Chapter 8 Notes

8.
1 Momentum & Conservation of Momentum

8.2 Change in Momentum & Impulse
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM CALCULATIONS
EXAMPLE (8.1.2)
A 1200 kg wrecking ball is moving at 2.50 m s – 1 north towards a 1500 kg wrecking ball
moving at 4.00 m s – 1 south. Calculate the final velocity of the 1500 kg ball if the 1200 kg
ball rebounds at 3.50 m s – 1 south.
Momentum before collision = momentum after collision

m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
(1200 x 2.50) + (1500 x – 4) = (1200 x – 3.5) + (1500 x v 2)
3000 – 6000 = – 4200 + 1500 v2
7200 – 6000 = 1500 v2
v2 = 1200/1500 = 0.80 m s – 1 N
8.1 Review
 Momentum is the product of an object’s mass and velocity.
 Momentum is a vector quantity and is calculated using the equation ρ=m× v .
 Force is equal to the rate of change of momentum.
 The law of conservation of momentum can be applied to situations in which – two
objects collide and remain separate, two objects collide and combine together and
one object breaks apart into two objects in an explosive collision.
8.2 Review
 Change or transfer in momentum, ∆ ρ , is also known as impulse, I. It is a vector
quantity.
 A change or transfer in momentum occurs when an object changes its velocity.
 The equation for impulse is: I = ∆ ρ = mv x mu.
 Change in momentum in two directions can be calculated using geometry.
Read Pearson 8.1 Momentum and Conservation of Momentum p244 – 250. Do Key
Questions p250.
Read Pearson 8.2. Change in Momentum and Impulse p251 – 253. Do Key Questions
p253.
STAWA: Sets 14 – 17
WACE Study Guide: 4.2 Questions
8.3 Newton’s First Law (plus forces revision)
8.3 Review
1. A force is a push or a pull. Some forces act on contact while others can act at a distance.
2. Force is a vector quantity whose SI unit is the newton (N).
3. Newton’s first law can be written in many ways:
 An object will continue with its velocity unless an unbalanced force causes the velocity to
change.
 Net force cause acceleration.
 Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist changes in motion.
 Inertia is related to mass; an object with a large mass will have a large inertia.
Read Pearson 8.3 p254 – 262. Do Key Questions p 262.

STAWA: Set 16
WACE Study Guide: 4.2 Forces and their effects
8.4 Newton’s Second Law
8.4 Review
1. Newton’s second law states: the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force
on the object and inversely proportional to the mass of the object.
2. Force can be calculated using the following formulas:
Fnet = m x a
This can be rewritten as:
v−u ∆p
Fnet = m ( ) = Fnet =
t ∆t
3. Force is difficult to perceive when it acts on objects, but we can perceive mass and acceleration.
4. Different forces due to gravity act on different masses to cause the same acceleration.
5. Air resistance is a force that acts to decrease the acceleration of objects moving through air.

STAWA: Set 16
8.5 Newton’s Third Law
8.5 Review
1. For every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction force. This is known as
Newton’s third law.
2. If the action force is labelled systematically, the reaction force can be described by
reversing the label of the action force.
3. The action and reaction forces are equal and opposite even when the masses of the
colliding objects are very different.
4. The individual forces making up a Newton’s third law pair act on different masses to
cause different accelerations according to Newton’s second law.
5. When an object exerts a downwards force on a surface there is an equal and opposite
Newton’s third law reaction that exerts a force upwards. This is called the normal force.

