Scaffold and Fall Protection PDF

Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR)
Drawings and Illustrations. - 1926 Subpart L App E
Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR) - Table of Contents
• Part Number: 1926

• Part Title: Safety and Health Regulations for Construction
• Subpart: L
• Subpart Title: Scaffolds
• Standard Number: 1926 Subpart L App E
• Title: Drawings and Illustrations.
This Appendix provides drawings of particular types of scaffolds and scaffold components,
and graphic illustrations of bracing patterns and tie spacing patterns.
This Appendix is intended to provide visual guidance to assist the user in complying with the
requirements of subpart L, part 1926.
(For Figure 1, Click Here)

[61 FR 46025, Aug. 30, 1996; 61 FR 59831, Nov. 25, 1996]

Scaffold Specifications - 1926 Subpart L App A

• Subpart: L
• Standard Number: 1926 Subpart L App A
• Title: Scaffold Specifications
This Appendix provides non-mandatory guidelines to assist employers in complying with the
requirements of subpart L of this part. An employer may use these guidelines and tables as a
starting point for designing scaffold systems. However, the guidelines do not provide all the
information necessary to build a complete system, and the employer is still responsible for
designing and assembling these components in such a way that the completed system will
meet the requirements of 1926.451(a). Scaffold components which are not selected and
loaded in accordance with this Appendix, and components for which no specific guidelines
or tables are given in this Appendix (e.g., joints, ties, components for wood pole scaffolds
more than 60 feet in height, components for heavy-duty horse scaffolds, components made
with other materials, and components with other dimensions, etc.) must be designed and
constructed in accordance with the capacity requirements of 1926.451(a), and loaded in
accordance with 1926.451(d)(1).
Index to Appendix A for Subpart L
1. General guidelines and tables.

2. Specific guidelines and tables.
(a) Pole scaffolds:

Single-pole wood pole scaffolds.
Independent wood pole scaffolds.
(b) Tube and coupler scaffolds.
(c) Fabricated frame scaffolds.
(d) Plasterers', decorators' and large area scaffolds.
(e) Bricklayers' square scaffolds.
(f) Horse scaffolds.
(g) Form scaffolds and carpenters' bracket scaffolds.
(h) Roof bracket scaffolds.
(i) Outrigger scaffolds (one level).
(j) Pump jack scaffolds.
(k) Ladder jack scaffolds.
(l) Window jack scaffolds.
(m) Crawling boards (chicken ladders).
(n) Step, platform and trestle ladder scaffolds.
(o) Single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds.
(p) Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds.
(q)(1) Stonesetters' multi-point adjustable suspension
scaffolds.
(q)(2) Masons' multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds.
(r) Catenary scaffolds.
(s) Float (ship) scaffolds.
(t) Interior hung scaffolds.
(u) Needle beam scaffolds.
(v) Multi-level suspension scaffolds.
(w) Mobile scaffolds.
(x) Repair bracket scaffolds.
(y) Stilts.
(z) Tank builders' scaffolds.
1. General Guidelines and Tables
(a) The following tables, and the tables in Part 2 -- Specific guidelines and tables, assume
that all load-carrying timber members (except planks) of the scaffold are a minimum of 1,500
lb-f/in(2) (stress grade) construction grade lumber. All dimensions are nominal sizes as
provided in the American Softwood Lumber Standards, dated January 1970, except that,
where rough sizes are noted, only rough or undressed lumber of the size specified will satisfy
minimum requirements.
(b) Solid sawn wood used as scaffold planks shall be selected for such use following the
grading rules established by a recognized lumber grading association or by an independent
lumber grading inspection agency. Such planks shall be identified by the grade stamp of such
association or agency. The association or agency and the grading rules under which the wood
is graded shall be certified by the Board of Review, American Lumber Standard Committee,
as set forth in the American Softwood Lumber Standard of the U.S. Department of
Commerce.
(i) Allowable spans shall be determined in compliance with the National Design
Specification for Wood Construction published by the National Forest Products Association;
paragraph 5 of ANSI A10.8-1988 Scaffolding-Safety Requirements published by the
American National Standards Institute; or for 2 x 10 inch (nominal) or 2 x 9 inch (rough)
solid sawn wood planks, as shown in the following table:
_______________________________________________
| |
Maximum | Maximum | Maximum
intended | permissible | permissible
nominal | span using | span using
load | full thickness | nominal
(lb/ft(2)) | undressed | thickness
| lumber (ft) | lumber (ft)
______________|________________|_______________
| |
25............| 10 | 8
50............| 8 | 6
75............| 6 |
______________|________________|_______________
(ii) The maximum permissible span for 1 1/4 x 9-inch or wider wood plank of full thickness
with a maximum intended load of 50 lb/ft.(2) shall be 4 feet.
(c) Fabricated planks and platforms may be used in lieu of solid sawn wood planks.
Maximum spans for such units shall be as recommended by the manufacturer based on the
maximum intended load being calculated as follows:
_____________________________________________________________________
|
Rated load capacity | Intended load
________________________|___________________________________________
|
Light-duty..............| * 25 pounds per square foot applied
| uniformly over the entire span area.
Medium-duty... .........| * 50 pounds per square foot applied
Heavy-duty..............| * 75 pounds per square foot applied
One-person..............| * 250 pounds placed at the center of
| the span (total 250 pounds).
Two-person..............| * 250 pounds placed 18 inches to the
| left and right of the center of the
| span (total 500 pounds).
Three-person............| * 250 pounds placed at the center of
| the span and 250 pounds placed 18
| inches to the left and right of the
| center of the span (total 750 pounds).
________________________|___________________________________________
Note: Platform units used to make scaffold platforms intended for light-duty use shall be
capable of supporting at least 25 pounds per square foot applied uniformly over the entire
unit-span area, or a 250-pound point load placed on the unit at the center of the span,
whichever load produces the greater shear force.
(d) Guardrails shall be as follows:
(i) Toprails shall be equivalent in strength to 2 inch by 4 inch lumber; or
1 1/4 inch x 1/8 inch structural angle iron; or

1 inch x .070 inch wall steel tubing; or 1.990 inch x .058
inch wall aluminum tubing.
(ii) Midrails shall be equivalent in strength to 1 inch by 6 inch lumber; or
1 1/4 inch x 1 1/4 inch x 1/8 inch structural angle iron; or

1 inch x .070 inch wall steel tubing; or
1.990 inch x .058 inch wall aluminum tubing.
(iii) Toeboards shall be equivalent in strength to 1 inch by 4 inch lumber; or
1 1/4 inch x 1 1/4 inch structural angle iron; or

(iv) Posts shall be equivalent in strength to 2 inch by 4 inch lumber; or
1 1/4 inch x 1 1/4 inch x 1/8 structural angle iron; or

(v) Distance between posts shall not exceed 8 feet.
(e) Overhead protection shall consist of 2 inch nominal planking laid tight, or 3/4-inch
plywood.
(f) Screen installed between toeboards and midrails or toprails shall consist of No. 18 gauge
U.S. Standard wire one inch mesh.
2. Specific guidelines and tables.
(a) Pole Scaffolds.
Single Pole Wood Pole Scaffolds

_______________________________________________________________________
| | | |
| Light duty | Light duty | Medium duty | Heavy duty
| up to 20 | up to 60 | up to 60 | up to 60
| feet high | feet high | feet high | feet high
__________________|____________|____________|_____________|____________
| | | |
Maximum intended | | | |
load | | | |
(lbs/ft(2))......|25......... |25......... |50.......... |75
| | | |
Poles or uprights |2 x 4 in... |4 x 4 in... |4 x 4 in.... |4 x 6 in.
| | | |
Maximum pole | | | |
spacing | | | |
(longitudinal)...|6 feet..... |10 feet.... |8 feet...... |6 feet
| | | |
spacing | | | |
(transverse).....|5 feet..... |5 feet..... |5 feet...... |5 feet
| | | |
Runners...........|1 x 4 in... |1 1/4 x 9 in|2 x 10 in... |2 x 10 in.
| | | |
Bearers and | | | |
maximum spacing | | | |
of bearers: | | | |
| | | |
3 feet...... |2 x 4 in... |2 x 4 in... |2 x 10 in.. |2 x 10 in.
| | | or 3 x 4 in.| or 3 x 5 in.
5 feet...... |2 x 6 in. or|2 x 6 in. or|2 x 10 in. or|2 x 10 in.
|3 x 4 in... | 3 x 4 in.. | 3 x 4 in....| or 3 x 5 in.
| | (rough). | |
6 feet...... |........... |........... |2 x 10 in. or|2 x 10 in.
| | | 3 x 4 in....| or 3 x 5 in.
8 feet...... |........... |........... |2 x 10 in. or|
| | | 3 x 4 in....|..........
| | | |
Planking..........|1 1/4 x 9 in|2 x 10 in.. |2 x 10 in....|2 x 10 in.
| | | |
Maximum vertical | | | |
spacing of | | | |
horizontal | | | |
members. |7 feet......|9 feet......|7 feet.......|6 ft. 6 in.
| | | |
Bracing | | | |
horizontal.... |1 x 4 in....|1 x 4 in....|1 x 6 in. or |2 x 4 in.
| | | 1 1/4 x 4 in|
| | | |
Bracing diagonal..|1 x 4 in....|1 x 4 in....|1 x 4 in.....|2 x 4 in.
| | | |
Tie-ins...........|1 x 4 in....|1 x 4 in....|1 x 4 in.....|1 x 4 in.
__________________|____________|____________|_____________|___________
Note: All members except planking are used on edge. All wood bearers shall be reinforced
with 3/16 x 2 inch steel strip, or the equivalent, secured to the lower edges for the entire
length of the bearer.
Independent Wood Pole Scaffolds
______________________________________________________________________
| | | |
| Light duty | Light duty | Medium duty | Heavy duty
| up to 20 | up to 60 | up to 60 | up to 60
| feet high | feet high | feet high | feet high
_________________|____________|____________|_____________|____________
| | | |
Maximum intended | | | |
load.......... |25 lbs/ft(2)|25 lbs/ft(2)|50 lbs/ft(2) |75 lbs/ft(2).
| | | |
Poles or uprights|2 x 4 in....|4 x 4 in....|4 x 4 in.....|4 x 4 in.
| | | |
spacing | | | |
(longitudinal). |6 feet......|10 feet.....|8 feet.......|6 feet.
| | | |
Maximum | | | |
(transverse).. |6 feet......|10 feet.....|8 feet.......|8 feet.
| | | |
Runners......... |1 1/4 x 4 in|1 1/4 x 9 in|2 x 10 in....|2 x 10 in.
| | | |
Bearers and | | | |
maximum spacing | | | |
of bearers: | | | |
| | | |
3 feet...... |2 x 4 in....|2 x 4 in....|2 x 10 in....|2 x 10 in.
| | | | (rough).
6 feet...... |2 x 6 in. or|2 x 10 in.. |2 x 10 in....|2 x 10 in.
| 3 x 4 in...| (rough) or | | (rough).
| | 3 x 8 in. | |
8 feet...... |2 x 6 in. or|2 x 10 in.. |2 x 10 in....|........
| 3 x 4 in...| (rough) or | |
| | 3 x 8 in. | |
10 feet..... |2 x 6 in. or|2 x 10 in.. | |
| 3 x 4 in...| (rough) or | |
| | 3 x 3 in.. |.............|........
| | | |
Planking........ |1 1/4 x 9 in|2 x 10 in...|2 x 10 in....|2 x 10 in.
| | | |
Maximum vertical | | | |
spacing of | | | |
horizontal | | | |
members. |7 feet......|7 feet......|6 feet.......|6 feet.
| | | |
Bracing | | | |
horizontal.... |1 x 4 in....|1 x 4 in....|1 x 6 in. or |2 x 4 in.
| | |1 1/4 x 4 in.|
Bracing diagonal.|1 x 4 in....|1 x 4 in....|1 x 4 in.....|2 x 4 in.
| | | |
Tie-ins......... |1 x 4 in....|1 x 4 in....|1 x 4 in.....|1 x 4 in.
_________________|____________|____________|_____________|___________
Note: All members except planking are used on edge. All wood bearers shall be reinforced
with 3/16 x 2 inch steel strip, or the equivalent, secured to the lower edges for the entire
length of the bearer.
(b) Tube and coupler scaffolds.
Minimum Size of Members

__________________________________________________________________
| | |
| Light duty | Medium duty | Heavy duty
___________________|______________|_______________|_______________
| | |
Maximum intended | | |
load............. |25 lbs/ft(2) |50 lbs/ft(2)...|75 lbs/ft(2).
| | |
Posts, runners and | | |
braces........... |Nominal 2 in. |Nominal 2 in. |Nominal 2 in.
|(1.90 inches) |(1.90 inches) |(1.90 inches)
|OD steel |OD steel tube |OD steel tube
|tube or pipe. |or pipe. |or pipe.
| | |
Bearers............|Nominal 2 in. |Nominal 2 in. |Nominal 2 1/2 in.
|(1.90 inches) |(1.90 inches)..|(2.375 in.).
| | |
|OD steel tube |OD steel tube |OD steel tube
|or pipe and a |or pipe and a |or pipe and a
|maximum post |maximum post |maximum post
|spacing of |spacing of |spacing of
|4 ft. x 10 ft.|4 ft. x 7 ft. |6 ft. x 6 ft.
| |or Nominal |
| |2 1/2 in. |
| |(2.375 in.). |
| |OD steel tube |
| |or pipe and a |
| |maximum post |
| |spacing of |
| |6 ft. x8 ft.(*)|
| | |
Maximum runner | | |
spacing | | |
vertically....... |6 ft. 6 in.. |6 ft. 6 in.....|6 ft. 6 in.
___________________|______________|_______________|______________
Footnote(*) Bearers shall be installed in the direction of the
shorter dimension.
Note: Longitudinal diagonal bracing shall be installed at an angle of 45 deg. (+/- 5 deg.).
Maximum Number of Planked Levels

_____________________________________________________________________
| |
| Maximum number of |
| additional planked levels | Maximum
|____________________________| height of
| Light | Medium | Heavy | scaffold
| duty | duty | duty | (in feet)
__________________________|_________|_________|________|_____________
| | | |
Number of Working Levels: | | | |
1..................... | 16 | 11 | 6 | 125
2..................... | 11 | 1 | 0 | 125
3..................... | 6 | 0 | 0 | 125
4..................... | 1 | 0 | 0 | 125
__________________________|_________|_________|________|_____________
(c) "Fabricated frame scaffolds." Because of their prefabricated nature, no additional

guidelines or tables for these scaffolds are being adopted in this Appendix.
(d) "Plasterers', decorators', and large area scaffolds." The guidelines for pole scaffolds or
tube and coupler scaffolds (Appendix A (a) and (b)) may be applied.
(e) "Bricklayers' square scaffolds."
Maximum intended load: 50 lb/ft.(2)(*)
__________
Footnote(*) The squares shall be set not more than 8 feet apart for
light duty scaffolds and not more than 5 feet apart for medium duty
scaffolds.
Maximum width: 5 ft.

Maximum height: 5 ft.
Gussets: 1 x 6 in.
Braces: 1 x 8 in.
Legs: 2 x 6 in.
Bearers (horizontal members): 2 x 6 in.
(f) Horse scaffolds.
Maximum intended load (light duty): 25 lb/ft.(2)(**)
__________
Footnote(**) Horses shall be spaced not more than 8 feet apart for
light duty loads, and not more than 5 feet apart for medium duty
loads.
Maximum intended load (medium duty): 50 lb/ft.(2)(**)
__________
Footnote(**) Horses shall be spaced not more than 8 feet apart for
light duty loads, and not more than 5 feet apart for medium duty
loads.
Horizontal members or bearers:
Light duty: 2 x 4 in.

Medium duty: 3 x 4 in.
Legs: 2 x 4 in.
Longitudinal brace between legs: 1 x 6 in.
Gusset brace at top of legs: 1 x 8 in.
Half diagonal braces: 2 x 4 in.
(g) "Form scaffolds and carpenters' bracket scaffolds."
(1) Brackets shall consist of a triangular-shaped frame made of wood with a cross-section not
less than 2 inches by 3 inches, or of 1 1/4 inch x 1 1/4 inch x 1/8 inch structural angle iron.
(2) Bolts used to attach brackets to structures shall not be less than 5/8 inches in diameter.
(3) Maximum bracket spacing shall be 8 feet on centers.
(4) No more than two employees shall occupy any given 8 feet of a bracket or form scaffold
at any one time. Tools and materials shall not exceed 75 pounds in addition to the occupancy.
(5) Wooden figure-four scaffolds:
Maximum intended load: 25 lb/ft.(2)

Uprights: 2 x 4 in. or 2 x 6 in.
Bearers (two): 1 x 6 in.
Braces: 1 x 6 in.
Maximum length of bearers (unsupported): 3 ft. 6 in.
(i) Outrigger bearers shall consist of two pieces of 1 x 6 inch lumber nailed on opposite sides
of the vertical support.
(ii) Bearers for wood figure-four brackets shall project not more than 3 feet 6 inches from the
outside of the form support, and shall be braced and secured to prevent tipping or turning.
The knee or angle brace shall intersect the bearer at least 3 feet from the form at an angle of
approximately 45 degrees, and the lower end shall be nailed to a vertical support.
(6) Metal bracket scaffolds:

Uprights: 2 x 4 inch
Bearers: As designed.
Braces: As designed.
(7) Wood bracket scaffolds:

Uprights: 2 x 4 in or 2 x 6 in
Bearers: 2 x 6 in
Maximum scaffold width: 3 ft 6 in
Braces: 1 x 6 in
(h) "Roof bracket scaffolds." No specific guidelines or tables are given.
(i) "Outrigger scaffolds (single level)." No specific guidelines tables are given.
(j) "Pump jack scaffolds." Wood poles shall not exceed 30 feet in height. Maximum intended
load -- 500 lbs between poles; applied at the center of the span. Not more than two
employees shall be on a pump jack scaffold at one time between any two supports. When 2 x
4's are spliced together to make a 4 x 4 inch wood pole, they shall be spliced with "10 penny"
common nails no more than 12 inches center to center, staggered uniformly from the
opposite outside edges.
(k) "Ladder jack scaffolds." Maximum intended load -- 25 lb/ft(2). However, not more than
two employees shall occupy any platform at any one time. Maximum span between supports
shall be 8 feet.
(l) "Window jack scaffolds." Not more than one employee shall occupy a window jack
scaffold at any one time.
(m) "Crawling boards (chicken ladders)." Crawling boards shall be not less than 10 inches
wide and 1 inch thick, with cleats having a minimum 1 x 1 1/2 inch cross-sectional area. The
cleats shall be equal in length to the width of the board and spaced at equal intervals not to
exceed 24 inches.
(n) "Step, platform, and trestle ladder scaffolds." No additional guidelines or tables are given.
(o) "Single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds." Maximum intended load -- 250 lbs. Wood
seats for boatswains' chairs shall be not less than 1 inch thick if made of non-laminated
wood, or 5/8 inches thick if made of marine quality plywood.
(p) "Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds." (1) In addition to direct connections to

buildings (except window cleaners' anchors) acceptable ways to prevent scaffold sway
include angulated roping and static lines. Angulated roping is a system of platform
suspension in which the upper wire rope sheaves or suspension points are closer to the plane
of the building face than the corresponding attachment points on the platform, thus causing
the platform to press against the face of the building. Static lines are separate ropes secured at
their top and bottom ends closer to the plane of the building face than the outermost edge of
the platform. By drawing the static line taut, the platform is drawn against the face of the
building.
(2) On suspension scaffolds designed for a working load of 500 pounds, no more than two
employees shall be permitted on the scaffold at one time. On suspension scaffolds with a
working load of 750 pounds, no more than three employees shall be permitted on the scaffold
at one time.
(3) Ladder-type platforms. The side stringer shall be of clear straight-grained spruce. The
rungs shall be of straight-grained oak, ash, or hickory, at least 1 1/8 inches in diameter, with
7/8 inch tenons mortised into the side stringers at least 7/8 inch. The stringers shall be tied
together with tie rods not less than 1/4 inch in diameter, passing through the stringers and
riveted up tight against washers on both ends. The flooring strips shall be spaced not more
than 5/8 inch apart, except at the side rails where the space may be 1 inch. Ladder-type
platforms shall be constructed in accordance with the following table:
Schedule for Ladder-Type Platforms

