in water like kD values, air composition, and gas efficiencies. Relevant formulas are provided for Henry's law, the universal gas law, gas transfer, degassing, filtration, sedimentation, and more.

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    Formula sheet CTB3365DWx - Drinking water

    Table 1 – Atomic mass of the most important elements in water chemistry.


    Element Atomic mass Element Atomic mass
    H 1.01 S 32.07
    C 12.01 Cl 35.45
    N 14.01 K 39.10
    O 16 Ca 40.08
    F 19 Mn 54.94
    Na 22.99 Fe 55.85
    Mg 24.30 As 74.92
    Al 26.98 Pb 207.20
    P 30.97

    Table 2 - Dynamic and kinematic viscosity as a function of temperature.


    Temperature [°C] Dynamic viscosity Kinematic viscosity
    [10-3 Pa·s] [10-6 m2/s]
    0 1.79 1.79
    5 1.52 1.52
    10 1.31 1.31
    15 1.15 1.15
    20 1.01 1.01
    25 0.90 0.90
    30 0.80 0.80

    Equilibrium reactions calcium carbonate (at 10oC):


    CO2 + 2H2O <--> H3O+ + HCO3- K1 = 3.44·10-7 pK1 = 6.46
    HCO3- + H2O <--> H3O+ + CO32- K2 = 3.25·10-11 pK2 = 10.49
    2+ 2-
    CaCO3 <--> Ca + CO3 Ks = 4.37.10-9 pKs = 8.36
    2+ -
    CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O <--> Ca + 2HCO3 Ka = 4.68·10-5 pKa = 4.33
    ( K values at T = 10°C )
    pHs = pK2 - pKs – log([HCO3-][Ca2+])

    Figure 1. Tillmans-curves (on the left the relation CO2-HCO3-, on the right the relation Ca-pH)
    Table 3 - kD-values for different gases as a function of temperature.
    kD 0°C 10°C 20°C
    Nitrogen 0.023 0.019 0.016
    Oxygen 0.049 0.041 0.033
    Methane 0.055 0.043 0.034
    Carbon dioxide 1.710 1.230 0.942
    Hydrogen sulphide 4.690 3.650 2.870
    Tetrachloroethene - 3.380 1.880
    Trichloroethene - 4.100 2.390
    Chloroform - 9.620 5.070

    Table 4 – Composition of air in volume% at 10 °C and under atmospheric pressure (101325 Pa).
    Gas Composition [volume percentage]
    Nitrogen 78.084
    Oxygen 20.948
    Argon 0.934
    Carbon dioxide 0.034
    Methane 0.0001

    Table 5 – Efficiency coefficient k of different gases as a function of the weir height (h).

     
     
    Relevant formulas gases in water:
    Henry’s law cw = equilibrium concentration of a gas in water [g/m3]
    𝑐! = 𝑘! ∙ 𝑐! kH = kD = Henry’s constant or distribution coefficient [-]
    cg = concentration of the gas in air [g/m3]
    Universal gas law p = partial pressure of gas in gas phase [Pa]
    𝑝 R = universal gas constant = 8.3142 [J/(K⋅mol)]
    𝑐! =   ∙ 𝑀𝑊
    𝑅∙𝑇 T = air temperature [K]
    MW = molecular weight of a gas [g/mol]
    Gas transfer 𝑑𝑐! cw = concentration of a gas in water [g/m3]
    = 𝑘! ∙ (𝑐! − 𝑐! )
    𝑑𝑡 k2 = gas transfer coefficient [s-1]
    (𝑐! − 𝑐! ) cs = saturation concentration [g/m3]
    = 𝑒 (!!! ∙!)
    (𝑐! − 𝑐!,! )
    Relevant formulas degassing
    Efficiency equation plug flow k2 = gas transfer coefficient [s-1]
    with constant gas (!!! ∙!)
    𝐾! = 1 −   𝑒
    concentration in air
    Efficiency cascade 𝑐!,! − 𝑐!,! k = efficiency for each step [-]
    𝐾 =  
    𝑐! − 𝑐!,! n = number of steps
    = 1 − (1 − 𝑘)!
    Weir loading qw = weir loading [m3/m⋅h]
    𝑄!
    𝑞! =   Qw = discharge [m3/h]
    𝐿!"##
    Lnett = total weir length [m]
    Height falling water jet ! t = fall time water jet
    ℎ =   ! ∙ 𝑔 ∙ 𝑡 !
    g = gravity constant [m/s2]
    Thickness falling water jet d = thickness falling water jet [m]
    𝑄! !
    𝑑! = Qw = discharge [m3/s]
    𝑔 ∙ 𝐿!"## g = gravity constant [m/s2]
    Velocity falling water jet 𝑄! v0 = velocity falling water jet
    𝑣! =
    𝐿!"## ∙ 𝑑
    Distance 𝑥 = 𝑣! ∙ 𝑡

    Relevant formulas filtration


    Carman-Kozeney I0 = initial resistance gradient [-]
    equation H0 = head [m]
    L = bed height [m]
    𝐻! 𝜈 (1 − 𝑝! )! 𝑣 ν = kinematic viscosity [m2/s]
    𝐼! = = 180 ∙ ∙ ∙ !
    𝐿 𝑔 𝑝! ! 𝑑! = 1.31 ⋅10-6 m2/s (T = 10 oC)
    p0 = initial porosity [-]
    v = velocity [m/s]
    d0 = diameter grain [m]
    Resistance during 𝜈 !.! (1 − 𝑝! )!.! 𝑣 !.! Le = height of expanded filter bed [m]
    backwashing 𝐻 = 130 ∙ ∙ ∙ !.! ∙ 𝐿! pe = porosity expanded bed [-]
    𝑔 𝑝! ! 𝑑
    Maximum ρf = mass density filter material [kg/m3]
    𝜌! − 𝜌!
    resistance 𝐻!"# = (1 − 𝑝) ∙ 𝐿 ∙ ρw = mass density water [kg/m3]
    𝜌!
    p = porosity
    Relevant formulas sedimentation
    Stokes’ equation vs = settling velocity [m/s]
    g = gravity constant [m/s2]
    1 𝑔 𝜌! − 𝜌! ! ν = kinematic viscosity [m2/s]
    𝑣! = ∙ ∙ ∙𝑑
    18 𝜈 𝜌! ρs = specific density of particle [kg/m3]
    ρw = mass density water [kg/m3]
    d = diameter of spherical particle [m]
    Horizontal flow 𝑄 B = width of the tank [m]
    𝑣! =
    velocity 𝐵∙𝐻 H = height of the tank [m]
    Surface loading 𝑄 L = length of the tank [m]
    𝑠! =
    𝐵∙𝐿
    Reynolds number 𝑣! ∙ 𝑅 R = hydraulic radius of settling tank [m]
    𝑅𝑒 =
    𝜈 ν = kinematic viscosity [m2/s]
    Camp number 𝑣! ! g = gravity constant [m/s2]
    𝑐! =
    𝑔∙𝑅

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