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    Answers To Question Sheet 2, Solidification: C /C C F

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    Denbe Santos
    This document contains answers to questions about solidification processes and microstructure formation in alloys. It discusses directional solidification used to grow single crystals, constitutional supercooling leading to dendrite formation, the effects of small solute concentrations on microstructure, and calculations related to glass formation modeling and heat transfer during solidification. Key information covered includes partition coefficients, Scheil equations, temperature gradients required to avoid dendrite formation, how solutes influence grain boundaries and inclusions, and justifications for modeling assumptions.

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    Answers To Question Sheet 2, Solidification: C /C C F

    Uploaded by

    Denbe Santos
    29 views2 pages
    This document contains answers to questions about solidification processes and microstructure formation in alloys. It discusses directional solidification used to grow single crystals, constitutional supercooling leading to dendrite formation, the effects of small solute concentrations on microstructure, and calculations related to glass formation modeling and heat transfer during solidification. Key information covered includes partition coefficients, Scheil equations, temperature gradients required to avoid dendrite formation, how solutes influence grain boundaries and inclusions, and justifications for modeling assumptions.

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    This document contains answers to questions about solidification processes and microstructure formation in alloys. It discusses directional solidification used to grow single crystals, constitutional supercooling leading to dendrite formation, the effects of small solute concentrations on microstructure, and calculations related to glass formation modeling and heat transfer during solidification. Key information covered includes partition coefficients, Scheil equations, temperature gradients required to avoid dendrite formation, how solutes influence grain boundaries and inclusions, and justifications for modeling assumptions.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    29 views2 pages

    Answers To Question Sheet 2, Solidification: C /C C F

    Uploaded by

    Denbe Santos
    This document contains answers to questions about solidification processes and microstructure formation in alloys. It discusses directional solidification used to grow single crystals, constitutional supercooling leading to dendrite formation, the effects of small solute concentrations on microstructure, and calculations related to glass formation modeling and heat transfer during solidification. Key information covered includes partition coefficients, Scheil equations, temperature gradients required to avoid dendrite formation, how solutes influence grain boundaries and inclusions, and justifications for modeling assumptions.

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    Part IB Materials Science & Metallurgy Course A, Metals and Alloys

    Answers to Question Sheet 2, Solidification

    1. Directional solidification is used, for example, in the growth of single crystals of turbine blades
    for jet engines, and in the growth of crystals for lasers.

    For Al–Cu, the partition coefficient is from the phase diagram k = 5.7/33 = 0.17. The
    concentration in the acceptable solid should be a quarter that in the alloy as a whole, so
    Cs /C0 = 0.25. When this is substituted into the Scheil equation:

    Cs = kC0 (1 − fs )k−1

    where fs is the fraction of solid, the fraction of acceptable bar is found to be 0.37.

    2. Dendrite formation requires an undercooled liquid ahead of the interface. Thermal dendrites
    are rare indeed, when pure materials solidify with a negative temperature gradient in the liquid
    ahead of the interface. In constitutional supercooling the undercooling arises because of solute
    concentration variations ahead of the interface.

    For Al–Si, the partition coefficient is from the phase diagram k = 1.65/11.7 = 0.14 and the
    liquidus gradient mL = 660−577
    11.7 = 7.1 K wt%−1 .

    For a planar front the interface has to be stable to perturbations i.e. the temperature gradient
    must be larger than the liquidus–temperature gradient. The limiting temperature gradient is
    therefore
    dT m C (1 − k)v 7.1 × 0.3 × 0.86 × 10−5
    = L 0 = = 26169 K m−1
    dx kDL 0.14 × (5 × 10−9 )
    This is a large gradient which is difficult to achieve in practice. Hence most impure alloys tend
    to solidify by a dendritic mode.

    3. M 7 has large chunks of angular silicon plates which render the alloy brittle because it is easy
    to fracture silicon. M 8 has much finer particles of silicon which are less easy to crack.
    Small concentrations of solute generally influence the development of microstructure through
    kinetic effects. They may segregate to grain boundaries thus reducing grain boundary energy
    and hence making them less effective as heterogeneous nucleation sites for precipitation (e.g.
    parts per million of boron has a large effect on transformations in steel). They may produce
    minute inclusions which are potent nucleation sites (e.g. spheroidal graphite cast iron and
    Al–Si). Segregation can also influence interface mobility.

    The low density of silicon helps compensate for the shrinkage accompanying solidification, thus
    producing less porosity in the casting. In addition, silicon increases the fluidity of the melt,
    thus allowing complex castings to be manufactured. Many modern automobile engine blocks
    are cast from Al–Si alloys.

    You can see micrographs and descriptions of specimens M 7 and M 8 on

    http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/Department/Teaching/online.html

    4. Assume Newtonian conditions with constant cooling rate Ṫ and zero latent heat (given that
    we deal here with glass formation). For interfacial heat transfer,

    h∆T 2 × 105 (1000 − 300)


    q = h∆T = cṪ x, x= = = 3.5 × 10−5 m
    cṪ 4 × 106 × 106

    You could have calculated the Biot had you been given the thermal conductivity of the alloy,
    which is 40 W m−1 K−1 :

    Biot number Bi = (2 × 105 )(35 × 10−6 )/40 = 0.17

    Since this is small, the assumption of Newtonian cooling is justified.

    Iron base glasses are magnetically soft because of the absence of microstructure. They can
    be used in the manufacture of transformers to reduce hysteresis losses. The lack of a mi-
    crostructure also gives the glasses a high corrosion resistance since there is a lack of sites for
    the nucleation of corrosion.

    H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia

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