REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN CES 522

ANALYSIS OF THE SECTION IN

BENDING (for slab & beam)

*Basic of main reinforcement design

- Beam
- Slab - Staircase
- Retaining wall
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LESSON OUTCOME:
At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
1 understand the relationship between stress and strain.
(CO1-PO2)
2 understand the failure criteria; under reinforced,
balanced, over reinforced design. (CO1-PO2)
3 understand the differences between rectangular and
flanged sections and determine the effective width of
the flanged beam (CO2-PO3)
4 derive bending design equations from the understanding
of stress block. (CO1-PO2)
5 apply the stress block analysis to determine the ultimate
moment of resistance of rectangular and flanged RC
beams. (CO2-PO3)
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Stress-strain Relationship
▪ When load is applied to a structure,
elements of the structure will deform.

▪ The deformation occurred on the element

will produce strain and stress.

▪ Since RC is a combination of concrete and

steel, therefore the “stress-strain
relationship” of both materials needs to be
understood.
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Concrete
εc2 is the strain at reaching the
maximum strength according to Table
fcd =  ccfck/c 3.1 of EC2
εcu2 is the ultimate strain according to
Table 3.1 of EC2
Stress

Parabolic-rectangular stress-strain
diagram for concrete in compression
0.0035 (for concrete
0.0020 grade  C50/60)

Strain
cc - coefficient for long term effect on compressive strength.
Recommended value for cc in EC2 = 1.0

cc = 0.85 (for compression in flexural and axial loading)and 1.0 (for other
phenomena). 0.85 may however, being used as conservative value for all
phenomena. From Table NA.1 in UK National Annex for EC2

To be decided by the designer

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Steel
Design fyk/s
strength, fyd Modulus of
Elasticity, E

fyk/s
Short term design stress-strain curve for steel reinforcement permitted by EC2
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Section Behaviour in Bending

Simply supported Continuous

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Assumption made in theory of bending for RC

• Concrete will crack in the regions of tensile strains.
• After cracking, all the tension is carried by the reinforcement.
• Plane sections of a structural member remain plane after
straining  Across the section there must be a linear distribution
of strains.
3 different types of stress distribution in the concrete
section:
i. Triangular stress block
When the load applied is small

ii. Parabolic rectangular stress block

When concrete achieve its maximum stress (entire section)

iii. Rectangular stress block

Simplified from ii – modified (EC2)
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Stress-strain of a section in bending

Linearly  ccfck / c
distributed
b  cc fcc < 0.567fck fcc = 0.567fck 0.567fck

x s=0.8x
Neutral axis
d

As
fst < 0.87fyk fst = 0.87fyk 0.87fyk
 st Based on
(i) (ii) (iii)
fyk = 500 N/mm2
Section A-A Strain Stress

 cc= maximum strain of concrete in compression x  0.617d (theoritical value)

 st= maximum strain of steel in tension x  0.45d for conc.  C50/60
x = depth from compression face to neutral axis X redistribution
(recommended by EC2)
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Distribution of strain & stress across a section in bending

Section 3.1.7 (3) in EC2
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Stress Block Analysis (section)

Singly
Reinforced
Rectangular
Doubly
Reinforced

Singly
Types of Sections
Reinforced
Stress block
in Flange
Doubly
Reinforced
Flanged
Singly
Reinforced
Stress block
Below Flange
Doubly
Reinforced
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RECTANGULAR SECTION

2 types of rectangular section:

1. Singly reinforced
consist only tension reinforcement

2. Doubly reinforced
consist of both tension and compression
reinforcement
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Rectangular section – singly reinforced

b 0.567fck
0.4x s = 0.8x
x Fcc
d Neutral
h axis
z = d – 0.4x
As

Fst
For equilibrium, the ultimate design moment, M must be balanced by the
moment of resistance of the section:

M = Fccz = Fst z where z = lever arm between resultant forces Fcc and Fst
Fcc = stress x area of action = 0.567f ck * bs
z = d – s/2  s = 2(d-z)
M = 0.567fckbs * z
M = 1.134fckb(d-z)z
Rearranging and substituting K = M/bd2fck (adopted and modified from BS)

(z/d)2 – (z/d) + K/1.134 = 0 solving this quadratic equation

## eq. 1
w/o moment redistribution
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Fst = (fyk/s)*As = 0.87fykAs where s = 1.15 (EC2)

M = Fst z = 0.87fykAsz

As = M/(0.87fykz)
## eq. 2
Equations 1 and 2 can be used to design the area of tension reinforcement
in a singly reinforced concrete section to resist an ultimate moment, M.

Equation 1 can be used to set up a table and draw a lever arm curve as shown:

w/o moment redistribution

When K = M/(bd2fck) > Kbal (0.167),

The rectangular section is to be designed
as doubly reinforced.

