Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University

OPEN UNIVERSITY SYSTEM

La Union philippines

THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL

(GEMC 101A)

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T

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COURSE OUTLINE

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THE LIFE AND WORKS OF RIZAL

(GEMC 101A)

COURSE DESCRIPTION

As mandated by Repubtic Act 1425, this course

covers th.e [ife
and works of the country's nationat hero, Jose Rizat.
Among the
topics covered are Rizat,s biography. and his writings, particer-tarty
the novels. Noli Me Tangere lnO Et fitiUusterismo', some
essays, and various correspondences.
of his

(@) GENERAL OBJECTTVES

At the end of the course, the student shoutd be abte

to:
Knowledge
1' Discuss Jose Rizat's tife within the context
of rgth century phitippines
2. Analyze Rizat,s various works, particutarty the
novets Noti Me iangere
and El Fitibusterismo
3. Organize Rizat's ideas into various themes
4. Demonstrate a critical reading of primary
sources
5' Interpret the vatues that can be derived from studying
Rizat,s tife and
works
6. Disptay an appreciation for education and love
of country

Skills
1. Work effectively in a group
1. ApptY computing toots to process information effectivety
3. Use current technotogy to assist and facititate learn.ing
& research
4. Negotiate the wortd of technotogy responsibty
5. Create sotutions to probtems in various fields
6. Manage one's knowtedge, skitts and vatues for responsibte
and
productive tiving
7. Organize one,s self for tifetong tearning

GEMC 101 . Th e Life and Works of Rizal

- Preliminaries _
 lll

Values

1. Appreciate the comptexity of the human condition

2. lnterpret the human experience from various perspectives
3. Examine the contemporary wortd from both phitippine and gtobat
perspective
4. Take responsibitity for knowing and being Fitipino
5. Reftect criticatty on shared concerns
6. Generate innovative practices and sotutions guided by ethicat stanrdards
7. Make decisions based on moral norms and imperatives
8. Advocate respect for human rights
9. Contribute persona[ty and meaningfutty to the country,s devetoprnent
10. lnculcate patriotism and nationatism

DIRECTIONS/ MODULE ORGANIZER

Read and understand wetl the modute. Answer questions within the
lessons inctuding the summative test. These witt serye as your assignm€nts.
lf there are questions and other concerns regarding the subject, conlact your
tutor or ask them during the face-to-face meeting.

{ couRsE REqU|REMENTS
1. Modute Assignments (individuat), other tearning activities
2. Outputs in Class Activities (group/individuat;, Debate, Roteptay,
etc.
3. Class participation (recitation and attendance)
4. Passing the Midterm and Final Examinations
5. Educationa[ Tour

GRADING SYSTEM

Midterm Grade = C5 + Midterm Exam

Finat Term Grade = CS + Final Exam
Final Grade = 40% of Midterm Grade + 60% of Finat Term Grade

GE/{C 101 - The Life and Works of Rizal - Preliminaries -

 COURSE CONTENT

MODULE I INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE: RA 1425

Lesson 1 RA No 1425 and other Rizat Laws
Lesson 2 19th Century phitippines as Rizat's Context

MODULE II
11+!:1.-llFE: FA/v{lLy, cHtLDHooD, AND
EDUCATION
EARLY
Lesson 1 Rizal's Famity and Chitdhood
Lesson 2 Riza['s Earty Education

MODULE III HIGHER EDUCATION AND LIFE ABROAD

Lesson 1 Education in futanita and Europe and Earty
Travets
Lesson 2 Education in Europe
Lesson 3 Second Travel Abroad

MODULE IV RIZAL'S L|FE: EX|LE,TR|AL AND DEATH

Lesson 1 Rizal's Life as an Exile in Dapitan
Lesson 2 Trial & Death of Rizat

MODULE V THE WRITINGS AND LITERARY WORKS

OF RIZAL
Lesson I Annotation of Antonio Morga,s Sucesos
J" fui frfl,
Fitipinas
Lesson 2 Noti Me Tangere and Et Fitibusterismo
Lesson 3 The Phitippines: A Century Hence
Letter to the Women of Matotos
The lndotence of the Fitipinos

MODULE VI JOSE-RIZAL AND PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM

Lesson 1 J,ose Rizal and phitippine Nationalism:
Bayani and
Kabayanihan
Lesson 2 Jose Rizal and phitippine Nationatism:
Nationat Symbot

f
cemc ror - he Life and Works of Rizal
.P reliminaries -
 REFERENCES

Coates,_Austin- Rizat: Fitipino. Nationalist and Martyr. Hongkong:

Oxford Uniwersity
Press, Quezon City: Mataya Book, 1969.

Rizal, Jose. Et Filibusterismo (transtation by virgitio Atmario

or sotedad Lercson-
Locsin).

Rizat, Jose.. Noti Me Tangere. (Transtation by Virgitio

Atmario or Soledad Laeson _
Locsin

Rizat, Jose. Historicat events of the phitippines lstand

by Antonio de Morga, publU5hg6
in Mexico in 1609, recently brought to tighi ;nJ"annotated
preceded-by a protogue bv Dr. FerdinanJ gtumentritt. by Jose
-1"r" Rizat.
'ii#"i
NationaI CentenniaI Commiision, 1962.
mr"iii,

Rizat, Jose. ,,The phitippines a Century hence,,

in La Solidaridad
Almario, Virgilio. Sin Rizal: Nobelista.
euezon City: Up press, 200g
Guerrero, Leon Ma. The First Filipino-: t ii";.#hy
Commission, 1963.
ot niz"t. National Heroes

Schuma-cher, John. The propaganda Movement,

1gg0- 1 gg5: The Creation of a Fi
tioino
consciousness, The making of a revotution.-[rJ# city' lbrriu pil,'i;5;:"
Zaide, Gregorio at Sonia Zaide. Jose R.izat:
Buhay, Mga Gina_wa at mga Sinutat
lsang henyo, Manunutat, Siyentipiko ng
at Pambansang Bayani . euezon Cityi
AU Nations CO. lnc., 1997.

GEMC 1O,I - Th e Life and Works of Rizal .P reliminaries -

 MODULE I

INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE:

REPUBLIC ACT 1425

Lesson 1 RA No 1 425 and other Rizat

Laws

Lesson 2 19th Century phitippines

as Rizat's Context

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 2

MODIULE I

INTRODUCTION TO TH E COURS E: REPUBLTC

ACT n4Z5

INTRODUCTION

Jose Rizat, our national hero, was

as controversial as the Rizat
,,,,rrur,?.t

The Rizal subject in the phitippines was

became a law in 1956. The Uitt orOers-
the upshot of this bitt, which
course on the hero's tife. works ana
eir..,,"""f institutions to ofJer a

ili-;ii, -lil;';;*riil:
writingt ;deliatty the Noti Me Taneere
and Et Fitibusterismo. The proposat wJs'
especiatty from the Cathotic Churih.

However, Senator Ctaro /v1. Recto -

Bitl - was even haited as a communist the main proponent of the Rizat
and an anti-iatnotic. cathotic schoots
were not in favor of the bdt, but Recto;;riti;.ity
countered the threat
stating that if that happened, ir,u t.nooti-*oril'ie'naaonatized.
the suggesrion to use instead ,j," concernino
novets as mandatory readings, nu.to "rprr;;;i ilii."ai ,"i;;;H;il:
LtrZtJli"j-hl ri.* support for the
unexpurgated version' exctaiming:
books of Rizat from the schoots
"rn" p"opre *ho woutd etiminate the
*outo uioloul'iror'o* minds the mernorv
of the nationat hero. rhis,is iieii-.Oiri n".i;
Rizal" (Ocampo,2012, p. ?s1 ""t " ili
;"fi,;;, ;;l;il

i-G)) oBJEcnvEs

1. To know and understand the Rizat

Law, RA 1425 and its satient
features and provisions

,. and gain insights on the 19th Century phitippines as Rizat,s

I:;i:Orl"*

RIZAL
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n
g DrREcroNs/ MoDULE oRGANTZER

1. There are two (2) tessons of Modute 1. lt is imperative and important

for you to read and understand the lessons ihoroughty in ordler
to
hasten your knowtedge about the topics.
2' ln case you need further e[ucidations on some topics/lessons,
you canr have
supptementat readings using any references tisted
at the end of the [essons.
3. For erroneous/vague concepts/ideas encountered, just
take note of
them and bring them out in the next face to face meeting
for further
exptanation

4. Learning activit.ies are found at the end of the lesson

which maybe i n the
form of a test, research work or an assignment.

RIZAL
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Lesson 1

RA NO. 1425 AND OTHER RIZAL LAWS

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The Riza[ Bitt became. the Repubtic Act
No. 1425 known as the .,,Rizat
Law". The fu[[ name of the Law i, .:m a.i
public and private schoots, cotleges ;
;;;1r;. in the curricula of att
and u;iv;;ities courses on the tife,
y.olf..und writings of Jose Rizat, pirti*fi.t/ nir-nor"f rvofi me
El Filibusterismo, authorizing thu printi;; Tongere and
other purposes. ,,
lra'iiririurti"n thereof, and for

The first section of the Law concerns

mandating the students to read
Rizat's novets' The r.ast two sections invoGs-
mat<ing Rizat,s wr-itings
accessibte to the generat. tf,ey
.pubtic iequiie ine schoots to have a
sufficient number of copies in their tibraries iiJ rnundutu the pubticattion
wofs.inSajor phitippine.tangulses. of
ile
Appendix A: The Repubtic Act No.-142i.)
tili in" ilir text of RA 1425, read

. _Sen.Jose P. Lauret, who co_wrote the taw, etucidated that since Dr.
Jose Rizal was the founder.of tne cornt.y'i
contributed to the current condition
nail;'J;,
and had signific anttv
right that.Fitipinos, especia[tv. tt" "i tn" it i, ort, f,?opil;;
"iii"r,,
vorin,'tn#;;L, and learn to absorb
the great ideats for which thehero aiua. inu couii-oi ,t" Rizat Law are the
foltowing:

1. To rededicate the tives of youth to the

ideats of freedom and
nationatism,
^2' To pay tributefortowhich our heroes tiveJanJ aieO.
our. national nero ror Jevoiing his tife
and works in
-r. shaping the Fitipino character; and
ro gatn an inspirinq source of patriotism
through the study of Rizat,s
life, works and writings.

Former president Fidet

V. Ramos in 1994, through Memorandum 0rder
No.247, directed the Secretary..of Education,
chairman of the commission on Higher Crtlrr" and Sports and the
roucation to-rutty imptement the RA
1425 as there had been reports that
the ru* r,ia-ititt not been totat Rizat
day in every municipaLity una .n.rt"*J'ii,v,'".ji#".y other purposes.
THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING RIZAL

The academic subject_on the tife, works

and writings of Jose Rizal
.ll#
was not mandated by taw for nothing.
Far from being i"rpi..1tuf,
course interestingty offers many blnefits
academicians dectare that the *Ui".t,
that some contemporary
more beneficial than many otner suolect "G.lutty'**n"n taught properly, is
>lgnrrrcance in the study of the Rizat
i;;;;: currtcuta.
subject:

RIZAL
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1. The subject provides insights into how

problems.
to deol with coLrrent

A dictum which stressed: ..He who controls the past

future. " Our view of history for*, ih" '
contro[s the
rnunr"r. we perceivre the
present, and therefore influences the
kind of solutions we proviUe ioi
existing probtems. The Jo-se Rizal subject, as a
of historical information from which
history,rn;".t l,
frfi
life. ln various ways, the subject, for.
;r;'.;;td base his decisions in
educated is a vital inqredient for a'person
;;;;;, teaches thar being
free and successfu[.
oi iorntry to be rreatty

2. lt helps us understand better ourselves as Fitipinos.

Our past, the events that happened hetps us

to comprehend who we
are. We extensively identify and define ourselves
not onty in terms oi
where.we are going, but atio where we .or"-f...
Our fre.eOity pali
behaviors, cuttural identity and otJ h;;itr ;r
noteworthy clues and determinants to our present
a nation are atl
situation. The tife
of g yeV important nat.ional historicai filriu fif." Dr. Jose Rizat
contributes much to the entightenment on 6ur
coftective experferici
and identify as Fitipino. The-good f<nowfeOge
ana understan;;";;;
the past would hetp us in deatiig pragmati;;ftt
ut pr"r.n,.
3. lt teaches notionolism and potriotism.

Nationatism invotves the desire to attain

freedom and potiticat
independence especiatty. by a country under'foreign
power, white
pStr]gti:T denotes proud devotion and toyatty to one,s nation. Jose
Rizal's [ife, works, and writing-_-especiaf iy nL -novet_-*rr.ntiutty
not perfectty, radiate these tralts. The subject ?
hetps us to unaerstlna
and love our country better.

4. lt provides various essential life ond lesson.

We can reflect and learn much from the way

Rizal. faced various
chatlenges in tife. As a controversiat person
encountered sober dilemmas and predicaments
in his time, he
but respondeJ
decentty and high-mindedty. Through tfie.irliuro".isions
he made in
his tife, we can senie his p-riorttiei inJ convictions, which
manifest how nobte, selfless, and great our nitionat
hero was. For
exampte,- his many resotutions exeriptified
the maxim_aphorism that
in this life there are things more significanl tt,an personal
feetings
and happiness.

5. lt hetps in developing logicot ond critical

thinking.
CriticaI thinking refers as discerning, evaluative,
and anatyticaI
thinking. A phitosophy major, Jose ni.ii unrrrpriringty demonstrated

RIZAL
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his logical and criticat thinking skitts in his arqumentative

e..s<e,<
speeches, and written debares. i; ;;;il;";;;?
l.^1ll::l i:r"l:,
Derreve or do, Rizat. atso proved his being reasonaUty
thinker, never submitting 'to ittogicat anj lrraUonat ieffeiiive
basetess opinions of anyone. Actuatiy,
whims and
he indiscriminately evatr uated
and criticized even the_doctrines of t'he
d;;;";i retigion of his time.
A course on Rizat's tife, works, una *rltingi, 'therefore,
lesson in criticat is also a
thinking.

u' serve os a worthwhile model ond inspiration to .every

l','u'|,r\|'
Rizat is very viabte choice
if you are rooking for someone to irrritate
and emutate. Rizat,s_^philosopf,iei,.-n:fe'fficlptes,
aspirations, and dreams -a* gooo inftuence
thoughts, convicEions,
,ideats,
anyone. Throughout his tife, he vatued to
respect for parents, love for sibtings,
nitionut", and .,;;;
patrio-tism,
.nJ foiitty t";rirrdr,
maintained a sense of
.chivatry. Ai;
regarded academic excettence, ;;;
ln,"tr."ti".,-rr" ileii,
fogla
philosophicat and scientific i"ir,.v] u'nU".irtrcat thinking and
research. As a person, he
r,rgrirli.''r,roy, and cuI turat
sustaining a strong sense of-manifested ";;ilitii; and
ror.t uprigninJ;.'', ' ftexibitity white
7. The subject is o rich source of entertaining narrotives.
Dr' Jose Rizat's tife is futt of adorabte
accounts. lt is rarety known that: and fascinating non-fictionar.

1.
Rizal was involved in.a love
triangte with Antonio Luna as atso
g{ tl"
romantic equation; part
^
2. Rizal was a model jn some of Juan Luna,s paintings;
3. Rizars common_raw *ifj ;d;G;;:.#I:, ..remarried,,
man from Cebu and haa tutorJo to a
4. Leonor Rivera (,.Maria Ctara,,1, p;rui,; rornre;;il;,
Sergio osme6a:
married the sister of "il'il"",
had a son who
formei p-resta""t
. 9.uluj.?J
.the_
Assembty Cartos p. norrfo,'-'"'"'
,
"'
United
"iif," Nations

' Gemma truz Araneta is a descendant

ii):.ll'l,ll:.lifl1ll,or""" of
6. The sportscaster Chino. Trinidad is a descendant
(Segunda Katigbak); and of Rizal,s ,,first
,/. l9r"',
lhe original manuscripts of Rizat,s
novet (Noli ond Fili) were once
stoten for ransom, but ate;and-ro-;,;:;-#a retrieved
without paying even a single centavo. them

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,6 LEARNING ACTIVITY

l' Muttipte choices: write the [etter of the best answer before
each numtber.

' This refersas the discerning, evaluative, and anatyticat thinkin.g.

a. Psychotogy c. Schizophienia
-1 b. Critical Thinking d. Logic

_2. The Fitipina beauty queen who was a descendant of Rizat,s

s.ister,
Maria.
a. Margie Moran c.G [oria Diaz
b. Janine Togonon d.G emma Cruz Araneta
The Rizal bitt was enacted on:
1956
a. June 12, c. December 30, 1956
-3. b. June 1,1956 d. December $:, fi56
4'He was the former phir.ippine president who directed
the secreterv
of Education, Cutture and Sports ina ine chairman il" A;;;ri;;:;
higher Education to futty imptement ttre nn f aiS. "i
a. Elpidio euirino c. Fidet V. Ramos
b. Gtoria MacapagalArroyo d. Joseph Estrada

_5. CHED Memorandum No.3 was issued enforcing strict

compliance to
Memorandum Order No. 247.

b.1e7s
a. 2006 .-r'.1U2

The main proponent of the Rizal Bitt who was dubbed as a

communist and anti-Cathotic
-6. a. Senator Ralph Recto c. Senator Ctaro Recto
b. Senator Chiz Escudero d. Senator Antonio Tritlanes
The bitt mandates educational institution in the country to
offer a
course on the hero,s [ife,
-works, and writings, especiatty t-he No/i lae
-7.
Tongere and EI Filibusterismo.
a. Post no Bi[l c. One-hundred-peso Bitt
b. Rizat BitL d. Lauret Bi[
The common-taw wife of Dr. Jose Rizat
a. Josephine Bracken c. Segunda Katigbak
-8. b. Suzanne Jacoby d. Leonor Rivera

This person retrieved the originaI manuscript of Rizat,s noveI

without paying even a singte.
-9. centavo.
a. Ferdinand Blumentritt c. Jose Pardo de Tavera
b. Antonio Luna d. Atejandro Roces

RIZAL
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:* .10. An act prohibiting cockfighting, horse racing, and joi_oloi @n the

30th dav of December of each y"i.. un'a
charge of
t;:;";;
- a committee tor rake
the proper celebration of Rizat aii-in .r".y municipatit.:y
chartered city, and for any other purposes. and
a. Repubtic Act No. 9163 c. Repubtic Act No. 7j94
b. Repubtic Act No. 229 d. Reiubtic Act No. 9147
ll. True or Fatse: Write T if the statement is true; F if fatse.
The Repubtic Act.zz99 is another repubtic act that
national hero, Dr.Jose Rizat. concernrs the

_2. Dr. Jose Rizat was a modet in some of Juan Luna,s paintings.

3 Chino Trinidad, a sportscaster, is a descendant of Rizat,s -.true

[ove" (Le onor Rivera).

The Reproductive Heatth bitt mandates educational

- Phitippines
the -!:.. institutions
to offer a course on the hero,s tife, works, and wrifing5,in
especiatty the "Noli ile .,El
TongerE,, and Fitibusierisno,,.

Rizat, a phitosophy major, unsurprisingty demonstrated

_ ?..Pi.J:re
critica[ thinking skitts in his argumentative essays, satir6s, his
novels, ;p;;6;;;
and written debates.

_6. Josephine Bracken tutored former president

Joseph Estrada.

_7. Dr Jose Riza[ serves as a worthwhite model

and inspiration to every
Fitipino.

invotves the desire to attain freedom and potiticar

--8'Nationalism
independence, especia[y, by.
patriotism denotes proud devotion and
a country unO"r' forulgn power, white
toyitty to one,s nation.
_9. The Rizat Law aims to gain an inspiring source
of patriotism through
the study of Rizat,s tife, works inA writin{s.

_10. The Rizal Bil.t became the Repubtic Act No. 1425,
known as the
"Rizal Law".

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Lesson 2

19th CENTURY PHILIPPINES AS RIZAL,S

CONTEX-T

Contextuatization is imperative in order to have

better understa.nding
of..any events and history in the truest r"nr".
ro.itextualize
within proper and larger setting in which it presents is to ptace it
its true and comrolete
meaning. As Jose Rizat was.born and grew
up'in it"is"i;;;;;i"";A5;
context him - so as to rigidty and proferty understand
works - is to comprehend the economic, iociai it";;[i;, ;;;
his tife,
anJ fotiticat context oF that
era-

Nineteenth century is commonty depicted

, as the birth of modern [ife,
as we[[ as the birth of many nation-;tates
was also a period of massive changes.in ruropll
around the Ct"U"- iil;".i;ry
spain una .onr"qr"niifii
the Phitippines' cotonizer, had wan-ed uottr in rti
co[nies and in the wortd.
Discussions on the 19th century phitippines
as Riza[,s context are
divided into three (3) aspects: ttre ectnomli,-soilat,
ana potiticat. Under
these main headings are major historicai
. . euents or issues, which
characterized the country during ihat era.

THE ECONOMIC CONTEXT

There are four historicat etements that composed

context of the era in which Jose Rizal. was born: the economic
1, The end of the Ga[eon Trade,
1. fh" opening of the Suez Canal,
3. The rise of the export of the ciop
4. the estabtished monopoties in the economv. and
phitippines.

THE END OF GALLEON TRADE

Generatly, Fitipinos were atready trading with

,(now Thailand), rndia,
China, Japan, Siam
cambodia, Borneo, unJ'li"'lr,orr.cas (spice rstands)
when the Spanish cotonizers.came to the phitippinef.
government closed the ports of Manita il;5;i;"i;; ;il;r:il
to a[t' countries ur."pf il;i;;;
i_l"lgUY giving birth to the Manita-Acaputo frJe,-popufarty known as the
"Galteon Trade',.

The Gatleon Trade (.t56.5 to 1g15) was a ship (,,gatteon,,)

back and forth between Manita (which'u.irutti trade going
tInOuO first in Cebu) and
-'Uraun"tu,
Acaputo, Mexico. lt started when Andres a"
Miguet topez de Legaspi, discovered u
in convoy under
.."tu.n ,ori"lrom Cebu t" ,f^,"ri." i"
1565. The trade served as the central income-Cenerating
Spanish cotonists in the phitippines.
business for

RIZAL
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Through this trans-pacif ic trade, the mongo

rice,.the carabao (known in Mexico by f Z:21,
de tAonito, tamarirnd and
co'ckfignting, C'hinese t=;;;;
textiles, fireworks disotays,..tubo (coconut 'wrne j'maring
The return voyage, on'the other nuno,
went to M\exico.
and fauna into rhe plitjpqii:r,. ir.trOine n]-lr"ro*
urorghi "lruuu, and vatuabte ftora
pineappte, horses, and cattte (.,Ga[teo, avocado, papaya,
f.iOE,"].''.0.). Other consequrences
of this 250-year trade-were the intercuttulat exchanges betweem
(especially Phitippines), Spanish America, Asia
i.i to Europe and Af=rica.
"r*rrO
Because of the salteon trade, Manita
became a trading hub where
China,. lndia, Japan, arid Southeast irri".
co-nsotidated.for shipping. Those who.un tnu
i"rrir.s
sent their goods to be
nrl'und did most of the work
were primarity Chinese._ They arrived in the phitipptnes
bringing goods and workforce. wrtn tnu nrg"-ric;.tion
in junks t_;.j;;
of the gatleon trade, the Spaniards f."*J t'h;; of chinese be<ause
?axed them, sent the'n out
to the Parian and eventua[ty, when tensions ioi!, ,n"rru.r"d
some of them.
"Such massacres were at [heir height in
unease,. and fear, until the spaniards and
tnu ri; century from suspicion,
the chinese learned to tiv;';;iil
each other in the next few centuries,,
lOngpin, n^d.1.
TheManita Ga*eon trade artowed modern, riberat ideas
Philippines, eventually and- graduatiy i.ipiii"g to enter the
independence from spain. on.seitember ra,
the movement for
with Mexico,s war of independence.
r,iii, ln" Gatteon Trade ended

phitippines
- .Previousty, the
^spanish were governed by Spain from Mexico- The
crown took direc[ controt or inu-pr,i't-i#nes and administered it
directly from Mad.id. The opening of the suei
ranar ana the invention of
steam ships, which lessened the tiaver. time
irom ipain to the country to 40
days, made this more convenient.

THE OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL

Thg S.uez Canat, as an artificial sea-[eve[ waterway

connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red in Egypt,
Sea throlgh the lsthmus rf
constructed by the suez canat companv o"t*"". i;;:
iasg and 1g69 under the
leadership of French diptomat Ferdinand a" i"t*pt,
it was officiatty opened
on November 17,1869.

The distance of trave[

_between Europe and the phitippines was
eventuatly became ctoser to Spain with the'opening of the canat. The
streamer from Barcetona had to sait around the
Manita after a menacino iourney of more
clfe oi Good Hope t" i"i.r,
than thrie months, with the Suez
c0 j;.
Canat, the journey *", ["tr"n"d to ontv jz-to

lh" opening of the Suez Canat became a big advantage in commercial

enterprises especially between Europe and East -Asia.
- mor6 irportantty,'ii
served as a significant factor thaf tt'"- crowth of nationatistic
desires of Jose Rizat and other Fitipino "nuutJ
it*t;;;o;. '

RIZAL
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 11

The Suez Canat expedited the importation not

products but also books, magazines, onty of comrmercial
and newspapers with tiberat ideas from
which Jrtimatery urr".t"i t[" iinds of Rizar
l,Til]T:l-llrope,
rr.prno relormists. The oolitical views of Western and orher
tiberaL thinker;
the Phitippines. Furthermore, the reduced route ";i;;;;
stimutated more and more
Spaniards and Europeans with liberat il""; ;
interact with locat reformists.
.or" to the countrgr and

.The avaitabitity of the Suez Canal has also encouraged the ilustrodos,
especia[ly Jose Rizat, to pursue education abroal -a-n-i
liberal in European academic institutions. rn"ir
ind tearn scientifi<
i*i.t
deatings with tiberar.s
in the West have inftuenced their ttrougnti on ;;ionhood,
government. potiticsr and

THE RISE OF THE EXPORT OF CROP ECONOMY

.. Most.
.trading of the Spaniards in the phitippines were engrossed
undertakings between
in mar-itime
Manita and'Mexico du.ing
era. The exploitation of the phitippin"r, nutu.il ,"-rourcesthe Gatteon Trade
and the progress
of an export crop economy were pirenomenu oi tn"
nineteenth centurf, not
of the Spanish rute,s early period.

Some years after the end of the Gatteon

Trade, between 1g2O and
1870, the Phitippines was we[[ on its way oi'devetoping
economy. Products, such as sugar, r\,tanita hemp,
u";*d;-.;;;
and coff& *"r",p.oO*Ji
for foreign markets white impo-rted gooa, oi ifii
irrop"un factory industry
found their way into many parts orin. etitifiin"r.
rn" various economic
activities. in the new export-crop economy in'tnu-.ountry
provided many
opportunities for the expanding chinese poputation.
Formerty .on.unt.ul"i
in Manita, many Chinese moved to provinies
tnai pioar.uo ..opi.-it J
hemp-producing areas of southeaster. L;; ;il "*i".i
ihe eastern Vi;;;r; ih;
sugar areas of the western Visayas, and the tobacco prorini..
-
o-i
northeastern Luzon.

.. Ih:.export crop industry,s devetopment in the phitippines was

motivated by the commerciat undertakings of North europ"un'unJ
American merchants, who provided capiiat, orginization, No.ii
foreign markets and sources of imports. 'suc-iince and access to
operations in port cities, especiatty Manita, they
they based their
nleded agents *no coutO
distribute imports in the interior und buy ;;
assumed primarity by the Chinese
Co&; ;. export. This rote was

MONOPOLIES

Monopoty contracting another prime source of weatth during the

_was
post-gatteon period. After 1g50, government monopoty contracts for the
cottection of different revenues were opened to
time' The chinese instantty took advantag" oitt,i commercialfor the f.irst
foreigners
opportunity

RIZAL
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 12

and thus, for the rest century, enjoyed

monopoty contracting "fin :h"1,9:1
the phitippin.r.''
-'-'-- a pre-eminent posittion in

The opium monoooty was a profitabte

one. During the 1g40,s, the
Spanish sovernment nad teiarizedih;;;;;i;p;ir lprovtoeo it was ri m*ed
to chinese) and a government monopoty or
opium importation and sates was
created. Most of the contracts in tne
monopoly weie netd by the Chinese.

But even before 1g50,

.monopolies on some products had been
estabtished, which were,basiiatty controiteJuy-ln" cotonial governEnent.
There were monopoties of-speciat crops
and-ii#s,'such as spirituous rr*quors
(17-12-18U), betel nut (1764), tobacl.-tiIi1,idzl,
and exptosives ( 1805-
1864). Among rhese monopoly ,yrt"rr,
inJ"rpiliilu,
these monopoty systems, the most .ontrorurriui
(180s.iili. i.;"*
und oppressive to locats
was perhaps the tobacco monopoty.

On Marchl, 1782, Governor General

Jose Basco ptaced the phitippine
tobacco industry under government control,
tobacco monopoty. rt aimed. to rncreaie' thereby estabtishing the
annual subsidy- coming from. Mexico was !o'ul.#"n, revenue since the
no ring"r rlrricient to maintain the
cotony. An order was thus issued.for th" *il;;;;";d
in the provinces of Cao1y66 Vattey, ltocos N[rtJ, cuttivation of tobacco
fto.o, ilr; lr'iil;;;
lsabela, Abra, Nueva Ecijl,'and M".i#il;;:- ""'"
, . T.lese provinces ptanted nothing but tobacco and
onty to the government at a pre-desig."t"o pri.",'Lavingsold their produce
for the locat farmers. The system.,"t-tn" ,.uqlir"i tittle or no profit
number of tobacco plants
that must be sol.d to them_by each f"mity. N;;il was attowed to keep even
a few tobacco leaves for persona[ ,r", in"r"[i]trcing (oca[ farmers to
buy.the tobacco they themsetves pianteJ-iroli 'tnu the
and/or physical punishments were sanctioneJ government. Fines
transgress any of the decrees under the
to anyone who woutd
systur.--
The colonial government exported the
tobacco to other countries and
to rhe cigarerte factories in Maniti. Th" ;;.;;
revenues for the government and made phiti;pi;;
;nopoty positivety raised
over Asia and some parts. in. Europe. N"criil"i; tobacco prominent atl
brought about food shortages since.the ptunling though, id ;rG;;
somewhat
oiuuric crops like rice was
negtected and abandoned.

The tobacco monopoly was finatty abol.ished in 1gg2. (Some

references state that the tob^acco ,";;;;iy
,iiii,"
1781 to 1881, not 1l8Z to i882, atthoulh'*;rt'"rin""
enitippines was from
agree that it tasted
for exactty 100 years). A century of har-dship.ro
monopoty promptei nUpinoi il
r*r.t injustice caused by
!!e. logacc?
particutar, to seek freedom from cotonial ;;;"^" and Novo Ecijanos in
O".a]g;.

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3

There are three events-factors of the

century Phitippines : Sociat Context of thos 19u,
1. Education
2. The rise of Chinese l4estzo
3. The rise of the inguilinos.

EDUCATION IN THE 19IH CENTURY

The European svstem of Education was

introduced to the phiti*pines
r.,iJ"rr-sih*i, *i,u
ljilJf;lglofspanish "r,uurished
and ran by

The Spanish Coloniat Government and

religion a computsory subject .t.ii the Cathotic Church made
the catholic faith and made them
t"r"ii*iiln
'-" uir"o
'" to convert nariwes to
"O"Oi""tl'
King phitip il's Leyes de rndios (Law
authorities in.the phitippines to eauciie of the rndies) mandated spanish
read and write and to [earn spanisrr.-th; d;;, to teach them how ro
inJ-io.ntrn missionaries thus
established schools, somewhat uar?iiuo'tn"'iat-iies,
teach them the Spanish tanguage, fearing but did not seriouslv
knowledgeabte and turn out to be
tt,"t tt,"" friOi* **ti-O;;::.:
tneii co-equai. Less than one-fifth of
those who went to schoot coutd ,.;;;;';,1"'jo"",rn,
speak the language property. --'- " rrr JHqr and far fewer coutd

The first formal schoots in tand. were.the parochial schoots opened

in their parishes by the missionaries,
-the such as the Augustinians,
Jesuits' and Dominicians. Franciscans,
.Aside.r.,in.'-r"r,!ilr,-
taught reading, writine. arithmetic, fr" nutiu" chitdren were
.ru
subjects' Aside from tle christian-D"iiiii"tl
i"ir--"'rlo."tionat and practicar arts
the Cathotic church was atso taughi r.rii"(the officiat tanguage of
ilit;id;is
spanish friars betieved th.at the -nutirli instead of spanish. The
skills' and so one wav ro,. *,e.tocatiioi""-
**ta--noioe uur" to match their
such as apptying corporat punishment.
i"tt'*it ro use strict disciptine,

Later on, colleses (which were the

equivatent of our high schoots
todav) were estabrish-ed io. uovi lni'lnu'iilil
Spanish regime as uovi una girir'ilioi"i'i"
was no co-education
9:r:lq.,_n:
suDJects taught to cottege students separate schoors. The
inctuOeJ nisiory, tatin, geography,
mathematics and phitosopiry.

University education was opened in

the country during the earty part
of the 17th century. lnitia,y,.th^e .ott.gui
u;Juniu"rrities were open onty to
the Spaniards and thor" *;tn spunii-n-Li""Jfr"rii*1.
tt was onty in the
19th century that these ,nir"rsiiie,
iiar#ri.;il;g native Fitipinos. Stitt
retigion, universities then did not
:iJT"",T5m:on earnestty teach science

RIZAL
-Modute l-
 14

ln 1863, a royal decree catted for the estabr.ishment

.
system.in the Philippines.
of a pubtic :schoot
Formerly-run.totatty by retigious autnorrtrd"t"#
education in the cotonv was thus finatty aoniini'stered
by the government
during the tast hatf or *," rsin;;;i;dl;;;;h
then the church
controlted its curricutum. previously exciusive ior "r"n
spaniards ana spaniin
mestizos, universities became open to natives though
tney timited ineli
accommodations to the sons of weatthy /ndio
famities.
As a resutt of the growing number of educated
fitipinos, a new :social
class in the country emerled, w-ho wereknown
aiiire ltustrodos.
But despite
their weatth and educaiion, the ilustrodos weie stift deemed
spaniards as inferior to be in the same tevet with d-G;
the p.oua spania*is *ai
one of the aims of the itustrodos.

With the opening of the Suez Canat, which made the

travel to
faster, easier, and more affordabte, *any toiuii took advantag" Europe
chance to pursue higher and better education in tnat
oJ i["
con'nent, typicatty in
Madrid and Barcetona. There, nationatism and the thirst
for refor;'bto;;e;
in the liberal atmosphere. T.he new enlightened ctass in phir.ippines
woutd later lead the philippine independince movement,
;i"t;
using the Spanish
language as their key means of communication. ouiof
tt ii tut"it"Jgii"p ;i
students from the phitippines arose what .".L to be known-as-ihe
rropoganoa Movement. The most prominent of the /rustrodos
was Jose
Rizat, who inspired the craving foi freedom and independence
novets written in Spanish.
with nii

THE RISE OF CHINESE MESTIZO

the beginning of the.19s century, economic and potiticat changes

l{1.::l?f: were..finatty
Hnrupprnes.
starting to affect Spain and, consequentty-"ffi
srgnificant as a motivation to broader trade was ihe graduat
abo[ition of the.monopoty enjoyed by the Manita-Acaputo Gar.r.eon.
uion G
elimination of the gatr.eon trade, Manita became open to foreign merchanti
atmost without restriction by the mid-1g30. The demand ror enitippine
sugui
and ob.oco. (hemp) grew swiftty, and the amount of exports t6'fr.o#"n
countries increased even more after the opening of the suez canat
in 1gLs.
The devetopment of commercial agricutture in the archipetago
resutted in.the presence of a new ctass. Ato-ngside the tandhotding,
tt-tfr"
church and the rice estates of the pre-spariish nobility, ttere ime.j"i
hoc.iendos. of sugar, coffee., ard hemp, typicatty owned by
enterprlsr:n!
chinese-Fitipino mestizos, rn fact, tome oi the famities wnicn atiained
reputation in the 19th century have continued to ptay a vitat rote in
the
country's economics and politics.

ln a larger perspectjve, the fast rhythm of economic progress in

the
Phitippines during the 19th century expedit"d by some mentioned
factors
resutted in the rise of a new breed of rich and inftuentiat Fitipino
middte
class- Non-existent in earlier centuries, this ctass, composed of spanish
and
chinese mestizos ascended to a position of powei in the phitippinu,
,o.iuty

RIZAL -Modute l-
 15

and in due course became leaders in education

ctass inctuded as stressed by Vail.ano, - - - and
* finance. This rmiddte
N.D.r
"...the llustrados who belonged to the londed gentry
ond who were
highly. respected in. their-respectiie'iruit.,
or towns,
regorded as filibusteros or rebels ov'1i"'-iriiirr.'";;;;, trhouoh
prosperity of the period hos enabled r;i;i::;
and-Europe for higher s.tt!die:.
thim to send their sons
u*,t iitnii'tater Spri,t,
became mer',lbers
of freemasonry ond,octive in-tne piLiiionda tlovement.
them sensed the foiture oJ reJormism-iii-iirn"a Sorae of
b rodicorisrm, ond

THE RISE OF THE INQUILINOS

At [east in modern spanish, the term inquirinohas

as the Engtish ,,tenant,,. Contextuatty,
the same meanina
tn" ie; t;;tr.ylrsr,;; il;Jii',ii
the Philippines is better understooJ ir qr"riri"ilystem
right to use land in exchange for rent. " of tenancy, or the

The elimination of-the Gatteon Trade and

canal gave way for more intensive ,.r." .uiiiruiii-n
the opening of the Suez
and production of crops,
such as sugar cane and tobacco. fu-;
progressivety to the inguirino system
;Jt, many estates turned
of tana tenure. But since tt" rri"rs'"ri
secutar spanish were norma*y absentee
granted to an administrator. who *"t
iirai"iJi, management was
Fitipino lay brother. During harvest t,ri-
tvpiiiiivi "rt"te
tay spanish mestizo or
''.orinistrator
the rent of the inguirinos, organize ttre
tt" woutd co ttect
aet*ery oi the harvests to the tocat
market or to Manita, and re.mit income fro,
owners. ln some estates though, these furm
i.f", and rents to the estate
trusted inquilinos. Acting. as overtords, some Jrti", were consigned to
innumerabte and irrationat demands from
inquilinos woutd rnake
iar.-wirt
"rr.
The rnquirinos paid a fixed rent and the amount
was determined by
the size and quatitv of the tand oeing woiteJ'".1'art
land owned by missionarv. congregations (friar with the expansion of
estates), the proportions of
farmlands teased to inouilinos ir*ilr.i""JJltbri.e
many of them to sub-
lease parcels of theii tund...tg ,h"*d;;'r,
eventuatty became very profitabte ttut ,6i"lnirlinos roro*or. This system
tnetr own and entered in other galnfut comlnerciaIacquired tands of
ventures. Some
becomin g rarm"eri ana i"i"cit"a,n"
ffiX,:i?:ff1,:iceased ;"u1", pt"i" iv
As friar estates enlarged,. outtining the
boundaries that separated
these estates from communat tanas uecimi
, ;;.;. cause of conftict:
Chaos and disputes. over communat woodcutting
rose between viltaees and estates, with and grazing areas
the i;i; denying to the former
their tradirionat iommunat prtviiegei. l;- il;;r, the vittagers once
RIZAL
-Module l-
 16

complained that the friars took iltegat possession

compound this c'ime, they even deniez the
of their land a _nd to
use of rivers for fishing
forest.for cottecting fire woods and witd fruiti.-in "-,Jtn"
Cavite and Ldril;;h;
Dominicians and Tagatogs frequentty forghf-Lr"r.
border tandsl l;, ;;;
incident, the former ctaimed tnat ttre purirru iuna,
in a nearby ,oanuin
was inctuded in their tand grant, white the
tattei Jenied this and reC"i;;i;
kitted the estate cattte grazing there. r_unJ uorJ"..
confticts becarme so
acute in these provinces that they served as cataiysts
"g;u;u;;;;', ;in;
fo.
(Sobritchea, n.d.)

There were also confricts between estate owners

and workers. Jhese
stemmed from coltection of excessive taxes and
tand rent, tnu a"iu.n"-oi
sharing
_agreements, extreme demands ro, uuoi ,u*ices and capricious
fixing of crop prices:

"...the hacienda structure consisted of three strato:

the e:stote
owner, the leoseholder or ond the tenont_shorecroppii.
Between the owner and .inquilino
ine inquilinot, however, *or-. ini
administrotor who oft.en demanded o ,hor" i1 the produ'ce,
above. the stipuloted l.and rent. i*lcn yeii
oi", iia
at
inquilino paid the rond rent, separated'the seed,
itorvest ti*e, i'i-"
and aiua"a ii"
r-emoining crop eguolly between ihe shorecropper
ona ninsetf. iiiile
the--sharecropper was at
.the bottom iiri ,f tne nierarcni,"'i)
suffered most obuses ond de.monds of the tio non-producing
se<tors
obove him,,. (Sobritcheo, n.d_)

There were instances of peasants. taking arms to protest

abuses and usurpation of their tands by tne lesirifs,
the atteged
Oominicians, augusirra'n;
and the Recotlects. The retative freedom, *nlinin" inquirinos'acqtireJ'ti
sub-teasing their farms provided them a tacticii
ujuuntug" fo, urrungingli6
leading these peasant protest movement.

THE POLITICAL LANDSCAPE

,... Ih:influences were the factors or events which cataputted

political -fotlowing the
affecting the 19s ."ntr.y- enitippines, specificatty, Dr.
Jose Rizat:

'l
.Liberalism
2. The impact of the Bourbon Reform
3. The Cadiz Constitution.

LIBERALISM

Liberatism is a worldview founded on ideas of

freedom and equality.
It is-.a wide range of potiticat phitosophies tnri .*iio"r inaiviauaf
ridJvio
poriticar goat, and ,ti"rr", individuar rights
:: :1..:..1",t,-s]9:ilicalt
equaury or opportunity. Liberats norma[[y betieve that gou"rrim"ni'ii
and

RIZAL
-Module l-
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necessary to protect individuals. from

being abused by others thougrh they
are a[so aware that government itsetf
can pJr" iin."ut to tiberty.

The French Revotution (11g9_17gg) started

a politicat revotut-ion
Europe and consequently in some
ott., pJrt, if'lte groUe. ,,Having ,LiLbertvin
Eguolity ond Froterniti' as its natire
ciyl'i"ni'rurotr,ion became a pe.ioj
change in the potiticai 'nlri".V
3l..l1naam9n1at
governmenta[ France as the French
structure was changed from uniJtrt"
priviteges for the rich and-ctergyj
"r monarchy (with ffeudat
;;;
founded on the principtes of cttiiens[ip
;;;;'tiberat governmenr srysrem
i*ti"r"Ute rights.
"rj
The consequence of the French
Revotution, Spain later experienrced
stormy,century of potitical distrrOu*"r, a
rn portioments ond consti.tutiorr,
*-ni.t"in'.tua"a ,,numerous ch.anses
'p"iinlii'i
tni wor, th;; i;;r-;f;;;ffi
Americo, ond the strussre t"tirir-
n'd')' The tiberats in spiin considerea tiiirrir'ira
ih-et;#;ft
**iiit
*;/ Ginil
reforms' They thus oursued curbing church as an enerny of
education. ln the 19th century, this
itr inrir"r." rn po(iticat tife and
,-or"runi'uguinst the Cathotic Ch urch,
catled anti-ctericalism, h.a gJineJ
ior" ;i;;;;fi:"
Radical atterat.ion and changes in
introduced by tiberats,-in government form were also
.
Sp;i".
repercussions in the phitippines,
i;# i"i,i,*,
changes had their
"crocking thi"iiori, of the ord coronior
slstem ond introducino
;;;;ri;;;;';;;;;;:;:,,i;i"i::,,6,J.f 3""1Ji::::i.'ir#v:i#";iTi,;i
When our nation was opened to .l9th
liberal ideas from America cariied by world trade in the cen turv-
snips ana'plopre from foreign porls
started to penetrate the cou.ntry.ani
thoughts inctuded the ideotogies
,*uv if," itistroaos. These pol.itical
i,r tnu lrJriiui .ni nrun.t Revotutions.
The opening
of the Suez.Canal eased the importation of
and newspapers. with tioerif-ia;eas''rro'i books.
"Jn;;
l]s.]zings,.impacted
eventuauy tn"- wur,"
he thoughts or locai reroilirir, ,r.n
potiticat views of liberal.thr."nker; as Jose Rizat. The
Contract), John Locke
;;; ;;':;;;:;.qres Rousseau (sociat
(Common Sense), Thoma.
lrwo iruaiir", lr"i""".rent), Thomas paine
l"tfurronl ,t^J.,"*rir', *,taire and some others
thus entered the phitippines.

The significatn .11ut. atso. encouraged

Spaniards and Europeans more and more liberal
to tte cou,n-ti1 unO inturringte with the
l:.gr"
natives' The futt-tength route has
pursue higher studies abroad and
-i".,'t*"r"t
atso stimuiateitie irustrodos tike
Rizat to
universities' For sure. their sociaI int"r..iion ideas in EuroDean
"riu"rut
had affected their betlefs on poLitics *ii-, in foreign [ands
"rd
;il;;;;.
Phitippines, actuaI experience
. of tiberatism came from the rote
modeting of the ,/rrst gire-r:n;;;;;i'
tiOerol in the Philippines".
Governor-Generat Caitos Maris
De t. T*.;: ili;;;" [iberats in Spain haj
deposed eueen lsabeta ll in the lg68 m;";il,;;;;;",ionaI government was
RIZAL
-Module l-
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formed, and the new government extended

to Spain,s cotonies the reforms
they imptemented in the mothertand. rn"
iiu"rul c"nraI cartos Maria De ta
Torre was appointed bv the prov.isionut gorurnreni
as Governor-General of
the Phitippines. He heta the position i;;;8;;',;1871,
considered to be the most beloved.f tn" and is widety
Sp.rirt iouerrors-G.nera' ever
assigned in the country.

General De [a Torre's rute was essential

in the dawn naftionat
consciousness of the tocats in the_l9rh ."ntr./. Hit tiberat and of
democcratic
governance had provided. Jose Rizat
and ihe othu., u preview of a
democratic rute and way of tife:

"De la Torre put into practice his tiberol ond

democrotic ways by
avoiding luxury ond liv:ing.o simpte tifi.
Dirrng nts two-year term,
Governor De lo Torre ianV ,ignilirort ochievements . He
encouroged freedom ond.nag abolished ceisorship. n" ,"rigiiria tiZ
freedom of speech ond_of the pr"rr,-iniri-nere guoronteed
Sponish Constitution.. Becouse' o1 ii, by the
toiiront policy, Fother Jose
Burgos and other Fitip.ino prierti *ir"-iicouroged
aryn gf replacing the friors witn ine"iitipiio cter-gy to pursue their
priests in the country. His greatest is- p;;;;;
oihjevement was the peoceful
sorution to the rond problei in Cavite.'ihis province
hos been the
center of agrorian unrest in
because the Fitipino .the country s'ince the n"- cliiti*
.tenents b;i
who tost tniii 'ted
by Sponish tondtords. Agrorio, ijiiiirl, h";';";;
Eduordo Comerino, erupied severol tiiis
";:;;;;!o
by the to:i ;;;",
problem. was only solved without
in Corit". fniiisroriii
otooasie,a *n", cor"linii'6"'1o
Torr.e himself went to Covite and
leoder.. He pordoned
noii iiil"r"nce wiih ti, ,ioj
oii-nir-io'ttowers, provided them
with decent livelihood1he.lotter
and oppointed tniii, members of the police
force with Camerino as captoin,,. lVattano, n.i.y
THE IMPACT OF THE BOURBON REFORA.TS

The Spanish Bourbon King phitip V (b.

throne, he and his successors, Ferdinand il
1700_1146) ascended to the
1759-1788), and Chartes tV (r.'178S-1802J, t'.'iiqo-r59), chartes ,r (r.
uOiro.uiuO a century_long effort
to. reform and modify the Spanish
jointly as the Bourbon Reforms,"rpi;". ih;; poticy changes, known
commerce, rectaim control. over transatlantic
"nO".roi"J-
to curtait contraband
power, reform state finances to fitt trade, restrict the church,s
dwindting royat coffers, unJ ior-"i
tighter administrative and potiticat .ontiot *iinii
ir,?
"rptr".
The Bourbon reform policies were an advantage
which was under Spain from i5os to 18t8. to the phitippines,
colony.was run by spanish administratori
ihd"r;;; impacred the way the
ili;;i;;" a timited extent. For
one thing, the Phitippines was practicatty far
from Sparn, and so it was hard
for Bourbon advocates
,_to in
imptemented in Spain's colony
ii
Sh:.k_ _r"forrn' p"oti.i", *u." piopu?fi
the Far East.

RIZAL
-Modute l-
 19

Moreover, there were questionabte matters

effectiveness of the Bourbon reform piri"it. as regards; the
ideotogicaI coherence, with the aiverse
iile poticies tacked some
iniGuenity'contraoi.i".y r,n-r, .i
Madrid poticy makers, who struggted fraftinity-
severa[ commercial, admin istrative-, fiscat
io batance the crrown,s
uni'rrititu.y aims. The reform
process was atso seen as so complex,
much so tha[ Spanish ,ufoiir".i
sometimes promoted distinctty different kinds
of poticies ro,. prorince, in iii
diverse empire. Furthermore, there were instancJs
when European cornfticts
forced. Chartes lV to go from one poticy
to another by the mid-179O,s to
meet the needs of financing Spain,s wars.

There were very different impacts of reform in the diverse

.
empire, having deep consequences
Spranish
of cotonial poticy innovations in areii,
such as Mexico, white in some other regions, ,rtn ui the phitippines, -C;ie
and New Granada, the reforms had a m-uch more rimited impact. gu[ ,,rhii"
h,istorians are questioning the overatl timing, impiit,
and effectiveness of
the.Burbon Reforms, its impact at least is tnli it
tave.peopte, especiarty $re
natives in the Phitippines, the idea that cotonization could be
done udr,oui
much intervention from the Cathotic Church.

THE CADIZ CONSTITUION

The Napoteonic invasion of Spain, a tiberat constitution was

promutgated in cadiz in March .l812. Drafted by etected representatives,
the
cadiz C.onstitution was put in practice in atmost att the areas of the Hisdanic
Monarchy stitl under control of the Spanish crown.

This milestone constitution had an impact on many other European

constitutions, as we[[ as on the American states after independence. The
cadiz constitution was the first constitution in Europe to deat with national
sovereignty, recognizing sovereignty as coming from the peopte and not
from the king. Untike the French constitution, which apptied to alt French-
speaking citizens of France, this Spanish Constitution of 1812 had a universal
character as it inctuded everyone from overseas, tike the ltaLian kingdoms
and even the Phitippines.

During the occupation of atmost alt of the lberian Peninsuta by the

French army in that fateful year, a group of around 300 deputies from
Spain, Spanish America, and the Phitippines promutgated a Liberat
constitution in the Mediterranean port of Cadiz. This became possibte
especiatty because the city was protected by the British Navy.

The first detegates from the Phitippines were Pedro Perez de Tagle
and Jose Manue[ Coretto who took their oath of office in Madrid. The Cadiz
Constitution, which was formatty imptemented in Manita soon after,
estabtished the principtes of universal male suffrage, national sovereignty,
constitutional monarchy, and freedom of the press, and advocated Land
reform and free enterprise. Deating with poticies on Spain's cotonies
including the Phitippines, the constitution issued a decree "gronting all its
colonies representotion os provinces in the Sponish Cortes through deputies

RIZAL -Module l-
 70

chosen by the vorious capitol cities,,

Constitution:
(pedrosa, n.d.). Under the Cadiz

"Governor Generol I,rlonuol Aguilor colled f or on etect. ion of

,Gonz.ales
tAonila officiars which resurted i,
Reyes, a weolthy merchont ond member
tn" iitirtii;';i;", venturo tde ros
i'r;;
Artillery of Manira, as the deputy. rni iigrr-ioirbonRoyat Coqps of
venturode ros
l"r":.*.*.o.son of poor iloconi porirtri,." i"1-i"k")art in the
revolt uocos
by.Diego Silong in 1762, but totii oi
.led
vegeto.bl.e o_nd indigo busrn.ess. He 'was engaged in the
oru iy the delegote* who
signed the Constitution but_it.was onty
iJier-o-i"o'r'in* those Manila
knew obout its decrees.,' (pedrosa, n.i.l'--

The constitutional monarchy that the

Cadiz Constitution attempLed to
put in ptace did not come to fruition u".urr"
in rr,nuv of 1g14, King Fernando
Vll dectared in invatid and restored
Hlir"rur, Cadiz was a verv
"b;;[rti;.
significant period in the ooriticat nirtorv
oi-tn"'sp";ilfd;;i _#,J."1
least..on
.the part or ti"
to.ii, i"-ii,"'pirit,prrties, one crucia[ creed
embodied in the constitution was the exemption-Jf
tributes
the nativei r?", pl'virg
and rendering pubLic services t il;;l;q;ariry clause.
For the freedom-toving peopte of the phitippines
the. constitution was very inf-tuentiat
in the 19th cen tury,
ii *r, ii,["rat constitution, which
"i
vested sovereignty in the peopte, ,.".ognir"d
th"" of atl men and the
individual liberty of the citizen, and grinted "q-uuti,V
tn" r.igf,t of suffrage.

SEEING RIZAL'S LIFE IN HIS HISTORY

ln various social sciences,. it is a widety accepted

principte that we
see the life of an individual in.tris/her;dt, Jn?society
individuat. This is precisety the reason i;;i'iil in the tife of an
Rizal's society, is discussed here as a
century phitippines, as
pretffiury in studying the hero,s life
and works.

Nonethetess, one unique feature of Rizat

is that, he did not onty know
the significant information ibout his il"ty;;;;i;;
had a quatity of mind
that hetped him use the information in u
tr.,ut-r,".orro think about what
was going on in the wortd and oj what "uv
mig'ht ue tappening within himsetf.
Sociotogists catt this quatity of mind the ;i
iiAreii"t imagination,,.
This- sociorogicat imagination can visuatize
their
in terms of larger historicat forces. those wh;ilr;r, inner life and career
can understand their own--e-xp-eriences uy tocaiing this quatity of mind
themsetves i; ;irbrl4
they can recoqnize the responses avaitab[e to
a[[ of the individuats who share tfle same
theri by becoming aware of
siiuaiionl, tn"rr"tr"r.
Peopte who cannot locate their lives
in history are untiker.y to know
how to respond effectivety. to a wortd in wnilfr
part of larger gtobat probtems- on the otl.,ui one society,s probtems are
n"uri, those who have the

RIZAL
-Modute l-
 71

sociotogical imagination can grasp history

in the context of realitie5 they
face and the connections between the two.
As wift Ue discussed in this book,
Rizal had this quatiry--- he knew nis piace
i, ir,i'iruutu, scheme of rlhings,
he understood the societal rorces strairn!1ir
in ways that benefitted others.
r,r",ino,n* abte to re:spond

SUGGESTED CLASS ACTIVITIES:

1. Fitm viewing of .,Ganito Kami Noon, paano kayo Ngayon,,

2. Assessment:
Pop quiz: Graphic organizer/tabte mapp.ing
the changes in the
nineteenth century Frritippinei, ..1{;;i;;";''sociat,
poti-ticat,
economic, cuttural changes.
-
3. Reftection paper about the fitm:
Guide Questions:
a. Describe the nineteenth century phitippines as represented
the fitm. in
b. Based on your reading and ctass discussion, what can you
representation of rhe nineteenrh century?- --,
say
-
c. iI11,.lh.".1itm,s
main q_uestion that the fitm seeks to answer?
ls
:vln1l^l:_the
your What
-yori
own reftection based on the fitm
understanding? Learning Outcome
_ Ctass
4. -. Discussion: "nO
a. Appraise the link between the individuat and the society.
b. Analyze the various sociat, poLiticui-".onori. and
changes that occurred in the nineteenini".lr.v.
cuttural
c. Understand Jose Rizal in the context of
his times. Make a
summary of Spanish cotonization of the phitiopines.
brief
.
d. Prove: The nineteenth century *u, u .untrrf-of
change.

E-LEARNING ASSIGNMENT!

Taking Exciting E-Learning Fun

'l . Go
euiz Game:
onrine to www.ogdeppylqhsq!.,@n. Through
its search engine
(upper risht G.tir"t6fffitffi6,.lThu Jor" Rizat Famity: A
Fun euiz Game,,.

RIZAL
-Modute l-
 '))

,6 LEARNING ACTIVITY

l. ldentification: ldentify the term/s be.ing referred to:

. 1. The peopte to whom inquilinos sub-tease some parcets of-

tand
because of the increase in the proportions of farmtands.

is commonty depicted as the birth of modern tife, as w.et[

:*2:,Thjs
[ne Dtrtn ot many nation_states
as
around the gtobe.

, . 3. The ship trade going back and forth between Manita and Acaputco,
Mexico.

4. The Governor Generat who catted for an election of lAanita offi<iats,

which resutted in the serection of Don ventura de los Reyes, *ouiii',v
merchant and member of the Royar. corps of Artittery or t*anita, " d il;
deputy.

5: The son of a poor llocano parents who took part in the llocos Revott
._----.
led by Diego silang in 1762, but later on engaged in the vegetabte and indigo
business.

. 6. The quatified system of tenancy, or the right to use tand in

exchange for rent.

:.. 7.lt is the year the Spanish government ctosed the ports of Manita to
all countries except Mexico.

_8. The King who dectared the Cadiz Constitution as invatid and
restored absotutism.

The pol.icy changes advocated by the Spanish Bourbon King phitip V,

=___=,_9.
Ferdinand Vl, Chartes lll and Chartes lV to reform and modify the Spanish
empire.

10.The trading hub (ptace) where China, lndia, Japan, and Southeast
Asian countries sent their goods to be consotidated for shipping.

1 . The strict discipline emptoyed by spanish friars for the tocats

to
learn fast.
-1
The most prominent of the /lustrodos who inspired the craving for
_,_____-_-.12.
freedom and independence with his novets written in Spanish.

3. This started a political revolution in Europe and consequentty in

some other parts of the gtobe.
-1

RIZAL -Module l-
 23

_14. The [iberat and. democratic governance of this generart had

Jose Rizal and orhers a preview'of i aemoc.atic rute and
ff::td* way of

_1 5. They were hiehty respected in their respective pueblos

or t:owns,
though regarde d as t'itiiusteros or rebels
UV tne iri-al.
--16' lt is the constitution instituting the principtes of universal male
suffrage, nationat sovereignty, constitutiJnat
monarchy and freedom of the
press, and advocating land" reform
""Ji;"; ;;i;;il;.
_17. A worldview founded on ideas of freedom
and equality
.--. . 18' They ptayed the rote of agents who coutd dirtributu imports
interior.and buy up goods for expoit Or.ing-tild-"*topment
in the
crop industry in the phitippines. ;;p;;;
"f,th"
A monopoty was established in the phitippines
by Governor-
=_1?.
General Jose Basco in 1792 by ptacing it unaur. gor"rnrent
controt.
_20. The mandated Spanish authorities in the phitippines
to educate
the locals, to teach them how to read and write,
and to learn Spanish.

MODULE SUMAAARY

. The Rizat Bitt, at present is known as RA 1425 (Rizat Law) is a

laldatory subject in the phitippines. The biii manaates educational
institutions in the phitippines to oifer a course on'in"
writings,
n"ro', tife, works and
especialty the Noli l(e Tongere and tt iit;iusterismo.
Senator Ctaro M. Recto - the main proponent of
even considered as a communist and an anti-cathotic. Rizat Bitt - was
the
threatened to-stop operat,:,,i{
cathotic i.r,oo'ii
!.f" bittwis puiiJinorgn n".i" f"rgti?.
the passage of the bitt. bil.t *u, passeo but with a clause
.The
that would allow exemptions "u"nfrutty
to student, *no-iiili that
and Fili would ruin their faith. In other *trAil'on" reading rhe Noli
can appty to the
Department of Education for.exemption from reading
Rizat,s noJi : ,r,"rghi
not from taking the Rizat subject. The bitt *",
enacted on June
12, 1956. "runtuutty

Contextuatization hetps one to have better grasp towards

comprehension- To contextuarize something is
to ptace .it within proper and
larger.setting in which it presents its tiue anl
properly understand Rizat's tife, thoughts, comptete meaning. To
ana woit.s - is to understand the
social and potitical context of that cenlury then.

RIZAL
-Modute l-
 24

The birth of modern life is commonty depicted

during the 19rh century
as well as the birth of many nation-statei
around the slobe The r-hr,,^,
was atso the era of massive changes
in rrr"p", sp"i,
the Phitippines' colonizer, had diiappear.o
#".;;;ilr;;il;il
.
world-
iotn i'"- it, colonies and iin the

Nineteenth (19h) century philippines as Rizal,s

d.ivided into three. i3; aspects: the economic, context are h.srq[y
these main headings are major historicai ,oliut, and potiticat. Undei
-'- -' or. issues, which
characterized the country during ihat
di;J. "r*t,

,6 SUMMATIVE TEST

1' ln your own words, exptain the significance of Rizat,s Law

present time. Discuss vatues which to the
"-
can be gotten from this suU;eit.
2. What do you th.ink were the reasons the Cathotic
Church opposed
intensety the Rizat bitt? Exptain.

l. f!e19
?ru, gthqL
Fitipino Do you think rheir tives are also
worth studying like Rizat,s?_heroes.
Justify youianr*ui.

RIZAL
-Module l-
 I
1

MODULE 2
RIZAL'S L|FE:
_FAMtLy, CHTLDHOOD,
AND EARLY EDUCATION

Lesson 1 Rizat's Famity And Chitdhood

Lesson 2 Rizat's Earty Education

I
 2

MODULE II
RIZAL'S LIFE: FAA,IILY, CHILDHOOD
,A ND EARLY EDUCA^TION

INTRODUCTION

This modute discusses the famity, earty

Catamba, his parentaee. his ancestry,'his chitdhood of Jose Rizat in
memories and teachings of his
mother' tt atso discuiser rr;t eartv eil."li""li'iiiii".
discussion are the vatues and tessons;ni.n Emphasized i:n the
and student days.
nJlil"."rns in his earty boyhood

(
@r OBJECTIVES

At the end of the modute the students

witt be abte to:
1 . Describe and characterize the
advent of a national hero, Jose Rizal,
where and how he was born. when,
2, Discuss the social status of Rizal,s
, parents and ancestors.
rife of the *i,ur;, uJ
H.ffi:T"l.ffjiL "-,t ,"]u what good rhings
4. Tet[ about the earty chitdhood in Catamba inctuding
memories. h.is chitdhood
5. Describe his earty educat.ion
and lessons he [earned from his
6' Retate the kind of elementary mother.
education he underwent in Biian.

d DrREcroNs/ M'DULE .RGANTZER

. Read the objectives of this

facts and
modute. ptease be guided in rememberinp
Xl)3:i[il
incidents in tne-ure ;ii,;ri.;;i.h ;ir,;";"il;;
Read through the moduLe carefulty
of events in the tife of Rizat u, and remember the togicat sequence
u Uov uni ;;; ilH,.
Be able to perform the.tearning
At the end of the modute. read. activities prepared for every lesson.
the il;;;"rd #;er the
expected to ue submiiili.'r*irr,ructorsummative test.
#'r::;[ft:re ror correction

Now you are ready. proceed

immediatety to Lesson ll.

RIZAL
-Modute ll-
 3

Lesson 1

RIZAL'S FAr\llLY AND CHTLDHOOD LtFE

Dr. Jose Protasio Rizat Mercado y Atonso Realonda

was born on June
19, 1.861 in catamba, Laguna. The seventh of
eteven chitdren born to a
retatively welr-off famity in a Dominican-o*n"iiunurt
Laguna, Jose Rizal rived and died during
tand in Gurlul
Phitippines.
tn" spunirn cotonial era im the

ln hi1 chitdhood, Jose had mastered the atphabet

.
and read. His earty readings inctuded tt e
and tearned to -write
spanltr ieision of the Vur.gate Bibre.
a-young age, Jose Rizai manifestea un iniiinuii*
ft
his famity by his skitts in pencil
to the arts and arnazed
9r.gli"gr,
his early chitdhood. Later in his chrtdhoJd,
i["i.tu-r, una moUingi oi.L;l;
n" a"rnonrtruted speciat tatent in
painting and. scutpture, wrote.a Tagatog p[uy,
*t iit was presented at a town
fiesta..(and later penned a shorr -ptuiin (;.ril;
school).
whic'h wasG;.i.; ;;
DON FRANCISCO MERCADO

Francisco Engracio Rizal. Mercado,father of Rizat,

- from Binan, Laguna. He
was a productive
1?1T"r. was un ina"punO"rt-minded, reserved-
reticent, but dynamic gentleman, whom Rizal inireritea
his,.free sout". oo-n
Francisco became ti niente_gobe rnodorci ro
iiieutenant governor) in cala mba
and was thus nickname d T,iqnte rir<o.
lsome iirJ"ntr, comical conjecture
that the fictionat characrer Kikong rvlatsiig ari,or,
named after Don
Francisco is, of course, u1r,oy1oej.l
llookinj"i u!ik, n",was
uusiness, ;; *"r,
predated the. meat-processing commerce of
tie pampanguenos today and the
ube jam production of some nuns in Baguio.) '

It is betieved that Dona Teodora's famity descended from Lakondulo,

the, tast.native king of Tondo. (For young fiftfirio g";"otions,
Lakondula has
to be distinguished from the unofiiciat"Hor:i iiiiiao,
xiong saronga, iril
Manita kingpin who was immortatized in tne m"ovie
lncidentatiy UV f_Jgunu;i
own governor E. R. Ejercito.)

Lotay's great-grandfather_ was Eugenio Ursua (of Japanese

descent)
who.married a Fitipina named Benignu."Rugi;, tl;ir
daughter, married a
Fitipino-Chinese,[awyer of ?angasinJn, u""i"f
i" qrinos. Lorenzo Atberto
Alonso,. w9!t off Spanish-Fitipino mestizo oiii*n,
3 took as his ,.significant
gt!:r:" Brigida euintos, daughter ofManue[ ,nJn"Ci;-ru euintos. The Lorenzo-
Brigida union produced five children, the seconi
or them was Jose Riat,s
mother, Teodora Atonso euintos.

Through the ctaveria decree of 1g4g which

changed the Fitipino native
surnames, the Alonsos adopted the surname Realonda.
Rizat's mother thui

RIZAL
-Modu[e ll-
 4

became. Teodora Atonso euintos Realonda.

(For a lecture that concemtrates
on Teodora Atonso,s tife and her [ove
Atonzo: Lolo Loloy of Bahay na Boto.,,)
f.i Jos", ieul appenai, C: ,,Teodora
JOSE'S SIBLINGS
saturnina Rizat (1850-1913) is the etdest
Teodora Atonso' she and her mother
chitd of Don Francisco and
proura"Jin" iitite Jose with goodt basic
that bv the age or three, elpl
:lrX'.|T: ii"i";t
."i,nu.ut arread! kr=;;;;
Paciano Rizat. Jose,s only brother,
calamba' Laguna' He was fondr.y .aai"ttJa was born on March 7, 1 g51 in
short for "senor pociono. rn"l6 Lv his sibtings as Nor paciono
Jose Col[ege in Manita. became v""i of Jose studied at sari
a drmer,"-ra"r;I"h".general of the phiti
.; ;i;;.
Revolurion' (A detaited ar.urtronln ooine
is avaitabte in Appendix e,
iu;;;i;"
and his inftuen." o., ior.
"paciano ni;,
;;;'H'"r",s Big Brother.,,)
After Jose,s execution in December paciano
Kotipuneros in Cavite ritr 1g96, joined the
was commissioned as generat _G-:*rjl.e.iti"'agr,rjr"o o. As Kotipunero, pa ciano
of the
secretary of finance in the Departm""t ;;"[";i;ry
forces and etected a]
Jose and paciano's co,auoratrln C"r"rr#nt of Centra[ Luzon_ (For
the Appendix N: ..Jose a; ;;ffiil;
ro Emitio Aguinatdo, read
niut unJiriiio o'r",;ffi,#:1,)

r"r,,r.*il',xi ,TTlrllH'.1',3e.) or.simptv

([ike
"sisa" was the third chld in
the
Rizat's studies in Eurooe.'ii::: .Saturnina) woutd t"Lp i" iir"".irc

* m *t ji1ffi j;j[: f if;

ffiih.],i::fl
:,U"pilii:Jose's known poems
,,,,T,T:
: iffi
(Discussions on Jose,s. of our n.ti."uii"r".
poems,,). kr:Y^::i"^1t-9"
n.oWrl poems are avaitabte in Appendix: ;j"r" i;;ti
Otympia Rizat (1855-1g87)
was
the fourth chitd in the Rizat famity.
loved to tease her, sometimes'g.ooi:il;;;iy.;:scribing Jose
srster. Jose's firsr tove. segunoa"xatiffi, her as his srour
La concordia Couese. *lr_ll *;roi;po,s schoolmate at the
:"q:l;i;'bffi
("rso ;# ..orympia,,speued
i*:t::il:th:[: lf;.":"'wittingtv
iervJi 5'",ri" mediator berween rhe
)

ap pu no i, n"i .r il;'d J:ii, ifi;,ll,t\;i i..",nr,:;da Ka t i s ba k, i iil ; ;;;' ;;:;

Lucia Rizat (1g51_1919) was
the fifth chitd in the famity. She
Mariano Herbosa of caramba,-Lail;".'il.,il::,,1f married
townsfotk not to pay ,ung,::n, in.iting the Catamba
ordered to be deported atong uia .urring'i,r"r"i,, ,h" couple was once
husband died durine the
wittr some.iizli,i"r,fy members.
(Lucia,s
-not 6fietlp6 d,-o"r; ir.fiir".i*,
Catholic buriat for eoing to confurrion ii.i"rt,i, and was refused a
marriage to Lucia. ln
i:;:;,i}:lt titt"a-ii,,'p'.,r-lo|l,o, roproranation),
J"':,i:!l!:,::a:l he
cn.r,tiini,li*ij;;.HIlT:f:,.:#'?il:|; j.:,?.iil'ff
[,.."?,f i,;P;'.:;;;
RIZAL
-Modute Il-
 5

. Maria Rizat (195g-1945) was the sixth chitd in the famity. rt was -to her
whom Jose talked about. wanting to marry Josephine
Bracken *h"-; i;;
majority of the Rizat family was apparentty not amenabte
to tt e iaea. in nli
letter dated December 12, 1gg1 , Lose had'atso Uiougtt up
to maria hi=il;
of esta.btishing a Fitipino colony in North British Btrneo.
In his tetter dated
December 28, 189'r, Jose wrote to Maria, ,.r,m
totd that vour chitdren arF vcn/
pretty." Today, we have a historicat proof that Mar;,rrG";i;r;;;;d""i
nice-tooking (rohing mogando). Maria and Daniet had rive
Petrona, Prudencio, paz and Encarnacion. Their son Mauric.io
ZnitarenrG;r;;;
married
conce.ption Argueltes and the coupte had a son named
lsmaet arguettei eiu-zi
lsmaet was the father of
.Gemma cruz Araneta, ihe first Fitipini to *rn ir,I
Miss lnternationat titte, also the first southeast'lsian to win an international
beauty-pageant titte. (For. more aiicusslon about Saturnina,
Narcisa-, otympia, Lucia, and Maria -interesting
Rizat, ruua"apf"nai, F: -Jose Rizat's o't'G
Sisters").

Also catted "Concha,, by hersibtings, Concepcion Rizat (1g62_1g65

the eight chitd of the Rizal famity. she drii at the ale of ) was
three. or nis siJters,
it was said that the young pepl toved most tittte- Concha who was a vp:r
ylT1"I-,1i,.!e.Jose ptayed games and shared children ,tori"i *itn t".,'u-n"i
rrom ner he fett the beauty of sisterty tove at a young
age.

Josefa Rizals nickname is "panggoy" (ig65-1945). she was

the ninth
child in the famity. panggoytied a spiiiter. Among Jose's
r"tt"rr
the one dated october 26, 1Bg3 was perhaps tn" ,8tt fascinating.
to Jol.iu,
Engtish, the letter addressed Josefa as "Miss Josephine
written il
Rizat',. iart",.loi";i
ma.rtyrdom, the epileptic Josefa joined the Kotipunon
and was even ,rppor"j
to have been elected the president of its women i"iHon. she
was one of the
original 29 women admitted to the Kat,punan along with
Gregonh d;
wife of Andres Bonifacio- They safeguarted the iecr'et papers and G;;;
documents
of the society and danced and sangturing sessions so it ut cirit grura,
think that the meetings were just iarmteis sociat githerings.) "
*ortd

Trinidad Rizat (1869_1951) or .,Trining,, was the tenth chitd.

Historicatty, she became the custodian of Rizat,i iast
and greatest poem.
Right before Jose's execution, Trinidad and their mother
visited t im in ine
Fort Santiago prison cet[. As.t-he-y were leaving, jose nanoea
or"r t" rri"irg
an alcohol cooking stove, a gift fiom the pardJie Taveras,
whispering to hei
ilit-"Sl?ngu.gg", which the guirds coutd not understand, ..There iir"r"inlrg'i"
That "something" was Riza('s elegy now known ai ,,Mi uttimo
Adios. - t_it e
Josefa, Paciano, and two nieces, Trinidad joined tie Kotipunon
after.loseii
death.

Atso calted "Choteng,,, Sotedad Rizat (1870-i929) was

the youngest
chitd of_the Rizat famity. Being a teacher, she was aiguaOty
the best_educated
among Rizat's sisters. rn his tong and meaty tetter io cnoteng
'1890 ("Jose Rizar dated June.L,
in Facebook courtship," ior:1, Lo* totd her sister that
was proud of her for becoming a teachei. He thus he
counseted her to ue a moaet
of virtues and good quatities;'for the one wno ,noriJ teach
shoutd be better
than the persons who need her learning". Rizat noneineress
used the toprc-as

RIZAL -Modute lt-

 6

leverage in somewhat rebuking her sister

for getting married to panEateon
Quintero of Catamba without..iheir pur"ntr,-.Jnr*t. .,Because
wrote, "the peace of our famity has been OlsturUea.- of you,,, he

. choleng's union with. pantateon,

-family.'s nonetheress, resutted in the Rizat
becoming connected by affinity'to Migr"i;"t"",. (the hero who
have been listed as the coutd
se-cond ehitippine'eresldent for taking ove-r
revotutionary government.after rmitio'iguinata-o-'i the
arrest in 1901). so tedad
and Pantaleon had five chitdren: Trinit;riq
fi;ii", Luisa, Serafin and .Felix.
Their daughter Ametia married eernab; M;N;;;';
of Gen. Miguet Malvar.
lFgt .rglu fascinating dt1ys1o11 .Uout ton."p.ion, .tosefa, TrinidacJ and
Sotedad Rizat, read Appendix G: .,Jose
Rirrl;, i;;;r sisters,,).
THE SURNAME RIZAL

Had their forefather not adopted other names,

Jose and paciano coutd
have been known as ,.Lamco,, (and not Rizat)'b;;i;;r.

Their paternat great-great grardfather, chinese

merchant
Lamco, adopted the name nMerca-do", *nict'means ..market,,. Dorningo
father, Francisco, who eventua-tty became prir.iify But Jose,s
a farmer, adopted the
surname "Rizat,' (originatty ,,Riciai, which
means ;.tt" gr""n ; i";;;'C;;ir;
of ''green fietds"). The name was suggested
by a provinciat
a friend of the famity. The new ni-r", tori""Ji,-causeo governor who was
commerciat affairs of the famity. Don Francisco confusion in the
ihus settted on the name
"Rizal Mercado,' as a .orpromiru, ana ofien
surname "Mercado,,. ;usi used his more known

When paciano was a student at the Coil.ege

of San Jose, he used
"Mercado" as his last name. But because r'e nlJiuin"o
notoriety with his
[inn' to fatherBurgos of the ,,Gombd;,,; il;rg;"rt"o
surname "Rizal,' for Jose's own safety.
thut Jose use the

.,Rizat,,
- Commenting
'My famity
on using the name
never paid much attention t"
at Ateneo, Jose once wrote:
,".".J,urname Rizar, but now
I had to use it, thus eivinq me the appearance
"r,. ii air ittegitimate
cited in Arriza, 2012,-para-. g) chitd!,, (As

.becomeButsothis very name sug-gested by paciano to be

wetl known
used by his brother had
uv illu vu.ijor" riniir"a ni, Et Filibusterismo.
As Jose 1.?.s1,
wrote to a friend, Att my ramity no* i.r.v i',i name Rizat instead
Mercado because the name Riza[ meani p"rt"irii6ni of
tooar r too *u"i to [in
them and be worthy of this famity n.r".i.;
Ar.itll'in arrt., 2012, para. 8).

RIZAL'S BIRTH

RIZAL
-Modute ll-
 7

Dona Teodora suffered. the greatest pain

during the detivery cof her
seventh child, Jose. Her daughter Nlrcisa
,."luti"i, ,,i ias nine y.;;, ;; ;;;
when my mother gave birth to .tose. Her
rluua was bigger rhan normat,,
fuin *rrlttriurted to the fact that
tar?i"Jj, ,,Loto Loloy;,,-roi;l;#:
f;.u"
Jose Rizat was born in Catamba. ln 1g4g,
his parents decided to buitd
a home in this town in Laguna, rortn"rn Lr]on.
kotonbonsa, *6i.n ,"uni iirvli"r"',
th" nu.u caramba was
l;::;:,.t"^ r*oroii i"J i)[] 1;;;
His adoration of its sc.enic beauty _-_ punctuated
Laguna de Bay, Mount Makiling, p.tr_tor"i"-J'-*"ountuinr,by the sights of the
green fields --- was recordeo curvy hitts_ and
Manita in 1876, un Recuerdo A1n-itrl
pou, tu *rta later write ai."i.-il
ui pi"Lli tli ilr"ry My Town). "i (tf R izat,s
poem were written today, he "r sMrnji,'inffirc
might mention the three_ftooi
centers, and the south Luzon Expressway
tsr-iitiermrnus in the ptace. A citv
since 2001, Catamba is said to nru"
uuridi tnJ
the Phitippines" for its more than ooo r.erorti ,i.t.ir" ;n'";[6ilri,;i
in it i ptu." today. )
It's a fact that
the. first massive stone house (or
bahay no boto) in
latalba ryas.tfe very birth ptu." oil* ;;i;;;il;r".
two-story buitding, buitt of adobe stones tt was a rectansutar
windows' rts ground ftoor was.made of
hard wood, except for the roof, ,rni.f,
";;;ti; ;;;;; ;ih"ri;;;;:;#
rime unJ iton", the second froor of
*a, oflui iif"r. fnuru was an ozoteo
and a water reseryoir at the baik. rtt
church implied Rizat famity,s *.uttt
irlnit".trrlt styte ana proximity to the
unj foiitiliinrtr"n...
THE CHILDHOOD OF A PHENOM

A phenom is someone who is exceptionatty

especiatty an up-and-comir:Jo*. nirar, tatented or admi red.
considered magnanimousty as a phenom. "rpliiaiiv'irri.g hir.n,ilnlii,,il,i

Jose Rizal's first memory, in his.infancy,

famity garden when he was three years was his happy days in their
otd. il;i;
fruit trees, pouttry yard, a ca.iiage norr",-uJl ;;;y"rd contained tropical
Because the young peDe was weak,iickty stabte for the ponies.
inO unA"]rl.ea, he was given the
his paients, so nis 6tnei'6uiii-u",iii'.ottuge
fifl:iiff;:l ror pepe to pray

Memory of his infancy inctuded the

especiatty when there was.a moon. Jose
nocturnal watk in the town,
atso ,.".uiGO the ,,ayo,, (nursemaid)
retating to rhe Rizal chitdren ,;il f.il;;; #,,;,
fairies, tates of buried treasure and trees rike rhose about the
Significant chitdhoo
Ui""rrg';tn diamonds.
h.,".R;r;;;;o;;ffi ',T;T#?,XX',;tlrf,:lilf#;:t jjffi
Ji,["J:

RIZAL
-Modute ll-
 o

atl the chitdren in their home to pray the Angetus. At

the earty age of tthree,
he started to take a part in the family prayei.

When Concha died of sickness in 1g65, Jose mournfutty

wept at losing
her. He later wrote in his memoir, .,When I was four years
otd, I tost my, tittte
sister Concha, and then for the first time I shed tears caused by tov,e
anJ
grief" ("Memoirs of a Student in Manita.,'n.d.)

The young Pepe, at age five, learned to read the Spanish fam.ity
. .
which he would refer to [ater in his writings. Rizat himser.f ,."*urt
Bibte,
perhaps the education he received since hii earliest infancy "o ttii
*ur *hu t r,rJ
shaped his habits ("Memoirs of a Student.,,n.,d para. 3).

Pepe as fondty catled loved to go to the chapet, pray, participate

in
novenos' and join retigious processions as a chitd. ln Catamba, one of tire
men
he esteemed and respected was the schotarty cathor.ic priesi Leoncio Lopei,
the town priest. He used to visit him and tisten to his inspiring opinio.s on
current events and through tife views.

Simitarty at age five, pepe started to make pencit sketches and mold
in ctay.and wax objects, which attracted his fancy. when he was about six
years otd, his sisters once laughed at him for spending much time making
clay
and wax images- lnitiatty keeping silent, he then propheticatty totd tnein ltt
right taugh at me now! Someday when I die, peopie wi[ makemonuments of
images of me".

When Jose was seven years otd, his father provided him the exciting
experience of riding a "cosco" (a ftat-bottomed boat with a roof) on their wa!
to a-pilgrimage in Antipoto. The pitgrimage was to futfiil. the vow made by
Jose's mother to take him to the shrine of the virgin of Antipoto shoutd she
and her [ife. From Antipoto, Jose and his father proceeded to Manita to visit
his sister saturnina who was at the time studying at the La concordia cottege
in Sta. Ana.

As a gift, the chitd Jose received a pony named ..Atipato,, from his
father (Bantug & Ventura, 1997, p.23). As a chitd, he toved to ride this pony
or take long walks in the meadows and lakeshore with his btack dog namei
"Usman".

The mother atso induced Jose to tove the arts, literature and the
ctassics. Before he was eight years otd, he had written a drama (some sources
say "a Tagalog comedy"), which was performed at a tocal festivat and for
which the municipal captain rewarded him with two pesos. (Some references
specify that it was staged in a CaLamba festivat and that it
was a
gobernadorcillo from Paete who purchased the manuscript for two pesos.
)

Contrary to the "former" common knowtedge however, Rizat did not

write the Fitipino poem "5o Aking ltgo KababotolKabato,,(To My Fettow
Chitdren). The poem was previously betieved to be Rizat,s first written poem
at the age of eight and was said to have been pubtished posthumousty many

RIZAL -Modute ll-

 9

years after Rizat's death. However,

(tetters) with his brother paciano aJmitt-inia
Jose had preserved correspon.dence
encountered the word ,,koloyaan', when
In" n" (Jose) had. ontv
("kolayoan") was used nbt lust ;r;; , ;;loem ,so Aking ilL #;
ne was a-l.eaJv Zf v"lrs oti.

Ka!.o!ota.t.!ggata',. (For more deraits tvleo

.on.u.nin* itt, ,uiLr, i"i.a,li"
articte, "Did Jose Rizat Write the po"*-;lr'"Ating
OurHappySchoot.com). Mgo Kabotar?,, in

The young Rizat was atso interested in magic.

He read many bo6ft5 sp
magic. He learned different tricks, such
u, *iine a coin disappear and
making a handkerchief vanish in thin aii.

Other inftuences of Rizal,s chitdhood were

Alberto who inspired him to cuttivate tris his three unctes: Jose
ariistic abitity; Manuer who
encouraged him to fortify his frait body
through physica[.exer.ir"; urj
Gregorio who intensified Rizat's prowes,
und uuianio to read good books.

THE STORY OF THE MOTH

To share essentiat lessons, Lotay conducted regutar storytetting

sessions with the young Rizat.
^[ife,s Dona Teodoia
ior"J to read to pepe stories
f rom the book Amigo de li Ninos ghe
ChitAren,si.LnOl. One day, she scotded
his son for making drawings on the pugui
oi ir,u ,to.v o*1. To teach the vatue
of obedience to one,s paients, she af-terward
r"iJ i,i, a story in it.
mother, Lotay chose the story about a daughter
warnedll]t
by her mother acainst goi.ng too near u
moth who was
Lrnp itrri". n"rg-h tt y";.g
moth promised to.compry, sh-e taier,r..rrueJio
mysterious charm, betievingthatnothing
the pur. of the" tight,s
Uaa woutO trappen if she approached
it with caution. The moth ihen ftew .t;;" th"Jiame.
i. Feel.ing comforting
warmth at first, she drew ctoser and ctoser,
enough to the flame and perished.
uitiv uit, unt* she ftew too close

pepe was watching

.lncidentatty, a simitar incident white he was
listening.tothe storyte*ing.. Like a ,ru u"nuitr"ni, a moth
was ftuttering too
near to the ftame of the oit lamp on their
tabte. N;ime.ety acting out, it did
fatt dead as a co-nsequence. Both *otnt in in"
getting near the fatat tight. iio'tates paid the price of

,, Many y-ears tater, Rizal. himsetf fett that the moths,

an altegory of his own destiny..(A goa 'nl)uf,, tate coutd serve as
Appendix B: A Biographicat ciutiinS.; aU*i
,rrriry of tife is presented in
n,".ji, he wrote:

"Yeors hove possed since then. The chitd hos

become o men...
S_teamships hove taken him ocross
,"o, ird-or"ors. He has received
f.rom experience bitter /essons, *uii i*" Oitter thon the sweet
lessons that his mother gave him. Neiertniiu,
he has preserved the
heort of a child. He stitt thinks thot fr't,; ,s;e
most beoutifut thing

RIZAL
-Modute ll-
 10

in creotion, ond thot it is worthwhile

t'or o mon to socrit'ice his liife for
it". "My first Reminiscence,,' n.d. para. 9)

RIZAL
-Module ll-
 11

Lesson 2

RIZAL'S EARLY EDUCATION

EDUCATION tN CALAi\itBA

Dona Teodora was R.iza[,s first teacher is not just

"venerating" his mother who sacrificed u roi rorlur hero.
a so rt of
r[ *uri.iroity-u
technical truth. ln his memo.irs, Rizal wrote, ;.lr,ty
.otnur. taught me no*,t"
read and to say hattingty the humbte p.aye.s
wrrrci i raised fervlnttv to coo. i

. ln Rizat's time, setdom woutd see a highly educated woman otr fine
culture, like Dona Teodora who had tt," .up.ir-tyio
teach Spanish, r._aine]
poetry and vatues through.rare story books.
[otay, indeed was'tn" firii
teacher of the hero --- t"i.hing nim S'panistt, c*r"?ting
his composed poem
and coaching him in rhetoric. on nis. mo*rer't
rup, io* tlarned trie utpnr[uil
and catholic prayers at the age of three and r.earned
to read and write at the
age of 5.

Aside from his mother, Jose's sister Saturnina and

uncles atso mentored him. His uncte Joie Ati;;i"
three maternal
taught him p"i"ii"c,
sketching. and scutpture. Gregori. l"ttr""."o him to further [ove
reading' Uncte Manuat, for .Uncte
his parr, deietoped niiii;s pnysicar stitrs in mailral
arts, like wrestting.

To further strengthen and polish what Rizat

. had tearned, private tutors
were hired to give him tessons at'home. Thus, ii"tilocetestino
and lAaestro Lucas padua later succeedee
trt"i"J tlr,
classmate of Don Francisco, Leon Monroy,
tJ"";;;. Afterward, a former
ntr"J-iiit" Rizat home to become
the boy's.tutor in Spanish and Latin. S"dt!r, M;;y;;"a flv" ,ontnii"t;;. iir;
course, there is no truth t some naughty' students'
comical insinuatjon that
Rizal had something to do with his aeittr.y

EDUCATION IN BTNAN

Jose Riza[ studied to a private schoot in Binan.

ln June 1g69, his brother
Paciano brought him to the schoot of lr"ri.,
Luiiiniano Aquino Cruz. The
school was in the teacher's
foy1e, a smatt nfo nori"'n"ur ..knew
a.unt where he stayed. ln Rizat,s
the home of Jose,s
own words, nis teiiner by the heart
the grammars by Nebrija and Gainza. "

During Riza[,s first day at the Binan Schoot,

the teacher asked him:

"Do you know Spanish?,,

"A tittte, sir, " repl.ied Rizat

RIZAL
-Modute ll-
 12

"Do you know Latin?,,

"A tittle, sir. "
His ctasmates, especiatty the teacher,s
son pedro, taughed at the newcemer.
with.this annoying and insutting ritruti"n,
Lor".iuii"ng"o the butty pec,ro to
a fight. Having tearned wrestting from his ,;cte
Manuet, the youngerr and
sma[ler Jose defeated his-tormenter-nearo.
lcomfared to buttying vi. ctims
today, we can jusrify that Rizat aiO not waiifo;;;y;"
ro enact a law asainst
buttying, but rarher took action into his
h.;;;.j
";;
After the ctass, He..had a.rm-wrestting match with his ctassm rates,
Andres satandanan. However, Jose ,an
lost ana atmost cracked his head on
:!: .sigew,?tk.
"r"'n
(Th.is. onty proves that .ur"ty-U"ini',
desperodo won,t make
you.win atl your fights but the point lr, yorir" .u-niiested
a gattant attribute
to show masculinity)

Jose Riza[ had other fights.with Binan

boys. (lf his average was two
fights per dav, as what haopened during his tirst
iav in Binan schoor.. Then he
might have been more u.tir" *,*ioi;i,;M^il-i;ild
For his scuffles, he nonetheless .eceiuLJ
martiatarts) fighrers).
,u.V *tlppirgs and btows on the
open palm from his disciplinarian teacher.

Rizal might not have won a[ his physicat

.boys academicatty in Spanish, r_atin anJriaii oit
fights but he beat al.t Binan
Jose totd his father that he had atready t*i."J "r'irU;".tr.
art"iior*, i#,
Binan.. His father sternty scotded.loru
ti"re was to be taught in
"ir
unJ nritt"o-nim uact< to the schoot.
lvloestro Cruz, Jose's teacher in Binan, tut",
ioniirm"O, however, that Jose
had indeed finished already att the needeJ ;;;;i;, works. So despite his
wife's retuctant, Don Franciico tnen aeciJeJ to i"nJ]or"
-- to a schoo[ in Manita
inorder to enhance his superb academic pr"*"o

,d LEARNTNG Acrrvrry

Suggested Ctass Activities

1. Read Rizat's '.Memoirs of a Student in Manita,,,Chapter

I (avaitabte
ontine in the articte .,Memoirs of a Student inf*anlia,,Uy
n. Lacinio
(a Pen Name of Jose Rizat)" in OurHappySchoot-com1
2. Create a timetine of Rizat;s chitdhood .nO
3. Assessment: "urt/"au.ution.
Write a. short biographicat essay that compares your
earty chitdhood
education with Rizal,s own.
4. Class Discussion:
a. Analyze Rizat,s famity, chitdhood and earty education.
b. Mention and evatuate the peopte una uu"rit, unO their
inftuence
on Rizal's earty [ife.

RIZAL
-Module ll-
 13

@ E-LEARNING ASSIGNMENT

Taking Exciting E-Learning Fun Quiz Game:

1. Go online to www.OurHapDvschoot.com. Through its search engine
(upper right section), look for the entry "How much do you know
Jose Rizat: A Fun Quiz Game."

EVALUATION

l. lilatching Type: l atch Column A Mth Column B. \ryrite the corresponding

letter before the number.

A B
Jose Rizal's sister who served as the mediator a. Calamba
1

Between the teena e lovers Rizat and 5 unda

_2. The educated and highty cultured woman from b. Leoncio
Sta. Cruz Manita atso known as Lota it-o pez
_3. The birthplace of Rizat, which was derived from c. Trinidad
"kolan-banga", meaning "clay stove" (kalan) and
"wat er_yy\banqa)._
T
I
4. He wai, a ctassmate of Don Francisco wiro tived at d. Jose
the Rizal home to be a tutor of Spanish arid Latin. Alberto

-5. Rizal rnournftrliy wept when she died of sickness in e. Orynrpia

1865.
_6 The uncte who taught Rizal on painting sketching f. Lucia
and scu tu re.
_7, l-he Catholic town priest in Catamba who was g. Teodora
esteemed and respected by Rizat. Ai.onzo
_._8 The sister of Rizal who became the custodian of his h. Leon
last and qreatest Doem. .V.onioy
o Her husband died during the cholera epi demic in I i. Paciano
Ma 1889.
_10. The onty brother of Rizal who became the general j. Concha
of the Phitippine Revolution.

RIZAL -Modute ll-

 14

ll. ldentification: ldentify the best answer by choosing from the box:

Narciso A4oestro Cetestino Cottege of Santa Rosa

Tiniente Kiko Alipoto Usman
Casco Leon Monroy Paciano
Pepe Concha Jose Alberto
Just'iniano Cruz To My Fettow Chitdren My Retreat
Maria RizaI
Cotegio de San Jose Andres Satandanan

1. Rizat's father gifted him with this pony, which he loved

to ride or take long walk in the meadows and lakeshore with his btack dog.
')
. The f[at-bottomed boat with a roof, which Rizal and his
father rode on their way to a pitgrimage in Antipoto.

3. The poem, which was previously betieved to be Rizat's

first written poem at the age of eight.

4. She hetped in financing Rizal's studies in Europe, e'.,cn

pawning her jewetry and peddling her ctothes if needed.

.5. Rizat had an arm-wrestting match with this r.tassnete

after ctass.

6. The esteerned school for girls in i,{anita wilere D.rrrii Lclal

was educal-ed.

7. The sister with whom the hero tatked abarrt wantine to

marry Josephine Bracken.

8. The reticent- but vigorous gentleman frorn whom Jose

inherited his "free sout".

9. The m;restro in a private school in Binan whe!-€.Rizal was

brought by Paciano.

10. The srrrname suggested by a provinciaI governo!', \ryhich

caused confusion in the commerciat affairs of the family.

MODULE SUMMARY

Dr. ,iose Rizal was bcrn on June 19, 1861 to a retigious and modet
Filipino parents in the picturesque tcwn of Calamba, Laguna. Thi: town is
between the iegendary Mt itakiting and the targest take in the Phitippines, the
Laguna de Bay. He is the seventh among the eteven chitdren of Dofra Teodora
and Don Francisco.

RtzAi_ -Modute ll-

 15

His famity and his home town gave an ideat and conducive learning
environment for the growth and devetopment of Jose. Both his father and
mother were educated, highty respected, and sociatty affluent parents.
Catamba, a town of fertite fietds of rice and sugarcane; its evergreen
meadows, its singing birds, and the panoramic views of its tovety sunrises
constitute the background and environment for the growing chitd- Jose Rizat.
He was a religious boy, born and bred in a wholesome atmosphere of
Cathoticism. At the age of three he atready participated in famity prayers and
at five, he read the Spanish famity bibte. He loves to go to church, take part
in novenas and join religious processions.

His mother, Dona Teodora, became his first teacher. At age three he
learned the alphabet. For misbehavior, his mother used to spank him with her
stippers. He learned a lesson from the story of the moth that her mother read
to him- that is sacrificing one's life for an ideatism.

Dr. Jose Rizal was also inftuenced by his three uncles. His Uncte
Gregorio taught him to work and study hard; his Uncle jose for painting,
sketching and sculpture. His Uncte Manuei taught him swimming, fencing and
wrestling.

A phenom tike Jose Rizal possessed artistic tatents and skitts. Even
before he learned tc re'ad, he already sketched pictuies of birds, flowers,
fruils, animats and persons. He painted retigious banner lsed during retigious
processions. He made statuettes which he kept in his rooni which were made
out of clay. Befor-e he was eight years o[d, he wrore his first poe,n entittes,
"Sa Aking /rtrga Kababata. " He also wrote a drama which was staged in Cata,.nba
in connection with the tcwn fiesta.

The influences in Rizal's babyhood which rnade how great inctudes, a)

hereditary inftuence, b) environmenta[ inftuence, c) aid of the Divine
Providence, which he said has the greatest influence.

The first formal schooling of Jose was obtained in Bifran under Maestro
Justiniano aquino Cruz. Jose surpassed and outsmarted his ctassmates in att
subjects.

"6
Essay
SUMMATIVE TEST

1. Who do you think had been the most inflLienrial arnong the family and
;'etatives of Rizal? Justify your answer.

2. Why do you think Rizat fett that the moths, tale coutd serve as an
atlegory of his own destiny?

RIZAL -Modute ll-

 ('

(' 16
I

3. How was value for good education shown in the tife of Rizat?

4. Discuss Rizal's retationship with his parents and siblings?

5. Cite virtues that were exemptified in the tife of Rizal based on his retationship
with his famity, his chitdhood, and early education.

t.- -Module ll-

RIZAL
 MODULE 3
HIGHER EDUCATION AND LIFE
ABROAD

Lesson 1 Education in Manita and

Europe and Earty Travets

Lesson 2 Education in Europe

Lesson 3 Second Travel Abroad

 2

MODULE III

HIGHER EDUCATION AND LtFE ABRr OAD

INTRODUCTION

This modute deals with the higher education of Rizat in the

.in Europe. lt traces thJ travets of Rizat rrom his sec'rei
Philippines. and
c'eparture from Manita to Madrid. rt emphasizes the impressions
or nizJ in
different stopover in singapore, ceyton, and coast of Africa, purring
-;;;
tniJuei-;
the Suez Canal to Mediterranean Sea reaching Naptei' in l6ty,
disembarked in Marseitles, France. From Marseittes- be boarded
finatty reaching Barcelona, spain. From here he proceeded to" Madrr-J
ir;i* ;;;
continue his studies in medicine. The modute atso tetts about his to
other cities. of Europe after finishing his degree in Medicine to ,trOV
tiirJ
iJ
about.ophthal1otogy. The modute shows ltso how he worked _oil
speciatists in this area of medicine. rt tetts how Rizat met famous
*itn
tn"
Professor Ferdinand Btumentritt. And finatty, tetts how he
G;il;;
wrote the ..N;h.,;
and "Fiti" and how the two novets were pubiished.

I oBJEcrtvEs

After studying the modute, the students are expected to be abte to:

1. Tett the impressions of_ Rizat in Singapore, Ceylon, Coast of Africa,

Naples, Marseitles, and Barcetona.
2 . Describe how Riza[ spent his brief stay in Barcetona.
3. Describe how Rizal survived his difficutt times in Madrid.
4 . ldentify the famous ophthalmotogist whom he worked with
and
learned more about ophthatmotogy.
5 . Describe the meeting of Rizat and prof. Ferdinand Btumentritt.
6 . Discuss how "Noti" and "Fiti" were written and how they
were finatty
pubtished.

d DIRECTIONS/ MODULE ORGANIZER

Read the module very careful[y. Be very particutar about

the
objectives of the modute. They indicaie.most impoitant points which
you
should learn by heart. After reading be sure'to answer the tearriinl
activities. Find out for yourself how good you are jn the test,
and
determine what reatty is your achieveme-nt wit'hout taking at the teit.

GEMC 101A - The Life and Works of Rizat -Modute llt-

 3

Lesson 1

EDUCAT]ON IN MANILA AND EUROPE

AND EARLY TRAVELS

Jose Rizal studied in Manita through the initiative of his father.

He
enrot(ed Phitosophy and Letters at
the University of Sto. To.mas.
He simuttaneousty took a vocationa[ course _ surveying at Ateneo.
ln Casa
Tomasina, his landtord and Uncte Antonio Rivera had a daughter,
Leenor,
who became his sweetheart. (For Jose Rizat's tove affair with Leonor
Rivera
(and Leonor Vatenzueta), read Appendix p: ..Jose Rizat,s Fitlpino
Girtfriends". )

EDUCATION IN ATENEO

There was a ctaim that from the Binan schoot, Rizat studied
at
cotegio de san Juan de Letran. The supposed story stated that
after
attending his ctasses for almost three months in Letran, Jose was asked
by
the Dominican friars to took for another schoo[ because of his radicat and
botd questions.

However, standard biographies agree that Rizat just took the

entrance examination in that institution, but Don Francisco sent him
to
enrol[ instead in Ateneo Municipat in June 1g72. Run by the Jesuit
congregation (society of Jesus), Ateneo upher.d retigious instruction,
advanced education, rigid disciptine, physicat cutture, and cuttivation of
the
arts, like music, drawing, and painting. (lronicatty, this schoot, which is now
the archiva[ of De La Satte in being exctusivety tuxurious, among others
was
formerly the Escuela Pio (charity schoot) --- a school for poor boys in Manir.a
estabtished by the city government in 1817).

classes at the Ateneo were divided into two groups in order to

encourage heatthy competition, the Roman Empire, comprised the interns
(boarders) white the other one, the carthaginian Empire, consisted of
the
externs (non-boarders). within an empire, members were also in continuous
competition as they vied for the top ranks catted dignitaries --- Emperor,
being the highest position, fottowed by Tribune, Decurion, Centurion,
and
Standard-Bearer, respectivety. lnitiatty ptaced at the tait of the class
as a
newcomer, Jose was soon continuatly promoted in a month, he became
an
Emperor and received a re[igious picture as a price.

GEMC 1014 - The Life and Works of Rizat -Modute lll-

 4

Rizal attained the mark of "exce[[ent" in att the subjects and irn
the
examinations and obtained a medat at tire end of that academic terrm.
ln
the third year, he won prizes in the quarterty examinations. The fottowing
year, his parents ptaced him as intern (boarding student) in the schoo,t and
stayed there until his graduation. At the end of the schoot year, he garnered
five medals' with which he said he coutd somewhat repay his father for his
sacrifices. He received the Bachetor of Arts degree and graduated as ome of
the nine students garnering "sobresoliente ', or outstanding.

Jose Bech was one of his professors at the Ateneo, a man with rnood
swings and somewhat of a lunatic and of an uneven humor; Francisco de
Pauta Sanchez, an upright, earnest, and caring teacher whom Rizat
considered his best professor; Jose Viclara; a certain Mineves. At the
Ateneo, Rizat cuttivated his talent in poetry, apptied himsetf regutar,[y 16
gymnastics, and devoted time to paintings and sculpture. Don Augustin Saez
thoughtfutty taught him in drawing and painting, and the Fitipino Romuatdo
de Jesus earnestty taught him in sculpture.

EDUCATION AT THE UST

Rizal studied in the University of Santo Tomas, taking the course on

Phitosophy and Letters. At the same time, took a vocational course at the
Ateneo a land-surveyor and assessor's degree (expert surveyor). Rizat
successfutly finished his surveyor's training in 1877 and passed the licensing
examination in May 1878 though the license was granted to him onty in 188'l
when he reached the age of majority.

Jose changed course and enrolted in Medicine to be abte to cure the

failing eyesight of his mother after a year at UST. Rizal being annoyed and
tired of the discrimination by the Dominican professors against Fitipino
students, he ceased attending ctasses at UST in 1882. The Rizat's reason for
not completing medicine at UST was the obsotete and reppressive method of
instruction. He garnered "excettent" mark in atl his subjects in
the
Phitosophy course.

GEMC 101A - The Life and Works of Rizal -Modute lll-

 5

Lesson 2

EDUCATION tN EUROPE

Jose Rizal went to Spain and studied in Medicine

and phitosoph5r and
Letters at the Universidad Centrat de Madrid on May
invotved in a chaotic student demonstration by the
3, 1gg2. nir"[ *u,
Centrat Unlversiif
students in which many were wounded, hit by cane,
arrested, and
imprisoned. The protest ratties started after Dr.
MiguelMorayta nao ueen
excommunicated by bishops for detivering a tiberat
speech, p.o.tarming iie
freedom of science and the teacher, at the opening
ceremony oF the
academic year. (rncidentatty, the street in manita
named atter'ivrorayiJ
("Nicanor Reyes street" today) has atways been
affected by, if not itser f the
venue of, students demonstrations).

Dr. Jose Rizal obtained the degree of Licentiate in

Medicine at the
age of 23 on June r884. Rizat"s rating was just .,fair,'
for it was anecteo-lv
the. "tow" grades he got from UST. ln the next
school year (1gg4_1gg5), ;;
took and compteted three adclitionat subjects teading
to the DoctJr of
Medicine degree. He was not awarded the Doctor,s
diptoma though for
faiting to pay the fee and the required thesis.

The Madrid University awarded him the degree of Licentiate in

Phitosophy and Letters Mth the grade of ,excetlent, (sobresariente)exacti;
on his 24th natal day. (One can dispute
. that Rizat was better as a
phitosopher than a physician). Rizat went
to paris because r," *ant.J to
cure his mother,s advancing btindness.

Rizal arrived in Heidetberg, Germany on February

attended the lectures of Dr. otto Becker and professor
3, 1gg6. He
withetm Kuehne at
the University of Heidetberg. He atso worked at the
university rye Hospitai
under the guidance of Dr. Becker. Under the direction
of this renowned
German ophthatmotogist, Rizat had tearned
to use the ten newty invented
ophthatmoscope (invented by Hermann von Hetmhottz),
which he tater used
to operate on his mother's eye. ln Heidetberg, the 25 year
compteted his eye speciatization.
otd Rizat

Riza[ spent three months in the nearby vittage,

Withemsfetd, where
he wrote the tast few chapters of Noti rAe Toigere-
He tived at the pastoral
house of a protestant pastor, Dr. Kart Uttmei, the
whote famity of whom
became Rizat's good friends. ln August .rgg6, he
attended tectures on r,rsto.f

G EMC 101A - The Life and Works of Rizai

-Modute llt-
 6

and psychotogy at the University of Leipzig. rn November 1gg6, he

reached
Berlin, the famous city where he worked as an assistant in Dr. Schweigger,s
clinic and attended lectures at the University of Bertin.

Dr. Rizat was inducted as a rnember of the Bertin's ..Ethnotogicat

Society", Anthropologicat Society', and .,Geographicat Society,,. ln
iprit
1887, he was invited to detiver an address in German before. the
"Ethnographic society" of Bertin on the orthography and structure o-f the
Tagalog language.

LIFE IN EUROPE

Rizal went to spain not onty to comptete his studies but atso to widen
his pol.iticat knowledge through exposure to European governments sn, May
3, 1887. lt is funny that his departure for Spain had gone down to history as
a "secret departure", although at least ten peopte --- inctuding his three
sibtings and an Uncle --- cottaborated in his going away, exctusive of the
unnamed and unnumbered Jesuit priests and intimate friends who co_
conspired in the ptan.

IN EUROPE

Rizal had many stopovers on his way to Madrid. He first visited and
then to Punta de Gates, Cotombo, and Aden. En route to Marseittes, he went
across the historic waterway of 5uez Canal and visited Napl.es, an ltalian
City. He left Marseitles, France for Barcelona journey through an express
train.
Dr. Jose Rizat enrolted in Medicine and Philosophy and Letters at the
Universidad Central de Madrid on November 3, 1882. Rizal and Famity,,,
n.d.).
Rizal had financial problem as his family encountered economic crisis
and regression. One day in June 1884, Rizat who faited to eat breakfast stitt
went to schoot and even won a gotd medat in a contest, Later that day, he
attended the dinner party held in honor of two award-winning Fitipino
painters. Juan Luna and Felix Resurrect'ion Hidatgo. ln the occasion, he
detivered a very daring liberal speech (known today as "Riza['s Brindis
Speech"), which became so controversiat that it even caused sickness to his
worrying mother. (lndeed, being broke and hungry coutd reatty make one
braver and more imputsive. Rizal who had finished his two courses in Madrid
went to Paris, France on '1885. From November 1885 to February 1886, he
worked as an assistant to the cetebrated ophthatmotogist Dr. Louis de
Weckert.

GEMC 101A - The Life and Works of Rizal -Modute lll-

 7

ln February 3, 1886, He left paris for Heidetberg, Germany on

Feb.
1886. He attended tectures and training at the University of
Heide_-tberg
where he was sard to have compteted his eye speciatization. Afteru.vardl
Rizal settted for three months in the nearby vittage, Withemsfetd,
a.t the
pastora[ house of a protestant pastor, Dr. Kart Uttmer.

It was during this time that thecorrespondence and tong-distance

friendship between Jose and Ferdinand Btumentritt began. Rizat
wrote a
[etter in German and sent it with a bitinguat (Spanish and Tagatog)
book
Aritmiteco to Blumentritt who was interested in studying Jose,s n
ative
language.

He traveted next to Leipzig and attended some tectures a t .its

University. Having reached Dresdan afterward, he met and befriendecJ
Dr.
Adotph B. Meyer, the Director of the Anthropotogicat and Ethnotogicat
Museum. Atso a Fi lipinotogist, Meyer showed Rizal some interesting
things
taken from tombs i n the Phitippines.

Rizat went to Berlin and further enhanced his skiil.s and knowtedge
in
ophthalmology on Nov. 18g6. rn that famous city, not only did he
tearn o-ther
tanguages but also became member of various scientific communities
and
befriended many famed intettectuals at the time. Rizat finished his
first
novet, the Noli me Tongere, and it came off press a month later
on Feb- 21,
1887.

GRAND EUROPE TOUR

Maximo Viota,his friend, who tent him in order to finance for

the
printing of the Noli, Rizat traveted to various ptaces in Europe.
Through
Paciano's remittances, Jose had paid viota and decided to further
exptoie
some ptaces in Europe before returning to the phitippines. They went
first to
see Potsdam, a city southwest of Berl.in (which tater became the historicat
site of the Potsdam conference in 1g45 in which the leaders of powerfut
nations detiberated upon the postwar administration of Germany).

They teft Berlin for Dresden and witnessed the regionat ftorat
exposition there on May 1 .l ,1997. Wanting to see Btumentritt, they
went to
Leitmeritz, Bohemia passing through Teschen (Decin, Czechosl.ovakia;.
Professor Blumentritt warmty received them at Leitmeritz raitroad
station.
The professor identified Jose through the pencit sketch, which
Rizat had
previously made of himsetf and sent to Blumentritt. The professor
acted as
their tour guide, introducing them to his famity and to famous European
scientists, tike Dr. Cartos Czepelak and prof. Robert Ktutschak.

GEMC 101A - The Life and Works of Rizat -Modute il-

 B

FIRST HOMECOMING

Despite being warned by friends and loved ones, Jose was

deterrmined
in his decision to go home. From a French port in Marseittes, he boarded
on
Juty 3' 1887 the steamer "Djemnah". rt saited to the East through
the suez
canal and reached saigon on the 30th of the month. Rizat then
tool* the
steamer "Haiphong,, and reached Manila near midnight of
August 5.

He returned to Calamba on August g after meeting some friends.

He
cured and restored his mother's eyesight, he was considered as ..Ge
rman
doctor" or "Doctor Utiman,' (from the word ,,Aleman,which m"an, Ge,
man;
and made a lot of money because peopLe from different places came
fo,. uf"
medication.

"Noli me Tangere,, contained subversive ideas which was an

attegation by his enemies that's why he was ca[ed by the Governor-General
Emilio Terrero. seeing no probr.em in the book, Terrero saw that
the book
has no controversy' assigned to Rizat a bodyguard, Don Jose Taviet
de
Andrade, to protect him.

ln
December 1887, the catamba fotks asked Rizat,s assistance
in
collecting information as regards Dominican hocienda management.
lt was in
compliance with the order of the Government to investigate the way
friar
estates were run. So Rizal had objectivety reported, among others,
that the
Dominican order had arbitrarity increased the tand rent and charged
the
tenants for nonexistent agricultural services. The friars were so angry
to
Rizal and they pressured the governor general to tett Rizat
author of the
book, to leave the country.

The second travet abroad of Rizat may have been upsetting, but
it
somehow gave him with another break to have a new set of adventurous
and
marvetous travets.

,6
Ctass
LEARNING ACTIVITY
Activities

1 Class Discussion:
a. Compare and contrast Rizat's education in Ateneo and UST.
b. Assess Rizat's aims and reasons for studying abroad.
c. Evaluate the advice of Governor-Generat Emitio Terrero to R.izat to
leave the country.

GEMC 101A - The Life and Works of Rizat -Modute lll-

 9

E-LEARNING ASSIGNMENT

E-Learning Fun Quiz Game:

1. Go online to www.OurHappvSchoot.com. Through its search errgine

(upper right section), look for the entry ,.The Love Life of Jose Rizat:
A Fun Quiz Game."

l. Identification: Write the answer on the btank space.

1 Rizal's bodyguard who was assigned to protect

him from his enemies.
7 The steamer which Rizal took to reach Manila
near midnight of August.
3 It's a city where Rizal tearned many langua ges
and became member of various scientific
communities.
4 A historical site of the Potsdam Conference in
1945, a city southwest of Berlin.
5 Rizat's pen name named after restoring his
mother's eyesight.
6 Rizat enrotled in the course Phitosophy and
Letters in this prominent university.
7 The peopte who became the center and objects
of ridicute and taughter in an exhibition in
Madrid.
o The upright, earnest, and caring teacher whom
Rizat considered his best professor.
9 Rizal's friend who lent money for the printing of
the Noli h1e Tangere.

GEMC '101A - The Life and Works of Rizal -Module lll-

 10

ll. True or False. Write T if the statement is true and F if it is false.

1 The discriminatory and oppressive behavior of ttne

Dominican professors ted Rizat to stopped his schooting
at Ateneo
2 The author of Trovels in the philippines, which Rizat
read as a student in Manita was Dr. ieodor'Jagor.
1 Rizal was obstinate in his decision to retu-rn to the
Phitippines.
A 4. Rizal attended a dinner party hetd in honor of trapo
award-winning Fitipino painters, Juan Luna and Antonio
Luna.
5 Rizal delivered a very daring liberal speech (brindis)
at
the dinner party of Juan Luna and Antonio Luna, whic.h
became so controversiat that it even triggered sickness
to his worry-taden mother.
From November 1885 to February 1gg6, Jose worked
as
an assistant to the celebrated ophthatmotogist Dr. Louis
de Weckert.
7 Jose Rizal studied at the University of Santo Tomas,
enrotling in the course phitosophy and Letters, but
shifted to Medicine a year after from lg, l to 1gg2.
Ctasses at the Ateneo were divided into two groups,
namely, the Gryffindor Empire, comprising the intern
s
--8. (boarders) and the SLytherin Empire, consisting of
the
non-boarders - externs.
9 Rizat's [andtord and Uncle Antonio Rivera had a
daughter, Leonor Rivera, who became his sweetheart
at
Casa Tomasina.
10. Ateneo was formerty the Escuela pro (Charity Schoot),
a
school for poor boys in estabtished by the city
government in Manita on 1 917.

lll. Essay

1 . The essence of Rizat,s travets

2 . Would you consider Rizat a congeniat person based on his
interactions? Cite some instances to support your answer.
3. ls it sensibte to invest on education? Why or Why not?
4. What can students [earn from Rizal as rega rds his seemingty
endtess
pursuit for knowtedge?
5 If given a chance, wourd you pursue further studies tike the nationat
hero? Why or Why not?

GEMC 101A - The Life and Works of Rizat -Module llt-

 11

Lesson 3

SECOND TRAVEL ABROAD

Dr.Jose Rizat faited to do in his six-month stay in the country

d uring
his first homecoming was to see his sweethard Leonor Rivera in pangas,inanl
His father strongly rejected it sensing that it woutd put Leonor,s
chaos.
r". iiv i,

TRIP IN HONG KONG AND JAPAN

Dr. Jose Rizal saited to Hong Kong onboard ,,Zafiro,, and just stayed
inside the ship during its short stop in Amoy on Feb. 3, 1gg8. Rrzit
stayei at
victoria Hotel in Hong Kong (not in sta. Mesa) and visited along a irrend,
Jose maria Basa, the nearby city Macao for two days. Rizat
experienced the
noisy firecracker- taden chinese New year in Hongkong and the
marathon
lauriat party characterized by numerous dishes being served. (The ..tau
riat,,
combo meal in "Chowking,' originated from this Chinese party).

From Hong Kong, he reached yokohama. Japan on February 2g

and
proceeded to Tokyo the next day. He tived in the Spanish
tegation in Tokyo
upon invitation of its secretary, Juan perez cabattero. ln March tggg,
he
heard a Tokyo band nicety ptaying a European music and was astonished
to
find out after the gig that some of its members were Fitipinos (G. Zaide
E s.
Zaide, 1984, p. 130). (From this information, we can assumed that
even
during Rizat's time, there were Fitipino entertainers -..japayuki or
Japayuko" in Japan.

But if there was a person who was truty entertained at the time,
it
was Rizal himsetf who was amused by the Japanese girl who woutd pass
by
the tegation every day. The 23 year otd seiko usui whom he fondty catted
'O-Sei-San' became his tour guide and sweetheart rolled into one.

SAIL TO THE WEST

Rizat left HK and left o-sei-san because he toved more his mission
than a love for a lady on April 13, 1ggg. rn the vesset, he had befriended

Tetcho suehiro, a Japanese novelist and human rights fighter who was a[so
forced by his government to leave his country.

GEMC 101A - The Life and Works of Rizal -Modute lll-

 1?

TRAVEL IN GREAT BRITAIN, PARIS AND SPAIN

Onboard the ship,.City of Rome,,, Rizal traveted in Liverpoot on

May
16, 1888 and arrived there on May 24. A day after, he reached Londom
and
stayed briefty at Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor's house. He then boarded
art the
Beckett residence where he was tovingty served by Gertrude, the dau,ghter
of his tandtord. (
ln June '1888, Rizat made friends with Dr. Reinhotd Rost an.d his
famity. Expert in Marayan tanguage, Rost had in his house a good Fitipiniana
tibrary. Our national hero was described by Rost as..a pearl of a man,,.

In London, Rizal manually copied and annotated Morga,s Sucesos

dte
los lslos Filipinas, a rare book avaiLabte in the British Museum. He also
became the honorary president of the patriotic society Asociacio n
La
Solidoridod (sotidaridad Association) and wrote artictes for the Lo
solidoridod. ln his 10 months stay in London, he had short visits in paris,
Madrid and Barcetona. ln spain, he met Marcelo H. Det pitar for the
firsi
time.
Marceto H. Det pitar was one of the famous members of the
Propaganda lvlovement, atong with Mariano ponce, Graciano Lopez
Jaena
(pubLisher of La Solidoridad), and Rizal..

Propoganda was a patriotic socio-potiticat organization founded

- in
\872 by Fitipinos who had se_ttled in Europe. rts mern'bers were maintylne
Fitipino tiberals exited in 1B7z and the Fil.ipino students studyinq in ruroo"l.
universities at the time. Atso considered a cutturat and titeraiv 6rrrnir^-r-ral"-
the Propaganda had a principat pubtication, the Lo Sotidaridai.

.. . The Propogondo primarily aimed to bring to Spain,s attention the real

situations and needs of the phitippines, its cotony. The Advocacies or
tne
Propaganda were the ff:
._.... 1:Th" recognition of the phitippines as a province of Spain and its
(Phitippines) representation in the spanish partiament (cortes '-'
Ginerals)-
2. The secutarization of the phitippine parishes and ctergy
.
3.The equatity between the spanish and the Fitipinoj especiafi.y in
entering government service
4. The establishment of government funded schoors not run by the
friars
5. The abotition of the "poto,, (torced tabor) and ,,vondolo" (forced
sate of toca[ products to the government)
The recognition of human rights and freedom, especiatty the
- .6. of
freedoms speech and association.

._
Seemingty advocating racial or cuttural integration, the propagondo
Movement is the branded as assimitationist. rn antf,ropotogy and rffib;;;
assimilation is the process whereby individuats or groups oi'arffuring uthiii

GEMC 101A - The Life and Works of Rizat -Modute lil-

 13

heritage are absorbed into the dominant cutture of a society. The process
of
assimilating involves taking on the traits of the dominant .rttirr"-,i".c],
colonizer) to such a degree that the assimitating group (e.g., tne coto.nizij
peopte) becom.es socialty indistinguishabte fronit-he other-member,
society. As.a background, the "assimilation" stand in nizat's ilme rereri-i
tn"
mainty to the advocacy to have the phitippines be treated as one 'the
provinces of Spain.
o.f

Jose Rizal and Marcelo H. Det pitar attegedty witd the ,,assimita:tion,,
stand (atthough questioned by many historiansl especiatty ilrose who
that either Rizal or Det pitar was even anti-revotutionary. Nonetheterr,
ilaim
and Det Pitar gave inspiration in the estabtishment of the Andres
R;;i
revolutionary society, the Kotipunon.
il;iia;;;;;
THE JOURNEY IN FRANCE

- Leaving London for good, he went to paris in March 1gg9. He shorttv

lived in the house of a friend, Vatentin Ventura, before tra;sierri,g;';
little room where he had as roommates two Fitipinos, one of whom *"-,
ior"
Atbert, a student from Manita. rn paris, Rizar irequented the gibrioth
eoue
Notionole,.working on his annotation of the Sucesos. He speni hi;
hours in the houses of friends rike Juan Luna and his wife p"= purall.=;;;;
Tavera. Rizal witnessed Exposition of paris, nafing is i;
-the_Universat
greatest attraction the Eiffel Tower.

. .
Rizal organized the Kidlat Club, a temporary sociat ctub, which
Prgyeh! together Fitipinos witnessing the exposition. He a(so formeA inl
lndios Brovos, an association which envisioned Fitipinos being recognized
their admirabte skilrs in many fields. Rizat,atso organized the riysteriousioi
Redencion de t'Aoloyos (Redemption of the Ma-tays), which Jir".J-i"
-los.
propagate useful knowledge. Rizat atso finished and pubtished tris annotatioi
of the Sucesos in Poris.

IN BELGIUM

yutetide season in paris in 1gg9, Rizat

.After cetebrating the shorttv
visited London for the last time. With Jose Atbert, Rizat 'teft p;;
Brussels on January ZB, 1890. The two stayed in a boarding
#
house
administered by the Jacoby sisters (suzanne and lAarie) where Rizal "rut
had a transitory affair with (another) suzanne
*J
latso cafted petite), tt
of his tandladies. Rizar concentrated in writing the El Filibust".ir.o "-"i"."
ini
contributing for La Solidaridod using the pen names Dimas Afang anJ
Laong Loon. Knowing that the calamba ag.urian troubte was eettine ioi.e-
he opted to go home. However,paciano iotd him that tney iost |fr"
case against the Dominicans in the phil.ippines, and they intended to U.i",
il;i
the case in Spain. This prompted Jose to go toMadrid instead a;i.;k;;;;
lawyer and inftuentiat peopte who woutd defend the Catamba tenants.

GEMC 101A - The Life and Works of Rizat -Module lil-

 14

MADRID, SPAIN

Dr.Rizal travetted to Madrid in August 1g90 atong with his

Marceto H. Det pitar, he tried
lawver.
.to
find any inftuentiat Spaniards who
seek ;uitice for
coutd hetp them.
nii iuiliiy Uui ;";i;;:i
Rizal confronted a rot of. hardships and misfortunes in Madridt.
famity was forced to leave their tand in Catamba, ind some His
ramiry memueii
were even deported to.far ptaces. one day, Rizat chattengea'nis-rlr-e-ni
Antonio Luna to a duet when he (Luna), being unsuccessrut
inieekinc N.letiiJ
Boustead's love, gave negative corr.nts on"the tady.
nizat at- airla'io'i
duel Wenceslao Retana of anti-Fitipino newspaper Lo Epoco
Rizal's.famity was not paying its tand rent. both duets were
who;r;i; i;.;
rortrn
aDorted --- Luna became Rizat's good friend again wnite netana ^i"L
ev-ei
became Rizat's eventual first non-Filipino biographer.

Riza[ heard the news of Leonor Rivera,s marriage to Henry

Kipping,
an Engtishman, who was the choice of Leonor's mother. as rt ..miitoriunei'l
were not enough, there also emerged the Del pitar_Rizat l.lrut.f
leadership in the .Asocioci.on Hispan6 Fifipino;,. rne supfoi"itv-hJ-riiv ior"
e.lection for-a responsibte teader created division among 'the
Fitipin;;- i;
Madrid, the Rizatistas vs. the pitaristas). Rizat thus decided-
to teave'mal-.i.r'
for fear that his presence teads in more serious-iJil"i-.r";;;:
compatriots in Madrid.

TRAVEL IN BIARRITZ, PARIS AND BRUSSELS

Rizat proceeded to take a more than a month vacation

in Biarritz, a
tourist town in southwestern France noted for its mitd ctimate
beaches. Arriving there in February 1g91, Rizat wis wetcomed "il ;;;;
as a famir.,
guest in the house of the Bousteads, especiafly by Nelrie
later had a serious, but faited, romantic retationJhip.
*ittr *n"ii ir?

rn Biarritz, he continued to work on his El FiIi and compteted

manuscript on March 29, the eve of his departure for paris. vatentin its
hosted.his short stay in paris, and the Jacobies, especiallv petite
v.n1r*
Suzannc
cordiatty welcomed his arrivat in Brussels in Aprit i89i.-1, i;r:'r"rr,"d;"i
revised,and prepared for printing his second novet untit
the end of ,f,lay.'A1;
June 1891, he was atready tooking for a printing firm to print
Filibusterismo.
a# ;1
JOURNEY TO GHENT

Rizat went to Ghent in Juty 1g91 because the cost

ptace was cheaper. He tived in a low-cost boardinq
of printing in the
roommate Jose Atejandro,. an
house w'here h; hu; ;
.engineering studeit in the Universitf-oi
9.h.n1. Tightening their betts, they renteda room exctusive or ureir,iuri.
They bought a box of biscuits, counted the contents and computed
daity ration for a monrh...ln.just 15 days, AtelinJro had eaten r"r. it"ir.
shares whereas Rizat frugatty timited himseir to tis
rp uti ti,
Jaity attocation.

GEMC 101A - The Life and Works of Rizat -Module lll-

 t)

The pubtisher F. Meyer-Van Loo press, No.66 Viaanderen $treet

agreed to print the El Fiti on an instatment basis. Despite pawning
jewets and tiving tightfistedty, Rizar. ran out of funds, ;[;l;
ina $re p.i.iiG'n"i
to,be.s.uspended on August 6_. But through Valentin Ventura's
"*trifi.;=i.t,
"El Filibusterismo" came off the press on september 1g, 1g91 . r*o wu"t i
after, he visited Paris for the tast time to bid goodbye to his friends a-ni
compatriots.

CHALLENGES IN HONG KONG AND SANDAKAN

October 189'1, Riza[ left Europe for Hong Kong on board the shio
"Metbourne" on which he began writing his third lbut u-nfinished) nor-t ol
October 1991.

Having escaped the friars' persecution, Don Francisco, paciano and

Sitvestre Ubatdo (Jose's brother-in-taw) atso arrived in Hong Kong. Sh o;it,
after, Dofra Teodora and chitdren Lucia, Josefa and rrinidad itso ar-rivecl anl
the Rizal famity had a short famity reunion in the yutetide season in 1g9 1.

ln Hong Kong, Jose opened a medical ctinic. A portuguese friend, Dr.

.Lorenzo P. Marques, hetped him to get many patrons of vaiious
nationalities. His successfu[ operation on his mother's teft eye attowed her
to read again.

ln March 1892, he went to Sandakan (East Mataysia) aboard ..Menon,,

to negotiate with British authorities concern.ing the founding of a Fitipino
colony in North Borneo (now catled Sabah). On March 21, Rizat asked
Governor-General Eutogio Despujot through a letter to attow the tandtess
Filipinos, especiatly the deported Calamba tenants, to estabtish themsetves
in North Borneo. Rizat went back in Hong Kong in Aprit 1892.

SECOND HOMECOMING

Wanting to confer with Despujol concerning his North Borneo

cotonization project, Rizat teft Hong Kong on June 21 , 1892 atong with his
sister Lucia. Without his knowtedge, the Spanish consul in Hong Kong sent a
cabtegram to Despujol stating symboticatty that'.the rat is in the trap".A
secret case against Rizal was thus fited in Manila for anti-retigious and anti-
patriotic pubtic campaign was ftourishing.

Rizal and his sister arrived in lvianita at noon on June 26, 1892. At 7
p.m., he was abte to confer in Malacafran with Despujol who agreed to
pardon his father and totd him to return on June 29. He then visited his
sisters and friends in Manila.

On June 27, he took a train and visited h.is friends in Central Luzon.
He had stopover at the Bautista mansion in Matotos, Bulacan and spent the
night in the house of Evaristo Puno in Tartac, Tarlac, about 30 kilometres
away from the residence of Leonor Rivera-Kipping in Camiting. He atso went
to San Fernando and Bacotor, Pampanga and returned to Manita on June 2g,

GEMC 101A The Life and Works of Rizat -Modute lll-

 16

at 5 p.m. On June 29, 30 and Juty 3, he had other interviews with

Despujot.
Rizat's colonization project was rejected, but his request
to tift the ex.itd oi
his sisters was granted.

