A Musician Must Make Music, An Artist Must Paint, A Poet Must Write, If He Is To Be Ultimately at Peace With Himself

A musician must make music, an
artist must paint, a poet must

write, if he is to be ultimately at
peace with himself.
What a man can be, he must be.

-Abraham Maslow
Can you tell me what Maslow is describing?
Self-actualization!
1908-1970
key name
Abraham MASLOW
• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs - our most basic
needs must be met before we can be our best self
1917-1998
key name
David McCLELLAND
• Achievement Motivation
– conducted the “Bonzo Box”
experiment which demonstrated
that people with a high need for
achievement choose moderate
tasks
1871-1945
key name
Walter CANNON &

Philip BARD
1898-1971
• We experience the physical

(heart racing) and the emotional
("I feel excited") at the SAME
TIME
1922-1997
key name
Stanley SCHACTER
• Two factor theory of emotion
–- we experience the physical
(heart racing) and give it a
cognitive label ("this is scary")
and this produces our emotions
1903-1989
key name
Konrad LORENZ
•Asserted that aggressive impulses,
are to a degree, innate. (controversial)
Theories of Emotion
•Does your heart pound

because you are afraid...
or are you afraid because you
feel your heart pounding?
3 Major Theories of Emotion
• James-Lange
• Cannon-Bard
• Schacter 2 Factor (also referred to as Schacter-Singer)
James-Lange
Theory of Emotion
A Physiological Response causes the Emotion
Sight of Pounding Fear

oncoming heart (emotion)
car (arousal)
(perception of
stimulus)
Support for James-Lange
• Subjects report feeling
more sad when
viewing scenes of
war, sickness, and
starvation if their “sad
face” muscles are
activated.
• They also find comic
strips funnier if their
“happy face” muscles
are activated.
This is called the facial feedback effect

Criticism of James-Lange
Sight of Pounding Fear
oncoming heart (emotion)
car (arousal)
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding LOVE
heart (emotion)
Sight of
(arousal)
Your secret crush
Cannon-Bard
Theory of Emotion
Pounding
heart • The Physiological
Response and the
(arousal)
Sight of
oncoming
car Emotion are
(perception of
stimulus)
experienced at the SAME
TIME
Fear
(emotion)
Schachter’s Two Factor
Theory of Emotion
• We
Pounding
heart
Sight of
(arousal)
Fear
experience the
oncoming (emotion) Physiological
car
(perception of Response and
stimulus) give it a
Cognitive
Cognitive Label and this
produces our
label
“I’m afraid” emotions

Reviewing the three theories
Emotion occurs at the same time as arousal

Cannon-Bard
Emotion follows (lags behind) arousal

James-Lange
Arousal + Cognitive label  Emotion

Schachter’s Two Factor
expressing emotion
• Paul Ekman
Experiencing Emotion
• Does money buy happiness?
$20,000
Average
$19,000
per-person
$18,000
after-tax income 100%
$17,000 Percentage
in 1995 dollars 90%
$16,000 describing
$15,000 80% themselves as
$14,000 very happy
$13,000 70%
Personal income
$12,000 60%
$11,000
50%
$10,000
Percentage very happy 40%
$9,000
$8,000 30%
$7,000 20%
$6,000 10%
$5,000
$4,000 0%
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
• Adaptation-Level Phenomenon
– tendency to form judgments relative to a “neutral” level
• brightness of lights
• volume of sound
• level of income
– defined by our prior experience
– This is why winning the lottery would only make us happy
for a short while. Once the novelty of having all that money
wears off, we adapt to this new level of wealth (or
achievement, etc.)
• Relative Deprivation pony example

– perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom
one compares oneself
Happiness is...
Researchers Have Found That However, Happiness Seems Not Much
Happy People Tend to Related to Other Factors, Such as
Have high self-esteem Age

(in individualistic countries)
Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable Gender (women are more often

depressed, but also more often joyful)
Have close friendships or a satisfying Education levels

marriage
Have work and leisure that engage Parenthood (having children or not)
their skills
Have a meaningful religious faith Physical attractiveness
Sleep well and exercise

• Catharsis
– emotional release
– catharsis hypothesis
•“releasing” aggressive energy (through
action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges
Facial expressions are universal

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A musician must make music, an

artist must paint, a poet must

What a man can be, he must be.

Can you tell me what Maslow is describing?

Walter CANNON &

• We experience the physical

•Does your heart pound

Sight of Pounding Fear

This is called the facial feedback effect

“I’m afraid” emotions

Emotion occurs at the same time as arousal

Emotion follows (lags behind) arousal

Arousal + Cognitive label  Emotion

• Relative Deprivation pony example

Have high self-esteem Age

Be optimistic, outgoing, and agreeable Gender (women are more often

Have close friendships or a satisfying Education levels

Have a meaningful religious faith Physical attractiveness

Sleep well and exercise

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