** Max value allowed by EC2 for a

** Kbal
singly reinforced section of  C50/60
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The balanced section

Concrete section with depth of neutral axis at the specified maximum depth
of 0.45d is often referred to as the balanced section because at the ultimate
limit state the concrete and tension steel reach their ultimate strain at the
same time.
This occurs at the maximum moment of resistance for a singly reinforced
section. So for this section with xbal = 0.45d

s = 0.8xbal = 0.8*0.45d = 0.36d

Fcc,bal = 0.567fck*bs = 0.204fckbd

For equilibrium:
Fst,bal = 0.87fykAs,bal = Fcc,bal = 0.204fckbd  As,bal = 0.234fckbd/fyk
Which is the steel percentage for a balanced section which
So that 100As,bal /bd = 23.4(fck/fyk)%
should not be exceeded for a ductile singly reinforced section.

The ultimate moment of resistance of the balanced section

M bal = Fcc,bal *zbal where zbal = d – s/2 = 0.82d

Hence, M bal = 0.167fckbd2 and Mbal/bd2fck = 0.167 = Kbal

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The balanced section

When the design moment, M d is such that M d/bd2fck > Kbal = 0.167:

• The section cannot be singly reinforced

• Compression reinforcing steel is required in the compression zone of the

section

Example 1
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Example 1
Solution:

= 0.847d < 0.95d (OK)

= As,req (minimum reinforcement area to provide a

moment resistance of 185 kNm together with concrete)
Provide 3H25 (1472 mm2) > As,req
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Failure modes / criteria

3 criteria that could influence the failure modes
in RC section design:
1. Under reinforced Due to the provision of Tension reinforcement

2. Balanced
3. Over reinforced
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1. Under reinforced
• Area of steel reinforcement is very small as
compared to the area of concrete

• Steel will reach its yield strength earlier than

concrete
0.0035

X < 0.45d
d

> 0.00217
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2. Balanced
• Steel will reach its yield strength at the same
time as concrete.

• Ideal design
0.0035 0.567fck

X = 0.45d
d

0.87fyk
0.00217
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3. Over reinforced
• This is strictly not allowed
• Concrete will reach its maximum strength earlier than
steel
• Failure occurs caused by early failure of concrete in
compression
• Failure happens without warning (abrupt of sudden
failure)
0.0035

X > 0.45d
d

< 0.00217
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Example 2
below

Solution:
For equilibrium of the compressive and
tensile forces on the section

This value of x is less than the value of 0.617d and 0.45d.

Therefore the steel has yielded and fst = 0.87fyk as assumed.

MRd
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Rectangular section – doubly reinforced

b 0.567fck
d’ 0.4x s = 0.8x Fsc = 0.87fykAs’
As ’
x Fcc
d Neutral
h axis
z = d – 0.4x
As
0% moment redistribution;
Fst = 0.87fykAs  C50/60

When M > 0.167fckbd2  compression reinforcement required.

For this condition the depth of neutral axis, x < 0.45d, the
maximum value allowed by the code in order to ensure a tension
failure with a ductile section. Therefore:

zbal = d – sbal/2 = d – 0.8xbal/2

= d – 0.8*0.45d/2
= 0.82d
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For equilibrium: Fst = Fcc + Fsc

0.87fykAs = 0.567fckbs + 0.87fykAs’

With s = 0.8*0.45d = 0.36d (xbal = 0.45d)

0.87fykAs = 0.204fckbd + 0.87fykAs’ eq. A

Taking moments about the centroid of the tension steel

M = Fcc*zbal + Fsc(d-d’)
= 0.204fckbd*0.82d + 0.87fykAs’(d-d’)
= 0.167fckbd2 + 0.87fykAs’(d-d’)

As’ = (M – 0.167fckbd2)/[0.87fyk(d-d’)] ## eq. 3

Multiplying both sides of eq. A by z = 0.82d and rearranging:

As = (0.167fckbd2)/(0.87fyk*zbal) + As’ with zbal = 0.82d ## eq. 4

Hence, compression and tension reinforcement can be determined

by referring to equations 3 and 4
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Substitute Kbal = 0.167 and K = M/bd2fck into eq. 3 and 4:

As’ = [(K-Kbal)fckbd2] / [0.87fyk(d – d’)] ## eq. 5

As = Kbalfckbd2/(0.87fykzbal) + As’ ## eq. 6

In this analysis it has been assumed that the compression steel has
yielded so that the steel stress fsc = 0.87fyk. (to ensure this: d’/x  0.38)

The limiting constant values from the section analysis can be

tabulated in the table below:

To ensure ductility of the compression reinforcements

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Example 3

Solution:
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Example 4

Solution:
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Text book (Mosley &

Bungey)
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FLANGED SECTION
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Definition
Flange – a section formed by concrete beam and
part of floor slab, where the slab is cast integrally with
beam.