Rizal presided the meeting in the house of Doroteo Ongjunco

Ylaya s-treet, Tondo, Manita attended by at teast 20 Fitioinos. inch rrrino on
Bjl:t:.ico and.Apotinario Mabini. ritzar eruciaaieo ,nJ prip"r" J
f9l*
La Ltgo rttipino, o civic organizotion. Ambrosio Satvador *a, ii,'E
pr"rlJ"ni,
ihe
which officiatty recognized as a league.

.However,_
three days after the meeting, Rizal was arrested durinp his
interview with the governor-generat. Despujo'i showed him
r"-?t"i.
Pobres Frailes (Poor Friars) attegedty found the pittow ".ii+ri*
cases of sister Lucia.
Rizal was imprisoned in Fort santiago for almost ten days
rna *ur tiore[i']i
12:30 a.m. of Juty 14 to the steamer "cebu". passing througn
rrrinaoro- iril
Panay, the vesset docked at Dapitan in Zamboanga Oei Nortetn
of Juty 17.
lil;r;r:;;

. Dapitan was a truty scenic and a heartwarming pl.ace with

fine
beaches, which was a soothing ptace for Rizat who ha?'cnattengi;g
ani
controversial [ife. But Rizal was not there as a vacationer, he was pa"titiaut
u
exite. The ship captain Detgras handed him over to the tocat 'St;;i;
commandant, Ricardo carnicero and that event started nrzat's tife -a
deportee in Dapitan. ls

MODULE SUMMARY

Rizal studied at Ateneo Municipal, it was the choice and decision

his father. His father had known that A[eneo which is administered of
by th-e
Jesu.its was offering more advanced education than any other
scho;ts i;
Manila. The educational system was for character buitding by rigid air.ipiin"
-cutture,
and religious instruction. rt promoted pnysicai fine arts
scientific studies. studies at the Ateneo ted to the degree Bacheto,. or and
(AB). Ctass in every subject was opened and ctosed with- prayer. ari,
a

__ The highest in rank among the students in a ctass was catted an

"emperor." The Ateneo students atso wore a uniform consisting of ,.timp
fabric" trousers and striped coat calted rayaditto.

Jose's first year at the Ateneo, he was placed at the bottom

of the
class for he knew tittte in spanish but at the end of the on"
,ontn,'i-,J
became an emperor. At the end of his second year, he visited
his *oin"i
who was stit[ in prison in Sta Cruz, Laguna. He prophesied that his
witl be released from prison and his mother was very tappy for;;il;; Loie;s
exceuent grades at the Ateneo. Rizat had devetoped tris'intei[it i;
,.JJ;;

GEMC 101A - The Life and Works of Rizat -Modute llt-

 17

white at the Ateneo. He read romantic novets and non-fiction. His first
favorite novel was, "The Count of Monte Cristo.,'

He finished his last year at the Ateneo with the highest grades .in
att
subjects- phitosophy, physics, biotogy, chemistry, tanguagJs ana-minera.togy.
'nigheit
He received Bachelor of Arts degree with the h-onors on rrrur.n-il,
1877.

Rizal enrotled at the University of Sto. Tomas in response to the

desire of his father Don Francisco and brother paciano in Aprit 1gzl. At- first
he enrolted in Phitosophy and Letters but the next school year he toak up
medicine, so he coutd cure his mother's faiting eyesight

White he was studying at UST, he frequently visited Ateneo where he

was usualty welcomed by the friendLy Jesuit Professors. He took up surveyor
and finished this course at the age of seventeen. He atso continued jo ining
the organizations for extracurricutar activities. He courted a young woman
in Catamba named Miss "t." His parents rejected this match, he stopped
courting Miss L and focused his tove for another woman, Leonor Valenzueta.
He courted this woman using invisible ink for his love tetters. The most
sincere love was offered to Leonor Rivera, a beautiful and charming lady
form Camiling, Tarlac. They become engaged.

Rizat had two winning [iterary works that won first prizes in contests
white at UST. The poem entitted, "A La Juventud Fitipina" (To the Fitipino
Youth), a poem and an essay entitted, The "Council of Gods."

His days at the UST were unhappy. The Fitipino students were
discriminated and insutted by the Dominican professors which ted hirn to
continue his studies in Spain. He coutd no longer endure the hostile attitude
and injustices by the Spanish students and the Dominican professors
especiatty to the Fitipino students.

of Rizal -Modute lll-

GEMC 101A - The Life and Works
I
I

MODULE 4

RIZAL'S LIFE: EXILE, TRTAL AND

DEATH

Lesson 1 Rizat's Life as an Exite in

Dapitan

Lesson 2 Trial & Death of Rizat

 2

MODULE IV

RIZAL'S LIFE: EXILE , TRIAL AND DEATH

INTRODUCTION

The module atso te[ts the rife in exile of Rizat in Dapitan spending a useful
and peaceful tife, the improvement he introduced to Dapitan and the romantic
affairs with Josephine Bracken. lt tetts about his apptication to serve in Cuba, and
the attempt of some Katipuneros to rescue him when he boarded a steamer from
singapore. lt tetls about his arrest on his way to spain and brought to Manita to
answer charges of rebellion and sedition and resulted to imprisonment.

The last part of the module tetts about the trials conducted, his tast hours
at Fort Santiago and his writing of the poem ,Uttimo Adios,, and finatty his
martyrdom at 7:03 a.m. in Bagumbayan field now ca[[ed Luneta.

OBJECTIVES

After studying the module, the students are expected to able to

'l . describe how Jose Rizal spent his life in Hong Kong.
2. tett the objectives of Rizal's Borneo Cotonization Project.
3. enumerate in logicat sequence the events which ted to Rizat,s deportation
to Dapitan.
4. enumerate the projects and programs which Rizat implemented which
brought improvement to Dapitan.
5. discuss the attempts of Katipuneros to rescue Rizat
6. name the charges of Rizat which were the reasons for his imprisonment in
Fort Santiago.
7. describe the trails of Rizal which led to his conviction
8. describe how Rizal was martyred at Bagumbayan

d DIRECTIONS/ MODULE ORGANIZER

Read the module very cautious[y. To internalize, you imagine you

-re a witness of those crucial events of Rizat's life. ln your study be guided
very wetl with the objectives of the modute. They are the key points that
witt lead you understand the important plans of his tife which you ought to
remember especiatty the vatues and lessons. lf you meet some difficutties in
understanding the test, don't be shy to ask from your professor some
ctarification and exptanation.

GEMC 10'lA - The Life and Works of Rizat -Modu[e lV-

 3

Lesson 1

RIZAL'S LIFE AS AN EXILE IN DAPITAN

RIZAL'S LIFE lN DAPITAN, A Bitter-Sweet Experience

The commandant Captain Ricardo Carnicero and Jose Rizal became

good friends that the exite did not feel that the captain was actuatty his
guard. Later in his life in Dapitan, Rizal wrote a poem A Don Riiardo
cornicero honoring the kind commandant on the occasion of his birthday on
August 26, 1892.

.lotterylnticke-t
September 1892, Rizat and Carnicero won in a tottery. The Manita
no. 9736 jointtyowned by Rizat, Carnicero, and a Spanish
resident of Dipotog won the second prize of php 20,000. Rizal used some
part of his share (Php 6, 200) in procuring a parcet of tand near the coast
of
Tatisay,.a barrio near Dapitan. On a pro[erty of more than 10 hectares, he
put up three houses made a bamboo, wood, ind nipo. He tived in
the house,
which was square in shape_ Another house, which has hexagonal, *u, t#
barn. where Rizal kept his chickens. rn his octagonat house
tiv-ed some of his
pupils-for Rizal atso estabtished a schoot, telching young boys practical
:rbj9:t, tike reading, reading, arithmetii, geogrtphy, a-na (panisn ana
Engtish languages. Later, he constructed additi6naihuts
to accommodate his
recovering out-of -town patients.

Rizal practiced medicine during his exite, founded a schoot and

taught some pupils, and engaged in farming and hoiticuttur". H" gru*
fruit- trees (tike coconut,. mingo, lanzonis, makopo, santol, mingosteen,
riny
jackfruit,. guayabonos, boluno,-and nonko) and domesticated
some animats
a.nimats (tike rabbits, dogs, cats, and chickens). Rizat woutd
rise at five in
the.morning to see his ptants, feed his animats, and prepare breakfast.
Having his morning meat, he would treat the patients who had come
.taken paddting
to h.is house. his boat catted boroto (he had two of tnemi, ne
woutd then proceed to Dapitan town to attend io his other patients
ihere
the whole morning.

Rizal woutd return to Tatisay to take his tunch. Teaching his pupits
would begin at about 2 p.m. and woutd end at 4 or 5 in the afternoon.
with
the h.etp of his pupil.s, Rizat spent the rest of the afternoon in faimin!,
ptanting-trees,
.watering the plants, and pruning the fruits. At night, hi
spent it for reading and writ.ing.

GEMC 1014 - The Life and Works of Rizal -Modute lV-

 4

Rizal and the Jesuits

Rizat did not stay with the parish priest Antonio obach in the church
convent despite first attempt by the Jesuits friars to win back the deported
Rizal to the cathotic faith. Even Fr. Francisco de paula sanchez (his favorite
teacher in Ateneo) and Fr. pabto pastett, superior of the Jesuii society of
the Phitippines, were not abte to convince Rizat to espouse conventional
type of Cathoticism

Rizal's Achievements in Dapitan

Dr..
.Jose Rizat spearheaded community projects and services in
Dapitan, like improving the town's drainage and constructing better water
system using empty botttes and bamboo joints. He atso taught the town
fotks about health and sanitation to avoid the spread of diseasei. Rizat made
a huge retief map of Mindanao in Dapitan ptaza with a Jesuit priest sanchez.
Atso, he nurtured and improve the forest there by providing evident traits
stares and some benches. He invented a wooden machinJ for the mass
production of bricks. Rizat buitt a water dam for the community with the
hel.p of his students using the bricks he made.

Dr. Riza[ treated all patients equatty regardtess of their economic and
social status. He accepted as .,fees,' things tike pouttry and crops, and at
times, even gave his services to poor fotks for free. His speciatizaiion was
ophthalmotogy, but he also offered treatments to atmost att kinds of
diseases, like fever, sprain, broken bones, typhoid, tuberculosis, and even
leprosy

He atso hetped in the tivetihood of the oboco farmers in Dapitan by trading

their crops in Manila. He gave them lessons in aboco-weoving to- produci
hammocks. Noticing that the fishing method by the tocats wai ineificient,
he taught them better techniques, tike weaving and using better fishini
nets.

Rizal as a Scientist and Philologist

Rizal inspected Dapitan,s rich ftora and fauna, providing a sort of

taxonomy to numerous kinds of forest and sea creatures aside from doing
archaeologicat excavations. From his taboratory and herbarium, he seni
various biotogical specimens to scientists in Europe, tike his dear friend
Doctor Adolph B. Meye.in Dresden. rn return, the European schotars sent
him books and some other academic materials.
There were at least threespecies were named after him: a Dapitan
frog (Rho-cophorus Rizole), a type of beette (Apogonia rizole), and a itying
dragon (Droco rizale ond sent to European scholors.

Having learned the Visayan tanguage, He engaged himsetf in the study

of language especiatly the visayan tanguage. He Lximined tocat fotktores,
customs, Tagalog grammar, and the Matay tanguage. He retated to European
schotars his inteltectual products about theie iubjects like Dr. Reinhotd
Rost, a philotogist friend from London.

GEMC 101A The Life and Works of Rizat -Modute lV-

 5

The Spies and Secret Emissary

Rizat's "enemies" sent spies to gather incriminating proofs that he
was a separatist and an insurgent. Dr. Matias Arrieta, a physician, reveated
his covert mission and asked for forgiveness to Rizat after he was cured
because he was disturbed by his conscience

Pabto Mercado claimed to be Rizat's retative eagerty votunteered to

bring Rizal's tetter to certain persons in Manita. Rizat sulpected him to be a
spyand interrogated him, only to found out his real name was Ftorencio
Nanaman, paid as a secret agent by the Recottect friars. Eventhough it was
) raining that night, Rizat let him stept in his house.
I
Dr. Pio Vatenzueta, an emissary was sent by Andres Bonifacio___the
Kotipunon teader who betieved that carrying out revott had to be consented
first by Rizal. vatenzueta disguised as a mere companion of a btind patient
seeking treatment from Rizal, vatenzuela was abte to unnoticeably detiver
lhe Katipunon's message for Rizat. However, Rizat potitety reiused to
approve the uprising and suggested that peacefut means was better than
viotent ways in gaining freedom. He believed that a revolution woutd be
unsuccessful without arms and monetary support from weatthy Fitip.inos. He
recommended for the support of rich and educated Fitipinos, tike Antonio
Luna, who was an expert on military if revotution was to be undertaken.

Visitation by loved ones

Jose Rizal was in Dapitan when he learned that his true love Leonor
Rivera had died. what somewhat comforted his forsaken heart was the visit
of his mother (whom he successfu[y operated on his mother,s cataract and
some sisters- Trinidad, Maria and Narcisa.

Doia Teodora left Dapitan for Manita to take care with Don Francisco
who was getting weaker. Josephine Bracken came to Jose's tife. Josephine
was an orphan with lrish blood and the stepdaughter of Jose's patient from
Hongkong. Rizal and Bracken were unabie to obtain a chuich wedding
because Jose woutd not retract his anti-cathotic views. He nonethetess tool
I
Josephine as his common-law wife. Before the year ended in 1g95, the
coupte had a chitd who was born prematurety. The son who was named after
l Rizal's father (Francisco) died a few hours.

Goodbye Dapitan

Blumentritt informed Rizat that the revolution -ridden Cuba, a nation

cotonized by Spain, was stricken by a yettow-fever epidemic. Th"r" *us
shortage of physicians to attend to war victims and disease-stricken peopte,
Riza[ in December 1895 wrote to the then Governor-General Ramon 'gtunao,
votunteered to provide medical services in cubalt was onty in lg96 when the
governor gen. contacted him regarding this and Riza[ immed.iatety prepared
for the Cuba medical mission.

GEMC 1014 The Life and Works of Rizal -Modute lV-

 6

Riza[ travetted with Josephine, Narcisa, a niece, three nephews, and

a three of his students. Many Dapitan folks, especiatty Rizat's students,
came to see their beloved doctor for the tast time. co;diatty bidding him
goodbye, they shouted '.Adios, Dr. Rizol!', as some of his itudents
even
cried. with sorrowing heart, he waved his hand in farewet[ to the generous
and loving Dapitan fotks, saying, ,,Adios. Dapitan!,,

The streamer departed for Manita with tears in his eyes, RizaL tater
wrote in his diary onboard the ship, "r have been in that dis;ici four years,
thirteen days, and a few hours',.

Class Activities
'l . Read the constitution of Lo Ligo Filipino (avaitabte ontine in ,,The
Lo
Ligo Filipino and lts Constitution,, in OurHappySchoot.com). Fitt out a
table (graphic oraganizer) with the aims of Lo Liga Fitipino in one
cotumn and examples of how these coutd be attained in another
cotumn.
2. Fitm viewing: "Rizal so Dapiton,, directed by Tikoy Aguituz
3. Assessmen$ Reftection paper about the fit;
Guide Questions:
a. Describe the tife of Jose Rizat as represented in the fitm.
b. Based on your reading and the class discussion, what can you
say about the fitm,s representation of Jose Rizal?
c. What is the main question that the fitm seeks to answer? What
rs your own reftection based on the fitm and your
understanding?

.6 LEARNING ACTIVITY

l. MULTIPLE CHOICE: Write the letter of the best answer.

. The amount of the prize won by Rizal, Carnicero and a spanish
resident from Dipotog with ai\,lanita totiery tiit<et no. 9736, whic'h
was
jointly
-1 owned by Rizat, Carnicero, and a Spanish resident of Dipotog.
a. P 50,000 c. p 5,000
b. P 20,000 d. P 17,OOO
_2. A medical doctor sent by Andres Bonifacio to inform Rizal about
Kotipunon.

a. Matias Arrita c. pio Vatenzueta

b. Ricardo Carnicero d. Reinhotd Rost

GEMC 101A The Life and Works of Rizal -Modute lV-

 7

A European academician and phitotogist friend of Rizat in London.

a. Doctor Reinhotd Rost c. Ferdinand Btumentrtt

-3.
b. Juan Luna d. pabto Mercado
4. The commandant who became a friend of Rizat during his exile in
Dapitan

a. Francisco de Pauta Sanchez c, Ricardo Carnicero

b. KapitanTiago d. pabto pastelts
_5. The year Rizat founded the schoot in Dapitan where he taught some
______
pupits before he [eft.

1896
a. c. 1892
b.1894 d. 1893
The scientist in Dresden, Europe to whom Rizat sent various
biotogicat specimens.
-6. a. Ftorencio Nanaman c. Doctor Reinhotd Rost
b. Pio Valenzueta d. Adotph Meyer
_7. A comrade of Rizal who informed him that the revolution -ridden
Cuba was stricken by a yeltow-fever epidemic in 1g95.

a. Pio Valenzueta
b. Ferdinand Blumentritt
c. Governor-General Ramon Btanco
d. Matias Arrieta

The Kotipunan leader whJsent an emissary to Rizat in Dapitan.

-8. a. EmilioJacinto c. Marceto. H. det pitar

b. Juan Luna d. Andres Bonfacio
Rizal's favorite teacher in Ateneo and the priest assigned by the
Jesuit order to Dapitan with whom he had cordiat reLigious discuisions.'
-9' a. PioVatenzueta c. Francisco de pauta Sanchez
b. Pabto Pastetts d. pabto Mercado

_ 10. The orphan with lrish blood, a stepdaughter of Jose,s patient from
Hongkong who eventuatly became his common taw wife.

a. Josephine Bracken c. Narcisa

b. Josephine Tracken d. Leonor Rivera

GEMC 101A - The Life and Works of Rizat -Modute lV-

 8

ll. TRUE OR FALSE: Write T if the statement is true; F if fatse

_1 . The real name of Pabto Mercado who ctaimed to be Rizal.,s relative
was Ftorencio Nanaman.

_2. lt was in Dapitan when Rizat learned that his true love Leonor
Rivera had died.

_3. Rizal said, "Adios, Potrio Adorado!,, as he waved his hand in

farewell to the generous and toving Dapitan fotks.
_4. Rizal recommended that if the Katipunon were to start a
revolution, it had to ask for the support of rich and educated Fitipinos.
Jose's niece Lucia, Narcisa's daughter, atso had experienced living
for some time with her ex'iled uncte in Mindanao.
-5. 6. ln Dapitan, Rizat woutd rise at six in the morning ti see hid ptants,
_______
feed his animals, and prepare breakfast.

_7. ln Septamber 1995, Rizat wrote to the then Governor-General

Ramon B[anco, volunteering to provide medicat services in Cuba.

___ 8._Th9 last attempt by the Jesuit friars to win back the deported
.
to the
Rizat
cathotic fotd was the offer for him to tive in the Dapitan convent
under some conditions.

_ 9.
Dona Teodora, atong with daughter Trinidad, joined Rizat in
Dapitan and resided with him in the church convent in 1g93.

lll. Essay

1., Why did Rizat refuse to embrace the conventionat type of Cathoticism
though he consistentty attended mass?
2:.li1.f
refused to approve the ptanned uprising of lhe Kotipunon, don't
you think it's a sort of cowardice on his part? Comprehensivety justiiy your
answer

3. Explain: Rizat had a "bitter-sweet,, tife in Dapitan.

4. Despite the "serene" life of Rizat in Dapitan, why did he opt to go to
Cuba as volunteer physician?

GEMC '101A - The Life and Works of Rizal -Module lV-

 9

Lesson 2

TRIAL AND DEATH OF RIZAL

From Dapitan to Trial in Fort Santiago

Various significant events happened during Rizat's trip from Dapitan to
Manita.

Leaving Dapitan for Manita on Juty 31, 1896, the streamer Espoflo with
Rizal as a passenger made some stopovers in various areas. ln Dumaguete,
Rizat had visited some friends tike a former ctassmate from Madrid and had
cured a sick Guordio Civil captain. ln Cebu, he carried out four operations
and gave out prescriptions to many other patients. Going to lloito, he saw
the historical Mactan lsland. He went shopping and was impressed by the
Mo[o church in lloito. The ship then saited to Capiz, to Romblon, and finatty
to Manita.
ln Manila
There was an attempt by the Katipuneros to hetp Rizal escape as the
steamer approach Luzon (Bantug & Ventura, 1997, p.135\. Emitio Jacinto, a
katipunero camouftaging himsetf as a ship crew member, managed to see
Rizat, white, Guitlermo Masankay, circled the ship in a boat. Firm in his aim
to futfitt his mission in Cuba, Rizal was said to have refused to be rescued by
Katipuneros.

The katipunan ptanned to stage revotution against the Spanish authorities

was discovered through confession of a certain Teodoro Patifro to Mariano
Git, Augustinians cura of Tondo which led the arrest of many Kotipuneros.
The ka[ipunan ted by Bonifacio reacted by convening many of its member
and deciding to immediatety begin for an armed revolt.They tore their
cedulas lreiidence certificates)as a sign of their commitment to the
revotution
The Katipunan's first major assautt happened on August 29 and 30 when
the Katipuneros attacked the Civit Guard garrison in Pasig and more
significantty the 100 Spanish sotdiers protecting the powder magazine in San
Ju1n. But because Spanish reinforcements arrived, about 150 katipuneros
were kitted and more than 200 were taken prisoner. This btoody encounter
in San Juan and the uprising in some other suburban Manita areas on that
same day prompted the governor-general to proclaim a state of war in
Manila and seven other nearby provinces'

On the same day (August 30), Btanco issued letters of recommendation

on Rizat,s behatf to the spanish Minister of war and the Minister of cotonies
with a cover letter ctearing Rizat of any connection to the raging revotution.
On September 2, he was transported to the ship lsla de Ponoy -

GEMC 101A The Life and Works of Rizal -Modute lV-

 10

Going to Spain

lslo de Ponoy steomer left Manita for Barcetona the next day and arrived
on Singapore on september 7, Rizat was convinced co-passenger Don pedro
Roxas and singaporean resident Don Manuel camus to stay in the Brit.ish-
controtled territory. Trusting Btanco,s words, Rizat refused to stay in
Singapore. without his knowtedge, however, Btanco and the Minister of war
and the colonies had been exchanging tetegrams and ptanned to arrest Rizat
upon reaching Barcetona.

. As /slo de Ponoy made a stopover at port Said., Egypt on September 27,

the passengers had known phitipplnes
that the uprising in the got worse as
thousands of Spanish soldiers were dispatched to ManiLa, and many Fitipinos
were either killed in the battte, or arrested and executed. Rizat had the
feeting that he had already been associated with the Fitipino revotution as
his co-passengers became atoof to him. A day after, he wrote a letter to
Btumentritt informing him that Rizal received some information that Btanco
ordered to arrest him. Before reaching Matta on September 30, he was
officiatty ordered to stay in his cabin untit further orders from Blanco come.
With Rizat as a prisoner onboard, the lsla de Panoy anchored at Barcetona
on October 3, 1896. He was placed under heavy guard by the then Mititary
Commander of Barcetona, General Eutogio Despujot-the same former
governor-general who deported Rizal to Dapitan in '1892. Early in the
morning of October 6, he was transported to Monjuich prison -fortress. ln the
afternoon, he was brought to Despujol who told him there was an order to
ship back Rizal to Manita.
Jose Rizat boarded the ship "Colon" and was fut[ of Spanish sotdiers and
their families who were under orders not to go near or talk to Rizal. Rizat
was attowed to take watks on deck during the journey but tocked up and
handcuffed before reaching any port.

l The Last Homecoming

Arriving in Manita as a prisoner on November 3, 1896, Rizal was detained
in Fort Santiago where he had been imprisoned four years ago. To gather
pieces of evidence against him, some of his friends, acquaintances,
members of the La Liga, and even his brother Paciano were tortured and
forcibty questioned. As a pretiminary investigation, Rizal underwent a series
of interrogations administered by one of the judges, Colonel Francisco
Olive---the same mititary leader who ted the troops that forced the Rizat
family to vacate their Catamba home in 1890. Those who were coerced to
testify against Rizat were not attowed to be cross-examined by the accused.
Rizal was said to have admitted knowing most of those questioned,
"though he woutd deny to the end that he knew either Andres Bonifacio or
Apolinario Mabini" (Bantug &. Ventura, 1997, p. 141.)

Fifteen pieces of documentary evidence represented- - - Rizal's [etters,

letter of his compatriots, like Marcelo del

Pitarand Antonio Luna, a poem
(Kundimon), a Masonic Document, two transcripts of speech of katipuneros

GEMC 101A The Life and Works of Rizat -Module lV-

 11

(Emitio Jacinto and Jose Toriano Santiago), and Rizal,s poem /

Totisoy. The
testimonial evidence involved the oral testimonies of 13 Fitipinos notabty
inctuding that of Lo Ligo officers tike Ambrosio Salvador and Deodato
Arellano, and the katipunero Pio Vatenzuela.
Otive submitted the reports to Btanco on November 26, and Captain
Rafael Dominguez was assigned as special judge Advocate in Rizat's case.
Dominguez made a summary of the case and delivered it to Blanco who
subsequently sent the papers to Judge Advocate-General Don Nicotas dela
Pena. After examining the case, Peia recommended that:

1. Rizal be instantly brought to triat

2. kept in jait
3. order of attachment be issued against his property
4. spanish army officer, not a civilian lawyer, be permitted to defend
him in court.

Rizal was given the restricted right to choose his [awyer from a [ist of
100 Spanish army officers on December 8. He chose Lt. Luis Taviel de
Andrade who turned out to be the younger brother of his bodyguard -friend
in Catamba in 1887, Jose Taviet de Andrade. Three days after (December
1 1 ), the formal charges were:

1. accused of being the main organizer and the "living sou[" of

the revotution having protiferated ideas of rebe[[ion
2. founding iltegal organizations'
Rlzat pleadJd noi guitty to the crime of rebeltion and
etuciaateOinit ia Liia was lust a civic organization as based
from its constitution'
on
]
Camito G. de Potavieja reptaced Btanco as governor-genera-l
not sent to Matacanang'
O"."rU"i 13, papers of Rizil,'s criminat case were a manifesto
il"i f,eire-tiniurn"o ;;-6" *"tttt" of Fitipinos'wrote to attain
;;;"fi;; t il"-r"rot,tlotuti"i to-ttop the upriiing and pursue
However' the governor
tiberty by means ot "a'cition and of labor'advocating
.
rebeltion' thus
internreted the manifeil'"i"i'igg*l'g and
plr#;;il1[lt"Jt" srant the isiuance of the
manifesto'

The Rat in the Kangaroo Court

Dr. Jose Rizat, figurativetv.known as u ?:tlo: 11,'?:ilr;l',:1[]t
"tripped rat" appeared in the kangaroo court
ln m
.a
iii
de Espanaon on Decemoer 216:li;;i ;tt tried by Lt' cot rogores' acting
pi"tii"nt, with seven members of the mititary court'
Rl'1\-:..:tlrninut case fottowed by
Judge advocate Dominguez presented to
Enrique de Atcocer' To appeal
the tengthy speech of proslcutlfig attorney far as dramaticatty
or ttte span]in''j'Zg"i' attbt"l.*:lt as Fitipino traitorous
the emotions-tne
Spanisn i"tai""-*n" died in the
,""u"t "g j'a had
revott discriminatety descril!-Ja' typicut 'orie.ntat" who had 'presu'med
to rise from the tower ;i;i il" in 6ia"' to attain powers and positions
be hir;'iB*;; & ventura, 1997, p.1441. At the end,
that couLd never

-Modute lV-
CfmC tOtn - The Life and Wor ks of Rizal
 12

Atcocer petition for a death sentence for Rizat and an indemnity of twenty
thousand pesos.

Lt. Andrade, Rizal's defense counset, tried his best to save his ctient by
reading his responsive defense, stressing, too, that it was but natural to
anyone to desire for tiberty and independence. Afterward, Rizal was altowed
to read his comptementary defense consisting of logicat proofs that he could
have not taken part in the revotution and that La Liga was distinct from
Kotipunan. He argued, among others, that he even advised the katipunan
emissary (Valenzueta) in Dapitan not to pursue the plan to revott; the
revotutionists had used his name without his knowtedge; he coutd have
escaped either in Dapitan or Singapore if he were guilty; and the civic group
La Ligo, which died out upon his exite did not serve the purpose of the
uprising, and that he had no knowledge about its reformation.
Lt. Cot. Arjona then declared the trial over. Expectedty, the entire
defense was indifferentty disregarded in Rizal's mock triat as it
.r
instantaneously considered him guitty. The jury unanimousty voted for the
I death sentence---Jose Rizal was found guitty, and the sentence was death
by firing squad.

On December 28, Governor-General Polavieja signed the court decision

and decreed that the guitty be executed by firing squad at 7 a.m of
December 30, 1896 at Bagumbayan (Luneta). Rizal was required to sign the
verdict, he passivety signed his own death sentence with a heavy heart and
mind.

Suggested Class Activities

1. Fitm viewing: "Jose Rizal," GIri\A fitms, directed by Marilou Diaz

Abaya
2. Assessment Reftection paper about the fitm
Guide Questionsr
a. Describe the tife of Jose Rizal as represented in the fitm'
b. Based on your reading and the ctass discussion, what can
you say about the fitm's representation of Rizat?
c. What is the main question that the film seeks to answer?
What is your own reftection based on the fitm and your
understanding?

-Module lV-
GEMC 10'lA The Life and Works of Rizal
 't)

,6 LEARNING ACTIVITY

l. ldentification: ldentify the term/s being referred to.

.He is the Fil,ipino patriot who was once figurativety referred

to by Spanish officiats as a "trapped rat."
_2. Rizal's defense counsel who took the floor and tried his very
best to save his ctient by reading his responsive defense.
He is the katipunero who disguised himsetf as a ship crew
-1
member and had managed to get ctosed to Rizal.
The kotipunon ptot to revott against the Spanish authorities
was discovered on August 19 through the confession of this man.
Judge Advocate Dominguez presented Rizat's criminal case
-3.
followed by the tengthy speech of this prosecuting lawyer.
He is the Mititary Commander of Barcetona who ordered to
-4.
ptace RizaI under heavy guard.
7. The steamer which teft Dapitan for Manita on Juty 31, 1896
-5.
with Rizat as a passenger.
He is the mititary leader who ted the troops that forced the
-6.
Rizat famity to vacate their Catamba home in 1890.
9. Rizat wrote a letter to this man tetting him that he received
some information that Btanco had an order to arrest him.
10. The Governor who s igned the court decision and decreed
-8.
that Rizat be executed by firing squad at 7 a.m of Decem ber 30, 1896 at
Bagumbayan (Luneta).

ll. True or Fatse: Write T if the statement is true; F if false'

.Rizat was tried before seven members of the mititary court with
Lt'
Cot. Pol,avieja acting as the president'
-1
].. xitiplron's first major assautts happened on August 29 and 30 when
th. katipuirerot attacked the Civit Guard garrison in Pasig'
O; October 2, Rizat was transported to the ship lslo de Panay'
-3. ln Dumaguete, Rizat visited some f riends, like a former ctassmate
Civil captain'
- Madrid and cured a sick Guordio
from
-q. S. niiat had the feeting that he had atready been associated with
Fitipino
Ievotution as his co-passengers became atoof with him'
_i. iirut was detained in Fort Bonifacio where he had been imprisoned
f*r. y"uts ago upon arriving in Manita in November 1896'
_2. Arriviig in singapore-, Rizat was urged by some Fitipinos, [ike his co-
to
ffi"ng"|. Do-n pedrJRoxas and singaporean resident Don Manuel camus,
stay in the British-controtted territory.

togi.ut proott that he coutd not have taken part in the revotution and that
-_,a.nlzatwasnotatlowedtoreadhiscomptementarydefenseconsistingof
l Lo Liga was distinct from katipunan.
nizat underwent a series of interrogations administered by one of the
judges, CotoneI Francisco Olive.
-g]
-Modute lV-
GEMC '101A - The Life and Works of Rizal
 14

_10. Camus issued tetters of recommendation on Rizat's behatf to the

spanish Minister of war and the Minister of cotonies with a cover letter
clearing Rizal of any connection to the raging revotution on August 30.

lll. Essay

1. What do you think was the reason Rizat refused to be rescued

by kotipunon's envoys?

2. Cite and discuss the defense of Rizal concerning the charges

against him.

3. lf you had been Rizal's defense lawyer, what coutd you have done to
save Rizal from his death sentence?

I DEATH OF RIZAL
i
The accounts in Jose Rizal's death specificatty the tast hours had lots
of variations and its largely dependent on the historian point of reference.
What truty accounted in Rizal's life from 6 a.m of December 29, 1896
until his execution was somehow the most controversial in his biography, for
the divisive ctaims---[ike his supposed retraction and Cathotic marriage with
Bracken, attegedty happened in view of this time f rame.

It is viewed that standard biography states that at 6 a.m of December

29, judge Advocate Dominguez formatly read the death sentence to Rizat.
He was transferred to either his "death cett" or "prison chapel .at about 700
am". Jesuit priests, Miguel Saderra Mata and Luisa Viza visited him. They
brought the medal of Ateneo's Marian Congregation of which Riza[ was a
member and the wooden statue of the Sacred Heart of Jesus he had carved
in the school. Riza[ put the wooden image on his tabte while he rejected the
medal saying "l'm littte of a Marian, Father."

, The priest Antonio Rosetl arrived, after his co-priest Viza [eft. Rizal
shared his breakfast with Rosett at 8a.m. Later, Lt. Andrade came and Rizal
thanked his defense lawyer. Santiago Mataix of the Spanish newspaper El
Heraldo de lAodrid interviewed Rizat at about 9 a.m. then came the priest
Federico Faura at about 10 a.m. and advised Rizal to forget about his
resentment and marry Josephine canonicatty. The two had a heated
discussion about retigion as witnessed by Rosett.

Missionaries from Dapitan Jose Vitaclara and Vicente Balaguer atso

visited Rizal at about 11 a.m. They tried to convince Rizat to write a
retraction. Though stitl believing in the Hoty Scriptures, Rizal supposedty
refused to retract his anti-Cathotic views, exctaiming, "Look, Fathers, if I
shoutd agree to a[[ you say and sign atl you want me to, just to ptease you,
neither betieving nor feeting, I woutd be a hypocrite and woutd then be
offending God" exctaimed by Rizat.

GEMC 101A The Life and Works of Rizat -Modute lV-

 15

From noon to 7 pm
Jose Rizal was left alone in his cett, had tunch, read the Bible, and
meditated. About this time, Bataguer reported to the Archbishop that onty a
tittte hoped remained that Rizat woutd retract Refusing to receive visitors
for the meantime, Rizat probabty finished his tast poem at this moment and
wrote to Btumentritt his last letter in which he catted the Austrian schotar
"my best, my dearest friend" .Rizat tatked with priests Estanistao then
returned to his cetl at 3:30 p.m and attegedly discussed again about
retraction. Then, wrote letters and dedications and rested for a white.
Dona Teodora and Jose's sisters went to see the sentenced Rizat at 4
pm with a heavy heart but not permitted a tast embrace by the guard, but
Rizal, a beloved son, in quiet grief, gentty managed to kiss on her hand.
Dominguez was so touched by the scenery especiatty when Rizal was
kneeting before his mother and asked for forgiveness). As the dear visitors
were leaving, Jose gave to Trinidad an alcoho[ cooking stove, a gift from the
Pardo de Taveras, whispering to her in a language; and told that there was
something inside it. That "something" was Riza['s composition significantly
known as Mi Ultimo Adios - l/ly lost Farewell)

Don Silvino Lopez Tuio, the dean of the Manita Cathedral exchanged
some views with him at about 5:30 p.m. As Rosett leaving at about 6 p.m.,
his wife Josephine Bracken, arrived in Fort Santiago and they emotionalty
conversed with each other in a very heartwarming gesture.

The Night of December 29

At 7 p.m., Faura returned and convinced Rizal to trust him and some
I
other Ateneo professors. After some quiet moments, Rizal purportedty
confessed to Faura ("Rizat's Last Hours," n.d., para. 17).

Rizal then took his last supper at about 8 p.m. and attended to his
personat needs. At about 9 or 9:30 p.m., Manita's Royal Audiencia Fisca[ Don
Gaspar Cestano arrived and had a friendty tatk with Rizat.

Gregorio and Sonia Zaide, great historians, al[eged that at 10 p.m.

Rizat and some Cathotic priests worked on the hero's retraction.
Supposedty, Balaguer brought to Rizal a retraction draft made by Archbishop
Bernardino Nozateda, but Rizat did not like it for being [ong. A shorter
retraction made by Jesuit Pio Pi was then offered to Rizal, which he
attegedty approved. So it was said that he wrote his retract'ion renouncing
free masonry and his-Cathotic ideas. (Zaide's book, nonethetess, admitted
that the supposed retraction is now a (very) controversial document. For
many reasons, Rizat's assumed retraction and his supposed church marriage
with Bracken have been considered highly unsure by many Rizal schotars.)
Dr Jose Rizat spent the night resting untit the crack of dawn of
l December 30, perhaps praying and meditating once in a white.
)

GEMC 101A - The Life and Works of Rizal -Module lV-

 tb

The Early Morning of December 30

. The Zaides atteged that at j a.m., Rizat heard Mass, confessed sins,
and took Communion (198a, p. 266). At about 4 a.m., picked up the book
lmitotion of Christ by Thomas a Kempis, read, and mediiated. Ai S p.m. he
washed up, attended to his personal needs, read the Bibte, and
contemplated. For breakfast, he was g.iven three boited eggs: iizat,s
grandniece Asuncion Lopez-Rizat Bantug mentioned "three
soft-bJ.ited eggs-
and narrated that Rizat ate two of them (Bantug & Ventura, t991, pp.iil_
152). Historian Ambeth R. ocampo, on the oth6r hand,wrote..three hard-
boited eggs" and retated that Rizat,,did not have any breakfast,, (Ocampo,
2012, p.227). both historians neverthetess wrote that irizat ptaced t'he
boiiei
egg (eggs) to a cetl corner, saying in effect, "This is for tire rats, tet
them
celebrate Iikewise!"
Afterward, Rizal wrote letters, addressed to his famity and another to
- "l asked you for forgiveness for the pain I cause you, hoping that
Pac.iano. ,.
with my death you witt be teft in peace...', He atso teft thii,errui"ioti,
sisters: "l enjoin you to forgive one another... treat your otd parenis
as you
woutd like to be treated by your chitdren tater. Love ther r".y rrin
in ,y
memory." To Paciano, he partiatty wrote, .,1 am thinking no* ho*
have work to give me a career... l-know tirat you have siffered
tira yo,
mucn on my
account, and I am sorry,' (as cited in G. Zaide S. Zaide, .19g4, pp.
?66_267).'
Though some accounts stated that Bracken was prohibited from
seeing Rizal on this fatefut day, the Zaides wrote that at 5:i0
a.m., she and
Rizat's sister came. The coupte was said to have embraced
for the tast time,
and Rizal c?ve t9 Josephine the book lmitation of Christ on which
he wrote
the c,edication: To my dear and unhappy wife.
Before Rizal made his death. march at Bagumbayan, he managed
pen his last retters to his.betoved parents. To-Don Frantisco, to
he irote,
'Pardon me for the pain which I repay you... Good bye...,,. pertiaps
told bi
the authorities that the march was iuoit to begin, Rizat managed
to wriie
only the fotlowing to his mother (as cited in C] ZaiAe S. ZaidJ,
268).
$ga, pp.

To my very dear mother,

Sra. Dna. Teodora Alonso
6 o'clock in the morning, December 30, 1g96.
Jose RizaI

Slow Walk to Death

Dr. Rizal in btack suit and btack bowter hat, tied etbow to etbow,
began his slow walk to Bagumbayan at 6:30 u.r. *itn his
defense fu*V"r,
Andrade, and two Jesuit priests, l4arch and Vitactara. rn front
of them were
tne advance guards of armed sotdiers and behind them was another group
of
mititary men. The sound of the trumpet signated the start of
th6 death
march, and the soft sound of drums served as-the musicar
score of the watk.

GEMC 10'lA - The Life and Works of Rizat -Modute lV-

 17

peopte had eagerty lined the streets earty on that morning,

-Some Many
were ingrief and sympathetic to him, otliers- -especlatty -ihe
--
spaniards---wanted nothing [ess than to see him perish. some observei that
Rizal kept keenty looking around, and "it was betieved that his famity or the
kotipuneros woutd make a last-minute effort to rescue him.

Once in a white, Rizal conversed with the priests, commenting on

things like his happy years at the Ateneo as they passed by lntramriros.
commenting on the ctear morning, he was said to have uttered something
like, "What a beautiful morning! On day tike this, I used to take a watk here
with my sweetheart" (Ocampo, 2012, p.2Zg).
After some minutes, they arrived at the historic venue of execution.
FiLipino sotdiers were detiberatety chosen to compose the firing squad.
Behind them stood their Spanish counterparts, ready to execute them atso
should they fail to do the job- shooting a hero.

There was just a hitch in the proceed.ing as Rizat refused to kneel and
dectined the traditional btindfotd. Mainta.ining that he was not a traitor to
his country and to Spain, he even requested to face the firing squad. After
some sweet-tatk, Rizat finatly agreed to turn his back to the firing squad on
the condition that he would be shot not in the head-but in the smatt of the
back instead.

When agreement had been reached, Rizal thankfulty shook the hand
of his defense lawyer. The mititary physician then asked permission to know
and feel the putse of Rizal and amazed to know that it was normat. Before
leaving Rizal in his appointed ptace, the priests offered him a crucifix to kiss
"but he turned his head away and sitentty prepared for his death" (Ocampo,
2017, p.2781.

When command had been instructed, the executioner's tong guns

fired at once. Rizal yetted Christ's two last words "Consummotum est!" (lt is
finished) as he simultaneousty exerted a final effort to twist his buttet-
pierced body hatfway around, faced the sky and Jose Rizal fetl on the
ground dead at exactly 7:03 on the morning of December 30, 1896.

Class Activities

1 Ctass Discussion:
a) Anatyze the factors that led to Rizat's execution.
b) Anatyze the effects of Rizat's execution on Spanish cotoniat
rute and the Phil.ippine Revotution.
c) Prove or disapprove: Rizal was a victim of Cathotic inquisition.

GEMC l01A - The Life and Works of Rizal -Modute lV-

 18

,6 LEARNING ACTIVITY

l. Muttipte-Choice. Write the letter of the best answer

_1 . This man from a Spanish newspaper, the El Heroldo de Madrid,

interviewed Riza[.
a. Santiago Matiax c. Jens Enismo
b. Don Francisco d. Thomas a Kempis

The two last words of Rizat as he made his finat effort to twist his
buttet-pierced body hatfway around
-2. a. Sorge ga shlryl shita! c. joyeux onniversaire!
b. Consummotum est! d. Teo mo!
The priest who atlegedty drafted the shorter version of Riza[,s
atteged retraction

-3. a. JoseVitactara c. pio pi

Bataguer
b. Vicente d. Bernardino Nozaleda
4. The priest Rizat shared his breakfast with

The Austrian scholar Rizal catted as "my best, my dearest friend."

a. BernardinoNozateda c. Ferdinad Btumentritt
b. Judge Dominguez d. F. Magellan
-5.
The Austrian scholar Rizat catted as "my best, my dearest friend."
a. BernardinoNozateda c. Ferdinad Btumentritt
b. Judge Dominguez d. F. Magettan
-6.
_7. Rizal's get-up as he slowly watked to Bagumbayan on the day of
his execution.
a. school uniform
b. btack suit and black bowter hat
c. coat and tie
d. borong togolong

Facing the sky, the national hero fel[ on the ground dead at this
time in the morning of December 30, 1896.
a. 7:30 a.m. c. 8:03 a.m.
-8. b. 7:43 a.m. d. 7:03 a.m.

The medal brought to Rizal by the Jesuit priests. Miguel Saddera

Mata and Luis Viza.
a. Medal of the Ateneo's Marian Congregation
-9. b. 1't honor medal
c. Medal of vator
d. Loyalty medal

GEMC 101A - The Life and Works of Rizal -Module lV-

 19

The book Rizal gave to Josephine when they embraced some

--_10.
hours before his death
a. The DaVinci Code c. Hunger Games
b. Angels ond Demons d. tmitotion of Christ
ll. True or Fatse: Write T if the statement is true; F if false.

_1 Rizat rejected the medat and wooden carving saying ,,1,m

tittte of a Marian, Father. "
_2 According to Asuncion Lopez-Rizat Bantug, Rizat was given
"three soft-boited eggs," and he ate two of them.
3 Bataguer brought to Rizat a retraction draft made by
Archbishop Bernardino.
4. According to Zaide, Josephine Bracken was forbidden from
seeing Riza[ on that fateful day.
_5 At noon of December 29, 1896, Rizal was teft atone in his
cett, had lunch, read the Brble, and meditated.
6 The Dean of the Manita Cathedrat, Bataguer, came to
exchange some views with Rizal at about 5:30 p.m. of
December 29, 1896.
_7 Rizal remained betieving in the Holy Scriptures.
8 Before teaving Rizal in his appointed ptace, the priests
offered him a crucifix to kiss, but he turned his head away
and silently prepared for his death.
9 Father Estanislao was so touched and moved with
compassion at the sight of Rizat's kneeting before his mother
and asking for forgiveness.
_10. The mititary physician got the putse of Rizat and was amazed
and startled to find it normat.

III. ESSAY

1. Why do you think Rizal addressed Josephine as "My dear and

unhappy wife"?
2. Exptain the reason behind Rizal's request to be shot in the smatl of
the back instead of the head?
3. Since Rizal's retraction according to Zaide is "dubious" in your
opinion, did Rizat reatly make one?
4. Do you think Rizal's dying for the country was really worth it?

I GEMC 101A The Life and Works of Rizal -Modute lV-

l
 {-

f-

t-

t-
MODULE 5
I

t- THE WRITINGS AND LITERARY WORKS

OF RIZAL
I
I
!-esson l- Annotation of Antonio Morga's
Sucesos de las islas Fiiipinas

Lesson 2 Noli Me Tangere and El

Filibusterismo

Lesson 3 The Philippines: A Century Herrce

Letter to the Women of Malolos
The lndolence of the Filipinos
t
 z

MODULE V

t- THE WRITINGS & LITERARY WORKS OF RIZAL

INTRODUCTION

The writings ofRiza[ disctosed about the glorious past of the

Phitippines, recounted the deterioration of the economy, and expose the
causes of fitipinos suffering under the tyranny of spanish invasion..ln the
essay, he cautioned spain as regards the tooming downfatt of its domination.
The aim in writing the essays and annotation was to awaken the minds and
the hearts of the Fitipinos concerning the oppression of the Spa4iards and
inspiring them to fight for their right leading towards freedom.

o OBJECTIVES

After studying the module, the students are expected to be abte to:

1. To know and understand the significance of the Annotation of

RizaI to Sucesos de ias lstas Filipinas

2. To assess and understand the relevance of the two famous novets -

No[i nre Tangere and E[ Filibusterismo which contributory tcwards
the enlightenment and rekindtement of nationalism and patrictisrn
spirit of Fitipinos which Led to revotution

d DIRECTIONS/ MODULE ORGANIZER

Read the module very carefutly. Be very particutar about the

objectives of the module. They indicate most important points which you
shoutd [earn by heart. After reading be sure to answer the learning
L activities. Find out for yoursetf how good you are in the test, and determine
what reatly is your achievement without taking at the text.

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 3

t-
Le sson '1

I
ANNOTATIONS OF ANTONIO MORGA'S
H SUCESOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS

Dr. Jose Rizat tearned about the ancient history of the phitippines
either from his uncte or from his "best friend -Ferdinand Btumentritt or from
a historian spanish' Antonio de Morga. sources ctaimed that Morga's sucesos
de los lslas Filipinas (Events in the phitippine lstands) was suggested by
Austrian schotar Ferdinand Btumentritt for Rizat,s research on
fre-Spanisn
Philippines, its existence and history.

Dr. Morga and his 'Sucesog'

Antonio de Morga (1559-1636) was a Spanish historian and tav{ier and a
notabte cotonial official for 43 years in the phitippines, New Spain ind peru.
He stayed in the Phitippines, then a cotony of Spain, from 1594 to 1604. As
Deputy Governor in the Phitippines, he reestabtishe d the oudencio and took
over the function of judge ("oidor").

When reassigned to Mexico, he pubtished the book Sucesos de los lslas

Filipincs in 1609, considered one of the most significant works on the earLy
historrT of the spanish cotonization of the prritippines. The history is said to
cover the years from 1493 to 1503. Discussions deal with the potiticat,
social arrd economic phases of tife of both the natives and their cotonizers.
Morga's official position as a cotonial officer altowed him to access to many
government documents. Probabty the best accouni- of spanish cotoniatism in
the Phitippines written during that period, Morla,s work was based on
documentary research, the author's keen observation, and his personat
involvement and knowtedge.
Annotation of Rizal of the Book

.deepestJose Riza[ , as patriotic and nationalistic as he was, had a strong and

desire to assess and to knowthe true events and condition oi the
Phitippines when the Spanish conquered the phil.ippines. Rizat sensibty
stressed a presupposition that the early Filipinos were economically self-
sufficient and thriving and culturally lively and colorful. Rizat did not
believe that colonizer's claim that they sociologicalty improved the
islands; instead, Rizal believed that the Spain somewhat deepen the
decline and deterioration of the Philippines's rich culture and tradition.
To back his theory up, Jose Rizal looked for a retiabte account of the
Phitippines before and at the onset of spanish colonization in order to have
basis. Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt, a friend and knowledgeable
Filipinologist, recommended Dr. Antonio Morga,s Sucesos de lai tstos
Filipinos. Rizal spent his researching in London and the British Museum from
its Filipiniana Collection, tooking for Morga,s book, and then copying and
annotating this rare book avaitabte in the tibrary. Having no high-tech
copying technology at that time, he had the conscientiousty hand-copy the

GEMC 101A - The Life and Works of Rizat -Modr.rie V-

 4

whoie 351 pages of Morga's history book and also went to Bibliotheque
Nationale to finish it, eventually pubtished it in Paris in 1890.
I
Dr. RizaI precisety annotateC every chapter and even checking
typographical errors. He provided on every statement, which he believed
misrepresenting the local's cuttural practice. An exampte is:, Morga
described the cutinary of the ancient PhiLippine natives by recording: "That
fiLipinos prefer to eat satt fish which begin to decompose and smelt." Rizat's
annotative footnote explains: "This is another preoccupation of ths
Spaniards who, like any other nation in the matter of food, loathe that to
which they are not accustomed or is unknown to them... The fish that Morga
mentioned does not taste better when it is beginning to rot; atl on the
contrary: it is bagoong, and atl those who have eaten it and tasted it know
that it is not or ought not to be rotten."
The Preface

To the Fitipinos: ln Noli lAe Tongere ("The Schoot Cancer") I

started to sketch the present state of our native land. But the effect which
my effort produced made me reatize that, before attempting to unrott
before your eyes the other pictures which were to fotlow, it was necessary
first to post you on the past. So only you can fairly judge the present and
estimate how much progress had been made during the three centuries (of
Spanish rute).

Like atmost atl of you, I was bortr and brought up in ignorance of our
country's past and so, without knowtedge or authority to speak of what I
neither saw nor have studied, I deem it necessary to quote the testimony of
arr ittustrious Spaniard who in the beginning of the new era controlted the
destinies of the Phitippines and had personat knowledge of our ancient
nationality in its last day.
It is the shade of our ancestor's civitization which the authorwitl cat[
before you. lf the work serves to awaken in you a consciousness of our past,
and to btot from your memory or to refine what has been fatsified or is
catumny-misrepresentation, then I shal[ not have labored in vain. With the
preparation, stight though it may be, we can at[ pass to the study of the
future" ("Annotations to Dr. Antonio Morga's Sucesos de las lslas Filipinas"'
n.d

Some lmportant Annotations

An earty biographer of Rizat, Austin Craig, transtated into Engtish

some of the more important of Rizat's annotations in the Sucesos. The
fottowing are some of Rizat's annotations as transtated by Craig
("Annotations to Dr. Antonio Morga's Sucesos de las lslos Filipinas," n.d.)

Governor Morga was not onty the first to write but also the first to
pubtish a Phitippine history. This statement has regard to the concise and
concrete form in which our author has treated the matter. Father Chirino's
work, printed in Rome in '1604, is rather a chronicle of the Mission than a

GEMC 101A - The Life and Wolks of Rizal -Modute V-

I J

I history of the Phitippines; stitt it cc,ttains a great deai of va[uable material

on usages and customs. The worthy Jesuit in fact admits that he stopped
writing a potitical history because Morga had atready done so, so one must
t- infer that he had seen the work in manuscript before leaving the lslands.

I By the Christian religion, Dr. Morga appears to mean the Cathotic

which by fire and sword he woutd preserve in its purity in the Phitippines.
Neverthetess in other [ands, notably in Ftanders, these means were
i ineffective to keep the church unchanged, or to ma'intain its supremacy, or
even to hotd its subjects.

Great kingdoms were indeed discovered and conquered in the remote

and unknown parts of the world by Spanish ships but to the Spaniards who
saited in them we may add Portuguese, ltalians, French, Greeks, and even
Africans and Polynesians. The expeditions captained by Cotumbus and
Maget[an, one a Genoese ltalian and the other a Portuguese, as we[[ as those
that came after them, atthough Spanish fleets, sti[[ were manned by many
nationatities and in them were Negroes. Moluccans, and even men from the
Phitippines and the Marianes lslands.

These centuries ago it was the custom to write an intoterantty as

Morga does, but nowadays it would be catted a bit rude. No one has a
monopoty of the true God nor is there any nation or Retigion that can ctaim,
or at any rate prove, that to it has been given the exctusive right to the
Creator of att things or sole knowledge of His real being.

The conversions by the Spaniards were not as general as their

historians claim. The missionaries only succeeded in converting a part of
the peopte of the Phitippines. Stitl there are Mohammedans, the Moros, in
the southern islands, and Negritos, lgorots and other heathens yet occupy
the greater part territoriatty of the archipetago. Then the islands which the
Spaniards early held but soon lost are non-Christian - Formosa, Borneo,
and the Moluccas. And if there are Christians in the Carolines, that is due
to Protestants, whom neither the Roman Catholics of Morga's day nor
many Catholics in our own day consider Christians,

It is not the fact that the Fitipinos were unprotected before the
coming of the Spaniards. Morga himsetf says, further on in telting of the
pirate raids from the istands had arms and defended themselves. But after
the natives were disarmed the pirates robbed them with freedom, coming at
times when they were unprotected by the government, which was the
reason for many of the insurrections.

The civ'ilization of the pre-Spanish Filipinos in regard to the duties of

life for that age was wetl advanced, as the Morga history shows in its eighth
chapter.

The lslands came under Spanish sovereignty and control through

compacts, treaties of friendsh'ip and atliances for reciprocity. By virtue of
the last arrangement, according to some historians, Magetlan lost his life in

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f-

6
I
Mactan and the soldiers of Legaspi fought under the banner of King Tupas of
Cebu.

The term "conquest" is admissibl.e but for a part of the lstands and
then only in its broadest senses. Cebu, panay, Luzon, Mindoro, and some
others cannot be said to have been conquered.

The discovery, conquest and conversion cost Spanish btood but stitt
more Filipino btood. lt wi[[ be seen later on in Morga that witt the spaniards
and on behatf of Spain there were atways more Fitipinos fighting than
Spaniards.

Morga shows that the ancient Fitipinos had an army and navy with
artiltery and other imptements of warfare. Their prized krisis and kompilans
for their magnificent temper are worthy of admiration and some of them
are rich[y damascened. Their coats of mail and helmets, of which there are
specimens in various European museums, attest their great advancement in
this industry.

Morga's expression that the Spaniard ..brought war to the gates of the
Fitipinos" is in marked contrast with the word used by subsequenl historians
whenever recording Spain's possessing hersetf of a province, that she
pacified it. Perhaps "to make peace', then meant the iame as ,,to stir up
war.: (This is an indirect reference to the otd Latin saying of Romans, often
quoted by Spaniard's that they make a desert, catting it making peace. -
Austin Craig)

Magetian's transferring from the service of his own king (i.e., the
Portuguese) to employment under the King of Spain, according to hiitoric
documents, was because the portuguese King had refused to gr-ant him the
raise in salary which he asked.

Now it is known that Mageltan was mistaken when he represented to

the King of Spain that the Molucca ls[ands were within the timits assigned by
the Pope to the spaniards, But through this error and the inaccuracf of the
nautical instruments of that time, the phil.ippines did not fatt into the hands
of the Portuguese.

Cebu, which Morga ca[[s ,,The City of the Most Hoty Name of Jesus,"
was at first calted "The village of San Miguet.,,

. The image of the Hoty Chitd of Cebu, which many retigious writers
betieved was brought to Cebu by the angets, was in fact given b-y the worthy
Itatian chronicter of Magettan,s expedition, the Chevatier pigafetta, to the
Cebuano queen.

GEMC 101A - The Life and Works of Rizat -Modute V-

a
I

7
r'
The Value ot Rizal's Annotation

The tmportance of Rizat's annotation of Sucesos is enormous as

through the work, he provided especiatly the Fitipino readers with rich
annotative footnotes concerning Phitippine cutture and society, coupled
with complete schotarly referenced resources and fu[t citations. Most
especially, through this work, Rizal had proved and showed that the
Philippines was an advanced civilization prior to the Spanish conquest.

The significance of Rizal's noble purpose in working on Morga's

book is prophetically summarized in some of his statements in his
Preface: "lf the book (Sucesos de las lslo Filipinas) succeeds to awaken
your consciousness of our past, already effaced from your memory, and
to rectify what has been falsified and slandered, then I have not worked
in vain, and with this as basis, however small it may be, we shall be able
to study the future."

iII. ESSAY

1 Discuss the satient goals of Rizal in writing the Annotations of

Antonio Morga's Sucesos de los lslas Filipinas?

2. What do you think Rizat meant in his statement, "if the book
(Sucesos de las tslas Filipinas) succeeds r.o awaken your consciousness
of our past, atready effacted from your memory, and to rectify what
has been fatsified and slandered, then I have not worked in vain, and
with this as a basis, however small it may be, we shatl be abte to
study the future"?

of Rizal -Modute V-
GEMC 101A - The Life and Works
 8

t Lesson 2

NOLI ME TANGERE

Dr. Jose Rizat's first novel Noli lie Tangere ( Touch me Not -
The Social cancer )exposes the abuses and inequities of many Spanish
Cathotic friars and government officials during his time.

Rizat was a student of medicine at the Universidad Central de tladrid

when he started writing it and was 26 years otd at its pubtication.

The author fittingty dedicated the novel to the country of his peopte
whose miseries and sorrows he brought to tight in an attempt to awaken
the fitipinos to the truths concerning the miseries of their country.
lronicatly though, the novel was originalty written in Spanish, the language
of the co[onizers and the educated at that time.

The Writing of the Novel

Dr Rizal was inspired by Harriet Beecher Stower's Uncle Tom's Cabin

stor as he planned to publish a book that woutd reveat iniquities of Spanish
in the Phitippines. Hence, in a meeting of Filipirlos in Madrid at the Paterno
residence in January'1884, Rizat suggested the creation of the book. The
proposal that att of them would contribute papers on the various facets of
life in the Phitippines was unanimousty approved by those present at the
reunron, among whom were the Paternos (Pedro Ventura, and Antonio),
Graciano Lopez Jaena, Valentin Ventura, Eduardo de Lete, Evaristo Aguirre,
and Jutio Llorente. However, it was put in vain because his compatriots
became unsupportive and more interested in writing about women ( flirting
) and gambl.ing. Thus Dr. Rizal wrote in solitude

The Printing of Noli

Rizal was so financialty burdened and so apprehensive on the printing

especiatty ashame to ask help to friends, knowing they were naive about the
novet, thankfutty, a friend, Dr. Maximo Viola . lent him money ( 300 pesos)
for its pubtication (2,000 copies), a savior as such.. Rizal made some
adjustments in the novet to economize in its printing. He removed the
chapter titted "Elias and Satome. Riza[ gave Viota a galtey proofs of the
novel rotted around the pen used in writing the Noli as a token of gratitude.

The Synopsis

Noli lAe Tangere's main charocters were a young and weatthy Fitipino
Crisostomo lbarra, returned to his country after some years of study in
Europe. ln his honor, Capitan Tiago (Santiago de los Santos) threw a party at

GEMC 101A - The Life and Works of Rizal -Modute V-

 9

h:s house iil Manita. The gathering was altended by renownecl locaI
personatities like Padre Damaso, a fat Franciscan priest who hat.l been
assigned for many years in lbbara's native town (San Diego); Fray Sybria, the
I
young Dominican curate of Binondo; Lieutenant Guevarra of the Guardia
Civil; and Dona Victorina, wife of fake Spanish physician Tiburcio de
I Espadana. Crisostomo's father, Don Rafaet lbarra, was Capitan Tiago,s
friend. Capitan Tiago's supposed daughter, Maria Ctara, was Crisostomo,s
fiancee.

During the party, Padre Damaso betittted lbarra and rudety tried to
harm his reputation. But the gentleman lbarra simpty ignored the friar's
I
affront. When lbarra left Captain Tiago's house, Lieutenant Guevara talked
to him and related the miserabte fate of hi deceased father in San Diego.

Guevara exptained that Don Rafael was unfairty accused by San D'iego
curate of being a heretic and filibuster because of his non- participation in
mass and confession. One day, Don Rafael saw a Spanish tax cot[ector arrd a
weak boy fighting. ln an attempt to defend the powerless boy, he had
accidentatty pushed and kil.ted the brutal Spaniard. Don Rafael was thus
imprisoned and died in his cetl miserabty. lnitiatty buried in consecrated
ground, his body was removed from the Cathotic cemetery under the order
of his enemies.

The next day, Crisostomo visited his sweetheart, Maria Clara' After
the lovety visit to his girtfriend, lbarra went to San Diego to look for his
father's iorpse was dug up by order of the curate to be transferred to the
Chinese cemetery. But since it was raining and the corpse was heavy, the
grave-digger just threw Don Rafaet's corpse into the i'iver'

Angered by what he learned, lbarra suddenty attacked Padre Satvi

when he law thii San Diego priest. But Salvi exptained to him that it was
Damaso who was the townt parish priest at the time of Don Rafaet's death'
gave a
When Maria Ctara and her famity arrived in San Diego, lbarra
picnic at the take. During the picnic, lbarra had saved the tife of Elias - the
fioatman who was atmosi kitted by the crocodite trapped in the fish
caged.
pursuing
Later in the picnic, some memberi of the Guardia Civil atso came'
E6ii *no had previousty assautted Padre Damaso and the atferez. But Etias
L nuJ even befori the Guordio Ciyil arrived. Later on, lbarra received
thut hit donation of a schoot in san Diego had been approved by the
"rcup"a
a notice
Spanish government.

On the day of the San Diego town fiesta, lbarra and Maria Clara
attended the moining mass officialed by Padre Salvi and Padre Damaso.
orii"g tn" mass, Etias sitentty went near lbarra and notified him of the ptot
to kitl him at the ceremony of the taying of the schoot's cornerstone. so
of
during the inauguration, when lbarra wis about to cement the foundation
ine sZnooltous6, the ptatform cottapsed. Fortunatety, the quick Etias.had
rescuedlbarraandthemanwhowaspaidtoharmlbarrawastheonekilled
in the incident.

-Modute V-
GEMC 1O'lA The Life and Works of Rizal
 f-

t lbarra hosted a ban3uet later tnar day. padre Damaso who attended
the feast pubticty attacked the dignity of lbarra,s dead father. The angerecl
host lunged at the itl-mannered friar and had atmost kitted Damaso witn a
knife were it not for Maria Clara who interfered just in time. lbarra was
consequentty excommunicated and his engagement with Maria Ctara was
broken as Damaso persuaded Capitan Tiago to prohibited the tady from
marrying lbarra.

{
I
One day, lbarra's enemies engineered a hetptess attack on the station
of the Guardia Civil, making the attackers believe that lbarra was the brain
of the uprising. After the attack fai[ed, Ibarra was incriminated and
arrested.

E[ias hetped lbarra escape from the prison. Before leaving, they
discreetty stopped at Capitan Tiago's house. Maria Clara explained that she
was blackmaited by Padre Salvi to surrender lbarra's tetter (which was used
to incriminate him) in exchange for the tetters written by her dead mother.
From these, she learned that her real father was Padre Damaso.

lbarra and Etias then took off by boat. lnstructing lbarra to lie down,
Etias covered h'im with grass to conceal his presence. As luck woutd have it,
they were spotted by their enemies, Elias, thinking he coutd outsmart them,
jumped into the water, The guard rained shots on him, att the white not
knowirrg that they were aiming at the wrong man.