_____________________________________________________________________
| | |
Length of Platform.|12 feet..........|14 & 16 feet.....|18 & 20 feet.
Side stringers, | | |
minimum cross | | |
section | | |
(finished sizes): | | |
At ends........ |1 3/4 x 2 3/4 in.|1 3/4 x 2 3/4 in.|1 3/4 x 3 in.
At middle...... |1 3/4 x 3 3/4 in.|1 3/4 x 3 3/4 in.|1 3/4 x 4 in.
Reinforcing strip |
(minimum)........ |A 1/8 x 7/8 inch steel reinforcing strip shall be
| attached to the side or underside, full length.
Rungs..............|Rungs shall be 1 1/8 inch minimum diameter with
| at least 7/8 inch in diameter tenons, and the
| maximum spacing shall be 12 inches to center.
Tie rods: | | |
Number (minimum). |3................|4................|4
Diameter | | |
(minimum)...... |1/4 inch.........|1/4 inch.........|1/4 inch
Flooring, minimum | | |
finished size.... |1/2 x 2 3/4 in...|1/2 x 2 3/4 in...|1/2 x 2 3/4 in.
___________________|_________________|_________________|______________
Schedule for Ladder-Type Platforms

_____________________________________________________________________
| |
Length of Platform.........|22 & 24 ft..........|28 & 30 ft.
Side stringers, minimum | |
cross section (finished | |
sizes): | |
At ends................ |1 3/4 x 3 in........|1 3/4 x 3 1/2 in.
At middle.............. |1 3/4 x 4 1/4 in....|1 3/4 x 5 in.
Reinforcing strip (minimum)|A 1/8 x 7/8-inch steel reinforcing
| strip shall be attached to the side
| or underside, full length.
Rungs......................|Rungs shall be 1 1/8 inch minimum
| diameter with at least 7/8 inch in
| diameter tenons, and the maximum
| spacing shall be 12 inches to center.
| Tie rods.
| |
Number (minimum)....... |5...................|6.
Diameter (minimum)..... |1/4 in..............|1/4 in.
Flooring, minimum finished | |
size..................... |1/2 x 2 3/4 in......|1/2 x 2 3/4 in.
___________________________|____________________|____________________
(4) Plank-Type Platforms. Plank-type platforms shall be composed of not less than nominal 2
x 8 inch unspliced planks, connected together on the underside with cleats at intervals not
exceeding 4 feet, starting 6 inches from each end. A bar or other effective means shall be
securely fastened to the platform at each end to prevent the platform from slipping off the
hanger. The span between hangers for plank-type platforms shall not exceed 10 feet.
(5) Beam-Type Platforms. Beam platforms shall have side stringers of lumber not less than 2
x 6 inches set on edge. The span between hangers shall not exceed 12 feet when beam
platforms are used. The flooring shall be supported on 2 x 6 inch cross beams, laid flat and
set into the upper edge of the stringers with a snug fit, at intervals of not more than 4 feet,
securely nailed to the cross beams. Floor-boards shall not be spaced more than 1/2 inch apart.
(q)(1) "Multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds and stonesetters' multi-point adjustable

suspension scaffolds." No specific guidelines or tables are given for these scaffolds.
(q)(2) "Masons' multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds." Maximum intended load -- 50

lb/ft(2). Each outrigger beam shall be at least a standard 7 inch, 15.3 pound steel I-beam, at
least 15 feet long. Such beams shall not project more than 6 feet 6 inches beyond the bearing
point. Where the overhang exceeds 6 feet 6 inches, outrigger beams shall be composed of
stronger beams or multiple beams.
(r) "Catenary scaffolds." (1) Maximum intended load -- 500 lbs.
(2) Not more than two employees shall be permitted on the scaffold at one time.
(3) Maximum capacity of come-along shall be 2,000 lbs.
(4) Vertical pickups shall be spaced not more than 50 feet apart.
(5) Ropes shall be equivalent in strength to at least 1/2 inch (1.3 cm) diameter improved plow
steel wire rope.
(s) "Float (ship) scaffolds." (1) Maximum intended load -- 750 lbs.
(2) Platforms shall be made of 3/4 inch plywood, equivalent in rating to American Plywood
Association Grade B-B, Group I, Exterior.
(3) Bearers shall be made from 2 x 4 inch, or 1 x 10 inch rough lumber. They shall be free of
knots and other flaws.
(4) Ropes shall be equivalent in strength to at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) diameter first grade
manila rope.
(t) Interior hung scaffolds.
Bearers (use on edge): 2 x 10 in.

Maximum intended load: Maximum span
25 lb/ft.(2): 10 ft.
50 lb/ft.(2): 10 ft.
75 lb/ft.(2): 7 ft.
(u) "Needle beam scaffolds."

Beams: 4 x 6 in.
Maximum platform span: 8 ft.
Maximum beam span: 10 ft.
(1) Ropes shall be attached to the needle beams by a scaffold hitch or an eye splice. The
loose end of the rope shall be tied by a bowline knot or by a round turn and a half hitch.
(2) Ropes shall be equivalent in strength to at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) diameter first grade
manila rope.
(v) "Multi-level suspension scaffolds." No additional guidelines or tables are being given for
these scaffolds.
(w) "Mobile Scaffolds." Stability test as described in the ANSI A92 series documents, as
appropriate for the type of scaffold, can be used to establish stability for the purpose of
1926.452(w)(6).
(x) "Repair bracket scaffolds." No additional guidelines or tables are being given for these
scaffolds.
(y) "Stilts." No specific guidelines or tables are given.
(z) "Tank builder's scaffold."
(1) The maximum distance between brackets to which scaffolding and guardrail supports are
attached shall be no more than 10 feet 6 inches.
(2) Not more than three employees shall occupy a 10 feet 6 inch span of scaffold planking at
any time.
(3) A taut wire or synthetic rope supported on the scaffold brackets shall be installed at the
scaffold plank level between the innermost edge of the scaffold platform and the curved plate
structure of the tank shell to serve as a safety line in lieu of an inner guardrail assembly
where the space between the scaffold platform and the tank exceeds 12 inches (30.48 cm). In
the event the open space on either side of the rope exceeds 12 inches (30.48 cm), a second
wire or synthetic rope appropriately placed, or guardrails in accordance with 1926.451(e)(4),
shall be installed in order to reduce that open space to less than 12 inches (30.48 cm).
(4) Scaffold planks of rough full-dimensioned 2-inch (5.1 cm) x 12-inch (30.5 cm) Douglas
Fir or Southern Yellow Pine of Select Structural Grade shall be used. Douglas Fir planks
shall have a fiber stress of at least 1900 lb/in(2) (130,929 n/cm(2)) and a modulus of
elasticity of at least 1,900,000 lb/in(2) (130,929,000 n/cm(2)), while Yellow Pine planks
shall have a fiber stress of at least 2500 lb/in(2) (172,275 n/cm(2)) and a modulus of
elasticity of at least 2,000,000 lb/in(2) (137,820,000 n/cm(2)).
(5) Guardrails shall be constructed of a taut wire or synthetic rope, and shall be supported by
angle irons attached to brackets welded to the steel plates. These guardrails shall comply with
1926.451(e)(4). Guardrail supports shall be located at no greater than 10 feet 6 inch intervals.
[61 FR 46025, Aug. 30, 1996]

Criteria for Determining the Feasibility of Providing Safe Access and Fall Protection for
Scaffold Erectors and Dismantlers - 1926 Subpart L App B

• Subpart: L
• Standard Number: 1926 Subpart L App B
• Title: Criteria for Determining the Feasibility of Providing Safe
Access and Fall Protection for Scaffold Erectors and
Dismantlers

List of National Consensus Standards. - 1926 Subpart L App C

• Subpart: L
• Standard Number: 1926 Subpart L App C
• Title: List of National Consensus Standards.
ANSI/SIA A92.2-1990 Vehicle-Mounted Elevating and Rotating Aerial
Devices
ANSI/SIA A92.3-1990 Manually Propelled Elevating Aerial Platforms
ANSI/SIA A92.5-1990 Boom Supported Elevating Work Platforms
ANSI/SIA A92.6-1990 Self-Propelled Elevating Work Platforms
ANSI/SIA A92.7-1990 Airline Ground Support Vehicle-Mounted Vertical
Lift Devices
ANSI/SIA A92.8-1993 Vehicle-Mounted Bridge Inspection and
Maintenance Devices
ANSI/SIA A92.9-1993 Mast-Climbing Work Platforms

List of Training Topics for Scaffold Erectors and Dismantlers. - 1926 Subpart L App D

• Subpart: L
• Standard Number: 1926 Subpart L App D
• Title: List of Training Topics for Scaffold Erectors and
Dismantlers.
This Appendix D is provided to serve as a guide to assist employers when evaluating the
training needs of employees erecting or dismantling supported scaffolds.
The Agency believes that employees erecting or dismantling scaffolds should be trained in
the following topics:
* General Overview of Scaffolding
* regulations and standards

* erection/dismantling planning
* PPE and proper procedures
* fall protection
* materials handling
* access
* working platforms
* foundations
* guys, ties and braces
* Tubular Welded Frame Scaffolds
* specific regulations and standards

* components
* parts inspection
* fall protection
* general safety
* access and platforms
* erection/dismantling procedures
* rolling scaffold assembly
* putlogs
* Tube and Clamp Scaffolds

* components
* parts inspection
* fall protection
* general safety
* buttresses, cantilevers, & bridges
* System Scaffolds

* components
* parts inspection
* fall protection
* general safety
* buttresses, cantilevers, & bridges
Scaffold erectors and dismantlers should all receive the general overview, and, in addition,
specific training for the type of supported scaffold being erected or dismantled.

Authority for 1926 Subpart M - 1926 Subpart M

• Subpart: M
• Subpart Title: Fall Protection
• Standard Number: 1926 Subpart M
• Title: Authority for 1926 Subpart M
• Appendix: A, B, C, D, E
Authority: Sec. 107, Contract Work Hours and Safety Standards Act (Construction Safety
Act) (40 U.S.C. 333); § 4, 6, 8, Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653,
655, 657); Secretary of Labor's Orders Nos. 1-90 (55 FR 9033), 6-96 (62 FR 111); and 3-
2000 (65 FR 50017), as applicable, and 29 CFR Part 1911.
[59 FR 40730, Aug. 9, 1994; 60 FR 5131, Jan. 26, 1995; 60 FR 39254, Aug. 2, 1995; 66 FR
5265, Jan. 18, 2001]

Scope, application, and definitions applicable to this subpart. - 1926.500

• Subpart: M
• Standard Number: 1926.500
• Title: Scope, application, and definitions applicable to this subpart.
1926.500(a)
Scope and application.
1926.500(a)(1)
This subpart sets forth requirements and criteria for fall protection in construction
workplaces covered under 29 CFR part 1926. Exception: The provisions of this
subpart do not apply when employees are making an inspection, investigation, or
assessment of workplace conditions prior to the actual start of construction work
or after all construction work has been completed.
1926.500(a)(2)
Section 1926.501 sets forth those workplaces, conditions, operations, and

circumstances for which fall protection shall be provided except as follows:
1926.500(a)(2)(i)
Requirements relating to fall protection for employees working on scaffolds are

provided in subpart L of this part.
1926.500(a)(2)(ii)
Requirements relating to fall protection for employees working on certain cranes
and derricks are provided in subpart N of this part.
1926.500(a)(2)(iii)
Fall protection requirements for employees performing steel erection work

(except for towers and tanks) are provided in subpart R of this part.
1926.500(a)(2)(iv)
Section 1926.502 does not apply to the erection of tanks and communication and
broadcast towers. (Note: Section 1926.104 sets the criteria for body belts,
lanyards and lifelines used for fall protection during tank and communication and
broadcast tower erection. Paragraphs (b),(c) and (f) of § 1926.107 provide
definitions for the pertinent terms.)
1926.500(a)(2)(v)
Requirements relating to fall protection for employees engaged in the erection of

tanks and communication and broadcast towers are provided in § 1926.105.
1926.500(a)(2)(vi)
Requirements relating to fall protection for employees engaged in the

construction of electric transmission and distribution lines and equipment are
provided in subpart V of this part.
1926.500(a)(2)(vii)
Requirements relating to fall protection for employees working on stairways and

ladders are provided in subpart X of this part.
1926.500(a)(3)
Section 1926.502 sets forth the requirements for the installation, construction,
and proper use of fall protection required by part 1926, except as follows:
1926.500(a)(3)(i)
Performance requirements for guardrail systems used on scaffolds and

performance requirements for falling object protection used on scaffolds are
provided in subpart L of this part.
1926.500(a)(3)(ii)
Performance requirements for stairways, stairrail systems, and handrails are

provided in subpart X of this part.
1926.500(a)(3)(iii)
Additional performance requirements for personal climbing equipment, lineman's

body belts, safety straps, and lanyards are provided in Subpart V of this part.
1926.500(a)(3)(iv)
Section 1926.502 does not apply to the erection of tanks and communication and
broadcast towers. (Note: Section 1926.104 sets the criteria for body belts,
lanyards and lifelines used for fall protection during tank and communication and
broadcast tower erection. Paragraphs (b),(c) and (f) of § 1926.107 provide
definitions for the pertinent terms.)
1926.500(a)(4)
Section 1926.503 sets forth requirements for training in the installation and use of
fall protection systems, except in relation to steel erection activities.
1926.500(b)
Definitions.
Anchorage means a secure point of attachment for lifelines, lanyards or

deceleration devices.
Body belt (safety belt) means a strap with means both for securing it about the
waist and for attaching it to a lanyard, lifeline, or deceleration device.
Body harness means straps which may be secured about the employee in a
manner that will distribute the fall arrest forces over at least the thighs, pelvis,
waist, chest and shoulders with means for attaching it to other components of a
personal fall arrest system.
Buckle means any device for holding the body belt or body harness closed
around the employee's body.
Connector means a device which is used to couple (connect) parts of the personal
fall arrest system and positioning device systems together. It may be an
independent component of the system, such as a carabiner, or it may be an
integral component of part of the system (such as a buckle or dee-ring sewn into
a body belt or body harness, or a snap-hook spliced or sewn to a lanyard or self-
retracting lanyard).
Controlled access zone (CAZ) means an area in which certain work (e.g.,
overhand bricklaying) may take place without the use of guardrail systems,
personal fall arrest systems, or safety net systems and access to the zone is
controlled.
Dangerous equipment means equipment (such as pickling or galvanizing tanks,
degreasing units, machinery, electrical equipment, and other units) which, as a
result of form or function, may be hazardous to employees who fall onto or into
such equipment.
Deceleration device means any mechanism, such as a rope grab, rip-stitch

lanyard, specially-woven lanyard, tearing or deforming lanyards, automatic self-
retracting lifelines/lanyards, etc., which serves to dissipate a substantial amount
of energy during a fall arrest, or otherwise limit the energy imposed on an
employee during fall arrest.
Deceleration distance means the additional vertical distance a falling employee

travels, excluding lifeline elongation and free fall distance, before stopping, from
the point at which the deceleration device begins to operate. It is measured as the
distance between the location of an employee's body belt or body harness
attachment point at the moment of activation (at the onset of fall arrest forces) of
the deceleration device during a fall, and the location of that attachment point
after the employee comes to a full stop.
Equivalent means alternative designs, materials, or methods to protect against a

hazard which the employer can demonstrate will provide an equal or greater
degree of safety for employees than the methods, materials or designs specified
in the standard.
Failure means load refusal, breakage, or separation of component parts. Load

refusal is the point where the ultimate strength is exceeded.
Free fall means the act of falling before a personal fall arrest system begins to
apply force to arrest the fall.
Free fall distance means the vertical displacement of the fall arrest attachment
point on the employee's body belt or body harness between onset of the fall and
just before the system begins to apply force to arrest the fall. This distance
excludes deceleration distance, and lifeline/lanyard elongation, but includes any
deceleration device slide distance or self-retracting lifeline/lanyard extension
before they operate and fall arrest forces occur.
Guardrail system means a barrier erected to prevent employees from falling to

lower levels.
Hole means a gap or void 2 inches (5.1 cm) or more in its least dimension, in a
floor, roof, or other walking/working surface.
Infeasible means that it is impossible to perform the construction work using a

conventional fall protection system (i.e., guardrail system, safety net system, or
personal fall arrest system) or that it is technologically impossible to use any one
of these systems to provide fall protection.
Lanyard means a flexible line of rope, wire rope, or strap which generally has a
connector at each end for connecting the body belt or body harness to a
deceleration device, lifeline, or anchorage.
Leading edge means the edge of a floor, roof, or formwork for a floor or other
walking/working surface (such as the deck) which changes location as additional
floor, roof, decking, or formwork sections are placed, formed, or constructed. A
leading edge is considered to be an "unprotected side and edge" during periods
when it is not actively and continuously under construction.
Lifeline means a component consisting of a flexible line for connection to an

anchorage at one end to hang vertically (vertical lifeline), or for connection to
anchorages at both ends to stretch horizontally (horizontal lifeline), and which
serves as a means for connecting other components of a personal fall arrest
system to the anchorage.
Low-slope roof means a roof having a slope less than or equal to 4 in 12 (vertical
to horizontal).
Lower levels means those areas or surfaces to which an employee can fall. Such
areas or surfaces include, but are not limited to, ground levels, floors, platforms,
ramps, runways, excavations, pits, tanks, material, water, equipment, structures,
or portions thereof.
Mechanical equipment means all motor or human propelled wheeled equipment

used for roofing work, except wheelbarrows and mopcarts.
Opening means a gap or void 30 inches (76 cm) or more high and 18 inches (48
cm) or more wide, in a wall or partition, through which employees can fall to a
lower level.
Overhand bricklaying and related work means the process of laying bricks and
masonry units such that the surface of the wall to be jointed is on the opposite
side of the wall from the mason, requiring the mason to lean over the wall to
complete the work. Related work includes mason tending and electrical
installation incorporated into the brick wall during the overhand bricklaying
process.
Personal fall arrest system means a system used to arrest an employee in a fall
from a working level. It consists of an anchorage, connectors, a body belt or body
harness and may include a lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline, or suitable
combinations of these. As of January 1, 1998, the use of a body belt for fall arrest
is prohibited.
Positioning device system means a body belt or body harness system rigged to
allow an employee to be supported on an elevated vertical surface, such as a wall,
and work with both hands free while leaning.
Rope grab means a deceleration device which travels on a lifeline and

automatically, by friction, engages the lifeline and locks so as to arrest the fall of
an employee. A rope grab usually employs the principle of inertial locking,
cam/level locking, or both.
Roof means the exterior surface on the top of a building. This does not include
floors or formwork which, because a building has not been completed,
temporarily become the top surface of a building.
Roofing work means the hoisting, storage, application, and removal of roofing
materials and equipment, including related insulation, sheet metal, and vapor
barrier work, but not including the construction of the roof deck.
Safety-monitoring system means a safety system in which a competent person is

responsible for recognizing and warning employees of fall hazards.
Self-retracting lifeline/lanyard means a deceleration device containing a drum-

wound line which can be slowly extracted from, or retracted onto, the drum under
slight tension during normal employee movement, and which, after onset of a
fall, automatically locks the drum and arrests the fall.
Snaphook means a connector comprised of a hook-shaped member with a

normally closed keeper, or similar arrangement, which may be opened to permit
the hook to receive an object and, when released, automatically closes to retain
the object. Snaphooks are generally one of two types:
1926.500(b)(1)
The locking type with a self-closing, self-locking keeper which remains closed
and locked until unlocked and pressed open for connection or disconnection; or
1926.500(b)(2)
The non-locking type with a self-closing keeper which remains closed until
pressed open for connection or disconnection. As of January 1, 1998, the use of a
non-locking snaphook as part of personal fall arrest systems and positioning
device systems is prohibited.
Steep roof means a roof having a slope greater than 4 in 12 (vertical to

horizontal).
Toeboard means a low protective barrier that will prevent the fall of materials
and equipment to lower levels and provide protection from falls for personnel.
Unprotected sides and edges means any side or edge (except at entrances to
points of access) of a walking/working surface, e.g., floor, roof, ramp, or runway
where there is no wall or guardrail system at least 39 inches (1.0 m) high.
Walking/working surface means any surface, whether horizontal or vertical on

which an employee walks or works, including, but not limited to, floors, roofs,
ramps, bridges, runways, formwork and concrete reinforcing steel but not
including ladders, vehicles, or trailers, on which employees must be located in
order to perform their job duties.
Warning line system means a barrier erected on a roof to warn employees that
they are approaching an unprotected roof side or edge, and which designates an
area in which roofing work may take place without the use of guardrail, body
belt, or safety net systems to protect employees in the area.
Work area means that portion of a walking/working surface where job duties are
being performed.
[44 FR 8577, Feb. 9, 1979; 44 FR 20940, Apr. 6, 1979, as amended at 45 FR