•Flanged section: T – section (middle span - slab);

L – section (end span - slab)
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2 conditions of flanged section:

1. Stress block lies within the flange

2. Stress block lies outside (below) the flange

Determine stress
block depth

1. Within flange 2. Below flange

(design as rectangular (design as flanged
section ) section)

Singly Doubly Singly Doubly

reinforced reinforced reinforced reinforced
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Stress block within the flange

bf
0.567 fck
Fcc = 0.567 fck bf s
hf s =0.8 x

d z = d – 0.4x

Fst = 0.87 fyk As

bw

• Section can be designed as a rectangular section because the

non-rectangular section below the stress block is in tension and
therefore it is considered as inactive
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Moment of resistance:

M = Fccz = 0.567fckbf(0.8x)(d-0.4x)

At ultimate moment of resistance, s = 0.8x is assumed to

be similar to hf (0.8x = hf)

Mf = (0.567fckbfhf)(d – hf/2) = ultimate moment of

resistance of flange

Note: If M  Mf  stress block lies in flange

If M > Mf  stress block lies below flange
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Example 5

section.

Solution:

stress block)

900

stress block
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As,req = M/0.87fykz
= 165 x 106 / 0.87 x 500 x 0.94 x 320
= 1261 mm2
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Stress block below the flange – singly

reinforced

s/2 = 0.8x/2
0.45d

Analysis of section
A safe design for a flanged section with s > hf can be achieved by
setting the depth of the stress block to x = 0.45d (maximum allowed
by EC2).
Depth of stress block, s = 0.8x = 0.36d
Internal forces, Fcc1 = 0.567 fckbws
= 0.567 fckbw x 0.36d = 0.2 fckbwd
Fcc2 = (0.567fck)(bf-bw)(hf)
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Moment of resistant (about Fcc2)

M = Fst(d – hf /2) – Fcc1(s/2 – hf /2)
= 0.87fykAs(d – hf /2) – 0.2 fckbwd(0.36d – hf)/2
 As = M + 0.1fckbwd(0.36d – hf)
0.87fyk(d – hf/2)

Stress block below flange

Ultimate moment of resistant for a section where x = 0.45d

Muf = 0.167fckbwd2 + 0.567fck(bf – bw)(d – hf/2)hf

If M  Muf  singly reinforced flanged section

If M > Muf  doubly reinforced flanged section
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Stress block below the flange – doubly

reinforced

d ’/d check
Area of compression reinforcement:
As’ = (M – Muf)
0.87fyk (d – d ’)

Area for tension reinforcement:

As = [0.2 fckbwd + 0.567fckhf (bf – bw)] + As’
0.87fyk
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Effective width of flange

EC2
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l0 – refer to Figure 5.2 EC2

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T - section

L - section
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Determination of distance l0
Simply supported
l0= distance of point of zero moment

Continuous
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Example 6
Find the effective width of the T - section if it is simply
supported with span of 5m.

beff = beff,1+ beff,2+ bw

b1 = (3500 –250)/2 = 1625 mm

b2 = (3500 –250)/2 = 1625 mm 0.2 l0 = 0.2(5000) = 1000 mm

beff,1 = 0.2 x 1625 + 0.1 x 5 = 825 mm < b1 and < 0.2 l 0 (ok)
beff,2= 0.2 x 1625 + 0.1 x 5 = 825 mm < b2 and < 0.2 l 0 (ok)

beff = 825 + 825 + 250 = 1900 mm < 3500 mm (b)

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Design flow
Determination of stress
Flanged section block depth

Mf = (0.567fckbf hf )(d – hf/2) (Moment of resistant of flange)

M  Mf M > Mf
Stress block in flange Stress block below flange

Design as Design as flanged

rectangular section section

(Ultimate moment of Muf = 0.167fckbwd2 + 0.567fck(bf – bw)(d – hf/2)hf

resistant in flange)

M  Muf M > Muf

Singly reinforced Doubly reinforced

As = M + 0.1fckbwd(0.36d – hf) As ’ = (M – Muf)

0.87fyk(d – hf/2) 0.87fyk (d – d ’)

As = [0.2 fckbwd + 0.567fckhf (bf – bw)] + As’

0.87fyk
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• Bonding – anchorage
• Bonding – lapping
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Moment redistribution and the

design equations
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It is important to note that the constant in the equations discussed at

the previous sections is based on zero moment redistribution on the
section.
In cases when moment redistribution is adopted, constants in the
equations might change.
Table below gives a guild line for the important constants:
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Where:
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Rearranged: