Essential Conditions For Efficient Engine Operation

The following conditions must exist if the engine is to operate
efficiently:
a. The cylinder should have good compression. To ensure good

ESSENTIAL CONDITIONS compression:
1. valves must sit properly on the valve seat;
FOR EFFICIENT ENGINE 2. good fit must exist between piston rings and cylinder wall;
OPERATION 3. use of recommended oil to enable it to seal minute gaps between
the piston rings and cylinder wall;
4. cylinder head gasket must be tightly secured.
c. The correct air-fuel mixture must be supplied to the cylinder. A

15:1 air-fuel ratio can be provided by an efficiently air cleaner and
b. The valves must be correctly timed. Engine manufacturers fix the properly adjusted carburetor. In general, there are two carburetor
opening and closing points of the valves with respect to the position adjustments, the high speed and the low speed adjustments, neither
and direction of motion of the piston. It is fixed by: of which should affect the other. Carburetor adjustments should
always be made on hot engine and operating and generally, the low
1. providing timing marks between the crankshaft and camshaft speed is made first.
timing gears;
2. fixing the clearance between the valve and tappet.
d. The occurrence of the spark must be correctly timed. The There is definite time, though short, between the ignition of
combustible mixture must be ignited at the right moment so that its the charge with maximum expansion. If the engine is at low speed,
maximum effect would be felt when the piston is at TDC. If the the spark may occur at TDC. However, as engine speed increases,
maximum effect of ignition occurs before TDC, there will be knocking the spark must occur before TDC so that maximum expansion will be
and appreciable loss of power. The piston needs to reach TDC but felt at TDC. The higher the speed, the earlier the spark should occur
the expanding gases is resisting it. If the maximum expansion occurs before TDC. This is referred to as spark advance and designated in
after TDC, the maximum effect will not be felt resulting in degrees rotation of the crankshaft.
considerable power loss.
e. The moving parts must be properly lubricated. Lubricating oil does f. The temperature of the engine must be maintained at optimum
not only reduce friction by separating rubbing parts but also assists in level. The main bulk of the heat rejected by the engine is dissipated
cleaning the engine of carbon and dirt. This is one reason why there through the cooling system. For air-cooled engines, it is necessary
is a need for periodic oil changes. that the passages are free from dirt for most efficient heat transfer.
For liquid-cooled engines, there should be sufficient amount of water
available in the cooling system to carry away or dissipate the
unwanted heat.
Servicing is a term which includes both the essential daily and
periodic maintenance work. Daily maintenance involves the simple
activities such as checking the levels of fuel and oil, condition of
the cooling system and transmission belt, and the tightness of the
bolts, nuts and screws. Periodic maintenance on the other hand,
SERVICING OF ENGINE involves the scheduled cleaning, replacement or adjustment of
parts related to the valve, ignition, fuel, lubrication and cooling
systems.
Small engines are primarily air cooled, and the servicing of the When breaking-in a new four-cycle engine, change the oil at
cooling system is critical but often neglected. Overheating of the the end of the first 2 to 5 hours of operation and then every 25
engine occurs when the cooling fins and shrouds become clogged hours. Follow the manufacturer's recommendation for each
with debris. The fins, shrouds and fan screen must be cleaned at engine. Service the air cleaner when the oil is changed. Drain the
least every 25 hours of operation. oil when the engine is warm. After the oil is well drained, fill with
the correct quantity and weight of oil. The engine manufacturer
will usually recommend SAE 30, SAE 40, SAE 10W-30 or SAE 10W-
40 for ambient temperature above 40°F. Recommendations for
temperature below 40°F do not apply to us.
Keeping enough oil in the engine is as important as changing
the oil at regular intervals. Check the oil level each day before
starting it. Have the engine on a level surface when checking the
oil. Fill the engine to the full mark on the dipstick. Check the oil
level every 5 hours of continuous operation.
The servicing of the valve, fuel and ignition systems are not as
simple as the cooling and lubrication systems. These are usually
referred to mechanics who have the necessary skill and tools to
perform the job.

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The following conditions must exist if the engine is to operate

a. The cylinder should have good compression. To ensure good

c. The correct air-fuel mixture must be supplied to the cylinder. A

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