75625, Nov. 14. 1980; 55 FR 47687, Nov. 14, 1990; 59 FR 40730, Aug. 9, 1994;
60 FR 5131, Jan. 26, 1995; 60 FR 39254, Aug. 2, 1995; 66 FR 5265, Jan. 18,
2001]

Duty to have fall protection. - 1926.501

• Subpart: M
• Title: Duty to have fall protection.
1926.501(a)
"General."
1926.501(a)(1)
This section sets forth requirements for employers to provide fall protection systems. All fall
protection required by this section shall conform to the criteria set forth in 1926.502 of this
subpart.
1926.501(a)(2)
The employer shall determine if the walking/working surfaces on which its employees are to
work have the strength and structural integrity to support employees safely. Employees shall
be allowed to work on those surfaces only when the surfaces have the requisite strength and
structural integrity.
1926.501(b)
1926.501(b)(1)
"Unprotected sides and edges." Each employee on a walking/working surface (horizontal and
vertical surface) with an unprotected side or edge which is 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above a
lower level shall be protected from falling by the use of guardrail systems, safety net
systems, or personal fall arrest systems.
..1926.501(b)(2)
1926.501(b)(2)
"Leading edges."
1926.501(b)(2)(i)
Each employee who is constructing a leading edge 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above lower levels
shall be protected from falling by guardrail systems, safety net systems, or personal fall arrest
systems. Exception: When the employer can demonstrate that it is infeasible or creates a
greater hazard to use these systems, the employer shall develop and implement a fall
protection plan which meets the requirements of paragraph (k) of 1926.502.
Note: There is a presumption that it is feasible and will not create a greater hazard to
implement at least one of the above-listed fall protection systems. Accordingly, the employer
has the burden of establishing that it is appropriate to implement a fall protection plan which
complies with 1926.502(k) for a particular workplace situation, in lieu of implementing any
of those systems.
1926.501(b)(2)(ii)
Each employee on a walking/working surface 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above a lower level
where leading edges are under construction, but who is not engaged in the leading edge
work, shall be protected from falling by a guardrail system, safety net system, or personal fall
arrest system. If a guardrail system is chosen to provide the fall protection, and a controlled
access zone has already been established for leading edge work, the control line may be used
in lieu of a guardrail along the edge that parallels the leading edge.
1926.501(b)(3)
"Hoist areas." Each employee in a hoist area shall be protected from falling 6 feet (1.8 m) or
more to lower levels by guardrail systems or personal fall arrest systems. If guardrail
systems, [or chain, gate, or guardrail] or portions thereof, are removed to facilitate the
hoisting operation (e.g., during landing of materials), and an employee must lean through the
access opening or out over the edge of the access opening (to receive or guide equipment and
materials, for example), that employee shall be protected from fall hazards by a personal fall
arrest system.
..1926.501(b)(4)
1926.501(b)(4)
"Holes."
1926.501(b)(4)(i)
Each employee on walking/working surfaces shall be protected from falling through holes
(including skylights) more than 6 feet (1.8 m) above lower levels, by personal fall arrest
systems, covers, or guardrail systems erected around such holes.
1926.501(b)(4)(ii)
Each employee on a walking/working surface shall be protected from tripping in or stepping

into or through holes (including skylights) by covers.
1926.501(b)(4)(iii)
Each employee on a walking/working surface shall be protected from objects falling through
holes (including skylights) by covers.
1926.501(b)(5)
"Formwork and reinforcing steel." Each employee on the face of formwork or reinforcing
steel shall be protected from falling 6 feet (1.8 m) or more to lower levels by personal fall
arrest systems, safety net systems, or positioning device systems.
1926.501(b)(6)
"Ramps, runways, and other walkways." Each employee on ramps, runways, and other
walkways shall be protected from falling 6 feet (1.8 m) or more to lower levels by guardrail
systems.
1926.501(b)(7)
"Excavations."
1926.501(b)(7)(i)
Each employee at the edge of an excavation 6 feet (1.8 m) or more in depth shall be protected
from falling by guardrail systems, fences, or barricades when the excavations are not readily
seen because of plant growth or other visual barrier;
..1926.501(b)(7)(ii)
1926.501(b)(7)(ii)
Each employee at the edge of a well, pit, shaft, and similar excavation 6 feet (1.8 m) or more
in depth shall be protected from falling by guardrail systems, fences, barricades, or covers.
1926.501(b)(8)
"Dangerous equipment."
1926.501(b)(8)(i)
Each employee less than 6 feet (1.8 m) above dangerous equipment shall be protected from
falling into or onto the dangerous equipment by guardrail systems or by equipment guards.
1926.501(b)(8)(ii)
Each employee 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above dangerous equipment shall be protected from
fall hazards by guardrail systems, personal fall arrest systems, or safety net systems.
1926.501(b)(9)
"Overhand bricklaying and related work."
1926.501(b)(9)(i)
Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (b) of this section, each employee performing
overhand bricklaying and related work 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above lower levels, shall be
protected from falling by guardrail systems, safety net systems, personal fall arrest systems,
or shall work in a controlled access zone.
1926.501(b)(9)(ii)
Each employee reaching more than 10 inches (25 cm) below the level of the
walking/working surface on which they are working, shall be protected from falling by a
guardrail system, safety net system, or personal fall arrest system.
Note: Bricklaying operations performed on scaffolds are regulated by subpart L - Scaffolds

of this part.
..1926.501(b)(10)
1926.501(b)(10)
"Roofing work on Low-slope roofs." Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (b) of this
section, each employee engaged in roofing activities on low-slope roofs, with unprotected
sides and edges 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above lower levels shall be protected from falling by
guardrail systems, safety net systems, personal fall arrest systems, or a combination of
warning line system and guardrail system, warning line system and safety net system, or
warning line system and personal fall arrest system, or warning line system and safety
monitoring system. Or, on roofs 50-feet (15.25 m) or less in width (see Appendix A to
subpart M of this part), the use of a safety monitoring system alone [i.e. without the warning
line system] is permitted.
1926.501(b)(11)
"Steep roofs." Each employee on a steep roof with unprotected sides and edges 6 feet (1.8 m)
or more above lower levels shall be protected from falling by guardrail systems with
toeboards, safety net systems, or personal fall arrest systems.
1926.501(b)(12)
"Precast concrete erection." Each employee engaged in the erection of precast concrete
members (including, but not limited to the erection of wall panels, columns, beams, and floor
and roof "tees") and related operations such as grouting of precast concrete members, who is
6 feet (1.8 m) or more above lower levels shall be protected from falling by guardrail
systems, safety net systems, or personal fall arrest systems, unless another provision in
paragraph (b) of this section provides for an alternative fall protection measure. Exception:
When the employer can demonstrate that it is infeasible or creates a greater hazard to use
these systems, the employer shall develop and implement a fall protection plan which meets
the requirements of paragraph (k) of 1926.502.
of those systems.
..1926.501(b)(13)
1926.501(b)(13)
"Residential construction." Each employee engaged in residential construction activities 6

feet (1.8 m) or more above lower levels shall be protected by guardrail systems, safety net
system, or personal fall arrest system unless another provision in paragraph (b) of this section
provides for an alternative fall protection measure. Exception: When the employer can
demonstrate that it is infeasible or creates a greater hazard to use these systems, the employer
shall develop and implement a fall protection plan which meets the requirements of
paragraph (k) of 1926.502.
of those systems.
1926.501(b)(14)
"Wall openings." Each employee working on, at, above, or near wall openings (including
those with chutes attached) where the outside bottom edge of the wall opening is 6 feet (1.8
m) or more above lower levels and the inside bottom edge of the wall opening is less than 39
inches (1.0 m) above the walking/working surface, shall be protected from falling by the use
of a guardrail system, a safety net system, or a personal fall arrest system.
1926.501(b)(15)
"Walking/working surfaces not otherwise addressed." Except as provided in 1926.500(a)(2)

or in 1926.501 (b)(1) through (b)(14), each employee on a walking/working surface 6 feet
(1.8 m) or more above lower levels shall be protected from falling by a guardrail system,
safety net system, or personal fall arrest system.
1926.501(c)
"Protection from falling objects." When an employee is exposed to falling objects, the
employer shall have each employee wear a hard hat and shall implement one of the following
measures:
1926.501(c)(1)
Erect toeboards, screens, or guardrail systems to prevent objects from falling from higher
levels; or,
..1926.501(c)(2)
1926.501(c)(2)
Erect a canopy structure and keep potential fall objects far enough from the edge of the
higher level so that those objects would not go over the edge if they were accidentally
displaced; or,
1926.501(c)(3)
Barricade the area to which objects could fall, prohibit employees from entering the
barricaded area, and keep objects that may fall far enough away from the edge of a higher
level so that those objects would not go over the edge if they were accidentally displaced.

Fall protection systems criteria and practices. - 1926.502

• Subpart: M
• Title: Fall protection systems criteria and practices.
1926.502(a)
"General."
1926.502(a)(1)
Fall protection systems required by this part shall comply with the applicable provisions of
this section.
1926.502(a)(2)
Employers shall provide and install all fall protection systems required by this subpart for an
employee, and shall comply with all other pertinent requirements of this subpart before that
employee begins the work that necessitates the fall protection.
1926.502(b)
"Guardrail systems." Guardrail systems and their use shall comply with the following
provisions:
1926.502(b)(1)
Top edge height of top rails, or equivalent guardrail system members, shall be 42 inches (1.1
m) plus or minus 3 inches (8 cm) above the walking/working level. When conditions warrant,
the height of the top edge may exceed the 45-inch height, provided the guardrail system
meets all other criteria of this paragraph.
Note: When employees are using stilts, the top edge height of the top rail, or equivalent
member, shall be increased an amount equal to the height of the stilts.
..1926.502(b)(2)
1926.502(b)(2)
Midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical members, or equivalent intermediate structural

members shall be installed between the top edge of the guardrail system and the
walking/working surface when there is no wall or parapet wall at least 21 inches (53 cm)
high.
1926.502(b)(2)(i)
Midrails, when used, shall be installed at a height midway between the top edge of the
guardrail system and the walking/working level.
1926.502(b)(2)(ii)
Screens and mesh, when used, shall extend from the top rail to the walking/working level and
along the entire opening between top rail supports.
1926.502(b)(2)(iii)
Intermediate members (such as balusters), when used between posts, shall be not more than
19 inches (48 cm) apart.
1926.502(b)(2)(iv)
Other structural members (such as additional midrails and architectural panels) shall be
installed such that there are no openings in the guardrail system that are more than 19 inches
(.5 m) wide.
1926.502(b)(3)
Guardrail systems shall be capable of withstanding, without failure, a force of at least 200
pounds (890 N) applied within 2 inches (5.1 cm) of the top edge, in any outward or
downward direction, at any point along the top edge.
..1926.502(b)(4)
1926.502(b)(4)
When the 200 pound (890 N) test load specified in paragraph (b)(3) of this section is applied
in a downward direction, the top edge of the guardrail shall not deflect to a height less than
39 inches (1.0 m) above the walking/working level. Guardrail system components selected
and constructed in accordance with the Appendix B to subpart M of this part will be deemed
to meet this requirement.
1926.502(b)(5)
Midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical members, solid panels, and equivalent
structural members shall be capable of withstanding, without failure, a force of at least 150
pounds (666 N) applied in any downward or outward direction at any point along the midrail
or other member.
1926.502(b)(6)
Guardrail systems shall be so surfaced as to prevent injury to an employee from punctures or

lacerations, and to prevent snagging of clothing.
1926.502(b)(7)
The ends of all top rails and midrails shall not overhang the terminal posts, except where
such overhang does not constitute a projection hazard.
1926.502(b)(8)
Steel banding and plastic banding shall not be used as top rails or midrails.
1926.502(b)(9)
Top rails and midrails shall be at least one-quarter inch (0.6 cm) nominal diameter or
thickness to prevent cuts and lacerations. If wire rope is used for top rails, it shall be flagged
at not more than 6-foot intervals with high-visibility material.
..1926.502(b)(10)
1926.502(b)(10)
When guardrail systems are used at hoisting areas, a chain, gate or removable guardrail
section shall be placed across the access opening between guardrail sections when hoisting
operations are not taking place.
1926.502(b)(11)
When guardrail systems are used at holes, they shall be erected on all unprotected sides or
edges of the hole.
1926.502(b)(12)
When guardrail systems are used around holes used for the passage of materials, the hole
shall have not more than two sides provided with removable guardrail sections to allow the
passage of materials. When the hole is not in use, it shall be closed over with a cover, or a
guardrail system shall be provided along all unprotected sides or edges.
1926.502(b)(13)
When guardrail systems are used around holes which are used as points of access (such as
ladderways), they shall be provided with a gate, or be so offset that a person cannot walk
directly into the hole.
1926.502(b)(14)
Guardrail systems used on ramps and runways shall be erected along each unprotected side
or edge.
1926.502(b)(15)
Manila, plastic or synthetic rope being used for top rails or midrails shall be inspected as
frequently as necessary to ensure that it continues to meet the strength requirements of
paragraph (b)(3) of this section.
..1926.502(c)
1926.502(c)
"Safety net systems." Safety net systems and their use shall comply with the following
provisions:
1926.502(c)(1)
Safety nets shall be installed as close as practicable under the walking/working surface on
which employees are working, but in no case more than 30 feet (9.1 m) below such level.
When nets are used on bridges, the potential fall area from the walking/working surface to
the net shall be unobstructed.
1926.502(c)(2)
Safety nets shall extend outward from the outermost projection of the work surface as
follows:
____________________________________________________________________
|
Vertical distance from working | Minimum required horizontal
level to horizontal plane |distance of outer edge of net
of net | from the edge of the working
| surface
______________________________________|_____________________________
|
Up to 5 feet ........................ | 8 feet.
More than 5 feet up to 10 feet ...... | 10 feet.
More than 10 feet ................... | 13 feet.
______________________________________|_____________________________
1926.502(c)(3)
Safety nets shall be installed with sufficient clearance under them to prevent contact with the
surface or structures below when subjected to an impact force equal to the drop test specified
in paragraph (c)(4) of this section.
1926.502(c)(4)
Safety nets and their installations shall be capable of absorbing an impact force equal to that
produced by the drop test specified in paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section.
..1926.502(c)(4)(i)
1926.502(c)(4)(i)
Except as provided in paragraph (c)(4)(ii) of this section, safety nets and safety net
installations shall be drop-tested at the jobsite after initial installation and before being used
as a fall protection system, whenever relocated, after major repair, and at 6-month intervals if
left in one place. The drop-test shall consist of a 400 pound (180 kg) bag of sand 30 + or - 2
inches (76 + or - 5 cm) in diameter dropped into the net from the highest walking/working
surface at which employees are exposed to fall hazards, but not from less than 42 inches (1.1
m) above that level.
1926.502(c)(4)(ii)
When the employer can demonstrate that it is unreasonable to perform the drop-test required
by paragraph (c)(4)(i) of this section, the employer (or a designated competent person) shall
certify that the net and net installation is in compliance with the provisions of paragraphs
(c)(3) and (c)(4)(i) of this section by preparing a certification record prior to the net being
used as a fall protection system. The certification record must include an identification of the
net and net installation for which the certification record is being prepared; the date that it
was determined that the identified net and net installation were in compliance with paragraph
(c)(3) of this section and the signature of the person making the determination and
certification. The most recent certification record for each net and net installation shall be
available at the jobsite for inspection.
1926.502(c)(5)
Defective nets shall not be used. Safety nets shall be inspected at least once a week for wear,
damage, and other deterioration. Defective components shall be removed from service.
Safety nets shall also be inspected after any occurrence which could affect the integrity of the
safety net system.
..1926.502(c)(6)
1926.502(c)(6)
Materials, scrap pieces, equipment, and tools which have fallen into the safety net shall be
removed as soon as possible from the net and at least before the next work shift.
1926.502(c)(7)
The maximum size of each safety net mesh opening shall not exceed 36 square inches (230
cm) nor be longer than 6 inches (15 cm) on any side, and the opening, measured center-to-
center of mesh ropes or webbing, shall not be longer than 6 inches (15 cm). All mesh
crossings shall be secured to prevent enlargement of the mesh opening.
1926.502(c)(8)
Each safety net (or section of it) shall have a border rope for webbing with a minimum
breaking strength of 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN).
1926.502(c)(9)
Connections between safety net panels shall be as strong as integral net components and shall
be spaced not more than 6 inches (15 cm) apart.
1926.502(d)
"Personal fall arrest systems." Personal fall arrest systems and their use shall comply with the
provisions set forth below. Effective January 1, 1998, body belts are not acceptable as part of
a personal fall arrest system. Note: The use of a body belt in a positioning device system is
acceptable and is regulated under paragraph (e) of this section.
1926.502(d)(1)
Connectors shall be drop forged, pressed or formed steel, or made of equivalent materials.
..1926.502(d)(2)
1926.502(d)(2)
Connectors shall have a corrosion-resistant finish, and all surfaces and edges shall be smooth
to prevent damage to interfacing parts of the system.
1926.502(d)(3)
Dee-rings and snaphooks shall have a minimum tensile strength of 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN).
1926.502(d)(4)
Dee-rings and snaphooks shall be proof-tested to a minimum tensile load of 3,600 pounds
(16 kN) without cracking, breaking, or taking permanent deformation.
1926.502(d)(5)
Snaphooks shall be sized to be compatible with the member to which they are connected to
prevent unintentional disengagement of the snaphook by depression of the snaphook keeper
by the connected member, or shall be a locking type snaphook designed and used to prevent
disengagement of the snaphook by the contact of the snaphook keeper by the connected
member. Effective January 1, 1998, only locking type snaphooks shall be used.
1926.502(d)(6)
Unless the snaphook is a locking type and designed for the following connections, snaphooks
shall not be engaged:
1926.502(d)(6)(i)
directly to webbing, rope or wire rope;
1926.502(d)(6)(ii)
to each other;
..1926.502(d)(6)(iii)
1926.502(d)(6)(iii)
to a dee-ring to which another snaphook or other connector is attached;
1926.502(d)(6)(iv)
to a horizontal lifeline; or
1926.502(d)(6)(v)
to any object which is incompatibly shaped or dimensioned in relation to the snaphook such
that unintentional disengagement could occur by the connected object being able to depress
the snaphook keeper and release itself.
1926.502(d)(7)
On suspended scaffolds or similar work platforms with horizontal lifelines which may
become vertical lifelines, the devices used to connect to a horizontal lifeline shall be capable
of locking in both directions on the lifeline.
1926.502(d)(8)
Horizontal lifelines shall be designed, installed, and used, under the supervision of a qualified
person, as part of a complete personal fall arrest system, which maintains a safety factor of at
least two.
1926.502(d)(9)
Lanyards and vertical lifelines shall have a minimum breaking strength of 5,000 pounds
(22.2 kN).
..1926.502(d)(10)
1926.502(d)(10)
1926.502(d)(10)(i)
Except as provided in paragraph (d)(10)(ii) of this section, when vertical lifelines are used,
each employee shall be attached to a separate lifeline.
1926.502(d)(10)(ii)
During the construction of elevator shafts, two employees may be attached to the same
lifeline in the hoistway, provided both employees are working atop a false car that is
equipped with guardrails; the strength of the lifeline is 10,000 pounds [5,000 pounds per
employee attached] (44.4 kN); and all other criteria specified in this paragraph for lifelines
have been met.
1926.502(d)(11)
Lifelines shall be protected against being cut or abraded.
1926.502(d)(12)
Self-retracting lifelines and lanyards which automatically limit free fall distance to 2 feet
(0.61 m) or less shall be capable of sustaining a minimum tensile load of 3,000 pounds (13.3
kN) applied to the device with the lifeline or lanyard in the fully extended position.
1926.502(d)(13)
Self-retracting lifelines and lanyards which do not limit free fall distance to 2 feet (0.61 m) or
less, ripstitch lanyards, and tearing and deforming lanyards shall be capable of sustaining a
minimum tensile load of 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN) applied to the device with the lifeline or
lanyard in the fully extended position.
..1926.502(d)(14)
1926.502(d)(14)
Ropes and straps (webbing) used in lanyards, lifelines, and strength components of body
belts and body harnesses shall be made from synthetic fibers.
1926.502(d)(15)
Anchorages used for attachment of personal fall arrest equipment shall be independent of any
anchorage being used to support or suspend platforms and capable of supporting at least
5,000 pounds (22.2 kN) per employee attached, or shall be designed, installed, and used as
follows:
1926.502(d)(15)(i)
as part of a complete personal fall arrest system which maintains a safety factor of at least
two; and
1926.502(d)(15)(ii)
under the supervision of a qualified person.
1926.502(d)(16)
Personal fall arrest systems, when stopping a fall, shall:

1926.502(d)(16)(i)
limit maximum arresting force on an employee to 900 pounds (4 kN) when used with a body
belt;
1926.502(d)(16)(ii)
limit maximum arresting force on an employee to 1,800 pounds (8 kN) when used with a
body harness;
1926.502(d)(16)(iii)
be rigged such that an employee can neither free fall more than 6 feet (1.8 m), nor contact
any lower level;
..1926.502(d)(16)(iv)
1926.502(d)(16)(iv)
bring an employee to a complete stop and limit maximum deceleration distance an employee
travels to 3.5 feet (1.07 m); and,
1926.502(d)(16)(v)
have sufficient strength to withstand twice the potential impact energy of an employee free
falling a distance of 6 feet (1.8 m), or the free fall distance permitted by the system,
whichever is less.
Note: If the personal fall arrest system meets the criteria and protocols contained in Appendix
C to subpart M, and if the system is being used by an employee having a combined person
and tool weight of less than 310 pounds (140 kg), the system will be considered to be in
compliance with the provisions of paragraph (d)(16) of this section. If the system is used by
an employee having a combined tool and body weight of 310 pounds (140 kg) or more, then
the employer must appropriately modify the criteria and protocols of the Appendix to provide
proper protection for such heavier weights, or the system will not be deemed to be in
compliance with the requirements of paragraph (d)(16) of this section.
1926.502(d)(17)
The attachment point of the body belt shall be located in the center of the wearer's back. The
attachment point of the body harness shall be located in the center of the wearer's back near
shoulder level, or above the wearer's head.
1926.502(d)(18)
Body belts, harnesses, and components shall be used only for employee protection (as part of
a personal fall arrest system or positioning device system) and not to hoist materials.
1926.502(d)(19)
Personal fall arrest systems and components subjected to impact loading shall be
immediately removed from service and shall not be used again for employee protection until
inspected and determined by a competent person to be undamaged and suitable for reuse.
1926.502(d)(20)
The employer shall provide for prompt rescue of employees in the event of a fall or shall
assure that employees are able to rescue themselves.
..1926.502(d)(21)
1926.502(d)(21)
Personal fall arrest systems shall be inspected prior to each use for wear, damage and other
deterioration, and defective components shall be removed from service.
1926.502(d)(22)
Body belts shall be at least one and five-eighths (1 5/8) inches (4.1 cm) wide.
1926.502(d)(23)
Personal fall arrest systems shall not be attached to guardrail systems, nor shall they be
attached to hoists except as specified in other subparts of this Part.
1926.502(d)(24)
When a personal fall arrest system is used at hoist areas, it shall be rigged to allow the
movement of the employee only as far as the edge of the walking/working surface.
1926.502(e)
"Positioning device systems." Positioning device systems and their use shall conform to the
following provisions:
1926.502(e)(1)
Positioning devices shall be rigged such that an employee cannot free fall more than 2 feet
(.9 m).
1926.502(e)(2)
Positioning devices shall be secured to an anchorage capable of supporting at least twice the
potential impact load of an employee's fall or 3,000 pounds (13.3 kN), whichever is greater.
1926.502(e)(3)
Connectors shall be drop forged, pressed or formed steel, or made of equivalent materials.
..1926.502(e)(4)
1926.502(e)(4)
Connectors shall have a corrosion-resistant finish, and all surfaces and edges shall be smooth
to prevent damage to interfacing parts of this system.
1926.502(e)(5)
Connecting assemblies shall have a minimum tensile strength of 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN)
1926.502(e)(6)
Dee-rings and snaphooks shall be proof-tested to a minimum tensile load of 3,600 pounds
(16 kN) without cracking, breaking, or taking permanent deformation.
1926.502(e)(7)
Snaphooks shall be sized to be compatible with the member to which they are connected to
prevent unintentional disengagement of the snaphook by depression of the snaphook keeper
by the connected member, or shall be a locking type snaphook designed and used to prevent
disengagement of the snaphook by the contact of the snaphook keeper by the connected
member. As of January 1, 1998, only locking type snaphooks shall be used.
1926.502(e)(8)
Unless the snaphook is a locking type and designed for the following connections, snaphooks
shall not be engaged:
1926.502(e)(8)(i)
directly to webbing, rope or wire rope;
1926.502(e)(8)(ii)
to each other;
..1926.502(e)(8)(iii)
1926.502(e)(8)(iii)
to a dee-ring to which another snaphook or other connector is attached;
1926.502(e)(8)(iv)
to a horizontal lifeline; or
1926.502(e)(8)(v)
to any object which is incompatibly shaped or dimensioned in relation to the snaphook such
that unintentional disengagement could occur by the connected object being able to depress
the snaphook keeper and release itself.
1926.502(e)(9)
Positioning device systems shall be inspected prior to each use for wear, damage, and other
deterioration, and defective components shall be removed from service.
1926.502(e)(10)
Body belts, harnesses, and components shall be used only for employee protection (as part of
a personal fall arrest system or positioning device system) and not to hoist materials.
1926.502(f)
"Warning line systems." Warning line systems [See 1926.501(b)(10)] and their use shall
comply with the following provisions:
1926.502(f)(1)
The warning line shall be erected around all sides of the roof work area.
..1926.502(f)(1)(i)
1926.502(f)(1)(i)
When mechanical equipment is not being used, the warning line shall be erected not less than
6 feet (1.8 m) from the roof edge.
1926.502(f)(1)(ii)
When mechanical equipment is being used, the warning line shall be erected not less than 6
feet (1.8 m) from the roof edge which is parallel to the direction of mechanical equipment
operation, and not less than 10 feet (3.1 m) from the roof edge which is perpendicular to the
direction of mechanical equipment operation.
1926.502(f)(1)(iii)
Points of access, materials handling areas, storage areas, and hoisting areas shall be
connected to the work area by an access path formed by two warning lines.
1926.502(f)(1)(iv)
When the path to a point of access is not in use, a rope, wire, chain, or other barricade,
equivalent in strength and height to the warning line, shall be placed across the path at the
point where the path intersects the warning line erected around the work area, or the path
shall be offset such that a person cannot walk directly into the work area.
1926.502(f)(2)
Warning lines shall consist of ropes, wires, or chains, and supporting stanchions erected as
follows:
1926.502(f)(2)(i)
The rope, wire, or chain shall be flagged at not more than 6-foot (1.8 m) intervals with high-
visibility material;
..1926.502(f)(2)(ii)
1926.502(f)(2)(ii)
The rope, wire, or chain shall be rigged and supported in such a way that its lowest point
(including sag) is no less than 34 inches (.9 m) from the walking/working surface and its
highest point is no more than 39 inches (1.0 m) from the walking/working surface;
1926.502(f)(2)(iii)
After being erected, with the rope, wire, or chain attached, stanchions shall be capable of
resisting, without tipping over, a force of at least 16 pounds (71 N) applied horizontally
against the stanchion, 30 inches (.8 m) above the walking/working surface, perpendicular to
the warning line, and in the direction of the floor, roof, or platform edge;
1926.502(f)(2)(iv)
The rope, wire, or chain shall have a minimum tensile strength of 500 pounds (2.22 kN), and
after being attached to the stanchions, shall be capable of supporting, without breaking, the
loads applied to the stanchions as prescribed in paragraph (f)(2)(iii) of this section; and
1926.502(f)(2)(v)
The line shall be attached at each stanchion in such a way that pulling on one section of the
line between stanchions will not result in slack being taken up in adjacent sections before the
stanchion tips over.
1926.502(f)(3)
No employee shall be allowed in the area between a roof edge and a warning line unless the
employee is performing roofing work in that area.
..1926.502(f)(4)
1926.502(f)(4)
Mechanical equipment on roofs shall be used or stored only in areas where employees are
protected by a warning line system, guardrail system, or personal fall arrest system.
1926.502(g)
"Controlled access zones." Controlled access zones [See 1926.501(b)(9) and 1926.502(k)]
and their use shall conform to the following provisions.
1926.502(g)(1)
When used to control access to areas where leading edge and other operations are taking
place the controlled access zone shall be defined by a control line or by any other means that
restricts access.
1926.502(g)(1)(i)
When control lines are used, they shall be erected not less than 6 feet (1.8 m) nor more than
25 feet (7.7 m) from the unprotected or leading edge, except when erecting precast concrete
members.
1926.502(g)(1)(ii)
When erecting precast concrete members, the control line shall be erected not less than 6 feet
(1.8 m) nor more than 60 feet (18 m) or half the length of the member being erected,
whichever is less, from the leading edge.
1926.502(g)(1)(iii)
The control line shall extend along the entire length of the unprotected or leading edge and
shall be approximately parallel to the unprotected or leading edge.
..1926.502(g)(1)(iv)
1926.502(g)(1)(iv)
The control line shall be connected on each side to a guardrail system or wall.
1926.502(g)(2)
When used to control access to areas where overhand bricklaying and related work are taking
place:
1926.502(g)(2)(i)
The controlled access zone shall be defined by a control line erected not less than 10 feet (3.1
m) nor more than 15 feet (4.5 m) from the working edge.
1926.502(g)(2)(ii)
The control line shall extend for a distance sufficient for the controlled access zone to
enclose all employees performing overhand bricklaying and related work at the working edge
and shall be approximately parallel to the working edge.
1926.502(g)(2)(iii)
Additional control lines shall be erected at each end to enclose the controlled access zone.
1926.502(g)(2)(iv)
Only employees engaged in overhand bricklaying or related work shall be permitted in the
controlled access zone.
1926.502(g)(3)
Control lines shall consist of ropes, wires, tapes, or equivalent materials, and supporting
stanchions as follows:
1926.502(g)(3)(i)
Each line shall be flagged or otherwise clearly marked at not more than 6-foot (1.8 m)
intervals with high-visibility material.
..1926.502(g)(3)(ii)
1926.502(g)(3)(ii)
Each line shall be rigged and supported in such a way that its lowest point (including sag) is
not less than 39 inches (1 m) from the walking/working surface and its highest point is not
more than 45 inches (1.3 m) [50 inches (1.3 m) when overhand bricklaying operations are
being performed] from the walking/working surface.
1926.502(g)(3)(iii)
Each line shall have a minimum breaking strength of 200 pounds (.88 kN).
1926.502(g)(4)
On floors and roofs where guardrail systems are not in place prior to the beginning of
overhand bricklaying operations, controlled access zones shall be enlarged, as necessary, to
enclose all points of access, material handling areas, and storage areas.
1926.502(g)(5)
On floors and roofs where guardrail systems are in place, but need to be removed to allow
overhand bricklaying work or leading edge work to take place, only that portion of the
guardrail necessary to accomplish that day's work shall be removed.
1926.502(h)
"Safety monitoring systems." Safety monitoring systems [See 1926.501(b)(10) and

1926.502(k)] and their use shall comply with the following provisions:
1926.502(h)(1)
The employer shall designate a competent person to monitor the safety of other employees
and the employer shall ensure that the safety monitor complies with the following
requirements:
1926.502(h)(1)(i)
The safety monitor shall be competent to recognize fall hazards;
..1926.502(h)(1)(ii)
1926.502(h)(1)(ii)
The safety monitor shall warn the employee when it appears that the employee is unaware of
a fall hazard or is acting in an unsafe manner;
1926.502(h)(1)(iii)
The safety monitor shall be on the same walking/working surface and within visual sighting
distance of the employee being monitored;
1926.502(h)(1)(iv)
The safety monitor shall be close enough to communicate orally with the employee; and
1926.502(h)(1)(v)
The safety monitor shall not have other responsibilities which could take the monitor's
attention from the monitoring function.
1926.502(h)(2)
Mechanical equipment shall not be used or stored in areas where safety monitoring systems
are being used to monitor employees engaged in roofing operations on low-slope roofs.
1926.502(h)(3)
No employee, other than an employee engaged in roofing work [on low-sloped roofs] or an
employee covered by a fall protection plan, shall be allowed in an area where an employee is
being protected by a safety monitoring system.
1926.502(h)(4)
Each employee working in a controlled access zone shall be directed to comply promptly
with fall hazard warnings from safety monitors.
..1926.502(i)
1926.502(i)
"Covers." Covers for holes in floors, roofs, and other walking/working surfaces shall meet
the following requirements:
1926.502(i)(1)
Covers located in roadways and vehicular aisles shall be capable of supporting, without
failure, at least twice the maximum axle load of the largest vehicle expected to cross over the
cover.
1926.502(i)(2)
All other covers shall be capable of supporting, without failure, at least twice the weight of
employees, equipment, and materials that may be imposed on the cover at any one time.
1926.502(i)(3)
All covers shall be secured when installed so as to prevent accidental displacement by the
wind, equipment, or employees.
1926.502(i)(4)
All covers shall be color coded or they shall be marked with the word "HOLE" or "COVER"
to provide warning of the hazard.
Note: This provision does not apply to cast iron manhole covers or steel grates used on
streets or roadways.
1926.502(j)
"Protection from falling objects." Falling object protection shall comply with the following
provisions:
1926.502(j)(1)
Toeboards, when used as falling object protection, shall be erected along the edge of the
overhead walking/working surface for a distance sufficient to protect employees below.
..1926.502(j)(2)
1926.502(j)(2)
Toeboards shall be capable of withstanding, without failure, a force of at least 50 pounds
(222 N) applied in any downward or outward direction at any point along the toeboard.
1926.502(j)(3)
Toeboards shall be a minimum of 3 1/2 inches (9 cm) in vertical height from their top edge to
the level of the walking/working surface. They shall have not more than 1/4 inch (0.6 cm)
clearance above the walking/working surface. They shall be solid or have openings not over
1 inch (2.5 cm) in greatest dimension.
1926.502(j)(4)
Where tools, equipment, or materials are piled higher than the top edge of a toeboard,
paneling or screening shall be erected from the walking/working surface or toeboard to the
top of a guardrail system's top rail or midrail, for a distance sufficient to protect employees
below.
1926.502(j)(5)
Guardrail systems, when used as falling object protection, shall have all openings small
enough to prevent passage of potential falling objects.
1926.502(j)(6)
During the performance of overhand bricklaying and related work:
1926.502(j)(6)(i)
No materials or equipment except masonry and mortar shall be stored within 4 feet (1.2 m) of
the working edge.
..1926.502(j)(6)(ii)
1926.502(j)(6)(ii)
Excess mortar, broken or scattered masonry units, and all other materials and debris shall be
kept clear from the work area by removal at regular intervals.
1926.502(j)(7)
During the performance of roofing work:
1926.502(j)(7)(i)
Materials and equipment shall not be stored within 6 feet (1.8 m) of a roof edge unless
guardrails are erected at the edge.
1926.502(j)(7)(ii)
Materials which are piled, grouped, or stacked near a roof edge shall be stable and self-
supporting.
1926.502(j)(8)
Canopies, when used as falling object protection, shall be strong enough to prevent collapse
and to prevent penetration by any objects which may fall onto the canopy.
1926.502(k)
"Fall protection plan." This option is available only to employees engaged in leading edge
work, precast concrete erection work, or residential construction work (See 1926.501(b)(2),
(b)(12), and (b)(13)) who can demonstrate that it is infeasible or it creates a greater hazard to
use conventional fall protection equipment. The fall protection plan must conform to the
following provisions.
1926.502(k)(1)
The fall protection plan shall be prepared by a qualified person and developed specifically for
the site where the leading edge work, precast concrete work, or residential construction work
is being performed and the plan must be maintained up to date.
..1926.502(k)(2)
1926.502(k)(2)
Any changes to the fall protection plan shall be approved by a qualified person.
1926.502(k)(3)
A copy of the fall protection plan with all approved changes shall be maintained at the job
site.
1926.502(k)(4)
The implementation of the fall protection plan shall be under the supervision of a competent
person.
1926.502(k)(5)
The fall protection plan shall document the reasons why the use of conventional fall
protection systems (guardrail systems, personal fall arrest systems, or safety nets systems) are
infeasible or why their use would create a greater hazard.
1926.502(k)(6)
The fall protection plan shall include a written discussion of other measures that will be taken
to reduce or eliminate the fall hazard for workers who cannot be provided with protection
from the conventional fall protection systems. For example, the employer shall discuss the
extent to which scaffolds, ladders, or vehicle mounted work platforms can be used to provide
a safer working surface and thereby reduce the hazard of falling.
1926.502(k)(7)
The fall protection plan shall identify each location where conventional fall protection
methods cannot be used. These locations shall then be classified as controlled access zones
and the employer must comply with the criteria in paragraph (g) of this section.
..1926.502(k)(8)
1926.502(k)(8)
Where no other alternative measure has been implemented, the employer shall implement a
safety monitoring system in conformance with 1926.502(h).
1926.502(k)(9)
The fall protection plan must include a statement which provides the name or other method
of identification for each employee who is designated to work in controlled access zones. No
other employees may enter controlled access zones.
1926.502(k)(10)
In the event an employee falls, or some other related, serious incident occurs, (e.g., a near
miss) the employer shall investigate the circumstances of the fall or other incident to
determine if the fall protection plan needs to be changed (e.g. new practices, procedures, or
training) and shall implement those changes to prevent similar types of falls or incidents.