Badty injured, Elias reached tlre forest where he found the attar boy
Basitio ',vho was sobbing over the body of his dead mother, Sisa. His mother
had previously lost her rnind upon learning thai her two sons, attar boys
Crispin and Basilio, were missing from the convent. Fatsety accused of
stealing from the convent, Crispin had been tortured and kitLed by the
wicked and crooked sacristan mayor. Basilio had escaped, and the death of
his brother had been covered up by Satvi.

Knowing that he woutd eventualty die, Etias instructed Basitio to

make a funeral pyre and burn his and Sisa's bodies to ashes. ln his dying
breath, Etias mumbled the fotlowing hopeful patriotic words: "l shatt die
without seeing the dawn break upon my hometand. You, who sha[[ see it, I
satute it! Do not forget those who have fatlen during the night."

The novet's epitogue narrates that Capitan Tiago became addicted to

opium. Padre Damaso was assigned to a far province and was found dead at
his bedroom on morninq. The sorrowfuI Maria Ctara, betieving that lbarra
had been shot dead in the river, entered the nunnery. Padre Salvi left San
Diego parish and became a chaptain. Some infer that Satvi, who had been
portrayed as having hidden desire for Maria Ctara, regutarly motested her in
the nunnery. Consequentty, a pretty crazy woman was seen one rainy night
at the top of the convent bitterty weeping and cursing the heavens for the
fate it has bestowed upon her.

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11

a
I
The Spirit of the Noli

t- The novet, Noli lAe Tongere artisticatty portrayed the true condition
of the muttifaceted aspects of Fitipino society under the Spanish regime.
Largety because of corrupt Spanish off.iciats and friars, the Fitipino way of
t- tife had been backward, anti-intettectual, and anti- progressive, and the
country was not in any way catching up on devetopments and the so_catted
age of Entightenment

Typicatty a parody, lampoon, and satire of the Fitipino society under

the administration of the cotonizers, the novet,s characters represent the
various kinds of peopte inhabiting the country at the time. Crisostomo
lbarra, for instance, represents the smatt group of Fitipinos who had a
chance to study abroad and dreamt of improving the country. Like Jose
Rizat, lbarra wanted education for Fitipino chitdren, hence his ptans to
construct a pubtic school in San Diego.

Padre Damaso, corresponds to wicked but ironicatty respected

priests. His character is a reftection of the then rampant covert fathering of
itlegitimate children by friars. ln the novel, he is reveated to be the
biotogica[ father of Maria Ctara---lbarra,s fianc6e who arguabty stands for
the powertess Fitipina then, Patterned after that of Leonor Rivera, Rizat,s
true [ove, Maria Ctara's character atso personifies some ideal Fitipina-toving
and unwavering in their [oyatty to their- respected spcuses.
Capitan Tiago characterizes the rich Fitipinos who chose to be aLties
(as in tuta) of Spanish officiats and friars just to preserve their weatth and
potiticat position. Damaso rape Tiago's wife pia Atba, but the Captain seem
to be okay with it. Pitosopo Tasyo, on the other hand, represents those
whose ideas were so advanced that many other peopte coutd not understand
him. lt is assumed that Tasio's character was crafted it to paciano, his
intettigent brother who also sought revotution. Etias---lbarra,s mysterious
friend and supportersymbotizes the Fitipinos who wished to revotutionize the
country by tiberating it from Spanish oppression.

Sisa and her sons Crispin and Basitio represent a Fitipino famity
oppressed by the Spanish authorities. Doia Victoria epitomizes ambitious
Filipinas who wanted to be ctassified as Spanish, hence the putting on of
heavy make-up. Don Tiburcio, her husband, stands for incompetent and
unquatified Spaniards who ittegatty practiced their supposed profession in
the Phitippines.

Padre Satvi, the curate who secretty harbored tust for Maria Ctara,
represents the seemingty kind but in fact wicked spanish friars. Don Rafaet

GEMC 101A - The Life and Wolks of Rizal -Modute V-

 17

lbarra, lbarra's father, exempiifies the afftuent and a virtuous and generous
(
Fitipinos .

Reactions to Noli

The Spanish officials and friars were enraged by the contents of the
Noli. Rizat's friends and compatriots, admired and defended Noti.

There wer atso non-Fitipino defenders of the No/i inctuded Ferdinand

Btumetritt, Riza['s Austrian friend, and Dr. Miguet Morayta, statesman and
history professor in Central University of Madrid. Federico Faura, Rizal,s
Jesuit professor told the Noli's author that.,everything in it was the truth,,,
but atso foretold, "You may lose your head for it', (M;tbert, 201 1). Today,
there are streets in Manita, which named after Morayta, Btumeiritt, and
Faura. (The road "Morayta" has already been renamed, but is sti[[ more
known to many by its otd name. )

Governor-GeneraI Emilio Terrero catted Rizat to the Matacaian

Palace. Terrero totd Rizal that Bernardino Nozaleda, the Archbishop of
Manita, petitioned to ban the No/i. The governor-general asked Rizat for a
copy of the Noli and found nothing .,crimina[,, in the book. He assigned Lt.
Jose Taviel de Andrade of the Guardia Civit to be Rizat,s bodyguard, fearing
that Noli attackers would harm Rizat.
An ad hoc committee of the University of Santo Tomas formed at the
request of Manila Archbishop Pedro Payo, found and denounced Noli as
ecctesiasticat[y hereticat, impious, and scandatous and potiticatty
unpatriotic, subversive of pubtic order, and harmfuI to the Spanish
government and its administration in the phitippines. The permanent
Commission of Censorship led by Tondo cura Satvador Font simitarty found
the Noli to contain subversive ideas against the Cathotic Church and Spain
and, thus, recommended the absolute ban on the important, reproduction,
and circutation of the book.ln Spain, a newspaper articte written by i
Vicente Barrantes resentfutty attacked the Noli. Atso, members of ihe
Spanish Cortes overstressed the novet through formal speeches tagging it as
anti-Cathotic, Protestant, sociatistic.,,

fhe Artifact of the Noli Me Tangere

Dr. Kar[ Uttmer' furniture set which Rizat used is now exhibited in
the Peacock Garden Resort in Bactayon, Bohot. Uttmer,s famity donated the
furniture to Hans Schoof,the German owner of the resor, for hr:s advocacy of
propagating the ideals of the Filipino hero. A member of the ..Knights of
Rizat" .Schoof's wife was a Fitipina.

GEMC 101A - The Life and Works of Rizal -Module V-

t-
13

t-

I ,6 LEARNING ACTIVITY

l. Muttipte-Choice. Write the tetter of the correct answer

1. The transition between these years was perhaps one of the most
stressfuI parts in Rizat's life.
- a. 1885 and 1886 c. 1886 and 1887
b. 1880 and 1881 d. 1888 and 1889

2. Rizal's first novet, which exposed the immoratities and inequitres

of the Spanish Cathotic friars and government officials during his time.
- a. El Filibusterismo c. My husband's Lover
b. Noli lAo Tongere d. Count of Monte Cristo

3. The Fitipino theologian and priest with a penname Justo Desiderio

Magatang who countered the claim that Noli's author was an "ignorant man"
- a. Padre Salvi c. Bernardino Nozateda
b. Vicente Garcia d. Antonio Rosetl

_ 4. The character in Noli i,te Tongere that represents the smatl group
of Fitipinos who had a chance to study abroad.
a. Etias c. Basitio
b. Sisa d. lbarra

5. ihe Augistinian priest and Rizat's namesake who took pains to

write eight anti-Noli pamphtets, which were forcibly sold to church-goers
-
a. Tom Rodriguez c. Jose Rodriguez
b. Vic Barrantes d. Eduardo de Lete

_ 6. The character in Noli, which personifies some ideal Filipinas, loving

and loyat to their respective spouses

a. Sisa c. Dona Victoria

b. Maria Clara d. Pia Atba

_7. Rizat's Noli lvle Tongere was influenced by this novel of Harriet
Beecher Stowe.
a. Uncle Tom's Cabin c. Count of lvlonte Cristo
b. Deception d. A Tale of Two Cities

_ 8. Rizat deleted this chapter of the Noli l/le Tongere to economize its
printing.
a. ln the woods c. Etias and Satome
b. The supper d. Memories

GEMC 101A - The Life and Works of Rizal -Module V-

t 14

I _ 9. The Governor-Gerreral who summoned !)izat to the Matacanan

Palace because of the petitions against the Noli.
a. Emitio Aguinatdo c. Emilio ferrero
b. Emitio Jacinto d. Emitio Garcia

_ 10. The character that represents rich Fitipinos who opted to be att.ies
of Spanish officials and friars just to preserve the.ir weatth and potiticat
position.
a. Capitan lnggo c. Capitan Basitio
b. Capitan Etias d. Capitan Tiago

Il. True or Folse. Write T if the stotement is true; F if false.

1. Rizat was a student of medicine at the Universidad Centra[ de Madrid

-
when he started writing El Filibusterismo and was 26 years old at its
pubtication.

_2. Noli h1e Tangere was originalty written in Spanish, the language of
the colonizers and the educated at the time.

3. Bernardino Nozateda, the archbishop of Manita, petitioned to ban the

-
Noli Me Tongere.

4. Rizal narrated that his enemies burned his books, and friends bought
-them for as much as sixty pesos.
5. ln Madrid, a newspaper article written by a Vicente parrantes
-resentfu[[y attacked the No/i
6. Lt. Jose Taviel de Andrade of the Guardia Civil was assigned to be
-Rizat's bodyguard.
7. Rizat noticed that his compatriots were interested in contributing
papers to the Noli lvle Tongere.
-
8. Paciano Rizal translated the Nolf l(e Tongere into Spanish.

9. lt is said that Pitosopo Tasio's character was patterned after that of

-Paciano, Jose's inteltigent brother who atso sought reforms
10. Dr. Miguel Morayta, Rizat's Jesuit professor, totd Rizat that
everything in Noli l4e Tangere was the truth but foretotd that of he moght
-
[ose in his head for it.

III. ESSAY

,1
What do you think was the reason Rizal wrote the original Noli t4e
Tongere in Spanish, the language of the colonizers?

GEMC 1O1A - The Life and Works of Rizal -Module V-

I 15

I 2. ls tlrc' Noli lAe Tangere anti-clerical and anti-pati'iotic? Defend your

ans','.,er,

t- 3. Whom do you prefer, Elias or Crisostomo lbarra? Why?

GEMC 101A - The Life and Works of Rizat -Modute V-

 lb

I
I

EL FILIBUSTERIS,\ O (THE REIGN OF GREED)

The Writing and Printing of El Filibusterismo

Dr. Jose Rizal started writing El Filibusterismo in Catamba October

'1887 during his first homecoming. The novel was written against the
circumstantia[ threats and oppression by him and his family who suffered
because of the Noli circulation and to the Catamba agrarian trouble.

Jose Atejandrino, Rizat's roommate in Belgium, Jose Alejandrino,

retated that he was the one who looked for a printing press for El Fili. He
del'ivered proofs and revisions to F. Meyer van Loo in Ghent. For his
assistance, Rizat gave him the El Fili's corrected proofs and the pen used in
doing the corrections.

Atejandrino, who later became a general in the Philippines

revotution, might have possibty been the first person to read the nove[ aside
from the author. However, the honor of being catted "the savior of the Fili"
had gone to Vatentin Ventura'-'Rizat's friend who partiatty financed the
nove[s publication. Dr. Rizat initiatty financed El Fili's Printing by pawning
his properties' But even with Ventura,s hetp, Rizat found it necessary
to funtamentatty shorten the novet, erasing 47 whole pages from the 279'
page manuscripito save expenses Rizat gave. Ventura the novet's
ori-ginal. manuscript. a pen, and an autographed printed copy'
ln 1925' the
Phii;ili; louurnn,.nt'bought the fl Fr'li manuscript front Ventura for a
-of
t.tgJ'*, 1O,OOO pesos-in 1925)' The manuscript was stored at the
Nationat Library'

Filibustero and Gomburza

dissident'
The word fitibuster contextuatty means subversive'
RizaI dedicated
revotutionary, seditious, insuriectionary, and.treasonous' pa.triotic priests
ililti i; i6; memory of the Gomburzi, tkt" thr"" Fitipino
who were ntartys and being filibustero 'eventuatly executed'
";;;;
Rizal, however, made mistakes in indicating
th: tg"-t-{lh:,P.ti,"::
martyrdom on tne r/"' (truL
and the daie of their execution' During their
(not 85)' Burgos was 35 (not 3.0)
;;;);iF"b;";y, $77, co."i*ut tn"n-zl students today (especiatly
and Zamora was 37 (not-;;1. Like many then
historica[ detaits, like
men), R.izat was perhaps not [n.i good in-memorizing
dates and ages.

Themes of Fili
The Et Fitibusterismo was a continuation of
the Noli which exposes
of the Spanish
the real scenario in tne nnitiplines then at the. invasionthe Noli are atso
in
.oionizerr.-io.lo_potiticat iriu.r'rna concerns disctosed

-Modute V-
GEMC- 101A The Life and \/orks of Riza(
 t-
17

t- dealt vrhen in its sequet: $i.. :yrenny, abuses and hypocrisy of the members
of the Spanish Catholic ctergy, superstitions disguising as retigious faith, the
need for reform in educatlonat system, the exptoitation and corruption of
t- government officials, and the deceptions of some social-ctimbing Fitipinos
and Spaniards.

What makes EI Fili essentiatty different from its prel.ude is that it

offers various means of attaining social reform and somewhat hinted what
the author believed was ideal. Some dialogues and incidents seem to
suggest that apparent improbabitity of any radical socio-potiticat change.
The main character's persistence to push through with the rebettion, on the
other hand, seems to suggest that independence is attainabl.e through
revotution. However, the ctosing chapters rather insinuate that freedom
must be attained without bloodshed as the story ends with the faiture of
Simoun's planned uprising

The novel's ending, some scholars explain, however, shoutd not be

interpreted as Rizat's definite stand against revolution. Rizal can be
perceived to be against unprepared and disorganized rebellion of
uneducated peopte, which could have a smatl chance of victory. lt is
important to note that Rizal once commented that an upright, patriotic, and
setfless individual tike Noli's Etias woutd be a viabte revotutionary leader. ln
fact, Rizal was said to have confessed that he seriousty regretted having
kitted Etias instead of lbarra. These seem to prove that Rizat, though
practicatly promoting the attainment of reforms peacefutty, atso advocated
the idea of armed revolution under some conditions. lnteltigent as he was,
what Rizal would never subscribe to is the "usetess spitl.ing of btood," but
rrot the upr;sing per se.

Noli vs. Fili

Rizal wrote the El Filibusterismo about four years after the Noli. The
experiences he had in those four years spetled a lot differences in the way
he treated his two novels.

ln portraying the social conditions in the country, both novelsuse

satires and caricatures. El Fili howeve|is more serious as there is less
humor and more bitterness in the treatment of situations.
i
ln the Noli, the author reveats the cruelty and exploitation suffered
by the natives at the hands of invaders. ln El Fili, Rizat shows a society at
the edge of rebeltion as the natives' minds have awakened and
revolutionary forces have been formed and organized.

El Fili presents a sadder depiction of the country under the Spanish

regime. More radical and revotutionary, has less ideatism and romance than
the Noli. The El Fili manifest Rizat's more mature and less hopeful attitude
toward the socio-potitical situation in the country. The grimmer outtook and
more tragic mood can be attributed to the persecutions and suffering of the

GEMC 101A - The Life and Works of Rizat -Modu[e V-

t 8

I autho!'and his famity experienced from the Spanish friars and officiats I the
years e was writing the novet.

l Some of Rizat's comrades tike Btumentritt and Graciano Lopez Jaena,

perceived that Fili was superior to No/i. Rizat himsetf apparently once
t betieved in the superiority on the Fiti

Synopsis
t- The story El Filibusterismo revolves around its main character simoun
who is an aff luent jeweler. Simoun is actualty crisostomo lbarra of the Noli
whom. everyone thought had been kitted by the Guardio civil at Laguna de
Bay. He has in fact escaped, fted to Cuba, become wealthy, anl made
connections with inftuential spanish officiats. upon his return to the
Phitippines after many years, he becomes very influentiat as the governor-
generat, who owes so much to him, consults him in making decisioni.

ln reatity everything Simoun does is just part of his grand ptan to take
revenge against the Spanish officiats and rescue Maria Ctara from the
convent. Ptanning to stage a revotution, he smuggtes arms and tooks for
followers, mainty from the exptoited and abused natives. one of his recruits
is Basilio, the son of Sisa, who with Capitan Tiago,s hetp was abte to study in
Manita. Simoun atso makes atliance with the revolutionary group of
Kabesong Toles, a former cobeza de borongoy who suffered mittr;atments
from the hands of the friars. Using his influence, Simoun encourages
corruption, decadence, and more oppressive government poticies so that ihe
citizens may become more infuriated.

However, the planned revott one night is not executed because

Simoun, upon knowing that Maria Ctara died in the nunnery, decided not to
push through the signat for the outbreak of the revolution.

Another ptan is made some months later. At the venue of the

wedding reception of Juanito Petaez and paulita Gomez, Simoun ptants
many exptosives- - "enough to kitt the invited guests, primarity the friars and
government officials. According to the newtyweds at the reception__-a
kerosene lamp with an explosive. when the tamp ftickers and someone turns
the wick, it witl resutt into a big exptosion that witt become a signat to the
revotutionary troops to simuttaneously attack att the government-buitding in
Manita.

lur]ng the reception, Simoun gives his gift to the newlyweds. Before
.hurriedty leaving the venu.e, he
leaves a pieceof mysterious paper bearing
the same message "You witt die tonight,'signed by Juan Crisostomo lbarra.

. Meanwhite, lsagan.i, the rejected lover of pautita, is standing outside

the reception. His friend Basitio tetts him to leave the ptace beciuse the
tamp witt soon btow up.

GEMC l01A - The Life and Work of Rizat -Modu[e V'

 19

t"
when father satvi identifies tlre handwriting in the note and confirms
that it is indeed lbarra's, the guests begin to pani-. when the tamp ftickers,
Father lrene tries to turn the wick up. But lsagani, wanting to save pautita,i
life, rushes into the house, grabs tamp, and throws it into the river where it
exptodes.
I
Simoun's revolutionary plot is thus known, and he is hunted by the
law enforcers. He manages to escape but is seriousty wounded. carrying his
jewetry chest, he finds shetter in the home of padre Ftorentino Uy tie-sea.
Learning of his presence in the house of the priest, the tieutenint of the
Guordia civil informs Padre Ftorentino that he witt come in the evening to
arrest Simoun.

Simoun then takes poison so that he witt not be caught aLive. As the
poison's effects start to take tol[ on his body, he confesses io Ftorentino his
true identity and his plan of revenge through btoody revotution. After the
emotiona[ and agonizing confession of the dying man from his sins, saying:
"God witt forgive you Sefror Simoun. He knows that we are fail.ibte. He his
seen that you suffered ... He has frustrated your ptans one by one... first by
the death of Maria Ctara, then by a tack of preparation, then in some
mysterious way. Let us bow to His witl and render Him thanks!',

The story ends with the priest throwing Simoun,s treasures into the
sea so that they witt not be used by the greedy. The priest hopes that when
the right time comes, they witt be recovered and used onty for the good.

Noli and Fili Stolen

The Permanent Commission of Censorship recommended the

absotute prohibition on the importation, reproduction, and circulation of
the Noli. The copies of the Fili, on the other hand, were destroyed by
Customs in Manila upon shipment to the phitippines. The rure ,r.iuini
_
copies of the novels were secretly purchased and "according to one frienJ
of the famity, had to be read in the smattest, most private room in the
house---the toitet" (Ocampo,2012, p. .l08).

That was the fate of the first editions of Rizat,s novels. But that is
nothing compared to what happened to their originat manuscripts about 70
years after their pubtication.

The original manuscripts of the Noli and Fili (atong with that of the
poem "l4i Ultimo Adios") were stoten from the Nationit Library on the
evening of December 8, 1961. After some days, the thieves who ouismarted
the building's steepy guards sent a ransom note ,,made of newspapers
cutouts" to the Jose RizaI Nat.ionat Centennial Commission tjnNCCl
(Ocampo, 2012, p. 148). The robbers demanded 14 mittion pesos'for the
return of the origina[ texts, else Rizat,s handiworks woutd be burned.

GEMC 101A - The Life and Works of Rizal -Modute V-

I 70
r
To summa.ize the "historic robbery,,, the then Education Secretarl,
Atejandro "Anding" Roces personalty met with the burgtars and, after some
various negotiations, had retrieved the documents without paying any singte
centavo. The manuscripts were returned on the instattment -basis- - -ihe
f "Ultimo Adios" during the first meeting, the EI Fili on the next negotiation,
and lastty, the Noli. There was time when the demanded ,.un-so, wui
reduced to 100,000 pesos and then to 10,000 pesos (Ocampo, 2012, p. 14g).
But recognizing perhaps that they woutd get nothing from the gor"rnr"nt,
the.robbers ultimatety settled on returning the expinsive docriments, free
of charge.

Many stitt find this "charge-free return of the manuscripts,' strange

and. mind-btowing. But the fottowing additionat detaits about the story couid
perhaps shed tight on the account.

During the negotiations, one of the burgtars re[ated Roces that on the
night of the robbery, "the Rizal manuscripts suddenty became heavy [as] a
can of rice. " The thief, thus, exclaimed, ,,The manuscript must be hoty or
hauntedl" (Ocampo, 2017, p. 148). One robbery even ctaimed that he iead
Rizal's handwritten novels and described the feeting, "Ang sarap bosahin,
kinikilabuton okol" (Ocampo, 2012, p. 148). lt is remlrkab[e funny to note,
however, that the thief did not understand Spanish! Nonetheless, these
indicate that the steaters were probabty bothered by their conscience,
hence the consent to just send back the national hero's works.

Anding promised not to identify the robbers or to be a witness against

them in court. Thus, the hilariousty controversial thieves were never known.

The Novels' Legacy

For feartessty depicting the corruptions and abuses by the Spanish

ctergy and the colonial government during the Spanish regime in the
Phitippines, the two novels are historicatly very significant. Basicatty a soc.ial
sketch of the country then, the Noli and Fili reveal the true setting and
condition of the Fitipino society during Spanish regime.

SociologicaI and anthropotogicaI studies, the books provide rich

insights into the culture of the l9th and 20th century Phil.ippines. Their
realistic representation expose a conftict co[onial society seriousty sptit
between the oppressors and the suffering [oca[ staves. The novel's
characters mimic the various etements and types of individuals in that
society. They disptay favorabte positive traits of the natives then, like the
sense of gratitude, the fidetity of women to their loved ones, and the
longing of freedom and equality.

For their clear depiction of what the Locats reatty wished for their
country, the books were instrumental in forming the Fitipino's (lndios) sense
of national identity. lndirectty but significantly, the novels influenced the
revolution ted by the Katipunan as they inspired Andres Bonifacio and the
other revolutionaries in their cause for freedom.

GEMC 101A The Life and Works of Rizal -Modute V-

 l-
21

i The Noli and Fili was originatt;r written in Spanish r_hen translated into
various languages like Fitipino, Engtish, German, French, Chinese and some
other Phitippine languages. An English versiot.l of Noti Me Tongere was
i
reteased to major Australian bookstores in 2007.|t was pubtished by penguin
Books Classics .

I
I
Learning Activity

l. Muttipte-Choice Type. Write the letter of the correct answer.

_1 . Rizat's friend who wrote the "warning" and "inscription" on the

titte page of El Fili
a. Ferdinand Btumentritt c. Jose Basa
b. Antonio Luna d. Graciano Lopez Jaena

_2. The El F/libusterismo was compteted by Rizat in Barritz on this

date.
a. May 1890 c. December 3, 1890
b. January 1891 d. March '1891

_3. lt is the taw requiring all levels of Phitippine schools to teach Rizat's
novets as part of their curricutum.
a. Law of Buoyancy c. Law of Attraction
b. Gravitationat Law d. Rizal Law

4. The man who partiatty financed the pubtication of the El Fili,

thereby attaining the reputation of being its savior.
a. Jose Atejandrino c. Vatentin Ventura
b. F. Meyer van Loo d. Don Mariano Gomez

_5. The date the original manuscript's of Rizal two famous novets, Noli
and Ffli, were stolen from the National Library.
a. December 8, '1961 c. November 23,1960
b. January 29,1961 d. August 14, 1960

_6. The Secretary of Education who retrieved the original manuscripts

of Rizat's works by negotiating with the burgtars.

a. Atejandro "Anding" Roces c. Manny Pacquiao

b. Emitio Aguinaldo d. Susan Roces

_7. The main character of El Filibusterismo who is an afftuent jeweler.

a. Etias c. Simoun
b. lbarra d. Capitan Tiago

GEMC 101A The Life and Works of Rizal -Modu[e V.

 ))
r
I
-. 8. ln this novet, Riza[ exposed the crirc'tty and exptoitation suffereci by
the natives at the hands of colonizers.
I a. Game of Thrones c. El Filibuterismo
b. Count of Monte Cristo d. Hunger Games

_9. The Fitipino with whom Rizal agreed that the El Filibusterismo as a
novel was inferior to the Noli lAe Tangere.
a. Ferdinand Blumentritt c. Antonio Luna
b. Andres Bonifacio d. Marceto H. det pitar

The sum of money demanded by the robbers for the return of the
original texts of Jose Rizat's handiworks.
-10. a. 5 mittion pesos c. 1.4 mittion pesos
b. Hatf a mi[tion pesos d. 'l centavo

ll. True or False

Write T if the statement is true; F if fatse.

1 . Fr. Satvi was the one who identified the handwriting of Crisostomo
-!barra.
2. One of the robbers admitted to Ferdinand Roces that the manuscript
-suddenty became heavy as if a "cavan of rice."
3- Rizal's friends, like Blumentritt and Marceto de[ Pilar, conveyed that
-E[ Fiti was more superior than the Noti.
_ 4, For Jose Basa's salvific act,Rizal gave him the El Fili's original
manuscript, a pen, and an autographed printed copy.

Filibusterismo contextualty means subversive, dissident,

-5.
revotutionary, seditious, insurrectionary, and treasonous.

6. Rizat's roommate, Jose Atejandrino, was the one who looked for a

-printing press for the EI Fili in Belgium.

7. Rizal dedicated the book to the memory of the Gomburza, the three
-Fitipino patriotic priests who were accused and executed of being
filibuster.
8. The ending of the El Fili according to some schotars shoutd be
-
interpreted as Rizal's definite stand against revotution.

9.Noli lAe Tongere"s alternative title is is The Reign of Greed.

-

cEMC 101A - The Life and Works of Rizal -Module V-

r
I

t- 10. The manuscr"ipts of Rizal's works were returned on installr..ent

-basis---the Ultimo Adios during the first meeting, the E/ Fili on the next
negotiat'ion, and [ast[y, the Noli.
t-

t- lll. Essay

1. Can we associate and [iken the word filibuster to "pasaway"t as a

i
present Fitipino term pasowofl Justify your answer.

2. Exptain the differences and the simitarities between Noti and EI Fili.
t-
3. Which is better: Rizat's diptomatic reform or Bonifacio's imputsive
t" revolt? Defend Your answer.
Exptain: Rizat woutd never contribute to the "useless spitting of
blood," not the uprising itsetf.

-Modute V-
GEMC 1O1A The Life and Works of Riza
 24

f
I
Lesson 3

l-
THE PHILIPPINES: A CENTURY HENCE

Jose Rizat's "Fitipinas Dentro De Cien Aios', (,,The phitippines within

One Hundred Years" or "The PhiLippines A Century Hence,,) was divided on
September 30, October 31, December 15, 1889, and February 15, 1890 in
the fortnightty review Lo Solidoridad of Madrid. Rizat projected the future
of the Phitippines in the span of a hundred years and predicted the
shattering end of Spanish domination in Asia.

Causes of Suffering and Deterioration

ln his annotation of Antonio Morga's Sucesos de los lslos Filipinos also

written in 1889 to 1890, Rizat thought great efforts proved and discussed
the gtorious past of the Phitippines. ln "The Phitippines a Century
Hence,"our national hero examined the deterioration of its economy and
identified the causes of fitipinos sufferings during the invasion.

CAUSES OF SORROWS

(1.) Spain's imptementation of iti mititary policies

(2.) Deterioration and disappearance of Fitipino indigenous culture

(3.)Passivity and submissiveness to Spanish cotonizers

The Unavoidable

One of the main topics undertaken by Rizat in the essay was whether
Spain coutd prevent the forthcoming progress of the Phitippines. Despite the
corruption and deterioration brought about by The spaniards, Rizat was
hopefut that the Phitippines eventual progress coutd not be btocked. With
this Dr Rizat conceptuatized the fotlowing points:

(1.) Keeping the fitipinos uneducated and ignorant faited. National

consciousness had stitt entightened awakened, and great minds of the
natives sti[[ arose .

(2.) Keeping the peopte Poverty (aden is no avait. On one side, living
a tife of eternal hardship attowed the Fitipinos to act on the desire for a
changein theirway of Life. (3.) Eradicating the people as an
atternative to stopping progress did not work either, but abte to survive
amidst wars and famine, and became even more enormous after such
devastations.

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Rizal, concluded that Spain;iad no reasons and means to hinder the

progress of the Phitippines. What the cotonist had to do was to modify its
colonial poticies in order to suit the needs of the phitippine society .
i- Rizal's "Prophecies"

T Rizal expressed in the essay his confident prediction that something

woutd awaken the hearts and open the minds of the Fitipino peopte ai
regards their ptight. He "prophesied', the phitippine peopl.e,s ievotution
against Spain, winning their independence, but tater the Americans woutd
come as the new colonizer.

Eventualty, the Fitipinos recognized that the harassment and cruelty

in their society by foreign cotonizers must no longer be toterated. Fitipinos,,
though, lacking arms and enough training, vatiantty waged war against the
colonizers. Even the not-so- predictabte etement of Rizat,s ,,prophecy,, true--
-the Americans in 1898 fought with Spain to win the phitippines, and in due
course took over the country, American regime was a reign of tiberty and
democracy.

Years after Rizal's death, the Phitippines gained its Long-awaited tiberation-
freedom . This manifested to be the futfiltment of what he had written in
the essay: "History does not record in its annals any lasting domination by
one peopte over another, of different races, of diverse usages and customs,
of opposite and divergent ideas. One of the two had to yietd and succumb."

The lnfluence of Feodor Jagor

Dr.Rizal's frame of reference to the USA as a probabte factor in the

Phitippines' independence was upon the prediction of the German traveter
Feodor Jagor. ln 1860, Jagor published his observations, supptemented by
the ten years of further study in European museums and libraries, as Trovels
in the Philippines.

Rizat had read the Spanish version of Jagor's book White being a
student at the Ateneo de Manita Dr Rizal read the book of Jagor in Spanish
version, whose copy was given by Paciano. Jagor's prophecy is said to
furnish the explanation to Rizat's pubtic tife. His poticy of preparing the
countrymen for commercial and industrial competition seemed to have had
its inspiration in this reading done when he was a youth.White in Bertin,
Rizal met Professor Jagor, and so the renowned geographer and h'is youthful
but bright admirer became fast friends.

The Relevance of Rizal's novels and writings at present day

The most important backbone of our country: our vatues, outlooks, and atl
the views that have shaped our sense of national identity are the most
coveted retevance of these novets..

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t- The essa),.s serve to remind

.determined. Fitipinos, are historicalty firm and
ln fact, att .those efforts by the colonizers to keep us
r
I
uneducated and impoverished had tailed. Nationatism eventuatty thrived
and the country became independent after four centuries of oppressive and
five decades under the Americans.
r Challenge to the Filipinos
I

There are queries on whether we are reat[y independent as of present

t time. Are we reatty free when our economy is dominantty controtted by an
I
etite otigarchy, and there are big social income diffeiences between a
economic and potiticat etite and the rest of Fitipino poputation? ln fact,
Rizal gave a premonition about this when he wrote in the Et Filibust erismo',
"Why independence if the slaves today become the tyrants of tomorrow?"

Moreover, there are some defects in our character that can get into
the way of attaining what Rizat envisioned about our country. These-inctude
attitudes, tike the lack of appreciation of the significance of fottowing to
the.rute. of law and uphotding high standards o] exceltence. Advocaiing
mediocrity, as signposted by puwede na and baholo no attitudes, is ver!
unbecoming of what Riza[ visuatized in his essay.