STAWA: Set 16
8.6 IMPULSE AND FORCE
1. Newton’s second law describes the relationship between impulse, force and the period
of time: I = F∆t.
2. The same mass changing its velocity by the same amount will have a constant change
in momentum or impulse.
3. The faster a mass changes its velocity, the greater the force required to change the
velocity in that period of time.
4. The slower a mass changes its velocity, the smaller the force required to change the
velocity in that period of time.
5. Forces can change during a collision.
6. The impulse over a period of time can be found by calculating the area under the line on
a force versus time graph.
7. The period of time is the cause of the difference between the force provided by two
different surfaces during a collision. Hard surfaces result in a short time to stop and soft
surfaces result in a longer time to stop.
8. The effect of the period of time on the force is dramatic. A shorter time means a greater
force while a longer time means a much smaller time.
Read Pearson 8.6 Impulse and Force p277 – 286. Do Key Questions p286.
8.7 MASS AND WEIGHT
LIFT PROBLEMS – AN APPLICATION OF NEWTON’S LAWS
Have you ever been in a lift and, as the lift accelerates, felt your weight change? This situation
occurs because how heavy you feel does not depend on the force of gravity that acts on you;
rather it depends on the size of the normal force pushing upwards on you from the floor. This is
called your apparent weight.
The lift shown in the diagram below can have three distinct types of motion which would give rise
to different resultant forces on a device measuring the weight of the boy.
1. The lift could have zero acceleration. This could be achieved by the lift remaining stationary or
by it moving up or down with constant velocity.
2. The lift could be accelerating in an upwards direction.
3. The lift could be accelerating in a downwards direction.
What is the resultant force of the boy on the floor of the lift in each of these cases? The force is
composed of two parts: a. the weight of the boy, and b. the force due to the acceleration of the lift.
In the first case, where there is no acceleration, the only force the boy exerts on the floor is his
weight. The force of the floor on the boy (normal force) will be equal to his weight.
N = - mg
In other words the weight is equal to – N because N is acting upwards.

Assuming the acceleration downward is positive and the acceleration upward is negative and the
force of the floor on the boy is N, then the resultant force acting on the boy is N + mg. From the
second law of motion the resultant force is given by ma where a is the acceleration of the lift
measured in ms – 2. This combines to give N + mg = Resultant force (ma).
If the acceleration of the lift is negative, that is upwards, then the force of the floor on the boy is
greater than the weight force above.
N = - mg + m(- a) = - mg – ma
The apparent weight of the boy is – N, and there has been an apparent increase in his weight.
If the acceleration of the lift is positive, that is downwards, then the force of the floor on the boy is
less than the weight force alone.
N = - mg + ma
Again, the apparent weight is given by – N and there is an apparent decrease in the weight of the
boy.
When the lift is falling freely, the acceleration of the lift is the acceleration due to gravity. The force
of the floor on the boy N becomes zero.
N = - mg + mg = 0
The boy will experience the condition of weightlessness. This is the same as what an astronaut
would experience when orbiting the earth or a parachutist when in free fall before the parachute
opens.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM: A girls of mass 50.0 kg is in a lift (Her normal weight would be equal to 490
N). The lift has an upwards motion but it is slowing down with a deceleration of 1.50 ms – 2. What is
the girl’s apparent weight?
Down is positive.
g = 9.80 ms – 2
a = 1.50 ms – 2 (because the lift is effectively accelerating downwards.
m = 50.0 kg
N=?
N = -mg + ma
N = - 50 × 9.80 + 50.0 × 1.50
N = - 415 N
The girl’s weight will appear to have been reduced to 415 N compared to her normal weight of 490
N
Read Pearson 8.7 Mass and Weight p287 – 290. Do Key Questions p290. Do Chapter
Review P291 – 292

Chapter 8 Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 8 Notes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 8 Notes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

8.

1 Momentum & Conservation of Momentum

Momentum before collision = momentum after collision

Read Pearson 8.3 p254 – 262. Do Key Questions p 262.

Read Pearson 8.4 p263 – 270. Do Key Questions p 270.

Read Pearson 8.5 p270 – 276. Do Key Questions p 276.

5. Forces can change during a collision.

2. The lift could be accelerating in an upwards direction.

3. The lift could be accelerating in a downwards direction.

In other words the weight is equal to – N because N is acting upwards.

You might also like