Training requirements. - 1926.503

• Subpart: M
• Title: Training requirements.
The following training provisions supplement and clarify the requirements of 1926.21
regarding the hazards addressed in subpart M of this part.
1926.503(a)
"Training Program."
1926.503(a)(1)
The employer shall provide a training program for each employee who might be exposed to
fall hazards. The program shall enable each employee to recognize the hazards of falling and
shall train each employee in the procedures to be followed in order to minimize these
hazards.
1926.503(a)(2)
The employer shall assure that each employee has been trained, as necessary, by a competent
person qualified in the following areas:
1926.503(a)(2)(i)
The nature of fall hazards in the work area;
1926.503(a)(2)(ii)
The correct procedures for erecting, maintaining, disassembling, and inspecting the fall
protection systems to be used;
1926.503(a)(2)(iii)
The use and operation of guardrail systems, personal fall arrest systems, safety net systems,
warning line systems, safety monitoring systems, controlled access zones, and other
protection to be used;
1926.503(a)(2)(iv)
The role of each employee in the safety monitoring system when this system is used;
..1926.503(a)(2)(v)
1926.503(a)(2)(v)
The limitations on the use of mechanical equipment during the performance of roofing work
on low-sloped roofs;
1926.503(a)(2)(vi)
The correct procedures for the handling and storage of equipment and materials and the
erection of overhead protection; and
1926.503(a)(2)(vii)
The role of employees in fall protection plans;
1926.503(a)(2)(viii)
The standards contained in this subpart.
1926.503(b)
"Certification of training."
1926.503(b)(1)
The employer shall verify compliance with paragraph (a) of this section by preparing a
written certification record. The written certification record shall contain the name or other
identity of the employee trained, the date(s) of the training, and the signature of the person
who conducted the training or the signature of the employer. If the employer relies on
training conducted by another employer or completed prior to the effective date of this
section, the certification record shall indicate the date the employer determined the prior
training was adequate rather than the date of actual training.
1926.503(b)(2)
The latest training certification shall be maintained.
..1926.503(c)
1926.503(c)
"Retraining." When the employer has reason to believe that any affected employee who has
already been trained does not have the understanding and skill required by paragraph (a) of
this section, the employer shall retrain each such employee. Circumstances where retraining
is required include, but are not limited to, situations where:
1926.503(c)(1)
Changes in the workplace render previous training obsolete; or
1926.503(c)(2)
Changes in the types of fall protection systems or equipment to be used render previous
training obsolete; or
1926.503(c)(3)
Inadequacies in an affected employee's knowledge or use of fall protection systems or

equipment indicate that the employee has not retained the requisite understanding or skill.
Note: The following appendices to subpart M of this part serve as non-mandatory guidelines
to assist employers in complying with the appropriate requirements of subpart M of this part.
[59 FR 40738, Aug. 9, 1994; 60 FR 5131, Jan. 26, 1995]

Determining Roof Widths - Non-mandatory Guidelines for Complying with 1926.501(b)(10)
- 1926 Subpart M App A

• Subpart: M
• Standard Number: 1926 Subpart M App A
• Title: Determining Roof Widths - Non-mandatory Guidelines for
Complying with 1926.501(b)(10)
(1) This Appendix serves as a guideline to assist employers complying with the requirements
of 1926.501(b)(10). Section 1910.501(b)(10) allows the use of a safety monitoring system
alone as a means of providing fall protection during the performance of roofing operations on
low-sloped roofs 50 feet (15.25 m) or less in width. Each example in the appendix shows a
roof plan or plans and indicates where each roof or roof area is to be measured to determine
its width. Section views or elevation views are shown where appropriate. Some examples
show "correct" and "incorrect" subdivisions of irregularly shaped roofs divided into smaller,
regularly shaped areas. In all examples, the dimension selected to be the width of an area is
the lesser of the two primary dimensions of the area, as viewed from above. Example A
shows that on a simple rectangular roof, width is the lesser of the two primary overall
dimensions. This is also the case with roofs which are sloped toward or away from the roof
center, as shown in Example B.
(2) Many roofs are not simple rectangles. Such roofs may be broken down into subareas as
shown in Example C. The process of dividing a roof area can produce many different
configurations. Example C gives the general rule of using dividing lines of minimum length
to minimize the size and number of the areas which are potentially less than 50 feet (15.25
m) wide. The intent is to minimize the number of roof areas where safety monitoring systems
alone are sufficient protection.
(3) Roofs which are comprised of several separate, non-contiguous roof areas, as in Example
D, may be considered as a series of individual roofs. Some roofs have penthouses, additional
floors, courtyard openings, or similar architectural features; Example E shows how the rule
for dividing roofs into subareas is applied to such configurations. Irregular, non-rectangular
roofs must be considered on an individual basis, as shown in Example F.
Example A
Rectangular Shaped Roofs
(For Example A, Click Here)
Example B
Sloped Rectangular Shaped Roofs
(For Example B, Click Here)
Example C
Irregularly Shaped Roofs With Rectangular Shaped Sections
Such roofs are to be divided into sub-areas by using dividing lines of minimum length to
minimize the size and number of the areas which are potentially less than or equal to 50 feet
(15.25 meters) in width, in order to limit the size of roof areas where the safety monitoring
system alone can be used [1926.502(b)(10)]. Dotted lines are used in the examples to show
the location of dividing lines. W denotes incorrect measurements of width.
(For Example C, Click Here)
Example D
Separate, Non-Contiguous Roof Areas
(For Example D, Click Here)
Example E
Roofs With Penthouses, Open Courtyards, Additional Floors, etc.
Such roofs are to be divided into sub-areas by using dividing lines of minimum length to
minimize the size and number of the areas which are potentially less than or equal to 50 feet
(15.25 meters) in width, in order to limit the size of roof areas where the safety monitoring
system alone can be used [1926.502(b)(10)]. Dotted lines are used in the examples to show
the location of dividing lines. W denotes incorrect measurements of width.
(For Example E, Click Here)
Example F
Irregular, Non-Rectangular Shaped Roofs
(For Example F, Click Here)
[59 FR 40738, Aug. 9, 1994; 60 FR 5131, Jan. 26, 1995]
Next Standard (1926 Subpart M App B)

Guardrail Systems - Non-Mandatory Guidelines for Complying with 1926.502(b) - 1926
Subpart M App B

• Subpart: M
• Standard Number: 1926 Subpart M App B
• Title: Guardrail Systems - Non-Mandatory Guidelines for
Complying with 1926.502(b)
The standard requires guardrail systems and components to be designed and built to meet the
requirements of 1926.502(b)(3), (4), and (5). This Appendix serves as a non-mandatory
guideline to assist employers in complying with these requirements. An employer may use
these guidelines as a starting point for designing guardrail systems. However, the guidelines
do not provide all the information necessary to build a complete system, and the employer is
still responsible for designing and assembling these components in such a way that the
completed system will meet the requirements of 1926.502(b)(3), (4), and (5). Components
for which no specific guidelines are given in this Appendix (e.g., joints, base connections,
components made with other materials, and components with other dimensions) must also be
designed and constructed in such a way that the completed system meets the requirements of
1926.502.
(1) For wood railings: Wood components shall be minimum 1500 lb-ft/in(2) fiber (stress
grade) construction grade lumber; the posts shall be at least 2-inch by 4-inch (5 cm x 10 cm)
lumber spaced not more than 8 feet (2.4 m) apart on centers; the top rail shall be at least 2-
inch by 4-inch (5 cm x 10 cm) lumber, the intermediate rail shall be at least 1-inch by 6-inch
(2.5 cm x 15 cm) lumber. All lumber dimensions are nominal sizes as provided by the
American Softwood Lumber Standards, dated January 1970.
(2) For pipe railings: posts, top rails, and intermediate railings shall be at least one and one-
half inches nominal diameter (schedule 40 pipe) with posts spaced not more than 8 feet (2.4
m) apart on centers.
(3) For structural steel railings: posts, top rails, and intermediate rails shall be at least 2-inch
by 2-inch (5 cm x 10 cm) by 3/8-inch (1.1 cm) angles, with posts spaced not more than 8 feet
(2.4 m) apart on centers.

Personal Fall Arrest Systems - Non-Mandatory Guidelines for Complying with 1926.502(d) -
1926 Subpart M App C

• Subpart: M
• Standard Number: 1926 Subpart M App C
• Title: Personal Fall Arrest Systems - Non-Mandatory Guidelines
for Complying with 1926.502(d)
I. Test methods for personal fall arrest systems and positioning device systems -
(a) "General." This appendix serves as a non-mandatory guideline to assist employers comply
with the requirements in 1926.502(d). Paragraphs (b), (c), (d) and (e) of this Appendix
describe test procedures which may be used to determine compliance with the requirements
in 1926.502 (d)(16). As noted in Appendix D of this subpart, the test methods listed here in
Appendix C can also be used to assist employers comply with the requirements in
1926.502(e) (3) and (4) for positioning device systems.
(b) "General conditions for all tests in the Appendix to 1926.502(d)."
(1) Lifelines, lanyards and deceleration devices should be attached to an anchorage and
connected to the body-belt or body harness in the same manner as they would be when used
to protect employees.
(2) The anchorage should be rigid, and should not have a deflection greater than 0.04 inches
(1 mm) when a force of 2,250 pounds (10 kN) is applied.
(3) The frequency response of the load measuring instrumentation should be 500 Hz.
(4) The test weight used in the strength and force tests should be a rigid, metal, cylindrical or
torso-shaped object with a girth of 38 inches plus or minus 4 inches (96 cm plus or minus 10
cm).
(5) The lanyard or lifeline used to create the free fall distance should be supplied with the
system, or in its absence, the least elastic lanyard or lifeline available to be used with the
system.
(6) The test weight for each test should be hoisted to the required level and should be quickly
released without having any appreciable motion imparted to it.
(7) The system's performance should be evaluated taking into account the range of
environmental conditions for which it is designed to be used. (8) Following the test, the
system need not be capable of further operation.
(c) "Strength test." (1) During the testing of all systems, a test weight of 300 pounds plus or
minus 5 pounds (135 kg plus or minus 2.5 kg) should be used. (See paragraph (b)(4) of this
section.)
(2) The test consists of dropping the test weight once. A new unused system should be used
for each test.
(3) For lanyard systems, the lanyard length should be 6 feet plus or minus 2 inches (1.83 m
plus or minus 5 cm) as measured from the fixed anchorage to the attachment on the body belt
or body harness.
(4) For rope-grab-type deceleration systems, the length of the lifeline above the centerline of
the grabbing mechanism to the lifeline's anchorage point should not exceed 2 feet (0.61 m).
(5) For lanyard systems, for systems with deceleration devices which do not automatically
limit free fall distance to 2 feet (0.61 m ) or less, and for systems with deceleration devices
which have a connection distance in excess of 1 foot (0.3 m) (measured between the
centerline of the lifeline and the attachment point to the body belt or harness), the test weight
should be rigged to free fall a distance of 7.5 feet (2.3 m) from a point that is 1.5 feet (.46 m)
above the anchorage point, to its hanging location (6 feet below the anchorage). The test
weight should fall without interference, obstruction, or hitting the floor or ground during the
test. In some cases a non-elastic wire lanyard of sufficient length may need to be added to the
system (for test purposes) to create the necessary free fall distance.
(6) For deceleration device systems with integral lifelines or lanyards which automatically
limit free fall distance to 2 feet (0.61 m) or less, the test weight should be rigged to free fall a
distance of 4 feet (1.22 m).
(7) Any weight which detaches from the belt or harness has failed the strength test.
(d) "Force test" - (1) "General." The test consists of dropping the respective test weight once
as specified in paragraph (d)(2)(i) or (d)(3)(i) of this section. A new, unused system should
be used for each test.
(2) "For lanyard systems." (i) A test weight of 220 pounds plus or minus 3 pounds (100 kg
plus or minus 1.6 kg) should be used. (See paragraph (b)(4) of this appendix).
(ii) Lanyard length should be 6 feet plus or minus two inches (1.83 m plus or minus 5 cm) as
measured from the fixed anchorage to the attachment on the body belt or body harness.
(iii) The test weight should fall free from the anchorage level to its hanging location (a total
of 6 feet (1.83 m) free fall distance) without interference, obstruction, or hitting the floor or
ground during the test.
(3) "For all other systems." (i) A test weight of 220 pounds plus or minus 3 pounds (100 kg
plus or minus 1.6 kg) should be used. (See paragraph (b)(4) of this appendix)
(ii) The free fall distance to be used in the test should be the maximum fall distance
physically permitted by the system during normal use conditions, up to a maximum free fall
distance for the test weight of 6 feet (1.83 m), except as follows:
(A) For deceleration systems which have a connection link or lanyard, the test weight should
free fall a distance equal to the connection distance (measured between the centerline of the
lifeline and the attachment point to the body belt or harness).
(B) For deceleration device systems with integral lifelines or lanyards which automatically
limit free fall distance to 2 feet (0.61 m) or less, the test weight should free fall a distance
equal to that permitted by the system in normal use. (For example, to test a system with a
self-retracting lifeline or lanyard, the test weight should be supported and the system allowed
to retract the lifeline or lanyard as it would in normal use. The test weight would then be
released and the force and deceleration distance measured).
(4) A system fails the force test if the recorded maximum arresting force exceeds 1,260
pounds (5.6 kN) when using a body belt, and/or exceeds 2,520 pounds (11.2 kN) when using
a body harness.
(5) The maximum elongation and deceleration distance should be recorded during the force
test.
(e) "Deceleration device tests." (1) "General." The device should be evaluated or tested under
the environmental conditions, (such as rain, ice, grease, dirt, type of lifeline, etc.), for which
the device is designed.
(2) "Rope-grab-type deceleration devices." (i) Devices should be moved on a lifeline 1,000
times over the same length of line a distance of not less than 1 foot (30.5 cm), and the
mechanism should lock each time.
(ii) Unless the device is permanently marked to indicate the type(s) of lifeline which must be
used, several types (different diameters and different materials), of lifelines should be used to
test the device.
(3) "Other self-activating-type deceleration devices." The locking mechanisms of other self-
activating-type deceleration devices designed for more than one arrest should lock each of
1,000 times as they would in normal service.
II. Additional non-mandatory guidelines for personal fall arrest systems. The following
information constitutes additional guidelines for use in complying with requirements for a
personal fall arrest system.
(a) "Selection and use considerations." (1) The kind of personal fall arrest system selected
should match the particular work situation, and any possible free fall distance should be kept
to a minimum. Consideration should be given to the particular work environment. For
example, the presence of acids, dirt, moisture, oil, grease, etc., and their effect on the system,
should be evaluated. Hot or cold environments may also have an adverse effect on the
system. Wire rope should not be used where an electrical hazard is anticipated. As required
by the standard, the employer must plan to have means available to promptly rescue an
employee should a fall occur, since the suspended employee may not be able to reach a work
level independently.
(2) Where lanyards, connectors, and lifelines are subject to damage by work operations such
as welding, chemical cleaning, and sandblasting, the component should be protected, or other
securing systems should be used. The employer should fully evaluate the work conditions
and environment (including seasonal weather changes) before selecting the appropriate
personal fall protection system. Once in use, the system's effectiveness should be monitored.
In some cases, a program for cleaning and maintenance of the system may be necessary.
(b) "Testing considerations." Before purchasing or putting into use a personal fall arrest
system, an employer should obtain from the supplier information about the system based on
its performance during testing so that the employer can know if the system meets this
standard. Testing should be done using recognized test methods. This Appendix contains test
methods recognized for evaluating the performance of fall arrest systems. Not all systems
may need to be individually tested; the performance of some systems may be based on data
and calculations derived from testing of similar systems, provided that enough information is
available to demonstrate similarity of function and design.
(c) "Component compatibility considerations." Ideally, a personal fall arrest system is

designed, tested, and supplied as a complete system. However, it is common practice for
lanyards, connectors, lifelines, deceleration devices, body belts and body harnesses to be
interchanged since some components wear out before others. The employer and employee
should realize that not all components are interchangeable. For instance, a lanyard should not
be connected between a body belt (or harness) and a deceleration device of the self-retracting
type since this can result in additional free fall for which the system was not designed. Any
substitution or change to a personal fall arrest system should be fully evaluated or tested by a
competent person to determine that it meets the standard, before the modified system is put in
use.
(d) "Employee training considerations." Thorough employee training in the selection and use
of personal fall arrest systems is imperative. Employees must be trained in the safe use of the
system. This should include the following: application limits; proper anchoring and tie-off
techniques; estimation of free fall distance, including determination of deceleration distance,
and total fall distance to prevent striking a lower level; methods of use; and inspection and
storage of the system. Careless or improper use of the equipment can result in serious injury
or death. Employers and employees should become familiar with the material in this
Appendix, as well as manufacturer's recommendations, before a system is used. Of
uppermost importance is the reduction in strength caused by certain tie-offs (such as using
knots, tying around sharp edges, etc.) and maximum permitted free fall distance. Also, to be
stressed are the importance of inspections prior to use, the limitations of the equipment, and
unique conditions at the worksite which may be important in determining the type of system
to use.
(e) "Instruction considerations." Employers should obtain comprehensive instructions from

the supplier as to the system's proper use and application, including, where applicable:
(1) The force measured during the sample force test;

