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    Pharmacology Notes #2

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    Ayumi Star
    Side effects and adverse reactions are unintended effects of drugs that occur at therapeutic doses. Side effects are expected and generally predictable, while adverse reactions are unexpected and undesirable. Tolerance occurs with repeated administration and results in decreased drug responsiveness over time. A placebo effect is caused by psychological factors rather than the drug's biochemical properties. Toxicity results from excessive drug dosing and causes detrimental physiological effects. Allergic reactions are immune responses that can cause mild to severe rashes or anaphylaxis. A loading dose is a higher initial dose to prime the bloodstream, while a maintenance dose keeps drug levels in the therapeutic range.

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    Pharmacology Notes #2

    Uploaded by

    Ayumi Star
    16 views1 page
    Side effects and adverse reactions are unintended effects of drugs that occur at therapeutic doses. Side effects are expected and generally predictable, while adverse reactions are unexpected and undesirable. Tolerance occurs with repeated administration and results in decreased drug responsiveness over time. A placebo effect is caused by psychological factors rather than the drug's biochemical properties. Toxicity results from excessive drug dosing and causes detrimental physiological effects. Allergic reactions are immune responses that can cause mild to severe rashes or anaphylaxis. A loading dose is a higher initial dose to prime the bloodstream, while a maintenance dose keeps drug levels in the therapeutic range.

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    Pharmacology notes #2

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    Side effects and adverse reactions are unintended effects of drugs that occur at therapeutic doses. Side effects are expected and generally predictable, while adverse reactions are unexpected and undesirable. Tolerance occurs with repeated administration and results in decreased drug responsiveness over time. A placebo effect is caused by psychological factors rather than the drug's biochemical properties. Toxicity results from excessive drug dosing and causes detrimental physiological effects. Allergic reactions are immune responses that can cause mild to severe rashes or anaphylaxis. A loading dose is a higher initial dose to prime the bloodstream, while a maintenance dose keeps drug levels in the therapeutic range.

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    16 views1 page

    Pharmacology Notes #2

    Uploaded by

    Ayumi Star
    Side effects and adverse reactions are unintended effects of drugs that occur at therapeutic doses. Side effects are expected and generally predictable, while adverse reactions are unexpected and undesirable. Tolerance occurs with repeated administration and results in decreased drug responsiveness over time. A placebo effect is caused by psychological factors rather than the drug's biochemical properties. Toxicity results from excessive drug dosing and causes detrimental physiological effects. Allergic reactions are immune responses that can cause mild to severe rashes or anaphylaxis. A loading dose is a higher initial dose to prime the bloodstream, while a maintenance dose keeps drug levels in the therapeutic range.

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    SIDE EFFECTS and ADVERSE REACTION Tolerance

    Adverse drug reaction (ADR) - Decreased responsiveness to a drug as a result


    of repeated drug administration
    - Any reaction to a drug that is unexpected and
    - Pharmacodynamic tolerance: The result of
    undesirable
    adaptive processes that occur in response to
    - Occurs at therapeutic dosages
    chronic receptor occupation; a familiar type of
    Side effect tolerance due to long-term administration of
    drugs such as morphine and heroin
    - Unavoidable secondary drug effect produced at - Metabolic tolerance: a tolerance resulting from
    therapeutic doses accelerated drug metabolism
    - Generally predictable - Tachyphylaxis: A reduction in drug
    - Expected as part of therapy responsiveness brought on by repeated dosing
    - Examples: over a short time
     Drowsiness caused by antihistamine
     Gastric irritation caused by aspirin Placebo effect

    Toxicity - A drug response is caused by a psychologic


    factors and not by the biochemical and
    - The degree of detrimental physiologic effects physiologic properties of the drug
    caused by excessive drug dosing - Depends on the pt’s attitude towards the
    - Examples: medicine
     Respiratory depression from overdose
    of morphine
     Severe hypoglycemia from overdose of
    insulin
    LOADING DOSES and MAINTENANCE DOSES
    Allergic reaction

    - An immune response Loading dose


    - The intensity of the allergic reactions is largely - A higher amount of drug
    independent of the dosage - Often given only once or twice to “prime” the
    - Examples: bloodstream with a sufficient level of drug
     Anaphylaxis Maintenance dose
     Mild to severe rashes
    - To keep the plasma drug concentration in the
    Paradoxical effect therapeutic range
    - Opposite of the intended drug response
    - Examples:
     Excitement and insomnia for pt given
    with benzodiazepines for sedation

    Teratogenic Effect

    - A drug-induced birth defect

    Idiosyncratic

    - an uncommon drug response resulting from a


    genetic predisposition
    - Pharmacogenetics: a study of genetic variations
    in drug response and focuses on single-gene
    variations

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