(2) The maximum elongation measured for lanyards during the force test;
(3) The deceleration distance measured for deceleration devices during the force test;
(4) Caution statements on critical use limitations;
(5) Application limits;
(6) Proper hook-up, anchoring and tie-off techniques, including the proper dee-ring or other
attachment point to use on the body belt and harness for fall arrest;
(7) Proper climbing techniques;
(8) Methods of inspection, use, cleaning, and storage; and
(9) Specific lifelines which may be used.
This information should be provided to employees during training.
(f) "Rescue considerations." As required by 1926.502(d)(20), when personal fall arrest

systems are used, the employer must assure that employees can be promptly rescued or can
rescue themselves should a fall occur. The availability of rescue personnel, ladders or other
rescue equipment should be evaluated. In some situations, equipment which allows
employees to rescue themselves after the fall has been arrested may be desirable, such as
devices which have descent capability.
(g) "Inspection considerations." As required by 1926.502(d)(21), personal fall arrest systems

must be regularly inspected. Any component with any significant defect, such as cuts, tears,
abrasions, mold, or undue stretching; alterations or additions which might affect its
efficiency; damage due to deterioration; contact with fire, acids, or other corrosives; distorted
hooks or faulty hook springs; tongues unfitted to the shoulder of buckles; loose or damaged
mountings; non-functioning parts; or wearing or internal deterioration in the ropes must be
withdrawn from service immediately, and should be tagged or marked as unusable, or
destroyed.
(h) "Tie-off considerations." (1) One of the most important aspects of personal fall protection
systems is fully planning the system before it is put into use. Probably the most overlooked
component is planning for suitable anchorage points. Such planning should ideally be done
before the structure or building is constructed so that anchorage points can be incorporated
during construction for use later for window cleaning or other building maintenance. If
properly planned, these anchorage points may be used during construction, as well as
afterwards.
(i) Properly planned anchorages should be used if they are available. In some cases,
anchorages must be installed immediately prior to use. In such cases, a registered
professional engineer with experience in designing fall protection systems, or another
qualified person with appropriate education and experience should design an anchor point to
be installed.
(ii) In other cases, the Agency recognizes that there will be a need to devise an anchor point
from existing structures. Examples of what might be appropriate anchor points are steel
members or I-beams if an acceptable strap is available for the connection (do not use a
lanyard with a snaphook clipped onto itself); large eye-bolts made of an appropriate grade
steel; guardrails or railings if they have been designed for use as an anchor point; or masonry
or wood members only if the attachment point is substantial and precautions have been taken
to assure that bolts or other connectors will not pull through. A qualified person should be
used to evaluate the suitable of these "make shift" anchorages with a focus on proper
strength.
(2) Employers and employees should at all times be aware that the strength of a personal fall
arrest system is based on its being attached to an anchoring system which does not reduce the
strength of the system (such as a properly dimensioned eye-bolt/snap-hook anchorage).
Therefore, if a means of attachment is used that will reduce the strength of the system, that
component should be replaced by a stronger one, but one that will also maintain the
appropriate maximum arrest force characteristics.
(3) Tie-off using a knot in a rope lanyard or lifeline (at any location) can reduce the lifeline
or lanyard strength by 50 percent or more. Therefore, a stronger lanyard or lifeline should be
used to compensate for the weakening effect of the knot, or the lanyard length should be
reduced (or the tie-off location raised) to minimize free fall distance, or the lanyard or lifeline
should be replaced by one which has an appropriately incorporated connector to eliminate the
need for a knot.
(4) Tie-off of a rope lanyard or lifeline around an "H" or "I" beam or similar support can
reduce its strength as much as 70 percent due to the cutting action of the beam edges.
Therefore, use should be made of a webbing lanyard or wire core lifeline around the beam; or
the lanyard or lifeline should be protected from the edge; or free fall distance should be
greatly minimized.
(5) Tie-off where the line passes over or around rough or sharp surfaces reduces strength
drastically. Such a tie-off should be avoided or an alternative tie-off rigging should be used.
Such alternatives may include use of a snap-hook/dee ring connection, wire rope tie-off, an
effective padding of the surfaces, or an abrasion-resistance strap around or over the problem
surface.
(6) Horizontal lifelines may, depending on their geometry and angle of sag, be subjected to
greater loads than the impact load imposed by an attached component. When the angle of
horizontal lifeline sag is less than 30 degrees, the impact force imparted to the lifeline by an
attached lanyard is greatly amplified. For example, with a sag angle of 15 degrees, the force
amplification is about 2:1 and at 5 degrees sag, it is about 6:1. Depending on the angle of sag,
and the line's elasticity, the strength of the horizontal lifeline and the anchorages to which it
is attached should be increased a number of times over that of the lanyard. Extreme care
should be taken in considering a horizontal lifeline for multiple tie-offs. The reason for this is
that in multiple tie-offs to a horizontal lifeline, if one employee falls, the movement of the
falling employee and the horizontal lifeline during arrest of the fall may cause other
employees to fall also. Horizontal lifeline and anchorage strength should be increased for
each additional employee to be tied off. For these and other reasons, the design of systems
using horizontal lifelines must only be done by qualified persons. Testing of installed
lifelines and anchors prior to use is recommended.
(7) The strength of an eye-bolt is rated along the axis of the bolt and its strength is greatly
reduced if the force is applied at an angle to this axis (in the direction of shear). Also, care
should be exercised in selecting the proper diameter of the eye to avoid accidental
disengagement of snap-hooks not designed to be compatible for the connection.
(8) Due to the significant reduction in the strength of the lifeline/lanyard (in some cases, as
much as a 70 percent reduction), the sliding hitch knot (prusik) should not be used for
lifeline/lanyard connections except in emergency situations where no other available system
is practical. The "one-and-one" sliding hitch knot should never be used because it is
unreliable in stopping a fall. The "two-and-two," or "three-and-three" knot (preferable) may
be used in emergency situations; however, care should be taken to limit free fall distance to a
minimum because of reduced lifeline/lanyard strength.
(i) "Vertical lifeline considerations." As required by the standard, each employee must have a
separate lifeline [except employees engaged in constructing elevator shafts who are permitted
to have two employees on one lifeline] when the lifeline is vertical. The reason for this is that
in multiple tie-offs to a single lifeline, if one employee falls, the movement of the lifeline
during the arrest of the fall may pull other employees' lanyards, causing them to fall as well.
(j) "Snap-hook considerations." (1) Although not required by this standard for all connections
until January 1, 1998, locking snaphooks designed for connection to suitable objects (of
sufficient strength) are highly recommended in lieu of the nonlocking type. Locking
snaphooks incorporate a positive locking mechanism in addition to the spring loaded keeper,
which will not allow the keeper to open under moderate pressure without someone first
releasing the mechanism. Such a feature, properly designed, effectively prevents roll-out
from occurring.
(2) As required by 1926.502(d)(6), the following connections must be avoided (unless

properly designed locking snaphooks are used) because they are conditions which can result
in roll-out when a nonlocking snaphook is used:
(i) Direct connection of a snaphook to a horizontal lifeline.
(ii) Two (or more) snaphooks connected to one dee-ring.
(iii) Two snaphooks connected to each other.
(iv) A snaphook connected back on its integral lanyard.
(v) A snaphook connected to a webbing loop or webbing lanyard.
(vi) Improper dimensions of the dee-ring, rebar, or other connection point in relation to the
snaphook dimensions which would allow the snaphook keeper to be depressed by a turning
motion of the snaphook.
(k) "Free fall considerations." The employer and employee should at all times be aware that a
system's maximum arresting force is evaluated under normal use conditions established by
the manufacturer, and in no case using a free fall distance in excess of 6 feet (1.8 m). A few
extra feet of free fall can significantly increase the arresting force on the employee, possibly
to the point of causing injury. Because of this, the free fall distance should be kept at a
minimum, and, as required by the standard, in no case greater than 6 feet (1.8 m). To help
assure this, the tie-off attachment point to the lifeline or anchor should be located at or above
the connection point of the fall arrest equipment to belt or harness. (Since otherwise
additional free fall distance is added to the length of the connecting means (i.e. lanyard)).
Attaching to the working surface will often result in a free fall greater than 6 feet (1.8 m). For
instance, if a 6 foot (1.8 m) lanyard is used, the total free fall distance will be the distance
from the working level to the body belt (or harness) attachment point plus the 6 feet (1.8 m)
of lanyard length. Another important consideration is that the arresting force which the fall
system must withstand also goes up with greater distances of free fall, possibly exceeding the
strength of the system.
(l) "Elongation and deceleration distance considerations." Other factors involved in a proper
tie-off are elongation and deceleration distance. During the arresting of a fall, a lanyard will
experience a length of stretching or elongation, whereas activation of a deceleration device
will result in a certain stopping distance. These distances should be available with the lanyard
or device's instructions and must be added to the free fall distance to arrive at the total fall
distance before an employee is fully stopped. The additional stopping distance may be very
significant if the lanyard or deceleration device is attached near or at the end of a long
lifeline, which may itself add considerable distance due to its own elongation. As required by
the standard, sufficient distance to allow for all of these factors must also be maintained
between the employee and obstructions below, to prevent an injury due to impact before the
system fully arrests the fall. In addition, a minimum of 12 feet (3.7 m) of lifeline should be
allowed below the securing point of a rope grab type deceleration device, and the end
terminated to prevent the device from sliding off the lifeline. Alternatively, the lifeline
should extend to the ground or the next working level below. These measures are suggested
to prevent the worker from inadvertently moving past the end of the lifeline and having the
rope grab become disengaged from the lifeline.
(m) "Obstruction considerations." The location of the tie-off should also consider the hazard
of obstructions in the potential fall path of the employee. Tie-offs which minimize the
possibilities of exaggerated swinging should be considered. In addition, when a body belt is
used, the employee's body will go through a horizontal position to a jack-knifed position
during the arrest of all falls. Thus, obstructions which might interfere with this motion should
be avoided or a severe injury could occur.
(n) "Other considerations." Because of the design of some personal fall arrest systems,
additional considerations may be required for proper tie-off. For example, heavy deceleration
devices of the self-retracting type should be secured overhead in order to avoid the weight of
the device having to be supported by the employee. Also, if self-retracting equipment is
connected to a horizontal lifeline, the sag in the lifeline should be minimized to prevent the
device from sliding down the lifeline to a position which creates a swing hazard during fall
arrest. In all cases, manufacturer's instructions should be followed.

Positioning Device Systems - Non-Mandatory Guidelines for Complying with 1926.502(e) -
1926 Subpart M App D

• Subpart: M
• Standard Number: 1926 Subpart M App D
• Title: Positioning Device Systems - Non-Mandatory Guidelines
for Complying with 1926.502(e)
I. Testing Methods For Positioning Device Systems.
This appendix serves as a non-mandatory guideline to assist employers comply with the
requirements for positioning device systems in 1926.502(e). Paragraphs (b), (c), (d) and (e)
of Appendix C of subpart M relating to 1926.502(d) - Personal Fall Arrest Systems - set forth
test procedures which may be used, along with the procedures listed below, to determine
compliance with the requirements for positioning device systems in 1926.502(e)(3) and (4)
of Subpart M.
(a) "General." (1) Single strap positioning devices shall have one end attached to a fixed
anchorage and the other end connected to a body belt or harness in the same manner as they
would be used to protect employees. Double strap positioning devices, similar to window
cleaner's belts, shall have one end of the strap attached to a fixed anchorage and the other end
shall hang free. The body belt or harness shall be attached to the strap in the same manner as
it would be used to protect employees. The two strap ends shall be adjusted to their
maximum span.
(2) The fixed anchorage shall be rigid, and shall not have a deflection greater than .04 inches
(1 mm) when a force of 2,250 pounds (10 kN) is applied.
(3) During the testing of all systems, a test weight of 250 pounds plus or minus 3 pounds
(113 kg plus or minus 1.6 kg) shall be used. The weight shall be a rigid object with a girth of
38 inches plus or minus 4 inches (96 cm plus or minus 10 cm).
(4) Each test shall consist of dropping the specified weight one time without failure of the
system being tested. A new system shall be used for each test.
(5) The test weight for each test shall be hoisted exactly 4 feet (1.2 m above its "at rest"
position), and shall be dropped so as to permit a vertical free fall of 4 feet (1.2 m).
(6) The test is failed whenever any breakage or slippage occurs which permits the weight to
fall free of the system.
(7) Following the test, the system need not be capable of further operation; however, all such
incapacities shall be readily apparent.
II. Inspection Considerations.
As required in 1926.502 (e)(5), positioning device systems must be regularly inspected. Any
component with any significant defect, such as cuts, tears, abrasions, mold, or undue
stretching; alterations or additions which might affect its efficiency; damage due to
deterioration; contact with fire, acids, or other corrosives; distorted hooks or faulty hook
springs; tongues unfitted to the shoulder of buckles; loose or damaged mountings; non-
functioning parts; or wearing or internal deterioration in the ropes must be withdrawn from
service immediately, and should be tagged or marked as unusable, or destroyed.

Sample Fall Protection Plan - Non-Mandatory Guidelines for Complying with 1926.502(k) -
1926 Subpart M App E

• Subpart: M
• Standard Number: 1926 Subpart M App E
• Title: Sample Fall Protection Plan - Non-Mandatory Guidelines
for Complying with 1926.502(k)
Employers engaged in leading edge work, precast concrete construction work and residential
construction work who can demonstrate that it is infeasible or creates a greater hazard to use
conventional fall protection systems must develop and follow a fall protection plan. Below
are sample fall protection plans developed for precast concrete construction and residential
work that could be tailored to be site specific for other precast concrete or residential jobsite.
This sample plan can be modified to be used for other work involving leading edge work.
The sample plan outlines the elements that must be addressed in any fall protection plan. The
reasons outlined in this sample fall protection plan are for illustrative purposes only and are
not necessarily a valid, acceptable rationale (unless the conditions at the job site are the same
as those covered by these sample plans) for not using conventional fall protection systems for
a particular precast concrete or residential construction worksite. However, the sample plans
provide guidance to employers on the type of information that is required to be discussed in
fall protection plans.
Sample Fall Protection Plans
Fall Protection Plan For Precast/Prestress Concrete Structures

This Fall Protection Plan is specific for the following project:
Location of Job
Erecting Company
Date Plan Prepared or Modified
Plan Prepared By
Plan Approved By
Plan Supervised By
The following Fall Protection Plan is a sample program prepared for the prevention of
injuries associated with falls. A Fall Protection Plan must be developed and evaluated on a
site by site basis. It is recommended that erectors discuss the written Fall Protection Plan
with their OSHA Area Office prior to going on a jobsite.
I. Statement of Company Policy
(Company Name) is dedicated to the protection of its employees from on-the-job injuries. All
employees of (Company Name) have the responsibility to work safely on the job. The
purpose of this plan is: (a) To supplement our standard safety policy by providing safety
standards specifically designed to cover fall protection on this job and; (b) to ensure that each
employee is trained and made aware of the safety provisions which are to be implemented by
this plan prior to the start of erection.
This Fall Protection Plan addresses the use of other than conventional fall protection at a
number of areas on the project, as well as identifying specific activities that require non-
conventional means of fall protection. These areas include:
a. Connecting activity (point of erection).

b. Leading edge work.
c. Unprotected sides or edge.
d. Grouting.
This plan is designed to enable employers and employees to recognize the fall hazards on this
job and to establish the procedures that are to be followed in order to prevent falls to lower
levels or through holes and openings in walking/working surfaces. Each employee will be
trained in these procedures and strictly adhere to them except when doing so would expose
the employee to a greater hazard. If, in the employee's opinion, this is the case, the employee
is to notify the foreman of the concern and the concern addressed before proceeding.
Safety policy and procedure on any one project cannot be administered, implemented,
monitored and enforced by any one individual. The total objective of a safe, accident free
work environment can only be accomplished by a dedicated, concerted effort by every
individual involved with the project from management down to the last employee. Each
employee must understand their value to the company; the costs of accidents, both monetary,
physical, and emotional; the objective of the safety policy and procedures; the safety rules
that apply to the safety policy and procedures; and what their individual role is in
administering, implementing, monitoring, and compliance of their safety policy and
procedures. This allows for a more personal approach to compliance through planning,
training, understanding and cooperative effort, rather than by strict enforcement. If for any
reason an unsafe act persists, strict enforcement will be implemented.
It is the responsibility of (name of competent person) to implement this Fall Protection Plan.
(Name of Competent Person) is responsible for continual observational safety checks of their
work operations and to enforce the safety policy and procedures. The foreman also is
responsible to correct any unsafe acts or conditions immediately. It is the responsibility of the
employee to understand and adhere to the procedures of this plan and to follow the
instructions of the foreman. It is also the responsibility of the employee to bring to
management's attention any unsafe or hazardous conditions or acts that may cause injury to
either themselves or any other employees. Any changes to this Fall Protection Plan must be
approved by (name of Qualified Person).
II. Fall Protection Systems to Be Used on This Project
Where conventional fall protection is infeasible or creates a greater hazard at the leading
edge and during initial connecting activity, we plan to do this work using a safety monitoring
system and expose only a minimum number of employees for the time necessary to actually
accomplish the job. The maximum number of workers to be monitored by one safety monitor
is six (6). We are designating the following trained employees as designated erectors and
they are permitted to enter the controlled access zones and work without the use of
conventional fall protection.
Safety monitor:
Designated erector:
Designated erector:
Designated erector:
Designated erector:
Designated erector:
Designated erector:
The safety monitor shall be identified by wearing an orange hard hat. The designated erectors
will be identified by one of the following methods:
1. They will wear a blue colored arm band, or

2. They will wear a blue colored hard hat, or
3. They will wear a blue colored vest.
Only individuals with the appropriate experience, skills, and training will be authorized as
designated erectors. All employees that will be working as designated erectors under the
safety monitoring system shall have been trained and instructed in the following areas:
1. Recognition of the fall hazards in the work area (at the leading
edge and when making initial connections-point of erection).
2. Avoidance of fall hazards using established work practices which
have been made known to the employees.
3. Recognition of unsafe practices or working conditions that could
lead to a fall, such as windy conditions.
4. The function, use, and operation of safety monitoring systems,
guardrail systems, body belt/harness systems, control zones and other
protection to be used.
5. The correct procedure for erecting, maintaining, disassembling
and inspecting the system(s) to be used.
6. Knowledge of construction sequence or the erection plan.
A conference will take place prior to starting work involving all members of the erection
crew, crane crew and supervisors of any other concerned contractors. This conference will be
conducted by the precast concrete erection supervisor in charge of the project. During the
pre-work conference, erection procedures and sequences pertinent to this job will be
thoroughly discussed and safety practices to be used throughout the project will be specified.
Further, all personnel will be informed that the controlled access zones are off limits to all
personnel other than those designated erectors specifically trained to work in that area.
Safety Monitoring System
A safety monitoring system means a fall protection system in which a competent person is
responsible for recognizing and warning employees of fall hazards. The duties of the safety
monitor are to:
1. Warn by voice when approaching the open edge in an unsafe

manner.
2. Warn by voice if there is a dangerous situation developing which
cannot be seen by another person involved with product placement,
such as a member getting out of control.
3. Make the designated erectors aware they are in a dangerous area.
4. Be competent in recognizing fall hazards.
5. Warn employees when they appear to be unaware of a fall hazard
or are acting in an unsafe manner.
6. Be on the same walking/working surface as the monitored
employees and within visual sighting distance of the monitored
employees.
7. Be close enough to communicate orally with the employees.
8. Not allow other responsibilities to encumber monitoring. If the
safety monitor becomes too encumbered with other responsibilities,
the monitor shall (1) stop the erection process; and (2) turn over
other responsibilities to a designated erector; or (3) turn over the
safety monitoring function to another designated, competent person.
The safety monitoring system shall not be used when the wind is
strong enough to cause loads with large surface areas to swing out of
radius, or result in loss of control of the load, or when weather
conditions cause the walking-working surfaces to become icy or
slippery.
Control Zone System
A controlled access zone means an area designated and clearly marked, in which leading
edge work may take place without the use of guardrail, safety net or personal fall arrest
systems to protect the employees in the area. Control zone systems shall comply with the
following provisions:
1. When used to control access to areas where leading edge and

other operations are taking place the controlled access zone shall be
defined by a control line or by any other means that restricts
access.
When control lines are used, they shall be erected not less than 6
feet (l.8 m) nor more than 60 feet (18 m) or half the length of the
member being erected, whichever is less, from the leading edge.
2. The control line shall extend along the entire length of the
unprotected or leading edge and shall be approximately parallel to
the unprotected or leading edge.
3. The control line shall be connected on each side to a guardrail
system or wall.
4. Control lines shall consist of ropes, wires, tapes, or
equivalent materials, and supporting stanchions as follows:
5. Each line shall be flagged or otherwise clearly marked at not
more than 6-foot (1.8 m) intervals with high-visibility material.
6. Each line shall be rigged and supported in such a way that its
lowest point (including sag) is not less than 39 inches (1 m) from
the walking/working surface and its highest point is not more than 45
inches (1.3 m) from the walking/working surface.
7. Each line shall have a minimum breaking strength of 200 pounds
(.88 kN).
Holes
All openings greater than 12 in. x 12 in. will have perimeter guarding or covering. All
predetermined holes will have the plywood covers made in the precasters' yard and shipped
with the member to the jobsite. Prior to cutting holes on the job, proper protection for the
hole must be provided to protect the workers. Perimeter guarding or covers will not be
removed without the approval of the erection foreman.
Precast concrete column erection through the existing deck requires that many holes be
provided through this deck. These are to be covered and protected. Except for the opening
being currently used to erect a column, all opening protection is to be left undisturbed. The
opening being uncovered to erect a column will become part of the point of erection and will
be addressed as part of this Fall Protection Plan. This uncovering is to be done at the erection
foreman's direction and will only occur immediately prior to "feeding" the column through
the opening. Once the end of the column is through the slab opening, there will no longer
exist a fall hazard at this location.
III. Implementation of Fall Protection Plan
The structure being erected is a multistory total precast concrete building consisting of
columns, beams, wall panels and hollow core slabs and double tee floor and roof members.
The following is a list of the products and erection situations on this job:
Columns
For columns 10 ft to 36 ft long, employees disconnecting crane hooks from columns will
work from a ladder and wear a body belt/harness with lanyard and be tied off when both
hands are needed to disconnect. For tying off, a vertical lifeline will be connected to the
lifting eye at the top of the column, prior to lifting, to be used with a manually operated or
mobile rope grab. For columns too high for the use of a ladder, 36 ft and higher, an added
cable will be used to reduce the height of the disconnecting point so that a ladder can be
used. This cable will be left in place until a point in erection that it can be removed safely. In
some cases, columns will be unhooked from the crane by using an erection tube or shackle
with a pull pin which is released from the ground after the column is stabilized.
The column will be adequately connected and/or braced to safely support the weight of a
ladder with an employee on it.
Inverted Tee Beams
Employees erecting inverted tee beams, at a height of 6 to 40 ft, will erect the beam, make
initial connections, and final alignment from a ladder. If the employee needs to reach over
the side of the beam to bar or make an adjustment to the alignment of the beam, they will
mount the beam and be tied off to the lifting device in the beam after ensuring the load has
been stabilized on its bearing. To disconnect the crane from the beam an employee will stand
a ladder against the beam. Because the use of ladders is not practical at heights above 40 ft,
beams will be initially placed with the use of tag lines and their final alignment made by a
person on a manlift or similar employee positioning systems.
Spandrel Beams
Spandrel beams at the exterior of the building will be aligned as closely as possible with the
use of tag lines with the final placement of the spandrel beam made from a ladder at the open
end of the structure. A ladder will be used to make the initial connections and a ladder will be
used to disconnect the crane. The other end of the beam will be placed by the designated
erector from the double tee deck under the observation of the safety monitor.
The beams will be adequately connected and/or braced to safely support the weight of a
ladder with an employee on it.
Floor and Roof Members
During installation of the precast concrete floor and/or roof members, the work deck
continuously increases in area as more and more units are being erected and positioned.
Thus, the unprotected floor/roof perimeter is constantly modified with the leading edge
changing location as each member is installed. The fall protection for workers at the leading
edge shall be assured by properly constructed and maintained control zone lines not more
than 60 ft away from the leading edge supplemented by a safety monitoring system to ensure
the safety of all designated erectors working within the area defined by the control zone lines.
The hollow core slabs erected on the masonry portion of the building will be erected and
grouted using the safety monitoring system. Grout will be placed in the space between the
end of the slab and face shell of the concrete masonry by dumping from a wheelbarrow. The
grout in the keyways between the slabs will be dumped from a wheelbarrow and then spread
with long handled tools, allowing the worker to stand erect facing toward the unprotected
edge and back from any work deck edge.
Whenever possible, the designated erectors will approach the incoming member at the
leading edge only after it is below waist height so that the member itself provides protection
against falls.
Except for the situations described below, when the arriving floor or roof member is within 2
to 3 inches of its final position, the designated erectors can then proceed to their position of
erection at each end of the member under the control of the safety monitor. Crane hooks will
be unhooked from double tee members by designated erectors under the direction and
supervision of the safety monitor.
Designated erectors, while waiting for the next floor or roof member, will be constantly
under the control of the safety monitor for fall protection and are directed to stay a minimum
of six (6) ft from the edge. In the event a designated erector must move from one end of a
member, which has just been placed at the leading edge, they must first move away from the
leading edge a minimum of six (6) ft and then progress to the other end while maintaining the
minimum distance of six (6) ft at all times.
Erection of double tees, where conditions require bearing of one end into a closed pocket and
the other end on a beam ledge, restricting the tee legs from going directly into the pockets,
require special considerations. The tee legs that are to bear in the closed pocket must hang
lower than those at the beam bearing. The double tee will be "two-lined" in order to elevate
one end higher than the other to allow for the low end to be ducked into the closed pocket
using the following procedure.
The double tee will be rigged with a standard four-way spreader off of the main load line. An
additional choker will be attached to the married point of the two-legged spreader at the end
of the tee that is to be elevated. The double tee will be hoisted with the main load line and
swung into a position as close as possible to the tee's final bearing elevation. When the tee is
in this position and stabilized, the whip line load block will be lowered to just above the tee
deck. At this time, two erectors will walk out on the suspended tee deck at midspan of the tee
member and pull the load block to the end of the tee to be elevated and attach the additional
choker to the load block. The possibility of entanglement with the crane lines and other
obstacles during this two lining process while raising and lowering the crane block on that
second line could be hazardous to an encumbered employee. Therefore, the designated
erectors will not tie off during any part of this process. While the designated erectors are on
the double tee, the safety monitoring system will be used. After attaching the choker, the two
erectors then step back on the previously erected tee deck and signal the crane operator to
hoist the load with the whip line to the elevation that will allow for enough clearance to let
the low end tee legs slide into the pockets when the main load line is lowered. The erector,
who is handling the lowered end of the tee at the closed pocket bearing, will step out on the
suspended tee. An erection bar will then be placed between the end of the tee leg and the
inside face of the pocketed spandrel member. The tee is barred away from the pocketed
member to reduce the friction and lateral force against the pocketed member. As the tee is
being lowered, the other erector remains on the tee which was previously erected to handle
the other end. At this point the tee is slowly lowered by the crane to a point where the tee
legs can freely slide into the pockets. The erector working the lowered end of the tee must
keep pressure on the bar between the tee and the face of the pocketed spandrel member to
very gradually let the tee legs slide into the pocket to its proper bearing dimension. The tee is
then slowly lowered into its final erected position.
The designated erector should be allowed onto the suspended double tee, otherwise there is
no control over the horizontal movement of the double tee and this movement could knock
the spandrel off of its bearing or the column out of plumb. The control necessary to prevent
hitting the spandrel can only be done safely from the top of the double tee being erected.
Loadbearing Wall Panels: The erection of the loadbearing wall panels on the elevated decks
requires the use of a safety monitor and a controlled access zone that is a minimum of 25 ft
and a maximum of 1/2 the length of the wall panels away from the unprotected edge, so that
designated erectors can move freely and unencumbered when receiving the panels. Bracing,
if required for stability, will be installed by ladder. After the braces are secured, the crane
will be disconnected from the wall by using a ladder. The wall to wall connections will also
be performed from a ladder.
Non-Loadbearing Panels (Cladding): The locating of survey lines, panel layout and other
installation prerequisites (prewelding, etc.) for non-loadbearing panels (cladding) will not
commence until floor perimeter and floor openings have been protected. In some areas, it is
necessary because of panel configuration to remove the perimeter protection as the cladding
is being installed. Removal of perimeter protection will be performed on a bay to bay basis,
just ahead of cladding erection to minimize temporarily unprotected floor edges. Those
workers within 6 ft of the edge, receiving and positioning the cladding when the perimeter
protection is removed shall be tied off.
Detailing
Employees exposed to falls of six (6) feet or more to lower levels, who are not actively
engaged in leading edge work or connecting activity, such as welding, bolting, cutting,
bracing, guying, patching, painting or other operations, and who are working less than six (6)
ft from an unprotected edge will be tied off at all times or guardrails will be installed.
Employees engaged in these activities but who are more than six (6) ft from an unprotected
edge as defined by the control zone lines, do not require fall protection but a warning line or
control lines must be erected to remind employees they are approaching an area where fall
protection is required.
IV. Conventional Fall Protection Considered for the Point of Erection or Leading Edge
Erection Operations
A. Personal Fall Arrest Systems
In this particular erection sequence and procedure, personal fall arrest systems requiring body
belt/harness systems, lifelines and lanyards will not reduce possible hazards to workers and
will create offsetting hazards during their usage at the leading edge of precast/prestressed
concrete construction.
Leading edge erection and initial connections are conducted by employees who are
specifically trained to do this type of work and are trained to recognize the fall hazards. The
nature of such work normally exposes the employee to the fall hazard for a short period of
time and installation of fall protection systems for a short duration is not feasible because it
exposes the installers of the system to the same fall hazard, but for a longer period of time.
1. It is necessary that the employee be able to move freely without encumbrance in order to
guide the sections of precast concrete into their final position without having lifelines
attached which will restrict the employee's ability to move about at the point of erection.
2. A typical procedure requires 2 or more workers to maneuver around each other as a

concrete member is positioned to fit into the structure. If they are each attached to a lifeline,
part of their attention must be diverted from their main task of positioning a member
weighing several tons to the task of avoiding entanglements of their lifelines or avoiding
tripping over lanyards. Therefore, if these workers are attached to lanyards, more fall
potential would result than from not using such a device.
In this specific erection sequence and procedure, retractable lifelines do not solve the
problem of two workers becoming tangled. In fact, such a tangle could prevent the lifeline
from retracting as the worker moved, thus potentially exposing the worker to a fall greater
than 6 ft. Also, a worker crossing over the lifeline of another worker can create a hazard
because the movement of one person can unbalance the other. In the event of a fall by one
person there is a likelihood that the other person will be caused to fall as well. In addition, if
contamination such as grout (during hollow core grouting) enters the retractable housing it
can cause excessive wear and damage to the device and could clog the retracting mechanism
as the lanyard is dragged across the deck. Obstructing the cable orifice can defeat the device's
shock absorbing function, produce cable slack and damage, and adversely affect cable
extraction and retraction.
3. Employees tied to a lifeline can be trapped and crushed by moving structural members if
the employee becomes restrained by the lanyard or retractable lifeline and cannot get out of
the path of the moving load. The sudden movement of a precast concrete member being
raised by a crane can be caused by a number of factors. When this happens, a connector may
immediately have to move a considerable distance to avoid injury. If a tied off body
belt/harness is being used, the connector could be trapped. Therefore, there is a greater risk of
injury if the connector is tied to the structure for this specific erection sequence and
procedure.
When necessary to move away from a retractable device, the worker cannot move at a rate
greater than the device locking speed typically 3.5 to 4.5 ft/sec. When moving toward the
device it is necessary to move at a rate which does not permit cable slack to build up. This
slack may cause cable retraction acceleration and cause a worker to lose their balance by
applying a higher than normal jerking force on the body when the cable suddenly becomes
taut after building up momentum. This slack can also cause damage to the internal spring-
loaded drum, uneven coiling of cable on the drum, and possible cable damage.
The factors causing sudden movements for this location include:
(a) Cranes
(1) Operator error.
(2) Site conditions (soft or unstable ground).
(3) Mechanical failure.
(4) Structural failure.
(5) Rigging failure.
(6) Crane signal/radio communication failure.
(b) Weather Conditions

(1) Wind (strong wind/sudden gusting) - particularly a problem with
the large surface areas of precast concrete members.
(2) Snow/rain (visibility).
(3) Fog (visibility).
(4) Cold - causing slowed reactions or mechanical problems.
(c) Structure/Product Conditions.

(1) Lifting Eye failure.
(2) Bearing failure or slippage.
(3) Structure shifting.
(4) Bracing failure.
(5) Product failure.
(d) Human Error.

(1) Incorrect tag line procedure.
(2) Tag line hang-up.
(3) Incorrect or misunderstood crane signals.
(4) Misjudged elevation of member.
(5) Misjudged speed of member.
(6) Misjudged angle of member.
4. Anchorages or special attachment points could be cast into the precast concrete members if
sufficient preplanning and consideration of erectors' position is done before the members are
cast. Any hole or other attachment must be approved by the engineer who designed the
member. It is possible that some design restrictions will not allow a member to be weakened
by an additional hole; however, it is anticipated that such situations would be the exception,
not the rule. Attachment points, other than on the deck surface, will require removal and/or
patching. In order to remove and/or patch these points, requires the employee to be exposed
to an additional fall hazard at an unprotected perimeter. The fact that attachment points could
be available anywhere on the structure does not eliminate the hazards of using these points
for tying off as discussed above. A logical point for tying off on double tees would be using
the lifting loops, except that they must be cut off to eliminate a tripping hazard at an
appropriate time.
5. Providing attachment at a point above the walking/working surface would also create fall
exposures for employees installing their devices. Final positioning of a precast concrete
member requires it to be moved in such a way that it must pass through the area that would
be occupied by the lifeline and the lanyards attached to the point above. Resulting
entanglements of lifelines and lanyards on a moving member could pull employees from the
work surface. Also, the structure is being created and, in most cases, there is no structure
above the members being placed.
(a) Temporary structural supports, installed to provide attaching points for lifelines limit the
space which is essential for orderly positioning, alignment and placement of the precast
concrete members. To keep the lanyards a reasonable and manageable length, lifeline
supports would necessarily need to be in proximity to the positioning process. A sudden shift
of the precast concrete member being positioned because of wind pressure or crane
movement could make it strike the temporary supporting structure, moving it suddenly and
causing tied off employees to fall.
(b) The time in manhours which would be expended in placing and maintaining temporary
structural supports for lifeline attaching points could exceed the expended manhours
involved in placing the precast concrete members. No protection could be provided for the
employees erecting the temporary structural supports and these supports would have to be
moved for each successive step in the construction process, thus greatly increasing the
employee's exposure to the fall hazard.
(c) The use of a cable strung horizontally between two columns to provide tie off lines for
erecting or walking a beam for connecting work is not feasible and creates a greater hazard
on this multi-story building for the following reasons:
(1) If a connector is to use such a line, it must be installed between the two columns. To
perform this installation requires an erector to have more fall exposure time attaching the
cable to the columns than would be spent to make the beam to column connection itself.
(2) If such a line is to be installed so that an erector can walk along a beam, it must be
overhead or below him. For example, if a connector must walk along a 24 in. wide beam, the
presence of a line next to the connector at waist level, attached directly to the columns, would
prevent the connector from centering their weight over the beam and balancing themselves.
Installing the line above the connector might be possible on the first level of a two-story
column; however, the column may extend only a few feet above the floor level at the second
level or be flush with the floor level. Attaching the line to the side of the beam could be a
solution; however, it would require the connector to attach the lanyard below foot level
which would most likely extend a fall farther than 6 ft.
(3) When lines are strung over every beam, it becomes more and more difficult for the crane
operator to lower a precast concrete member into position without the member becoming
fouled. Should the member become entangled, it could easily dislodge the line from a
column. If a worker is tied to it at the time, a fall could be caused.
6. The ANSI A10.14-1991 American National Standard for Construction and Demolition
Operations - Requirements for Safety Belts, Harnesses, Lanyards and Lifelines for
Construction and Demolition Use, states that the anchor point of a lanyard or deceleration
device should, if possible, be located above the wearer's belt or harness attachment. ANSI
A10.14 also states that a suitable anchorage point is one which is located as high as possible
to prevent contact with an obstruction below should the worker fall. Most manufacturers also
warn in the user's handbook that the safety block/retractable lifeline must be positioned
above the D-ring (above the work space of the intended user) and OSHA recommends that
fall arrest and restraint equipment be used in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
Attachment of a retractable device to a horizontal cable near floor level or using the inserts in
the floor or roof members may result in increased free fall due to the dorsal D-ring of the
full-body harness riding higher than the attachment point of the snaphook to the cable or
insert (e.g., 6 foot tall worker with a dorsal D-ring at 5 feet above the floor or surface,
reduces the working length to only one foot, by placing the anchorage five feet away from
the fall hazard). In addition, impact loads may exceed maximum fall arrest forces (MAF)
because the fall arrest D-ring would be 4 to 5 feet higher than the safety block/retractable
lifeline anchored to the walking-working surface; and the potential for swing hazards is
increased. Manufacturers also require that workers not work at a level where the point of
snaphook attachment to the body harness is above the device because this will increase the
free fall distance and the deceleration distance and will cause higher forces on the body in the
event of an accidental fall.
Manufacturers recommend an anchorage for the retractable lifeline which is immovably

fixed in space and is independent of the user's support systems. A moveable anchorage is one
which can be moved around (such as equipment or wheeled vehicles) or which can deflect
substantially under shock loading (such as a horizontal cable or very flexible beam). In the
case of a very flexible anchorage, a shock load applied to the anchorage during fall arrest can
cause oscillation of the flexible anchorage such that the retractable brake mechanism may
undergo one or more cycles of locking/unlocking/locking (ratchet effect) until the anchorage
deflection is dampened. Therefore, use of a moveable anchorage involves critical engineering
and safety factors and should only be considered after fixed anchorage has been determined
to be not feasible.
Horizontal cables used as an anchorage present an additional hazard due to amplification of

the horizontal component of maximum arrest force (of a fall) transmitted to the points where
the horizontal cable is attached to the structure. This amplification is due to the angle of sag
of a horizontal cable and is most severe for small angles of sag. For a cable sag angle of 2
degrees the horizontal force on the points of cable attachment can be amplified by a factor of
15.
It is also necessary to install the retractable device vertically overhead to minimize swing
falls. If an object is in the worker's swing path (or that of the cable) hazardous situations
exist: (1) due to the swing, horizontal speed of the user may be high enough to cause injury
when an obstacle in the swing fall path is struck by either the user or the cable; (2) the total
vertical fall distance of the user may be much greater than if the user had fallen only
vertically without a swing fall path.
With retractable lines, overconfidence may cause the worker to engage in inappropriate
behavior, such as approaching the perimeter of a floor or roof at a distance appreciably
greater than the shortest distance between the anchorage point and the leading edge. Though
the retractable lifeline may arrest a worker's fall before he or she has fallen a few feet, the
lifeline may drag along the edge of the floor or beam and swing the worker like a pendulum
until the line has moved to a position where the distance between the anchorage point and
floor edge is the shortest distance between those two points. Accompanying this pendulum
swing is a lowering of the worker, with the attendant danger that he or she may violently
impact the floor or some obstruction below.
The risk of a cable breaking is increased if a lifeline is dragged sideways across the rough
surface or edge of a concrete member at the same moment that the lifeline is being subjected
to a maximum impact loading during a fall. The typical 3/16 in. cable in a retractable lifeline
has a breaking strength of from 3000 to 3700 lbs.
7. The competent person, who can take into account the specialized operations being
performed on this project, should determine when and where a designated erector cannot use
a personal fall arrest system.
B. Safety Net Systems

The nature of this particular precast concrete erection worksite precludes the safe use of
safety nets where point of erection or leading edge work must take place.
1. To install safety nets in the interior high bay of the single story portion of the building
poses rigging attachment problems. Structural members do not exist to which supporting
devices for nets can be attached in the area where protection is required. As the erection
operation advances, the location of point of erection or leading edge work changes constantly
as each member is attached to the structure. Due to this constant change it is not feasible to
set net sections and build separate structures to support the nets.
2. The nature of the erection process for the precast concrete members is such that an
installed net would protect workers as they position and secure only one structural member.
After each member is stabilized the net would have to be moved to a new location (this could
mean a move of 8 to 10 ft or the possibility of a move to a different level or area of the
structure) to protect workers placing the next piece in the construction sequence. The result
would be the installation and dismantling of safety nets repeatedly throughout the normal
work day. As the time necessary to install a net, test, and remove it is significantly greater
than the time necessary to position and secure a precast concrete member, the exposure time
for the worker installing the safety net would be far longer than for the workers whom the net
is intended to protect. The time exposure repeats itself each time the nets and supporting
hardware must be moved laterally or upward to provide protection at the point of erection or
leading edge.
3. Strict interpretation of 1926.502(c) requires that operations shall not be undertaken until
the net is in place and has been tested. With the point of erection constantly changing, the
time necessary to install and test a safety net significantly exceeds the time necessary to
position and secure the concrete member.
4. Use of safety nets on exposed perimeter wall openings and opensided floors, causes
attachment points to be left in architectural concrete which must be patched and filled with
matching material after the net supporting hardware is removed. In order to patch these
openings, additional numbers of employees must be suspended by swing stages, boatswain
chairs or other devices, thereby increasing the amount of fall exposure time to employees.
5. Installed safety nets pose an additional hazard at the perimeter of the erected structure
where limited space is available in which members can be turned after being lifted from the
ground by the crane. There would be a high probability that the member being lifted could
become entangled in net hardware, cables, etc.
6. The use of safety nets where structural wall panels are being erected would prevent
movement of panels to point of installation. To be effective, nets would necessarily have to
provide protection across the area where structural supporting wall panels would be set and
plumbed before roof units could be placed.
7. Use of a tower crane for the erection of the high rise portion of the structure poses a
particular hazard in that the crane operator cannot see or judge the proximity of the load in
relation to the structure or nets. If the signaler is looking through nets and supporting
structural devices while giving instructions to the crane operator, it is not possible to judge
precise relationships between the load and the structure itself or to nets and supporting
structural devices. This could cause the load to become entangled in the net or hit the
structure causing potential damage.
C. Guardrail Systems
On this particular worksite, guardrails, barricades, ropes, cables or other perimeter guarding
devices or methods on the erection floor will pose problems to safe erection procedures.
Typically, a floor or roof is erected by placing 4 to 10 ft wide structural members next to one
another and welding or grouting them together. The perimeter of a floor and roof changes
each time a new member is placed into position. It is unreasonable and virtually impossible
to erect guardrails and toe boards at the ever changing leading edge of a floor or roof.
1. To position a member safely it is necessary to remove all obstructions extending above the
floor level near the point of erection. Such a procedure allows workers to swing a new
member across the erected surface as necessary to position it properly without worrying
about knocking material off of this surface.
Hollow core slab erection on the masonry wall requires installation of the perimeter
protection where the masonry wall has to be constructed. This means the guardrail is
installed then subsequently removed to continue the masonry construction. The erector will
be exposed to a fall hazard for a longer period of time while installing and removing
perimeter protection than while erecting the slabs.
In hollow core work, as in other precast concrete erection, others are not typically on the
work deck until the precast concrete erection is complete. The deck is not complete until the
leveling, aligning, and grouting of the joints is done. It is normal practice to keep others off
the deck until at least the next day after the installation is complete to allow the grout to
harden.
2. There is no permanent boundary until all structural members have been placed in the floor
or roof. At the leading edge, workers are operating at the temporary edge of the structure as
they work to position the next member in the sequence. Compliance with the standard would
require a guardrail and toe board be installed along this edge. However, the presence of such
a device would prevent a new member from being swung over the erected surface low
enough to allow workers to control it safely during the positioning process. Further, these
employees would have to work through the guardrail to align the new member and connect it
to the structure. The guardrail would not protect an employee who must lean through it to do
the necessary work, rather it would hinder the employee to such a degree that a greater
hazard is created than if the guardrail were absent.
3. Guardrail requirements pose a hazard at the leading edge of installed floor or roof sections
by creating the possibility of employees being caught between guardrails and suspended
loads. The lack of a clear work area in which to guide the suspended load into position for
placement and welding of members into the existing structure creates still further hazards.
4. Where erection processes require precast concrete stairways or openings to be installed as

an integral part of the overall erection process, it must also be recognized that guardrails or
handrails must not project above the surface of the erection floor. Such guardrails should be
terminated at the level of the erection floor to avoid placing hazardous obstacles in the path
of a member being positioned.
V. Other Fall Protection Measures Considered for This Job
The following is a list and explanation of other fall protection measures available and an
explanation of limitations for use on this particular jobsite. If during the course of erecting
the building the employee sees an area that could be erected more safely by the use of these
fall protection measures, the foreman should be notified.
A. Scaffolds are not used because:
1. The leading edge of the building is constantly changing and the scaffolding would have to
be moved at very frequent intervals. Employees erecting and dismantling the scaffolding
would be exposed to fall hazards for a greater length of time than they would by merely
erecting the precast concrete member.
2. A scaffold tower could interfere with the safe swinging of a load by the crane.
3. Power lines, terrain and site do not allow for the safe use of scaffolding.
B. Vehicle mounted platforms are not used because:
1. A vehicle mounted platform will not reach areas on the deck that are erected over other
levels.
2. The leading edge of the building is usually over a lower level of the building and this
lower level will not support the weight of a vehicle mounted platform.
3. A vehicle mounted platform could interfere with the safe swinging of a load by the crane,
either by the crane swinging the load over or into the equipment.
4. Power lines and surrounding site work do not allow for the safe use of a vehicle mounted
platform.
C. Crane suspended personnel platforms are not used because:
1. A second crane close enough to suspend any employee in the working and erecting area
could interfere with the safe swinging of a load by the crane hoisting the product to be
erected.
2. Power lines and surrounding site work do not allow for the safe use of a second crane on
the job.
VI. Enforcement
Constant awareness of and respect for fall hazards, and compliance with all safety rules are
considered conditions of employment. The jobsite Superintendent, as well as individuals in
the Safety and Personnel Department, reserve the right to issue disciplinary warnings to
employees, up to and including termination, for failure to follow the guidelines of this
program.
VII. Accident Investigations
All accidents that result in injury to workers, regardless of their nature, shall be investigated
and reported. It is an integral part of any safety program that documentation take place as
soon as possible so that the cause and means of prevention can be identified to prevent a
reoccurrence.
In the event that an employee falls or there is some other related, serious incident occurring,
this plan shall be reviewed to determine if additional practices, procedures, or training need
to be implemented to prevent similar types of falls or incidents from occurring.
VIII. Changes to Plan
Any changes to the plan will be approved by (name of the qualified person). This plan shall
be reviewed by a qualified person as the job progresses to determine if additional practices,
procedures or training needs to be implemented by the competent person to improve or
provide additional fall protection. Workers shall be notified and trained, if necessary, in the
new procedures. A copy of this plan and all approved changes shall be maintained at the
jobsite.
Sample Fall Protection Plan for Residential Construction (Insert Company Name)
This Fall Protection Plan Is Specific For The Following Project:
Location of Job
Date Plan Prepared or Modified
Plan Prepared By
Plan Approved By
Plan Supervised By
The following Fall Protection Plan is a sample program prepared for the prevention of
injuries associated with falls. A Fall Protection Plan must be developed and evaluated on a
site by site basis. It is recommended that builders discuss the written Fall Protection Plan
with their OSHA Area Office prior to going on a jobsite.
I. Statement of Company Policy
(Your company name here) is dedicated to the protection of its employees from on-the-job
injuries. All employees of (Your company name here) have the responsibility to work safely
on the job. The purpose of the plan is to supplement our existing safety and health program
and to ensure that every employee who works for (Your company name here) recognizes
workplace fall hazards and takes the appropriate measures to address those hazards.
This Fall Protection Plan addresses the use of conventional fall protection at a number of
areas on the project, as well as identifies specific activities that require non-conventional
means of fall protection. During the construction of residential buildings under 48 feet in
height, it is sometimes infeasible or it creates a greater hazard to use conventional fall
protection systems at specific areas or for specific tasks. The areas or tasks may include, but
are not limited to:
a. Setting and bracing of roof trusses and rafters;

b. Installation of floor sheathing and joists;
c. Roof sheathing operations; and
d. Erecting exterior walls.
In these cases, conventional fall protection systems may not be the safest choice for builders.
This plan is designed to enable employers and employees to recognize the fall hazards
associated with this job and to establish the safest procedures that are to be followed in order
to prevent falls to lower levels or through holes and openings in walking/working surfaces.
Each employee will be trained in these procedures and will strictly adhere to them except
when doing so would expose the employee to a greater hazard. If, in the employee's opinion,
this is the case, the employee is to notify the competent person of their concern and have the
concern addressed before proceeding.
It is the responsibility of (name of competent person) to implement this Fall Protection Plan.
Continual observational safety checks of work operations and the enforcement of the safety
policy and procedures shall be regularly enforced. The crew supervisor or foreman (insert
name) is responsible for correcting any unsafe practices or conditions immediately.
It is the responsibility of the employer to ensure that all employees understand and adhere to
the procedures of this plan and to follow the instructions of the crew supervisor. It is also the
responsibility of the employee to bring to management's attention any unsafe or hazardous
conditions or practices that may cause injury to either themselves or any other employees.
Any changes to the Fall Protection Plan must be approved by (name of qualified person).
II. Fall Protection Systems To Be Used on This Job
Installation of roof trusses/rafters, exterior wall erection, roof sheathing, floor sheathing and
joist/truss activities will be conducted by employees who are specifically trained to do this
type of work and are trained to recognize the fall hazards. The nature of such work normally
exposes the employee to the fall hazard for a short period of time. This Plan details how
(Your company name here) will minimize these hazards.
Controlled Access Zones
When using the Plan to implement the fall protection options available, workers must be
protected through limited access to high hazard locations. Before any non-conventional fall
protection systems are used as part of the work plan, a controlled access zone (CAZ) shall be
clearly defined by the competent person as an area where a recognized hazard exists. The
demarcation of the CAZ shall be communicated by the competent person in a recognized
manner, either through signs, wires, tapes, ropes or chains.
(Your company name here) shall take the following steps to ensure that the CAZ is clearly
marked or controlled by the competent person:
All access to the CAZ must be restricted to authorized entrants;
All workers who are permitted in the CAZ shall be listed in the appropriate sections of the
Plan (or be visibly identifiable by the competent person) prior to implementation;
The competent person shall ensure that all protective elements of the CAZ be implemented
prior to the beginning of work.
Installation Procedures for Roof Truss and Rafter Erection
During the erection and bracing of roof trusses/rafters, conventional fall protection may
present a greater hazard to workers. On this job, safety nets, guardrails and personal fall
arrest systems will not provide adequate fall protection because the nets will cause the walls
to collapse, while there are no suitable attachment or anchorage points for guardrails or
personal fall arrest systems.
On this job, requiring workers to use a ladder for the entire installation process will cause a
greater hazard because the worker must stand on the ladder with his back or side to the front
of the ladder. While erecting the truss or rafter the worker will need both hands to maneuver
the truss and therefore cannot hold onto the ladder. In addition, ladders cannot be adequately
protected from movement while trusses are being maneuvered into place. Many workers may
experience additional fatigue because of the increase in overhead work with heavy materials,
which can also lead to a greater hazard.
Exterior scaffolds cannot be utilized on this job because the ground, after recent backfilling,
cannot support the scaffolding. In most cases, the erection and dismantling of the scaffold
would expose workers to a greater fall hazard than erection of the trusses/rafters.
On all walls eight feet or less, workers will install interior scaffolds along the interior wall
below the location where the trusses/rafters will be erected. "Sawhorse" scaffolds constructed
of 46 inch sawhorses and 2x10 planks will often allow workers to be elevated high enough to
allow for the erection of trusses and rafters without working on the top plate of the wall.
In structures that have walls higher than eight feet and where the use of scaffolds and ladders
would create a greater hazard, safe working procedures will be utilized when working on the
top plate and will be monitored by the crew supervisor. During all stages of truss/rafter
erection the stability of the trusses/rafters will be ensured at all times.
(Your company name here) shall take the following steps to protect workers who are exposed
to fall hazards while working from the top plate installing trusses/rafters:
Only the following trained workers will be allowed to work on the top plate during roof truss
or rafter installation:
Workers shall have no other duties to perform during truss/rafter erection procedures;
All trusses/rafters will be adequately braced before any worker can use the truss/rafter as a
support;
Workers will remain on the top plate using the previously stabilized truss/rafter as a support
while other trusses/rafters are being erected;
Workers will leave the area of the secured trusses only when it is necessary to secure another
truss/rafter;
The first two trusses/rafters will be set from ladders leaning on side walls at points where the
walls can support the weight of the ladder; and
A worker will climb onto the interior top plate via a ladder to secure the peaks of the first two
trusses/rafters being set.
The workers responsible for detaching trusses from cranes and/or securing trusses at the
peaks traditionally are positioned at the peak of the trusses/rafters. There are also situations
where workers securing rafters to ridge beams will be positioned on top of the ridge beam.
to fall hazards while securing trusses/rafters at the peak of the trusses/ridge beam:
Only the following trained workers will be allowed to work at the peak during roof truss or
rafter installation:
Once truss or rafter installation begins, workers not involved in that activity shall not stand or
walk below or adjacent to the roof opening or exterior walls in any area where they could be
struck by falling objects;
Workers shall have no other duties than securing/bracing the trusses/ridge beam;
Workers positioned at the peaks or in the webs of trusses or on top of the ridge beam shall
work from a stable position, either by sitting on a "ridge seat" or other equivalent surface that
provides additional stability or by positioning themselves in previously stabilized
trusses/rafters and leaning into and reaching through the trusses/rafters;
Workers shall not remain on or in the peak/ridge any longer than necessary to safely
complete the task.
Roof Sheathing Operations
Workers typically install roof sheathing after all trusses/rafters and any permanent truss
bracing is in place. Roof structures are unstable until some sheathing is installed, so workers
installing roof sheathing cannot be protected from fall hazards by conventional fall protection
systems until it is determined that the roofing system can be used as an anchorage point. At
that point, employees shall be protected by a personal fall arrest system.
Trusses/rafters are subject to collapse if a worker falls while attached to a single truss with a
belt/harness. Nets could also cause collapse, and there is no place to attach guardrails.
All workers will ensure that they have secure footing before they attempt to walk on the
sheathing, including cleaning shoes/boots of mud or other slip hazards.
To minimize the time workers must be exposed to a fall hazard, materials will be staged to
allow for the quickest installation of sheathing.
to fall hazards while installing roof sheathing:
Once roof sheathing installation begins, workers not involved in that activity shall not stand
or walk below or adjacent to the roof opening or exterior walls in any area where they could
be struck by falling objects;
The competent person shall determine the limits of this area, which shall be clearly
communicated to workers prior to placement of the first piece of roof sheathing;
The competent person may order work on the roof to be suspended for brief periods as
necessary to allow other workers to pass through such areas when this would not create a
greater hazard;
Only qualified workers shall install roof sheathing;
The bottom row of roof sheathing may be installed by workers standing in truss webs;
After the bottom row of roof sheathing is installed, a slide guard extending the width of the
roof shall be securely attached to the roof. Slide guards are to be constructed of no less than
nominal 4" height capable of limiting the uncontrolled slide of workers. Workers should
install the slide guard while standing in truss webs and leaning over the sheathing;
Additional rows of roof sheathing may be installed by workers positioned on previously

installed rows of sheathing. A slide guard can be used to assist workers in retaining their
footing during successive sheathing operations; and
Additional slide guards shall be securely attached to the roof at intervals not to exceed 13 feet
as successive rows of sheathing are installed. For roofs with pitches in excess of 9-in-12,
slide guards will be installed at four-foot intervals.
When wet weather (rain, snow, or sleet) are present, roof sheathing operations shall be
suspended unless safe footing can be assured for those workers installing sheathing.
When strong winds (above 40 miles per hour) are present, roof sheathing operations are to be
suspended unless wind breakers are erected. Installation of Floor Joists and Sheathing During
the installation of floor sheathing/joists (leading edge construction), the following steps shall
be taken to protect workers:
Only the following trained workers will be allowed to install floor joists or sheathing:
Materials for the operations shall be conveniently staged to allow for easy access to workers;
The first floor joists or trusses will be rolled into position and secured either from the ground,
ladders or sawhorse scaffolds;
Each successive floor joist or truss will be rolled into place and secured from a platform
created from a sheet of plywood laid over the previously secured floor joists or trusses;
Except for the first row of sheathing which will be installed from ladders or the ground,
workers shall work from the established deck; and
Any workers not assisting in the leading edge construction while leading edges still exist
(e.g. cutting the decking for the installers) shall not be permitted within six feet of the leading
edge under construction.
Erection of Exterior Walls
During the construction and erection of exterior walls, employers shall take the following
steps to protect workers:
Only the following trained workers will be allowed to erect exterior walls:
A painted line six feet from the perimeter will be clearly marked prior to any wall erection
activities to warn of the approaching unprotected edge;
Materials for operations shall be conveniently staged to minimize fall hazards; and
Workers constructing exterior walls shall complete as much cutting of materials and other
preparation as possible away from the edge of the deck.
III. Enforcement
Constant awareness of and respect for fall hazards, and compliance with all safety rules are
considered conditions of employment. The crew supervisor or foreman, as well as individuals
in the Safety and Personnel Department, reserve the right to issue disciplinary warnings to
employees, up to and including termination, for failure to follow the guidelines of this
program.
IV. Accident Investigations
All accidents that result in injury to workers, regardless of their nature, shall be investigated
and reported. It is an integral part of any safety program that documentation take place as
soon as possible so that the cause and means of prevention can be identified to prevent a
reoccurrence.
In the event that an employee falls or there is some other related, serious incident occurring,
this plan shall be reviewed to determine if additional practices, procedures, or training need
to be implemented to prevent similar types of falls or incidents from occurring.
V. Changes to Plan
Any changes to the plan will be approved by (name of the qualified person). This plan shall
be reviewed by a qualified person as the job progresses to determine if additional practices,
procedures or training needs to be implemented by the competent person to improve or
provide additional fall protection. Workers shall be notified and trained, if necessary, in the
new procedures. A copy of this plan and all approved changes shall be maintained at the
jobsite.

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Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR)

Drawings and Illustrations. - 1926 Subpart L App E

Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR) - Table of Contents

• Part Number: 1926

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Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR)

Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR) - Table of Contents

• Part Number: 1926

Index to Appendix A for Subpart L

1. General guidelines and tables.

(a) Pole scaffolds:

1. General Guidelines and Tables

(d) Guardrails shall be as follows:

(i) Toprails shall be equivalent in strength to 2 inch by 4 inch lumber; or

1 1/4 inch x 1/8 inch structural angle iron; or

(ii) Midrails shall be equivalent in strength to 1 inch by 6 inch lumber; or

1 1/4 inch x 1 1/4 inch x 1/8 inch structural angle iron; or

(iii) Toeboards shall be equivalent in strength to 1 inch by 4 inch lumber; or

1 1/4 inch x 1 1/4 inch structural angle iron; or

(iv) Posts shall be equivalent in strength to 2 inch by 4 inch lumber; or

1 1/4 inch x 1 1/4 inch x 1/8 structural angle iron; or

(v) Distance between posts shall not exceed 8 feet.

2. Specific guidelines and tables.

(a) Pole Scaffolds.

Single Pole Wood Pole Scaffolds

Independent Wood Pole Scaffolds

(b) Tube and coupler scaffolds.

Minimum Size of Members

Maximum Number of Planked Levels

(c) "Fabricated frame scaffolds." Because of their prefabricated nature, no additional

(e) "Bricklayers' square scaffolds."

Maximum intended load: 50 lb/ft.(2)(*)

Maximum width: 5 ft.

Maximum intended load (light duty): 25 lb/ft.(2)(**)

Maximum intended load (medium duty): 50 lb/ft.(2)(**)

Horizontal members or bearers:

Light duty: 2 x 4 in.

(g) "Form scaffolds and carpenters' bracket scaffolds."

(3) Maximum bracket spacing shall be 8 feet on centers.

(5) Wooden figure-four scaffolds:

Maximum intended load: 25 lb/ft.(2)

(6) Metal bracket scaffolds:

Maximum intended load: 25 lb/ft.(2)

(7) Wood bracket scaffolds:

Maximum intended load: 25 lb/ft.(2)

(h) "Roof bracket scaffolds." No specific guidelines or tables are given.

(p) "Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds." (1) In addition to direct connections to

Schedule for Ladder-Type Platforms

Schedule for Ladder-Type Platforms

(q)(1) "Multi-point adjustable suspension scaffolds and stonesetters' multi-point adjustable