The challenges posed by the essay to the present Fitipino famities,

and especialty to the government, inctude incutcating nationa[ disciptine
and true love of country; exercising futt controt of our national sovereignty;
assisting citizens connect with their communities; emptoying availab[e
communication means the internet and mobite technotogies) to connect
groups, to inform and educate, to enabte Fitipinos to discover the common
ties we share; meeting chattenges of founding a more peacefut and stabte
social order; forming a common bond with our brot-hers and sisters in
marginatized communities; and devetoping innovations that woutd improve
dialogue and ctose gaps between our feltow citizens the wortd outside; and
preventing disorder and the spread of mischievous and damaging
propaganda.

Uttimatety, Rizat's "The phitippines a Century Hence', tegacy is its

timeless national message that estabtishing a fairer, better societly requires
reminding the Fitipino peopte that our hope for survival and progress
depend on on each Fitipinos accepting and taking responsibitity.

Other Related Writings

Jose Rizal composed other magnanimous writ.ings, which atso induced

an awakening of
patriotism and ted the way of phiLippine Revotution.
These are the two famous writngs:

1 "Sobre La lndolencia De Los Filipinos"(The lndolence of the

Filipinos)

The essay togicatty pposed the accusation by the Spaniards that

Phitippine natives were indotent (tazy) during the Spanish reign.

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f
Dr. Rizal stresse,l that Fitipinos wer-e irrnately industrious and
hardworking prior to the invasion of the Spaniards. What brought the
decrease in the industriousness was spanish cotonization. Rizat etu?idated
t the atteged Fitipino taziness are based on these factors:
'l) The Gatteon Trade destroyed the previous tinks of the phitippines
with the other countries in Asia and Middte East, thereby etiminating
smatl locaI businesses and hand.icraft industries;
2) The Spanish - poto - forced tabor obtigated the Fitipinos to work in
shipyards, roads, and some other public works, thus leaving their
agricutturat farms and industries.
3) Many Fitipino became landLess and wanderers because Spa.in did not
defend them against pirates and foreign invaders and not giving tands
for them
4) The system of education offered by the colonizers was impractical as
it was mainly about repetitive prayers and had nothing to do with
agricutturaI and industriaI technotogy;
5) The Spaniards were a bad exampte as negligent officiats woutd come
in late and leave their offices earty and Spanish women were always
followed by servants.
6) Gambting, like cockfights, was estabtished, prompted, and expticitty
practiced by Spanish government officiats and friars themseLves,
especiatty during feast days;
7) The religion's crooked system disheartened the fitipinoss from
working hard by teaching them that it was easier for a poor man to
enter heaven;
8) The very high taxes were depressing because big portion go to the
officiats arid friars.

Rizal stressed that Fitipinos were justsagacious in their tevel of work

under a tropical ctimate. He exptained ..viotent work is not good thing in
tropical countries as itwoutd be parattet to death, destruction,
annihitation. " Rizat, analyzedthat the atteged .indotence was product of the
Spanish invasion.

"Letter To The Young Women of Malolos,,

Originatty written in Tagatog, this famous tetter directty addressing to

the women of Matolos, Butacan was written by Rizat a, u ,"rponrJ to
Marceto del Pitar's request.

. Rizal was greatty impressed by the bravery of the 20 young women of

Malolos who ptanned to estabtish a school where they coutd teirn Spanish
despite the opposition of Felipe Garcia, Spanish priest of Matotos. The tetter
expressed R'iza['s craving that women woutd be granted the simitar
opportunity given to men in terms of education. ln the olden days, young
women were not educated because of the principte that they woutd soon be

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t wives and their primary career woutd be to take care of the home and
children. Rizat, however, fought women,s right to education.

t Factors and Reasons in his tetter to the young women of Matolos:

1) The priest in the country did not exemptify the true spirit of
Christianity.
2) Private judgment shoutd be used;
3) Mothers shoutd be an exampte of an ideat women who teaches her
children to love God, country and fettowmen;
4) Mothers shoutd rear children in the service of the state and set
standards of behavior for men around them;
5) Fitipino women must be nobte, decent, and dignified, and they shoutd
be subnrissive, tender, and loving to their respective husband; and,
5) Young women must educate themselves, tive the reat Christian way
with good morals and manners, and should be intetligent in their
choice of a [ifetime partner.

,d LEARNING ACTIVITY

l. ldentification. ldentify the term/s being referred to.

1. Te ptace where Rizal met the German traveter and

Professor Feodor Jagor.

')
. This is Rizal's famous letter directly addressed to the
women of Matolos, Bulacan as a response to Marceto H. De[ Pitar's request.

3. This is the sequel to Rizal's great novet, Noli l,Ae Tongere.

4. Rizal said that they shoutd be an epitome of an ideal

woman who teaches her chitdren to love God, country, and fetlowmen.

5. According to Rizal, this destroyed the previous tinks of

the Phitippines with other countries in Asia and the Middte East, thereby
eradicating smat[ [oca[ businesses and handicraft industries.

6. The Spanish priest in Malolos who opposed the

estabtishment of a school where young women coutd learn Spanish.

7. lt is the year when the Americans wrestted with Spain to

win the Phitippines.

8. The argurnentative essay sensible countered Spaniard's

accusations that locals were indolent during the Spanish reign.

9. This was seriatized on September 30, October 31,

December '15, 1889, and February '15, 1890 in the fortnightty review La
Solidaridad of Madrid.

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f- 10. The writing of the naiional hero, whicn proved and

discussed the qtorious past of the phitippines.

t- ll. Enu meration / Discussion

I 1. Enumerate and discuss three brittiant writings of Jose Rizal which are
that ,,The pen is mightier than the sword',.
living proofs

lll. Essay

'I . Explain why Rizal concl.uded that .,natives,, supposed indotence was
an end product of the Spanish cotonization,'.
l

2. Discuss some of Rizat's prophecies regarding the future of the

Phitippines, which have actuatty been futfitted.

3. Do you betieve that the writings of Rizat were abte to awaken the
Fitipino patriotism?

4. ln what other ways can the Fil.ipino youth of today show their
patriotism to their country?

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f-
MODULE 6
t
.t JOSE RIZAL AND PHILIPPINE
I

NATIONALISM
t

Lesson 1 Jose Rizal and phili ppine

Nationalism: Bayani and
Kabayanihan

Lesson 2 Jose Rizal and philippine

Nationalism : National
Symbol

L
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MODULE VI

JOSE RIZAL AND PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM: B/YANI AND

t- KABAYANIHAN

INTRODUCTION

Jose Rizal is a very viabte choice if one is tooking for someone to

imitate and to have heartwarming inspirat'ion. With his phitosophies, Life
principles, convictions, thoughts, idea[s, aspiration, personatity,
achievements are worthy for emutation and good inftuence to anyone. As a
man of education, he highty regarded academic excetlence, togical and
cuttural thinking, phitosoph'icat and scientific inquiry, linguistic study, and
cuttura[ research. As a person, he vatued respect for parents, [ove for sibtings,
and loyalty to friends, and maintained a sense of chivatry. He manifested
versatility and ftexibitity white sustaining a strong sense of moral uprightness.
a
And as Filipino, he valued heroism (or kabayanihon). nationatism,
patriotism.

Bayani vs. Hero

The word hero as defined by Merriam-Webster Ontine Dictionary

referred to as a "mythotogical or legendary figure with divine descent
endowed with great strength or abitity; an itlustrious warrior; a person
admired for achievements and nobte quatities; one who manifest great
courage and galtantry."

The Fitipino counterpart boyoni has basicalty simitar meaning but with
some contextuat distinctions. The yicosson's Dictionory (Santos, 1978)
provides the foltowing meanings for bayani.

I hero, patriot (taong mokobayan), cooperative endeavor, mutual

aid, a person who votunteers-offers free service of labor to a
cooperative endeavor, to prevail, to be victorious, to prevai[
("momayani"), leading man in a play (often referred to as the
"bida"----from the Spanish word for [ife, "vida"----who is
contrasted with the vitlain or "kontrabido" from the Spanish
"contro vido," against tife). [These words hetp us better understand
the word for the lifesaver, the inflatable rubber tube or "salbabida"
from the Spanish "salvar vida" to save [ife]." (as cited in Ocampo,
2016).

The UP Diksiyonoryong Filipino 2001 ) gives three meaning for 'bayani':

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1. with extraordinary courage and abitity

2. possesses extraordinary tatents or someone who did noble (,,dokila,,)

3. a leading man in a play.

The reference adds that heroes (rngo bayani) in the context of

mythotogy refer to those who had the quatities of the gods, extraordinary
strength, bravery, or abitity.

The Vocobulorio de Ia lenguo Togalo by the Jesuits Juan de Noceda

andn Pedro de Santucar (1754 A 1860) tists these meanings for bayoni:
"someone who is brave or vatiant, someone who works toward a common task
or cooperative endeavor l"boyanihan")" (as cited in Ocampo, 2016).

History professor Ambeth Ocampo sees it significant that bayani comes

a few words under boyan, which is also defined as: "the space between here
and the sky. Bayan is atso a town, municipality, pueblo, or nation, and can
refer to peopte and citizens (mamomoyan) who live in those communities, or
those who originate or come from the same place (kababayan). Boyan also
refers to the day (araw) or a time of day (malolim ang boyan) or even the
weather, good or bad (masamong boyan) (ocampo,2016).

Ocampo, thus, conctude that "hero" and boyoni do not have the same
meoning. Bayani is richer word than hero because it may be rooted in bayon
as ptace or in doing something great, not for oneself but for a greater good,
for community or nation" (Ocampo, 2016).
The Changing Forms and Definitions of Bayani and Kaboyanihon

Especially when anchored on the definitions given by otd dictionaries,

mga bayani may historicatty (and profoundty) refer to those who contributed
to the birth of a nation. However, the modern-day bayani may refer to
someone who contributes to a nation in a gtobal wortd.

One case in point is our Overseas Fitipino Workers (OFWs) ----Fitipinos

who are working in foreign countries. They basicatty travel abroad in pursuit
of better employment to provide for the needs of their respective famities in
the PhiLippines.

OFWs are often referred to as mgo bogong boyani. Working abroad is a

form of taking risks (pakikipogsapalaran) for them as it entaits sacrifices and
tikety dangers, such as lonetiness, anxieties, trauma, fatigue, cutture shock,
and even exptoitation. A[[ of these they are witting to endure just to make a
tiving and grant a better future for their respective famities, from whom they
are separated for years.

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OFWs atso play a vital role in the prcgress of the phit.ippines, economic
status. By remitting their savings back to the country, they hetp the
government in pitting up the country's economic status with the overatt
dol.Lar
reserye. The money they send provides that much-needed hard currency,
saving the country from defautting on foreign debt obtigation. rn the process,
oFWs also hetped stabitize the phitippine peso in relation to peso-dottar
exchange and atso contribute to the country's GNp growth. I recognition
of
their contributions to the national economy, OFWs are, thus, catted ,, Bogong
Boyani" (Modern-day Heroes) and the phitippines cerebrates December ai the
Month of Overseas Fitipino Workers.

This only goes to show that our concept of kaboyonihon and boyani do
shift and evolve. To have a better understanding of how these concepts
change, let us compare the notion of oFws and modern-day bayoni to eartier
meanings of bayani. The ontine article, "/ng sotitang Boyani so pilipinas,'
exptains its etymotogy:

Ang salitang "bayani', ay isang Ausstronesian na satita na dinata

n gating mga katutubo sa ating bayan. Ang mga bayani ay ang mga
mandirigma kunng saan sita ay nanguna sa pagtatanggot ng pamayanan
laban sa mga kinahaharap na mga kaaway at mga panganib. Ang itan sa mga
diribatibo ng satitang bayani ay bajani, majani, bagabnim, bahani.

kuttura nating mga pitipino and pagiging bayani ay nasusukat

Sa
sa katapangan at sa bitang ng napapatay a kaaway.

Ang mga antas na ito ay kinikilata bilang:

(a) Maniktad - and pinakamababang uri ng bayani na nakapatay ng isa o
datawang kaaway, karaniwang siya ay nakasuot ng putong puta o ditaw

(b) Hanagan- naman kung tawagin ang nasa ikalawang antas, siya ay
sumasailatim sa ritwal na kung saan dapat siyang sapian ni Tagbusaw, and
diyos ng pakikidigma at kainin ang atay atpuso ng kaaway. Karaniwang
nagsusuot ang mga ito ng putang putong

(c) Kinaboan - naman kung tawagin ang makakapatay sa dalawampu

hanggang datawamput pito at
karaniwang nakasuot ng putang pantatoons

(d) Luto naman kung tawagin ang makakapatay ng imampu hanggang

100 na kaaway at karaniwang nagsusuot ng putang jackeT

(e) Lunugum nama ang pinakapaborito ng diyos na si Tagbusaw dahit dito

maipapakita niya ang kanyang katapangan sa pakikipagdigma kung saan
napatay niya ang kanyang kaaway sa sariti nitong tahanan. ltim ang
karaniwang suot ng mga ito." (Ang Satitang Bayani sa pitipinas,', n.d.

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Fitipino historian and pontoyong ponanow proponent Dr. Zeus A.

salazar, a Fitipino hrstorian the proponent of pantayong pananaw gives other
sense about bayani and betieves mgo bayani are different from ,.heroes,,.
"Ang mgo boyoni oy mgo taong nagtalakbay at bumabalik so boyan... ang mga
boyani oy lumolobon ng may kooperasyon [somontalang] ang mgo- hio
(western concept) oy lumalobon mog iso... Ang bayani oy hindi
kailangang
momotay upang maging boyoni, kailongon niya lang gumawa ng mogagondang
impluwensya at mgo gowain so boyan upong tawaging bayoni yilig\olitang
Bayani so Pilipinos," n.d. ). This definition gives us hope that anyone of us
can
be a bayoni too in our respective communities as well as our ways.

The Article : Who Made Rizal Our Foremost Bayani?

The articte of Esteban A. Ocampo, ,.Who Made Rizat Our Foremost

National Hero. Was the one who defended Jose Rizat,s being the phitippine,s
foremost hero. Essentiatty the ctaim that Rizat is a made-to-order national
hero manufactured by the Americans, chiefty by then civit Governor wittiam
Howard Taft.

ocampo assets and justifies that Rizat is our foremost and greatest
nationat hero based from the meaning of the term hero by the webster's New
lnternotionol Dictionory of the Engtish Language:

1. A prominent or central personage tak.ing admirable part in any

remarkabte action or event;

2, A person of distinguished valor or enterprise in danger; and

3. A man honored after death by pubtic worship, because of

exceptionaI service to mankind.

Referring from the first definition, Rizal was said to have taken an
"admirabte part" in the propaganda Campaign (igg2-1g96) and his Noli lAe
Tongere (Bertin, 1887) was said to be far superior than those pubtished by
Pedro Paterno, Marceto det pitar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Antonio Luna.
ln fact, Rizat's Noli (and the Firi) resutted in the enactment of a law now
known as RA 1425.

ln 1902, Cong. Henry Cooper of Wisconsin detivered an eutogy of Rizat

and even recited the hero's last poem at the U.s. House of Representatives
to justify the capacity of the Fitipinos for setf-government. ln part, he said:
"... 5o sir, I say to at[ those who denounce the Fitipino indiscriminatety as
barbarians and savages, without possibitity of a civitized future, that this
despised race proved itsetf entitl.ed to their respect and to the respect
of
mankind when it furnished to the wortd the character of Jose Rizat.,, The

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appeat resutted in the approval of what is poputarty known as the phitippine

Bitt of 1902.

Using the second quoted meaning of ,.hero,,,De Ocampo claims that no

Fitipino has yet been born who can equa[ or surpass Rizal as a,,person of
distinguished valor/ enterprise in danger, fortitude in suffering.,, De ocampo
uses a justification the description by Rafaet patma and Dr Frank C. Laubach
(an American biographer of Rizat) of Rizat's nobte setf-denial, heroism,
moral
courage, and comptete abandonment of is oersonal interests to think onty of
those of his country.

Anchoring on the third quoted definition of .,hero,,, De Ocampo

proposes that Rizat "is a man honored after death by pubtic worship, because
exceptionaI service to mankind." The fottowing is De Ocampo,s long
justification in part.

"We can say that even before his execution, Riza[ was [the] atready
acctaimed by both Fitipinos and fore'igners as the foremost teader of his
people." Writing from Barcelona to the Great Matayan on March 10, 1gg9, M.
H. det PiLar said: "Rizal has no tiene oun derecho o morir: su nombre
constituye lo mos puro e immoculoda bondera de aspiraciones y plaridet los
suyos no son otro causo me que immoculada unos voluntaries que militan bajo
eso bandera." Fernando Avecedo, who catted Rizat his distinguido amigo
compafiero y paisono, wrote Riza a letter from Zaragoza, Spain on October
25, 1889: "l see in you the model Fitipino; your application to study and your
talents have been ptaced on a height which I revere and admire...',

Among the foreigners who recognize Rizal as the leading Fitipino of his
time were Blumentritt, Napoteon M. Kheil, Dr. Rheinhotd Rost, and Vicente
Barrantes. Prof . Btumentritt totd Dr. Maximo Viota in May 1887 that "Rizal
was the greatest product of the Phitippines and that his coming to the world
was like the appearance of a rare comet, whose rare britliance appears onty
every other century." Napoleon Kheit of Prague, Austria, wrote to Rizal and
said: "admire en Vd. lal un noble representante de las Espano colonial. "Dr.
Rost, distinguished Matayotogist and tibrarian of the lndia office of London,
catled Rizal "una perla hombre," white Don Vicente Barrantes had to admit
that Rizal was "the first among the Fitipinos...
Even before the outbreak of the revolution against Spain in 1896, many
instances can be cited to prove that this country he and abroad recognized
Rizat's leadership. ln the earty part of 1899 he was unanimousty etected by
the Fitipinos in Barcetona and Madrid as honorary president of Lo Solidaridad.
ln January 1891, Rizat was again unanimousty chosen Responsible (chief) of
the Spanish- Fitipino Association. He was atso the founder and moving spirit in
the founding of Lo Liga Filipino in Manila on July 3, 1892. History telts us that

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the revolutionary society known as Kotipunon, likewise, acknowtedge Rizat,s

leadership and greatness by making him its honorary president and by using
his famity name Rizal as the password for the third-degree members.

A year after Riza[,s execution, Gen. Emil.io Aguinatdo and other

revotutionary chiefs exited to Hong Kong hetd a commemorative program
there on December 29, 1897 o the occasion of the first anniversary oi the
hero's execution and martyrdom. ... of utmost significance in the pubtic,s
appreciation for Rizat's patriotic tabors in behatf of his peopte were the
tributes paid by the revotutionary government in his memory. ln his opening
address at the congress assembted in Malotos, Butacan on September i 5, 1g9g,
Pres. Aguinaldo invoked the spirits of the departed heroes of the fathertand
[primarity Rizat].
Then on December 20, 1898 The revotutionary capitat of Matolos on
December 20, 1898, Pres. Aguinatdo issued the first officiat proctamation
making December 30 of that year.'Rizat Day.,,The same proctamation ordered
the hoisting of the Fitipino ftag at hatf-mast ,,from noon on December 30,
1898" and the ctosing of "att offices of the government,, during the whote day
of December. Actuatty, the impressive Rizat Day program, sponsored by the
Ctub Fitipino, was held in Manita on December 30, 1898.

The Fitipinos were not atone in grieving their untimety death of their
hero and idot, for the intetlectuat and scientific circtes of the wortd fett
keenly the loss of Rizat, who was their esteemed cotleague and friend. Dr.
Camilo Osias and Wencestao E. Retana both spoke of the universal homage
accorded to Rizal immediately after his death.

Among the scientific necrologicat services hetd especiatty to honor

Rizat, the one sponsored by the Anthropotogicat Society of Bertin on November
20,1897 at the initiative of Dr. Rudotph Virchow, its president, was the most
important and significant. Dr. Ed Seler recited the German translation of
Rizat's "My Last Farewett" on that occasion. The newspaper, magazines, and
some other periodicats throughout the civilized wortd --- in Germany, Austria,
France, Holtand, London, the U5, Japan, Hong Kong and Macao, Singapore,
Switzertand, and Latin American countries- - - -pubtished accounts of Rizat,s
martyrdom to render homage to his greatness. (De Ocampo, n.d.)

De Ocampo also comments that Andres Bonifacio, and not Jose Rizat,
deserves to be acknowledge as the Phitippine's first national hero. Retated to
this ctaim is the argument that the foremost national heroes of some other
countries are sotdiers-generats white Rizal never held any gun, rifte, or a
sword in fighting for the liberty and independence of our country. De Ocampo
exptains that "our people in exercising their good sense, independent
judgment, and unusual discernment, have not fotlowed the exampte of

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 8

[many] other nations in serecting and acknowledging a mititary teader of their

greatest hero" (De Ocampo, n.d.). He then quotes Rafaet palma,s
comment
specificalty on the..Rizat versus Bonifacio, debate.,, patma said in part:

whereas generauy the heroes of occidentat nations are warriors and

generats who serve their cause with the sword, distitting
btood and tears, the
hero of the Fitipinos served his caused with the pen, demonstrat.ing
that the
pen is as mighty as the sword to redeem a peopte from
their potitic;t stavery.
It is true that in our case the sword of Bonifacio was after att needed
to shale
off the yoke of a foreign power; but the revotution prepared by Bonifacio
was
only the effect, the consequence of the spirituat redemption wrought
by the
pen of Rizat. Hence not onty in the chronotogicat order
but atso in the pornt
of importance the previous works of Rizal seem to us superior to that of
Bonifacio, because atthough that of Bonifacio was of immediate
resutts,
if Rizat witt have more durable and permanent effects. (as cited inthat De
Ocampo, n.d.)

The Summary

Who made Rizal the foremost hero of the phitippines?

The answer is:
no singte person or groups of persons were responsibte for
making the
Greatest Malayan the No. t hero of his peopte. Rizai himsetf,
his own peopte,
and the foreigners att together contributed to make him the greatest
hero
and martyr of his peopte. No amount of adutation and canonizition
by both
Fitipinos and foreigners coutd convert Rizat into a great
hero if he did not
possess in himsetf what patma catts' excettent quatities
and me.ts. (De
Ocampo, n.d. )

Directly answering the opinion that Rizat was an .,American-made

hero,,,
contemporary non-Fitipino historian Owen in
euora.com exptains, thus:
"But many Fitipinos had atready made Rizal a national hero; even
before the Americans arrived. rhe Kotipunon itsetf venerated -
verging on
worship- had penetrated the peasantry, especiatty in the Tagatog
regr:on-. So
it cou[d be argued that what the Ame.icans were doing was simpty
confirming
officiatty a decision the Fitipino peopte had atready made unofficiatty,
that
Rizal was the greatest Fitipino, and the one who most comptetety
embodied
the national dream. (Owen, n.d.)

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,6 LEARNING ACTIVITY

Propaganda OFW's Wisconsin Salazar

Rost Boulevard Bonifacio La Solidaridad

Seler Owen Taft Roosevelt

Quora Roxas Laubach Rizal

Aguinaldo Blumentritt ileto Ocampo Viola

ldentification. ldentify the onswers by choosing from the box

1. These fitipinos who are working in the foreign countries

and are also catted Modern-Day Heroes.

2.According to this person, Rizat was the greatest product

of the Phitippines and that his coming to the wortd was tike the appearance
of a rare comet, whose rare brjttiance appears onty every other century.

3. Rizat was unanimousty etected by the Fitipinos in

Barcelona and Ma drid as its honorary President earty part of 1g99.

4. There are people who ctaim that Rizat is a ,,made_to-

order" Nationat Hero manufactured by this American.

5. This person recited the German transtation of Rizat,s ,,My

Last Farewett" o n the necrotogica[ services hetd for Rizal on November 20,
1897.

6. The proponent of "Pontayong ponanaw,, who offers

another sense of the term of the term ,.bayoni,, and believes that .,mga
bayoni" are different from ,,heroes.,,

7. He hetd a commemorative program there on December

29, 1897 on the occasion of the first anniversary of Rizat's execution and
martyrdom together with the other revotutionary chiefs exited in Hongkong.

8. His research reveals that the Kotipunan recognized Rizat

deepty-moving on worship-and this veneration had penetrated the peasantry,
especiatty in Tagatog Region.

9. This person was an avid supporter and wet[ known in

defending Jose Rizal being the foremost hero.

GEMC 101A - The Life and Works of Rizat -Module VI-

 10

10. Many believe that this famous person deserves to be

considered as Phitipp'ine's first nationat hero instead of Dr. Jose Rizal.

ll. Fill in the blanks

Provide the missing term/s to comptete the sentences.
1. thus concludes that "hero" and bayani do not have
the same meaning.
2. Pres. Aguinatdo issued the First officiat proclamation making December
30 of that year
3. History tetls us that the revotutionary soc.iety known as
[ikewise acknowtedged Rizat,s teadership and
greatness by making him its honorary president.
4. distinguished Matayologist and tibrarian of the lndia
office of London, calted Rizat una perla hombre.
5. De Ocampo ctaimed that no has yet been born who
coutd equal orsurpass Rizat as a ,,person of distinguished
valor/enterprise in danger, fortitude in suffering.,,
6. Rizat's No/i (and the Fiti) resulted in the enactment of a law now known
as
7. Fitipino historian and Pantoyong Pananaw proponent
offers another sense of the term ,,boyani', and betieves that ..mgo
bayani" are different from "heroes. "
8. ln 1902, of Wisconsin delivered a eutogy of Rizat and
even recited the hero's last poem in the U.S. House of Representatives
to justify the capacity of the Fitipinos for se[f-govern ment.
9. atso ptay a vital rote in the progress of the
Phitippine's economic status.
10. ln January '1891 , was again unanimously chosen
Responsible (Chief) of the Spanish-Fitipino association.

lll. Essay

Discuss: No one does not need to die to become a hero.

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Lesson 2

JOSE RIZAL AND PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM:

NATIONAL SYMBOL

Symbols stimutate thoughts as they represent things. ln a cutture, some

things are conventionat[y associated with some meanings and thus become
symbots, either officially or traditionatty. w'ith this, every country has its own
nationaI symbots provoke some senses of nationatism.

Dr. Jose Rizal as a National Symbol

According to the National commission for Cutture and the Arts (NCCA)
of the Phitippines, officiat nationat symbots represent the country,s traditions
and ideats and convey the principtes of phitippine sovereignty and national
sotidarity.

The officiat national symbots of the phitippines according to the NCCA

are

(a) the Phitippine nationa[ ftag (made of sitk, with a white equitaterat triangte
at the left containing a sunburst of eight rays at the center, a five-pointed
star at each angle of the triangle, an upper stripe of btue and a lower stripe
of red); (

b) " Lupang Hinirong" (nationat anthem);

(c) sampaguita (nationat ftower);

(d) narra (nationa[ trees); (

e) Phitippine eagte (nationat bird);

(f) Phitippine peart (nationat gem); and

(g) arnis (Phil.ippine sport) ("Phitippines, national symbots,', n.d.).

On the other hand, the list of our country,s unofficiat (but traditionat)
national symbots includes :

[eaf)
anahaw ( national mango ( nationat fruit)

carabao/tamaraw (national animal), bahay kubo ( nationat house)

bangus ( national fish) tinikting or cariiosa( national

dance)

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 IL

adobo or sinigang ( nationat dish)

Atthough Dr. Jose Rizat is widety recognized as our nationat hero, he

nonethetess betongs to unofficiat national symbots. That status however does
not make him less of a fitting symbot of the phitippines, Jose Rizat,s name
and memory have long been representing and symbotizing our country.

Even in the international arena, Rizat's name eticits the name of our
country. The monuments buitt by people in countries where he had been and
his books (and the books about him) in foreign libraries necessarily bear the
name Philippines. Borrowing the words of Dr. Esteban De Ocampo:

The day of [Rizat's] birth and the day of his execution are fittingty
commemorated by alI ctasses of our peopte throughout the tength and breadth
of this country and even by Fitipinos and their friends abroad. His name is a
byword in every Fitipino home white his picture adorns the postage stamp and
[Phitippine coin] ... No other Fitipino hero can surpass Rizat in the number of
towns, borrios, and streets named after him; in the number of educationat
institutions, societies, and trade names that bear his name; in the number of
persons, both Fitipinos and foreigners, who were named .,Rizat,' or ,,Rizatina,,
because of their parents' admiration for the great Matayan; and in the number
of [aws, Executive Orders and Proclamation of the Chief Executive, and
butletins, memoranda, and circutars of both bureaus of pubtic and private
schoots. Who is the Fitipino writer and thinker whose teachings and nobte
thoughts have been frequently invoked and quoted by authors and pubtic
speakers on almost alt occasions? None but Rizat. And why is this so? Because
as biographer Rafael Palma (1) said, "The doctrines of Rizat are not for one
epoch but for atl epochs. They are as vatid today as they were yesterday. lt
cannot be said that because the potitical ideals of Rizat have been achieved,
because of the change in the institutions, the wisdom of h.is counsets or the
vatue of his doctrines have ceased to be opportune. They have not. (De
Ocampo, n.d.)

Vatues Highlighted by Rizal's Life as a National Symbot

1. Nationalism - the desire to attain freedom and potitical independence,

especiatty by a country under foreign power. Jose Rizat's [ife, works, and
writings- -- -especiatty his noveIs- - -essentiatty exude these vatues.

2. Patriotism - proud devotion and loyatty to one's nation. Rizat,s visions and
proposals on how the people of our country could be on the road to
progress so that they coutd enjoy the futlness of nationhood, especiatty
potitica[ty, cuLturatty, and economicatly, under the mantle of national
solidarity, are none less than motivatinq and commendable.

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 13

3. Faith in God - When Rizat y3: s_tudying in Madrid, Spain, Rizat though his
letter assured his mother of his faith iricod. when rris siiter otympir-;i";
I
of chitdbirth in 18gg, Riza[ pronounced: ,.1 consote ryrutf ,.V,nitn.i,i
was the witl of God and what He does must be the
besi.,,
4. Love of Fellowmen - Rizat advocated thinking wett
of our /el/ owmen. His
lile represented the principle that tove or nuilnot,. entaits
invotvement in
his or her behatf. Rizat's thought on love roio'ur
terrowmen is bibticat and
timetess

5' Love of Parents' love for Rizat's parents great

is and very admirabte.
He studied medicine and ophthatmot"Cy
eyesight. Jose, no doubr, atso adored his
irrri;irre
his mother,s fatting
i.it"i. rn tsar, .,osemial a;iai
bust of his father. About six yuarc trt"i, ne
scutpture of Don Francisco as an expression
.urv"0 a tife-size wood
of his r.ove for him.
6. Devotion to Truth - Rizat,s persistence to search for truth
in servine his
country was a motivating virtue. Wishing
backwardness, Rizat did not intensiv6
to g"t.itnu.*;;;;;il;tJji
observations on the progress of other
,trai", and
' carried out broad
nations.'--
7. Purity and ldealism -.Riza[ was a person guided
considerations but atso by ideats. Ertii"iOiriry.tso
not onty by practical
purity of thoughts. was his insistence on

8. Noble Thought and Conduct _ Rizat,s

works
conduct, ctean conscience, and uprighi and writings promoted good
instance, he advised mothers t" tt*li.g. ln his writings, for
prepare them for every good ",1.i", iii"
and destrabie
?,i,lo if the chitdren and
il;r;;i and deed.
9' charity - our nationat hero Rizal seemed
to feet happy when he coutd give
io,I,."l,:ff3;:y.
Au his sacririces foi h;;;;;U;," charitabre acts-for

10' Dedication to Duty - Rizat

virtuatty gave his whote tife in securing
for his country and "a'commitment freedom
happiness r"i rirt p""pr",
unequated in the historyof his historicatty
countryl
,,
*:1,-!":llsg liza!:
country, despite att odds,l?rlue."
in working for
a virtue that is-so
the betterment of his
-essentia[
,is even today. His
do the best foi-his peoirJir. *o.tn imitatins
[:::::?Jj:::,to by our

12'Wi'power - the abitity to controt or restrain

cotonizers institted in Rizat,s g"n"rution oneself. Atthough the spanish
that locats were better-gor"."o-uv ini"iio'rili .orpt", and the idea
opposite idea that his peopte
ir,"';;;;#:ir, Rizat worked on the
.ortauoclul.ni'i"r"r"a freedom.
l3.lntegrity - the quatity of being honest
and havinp sr
n ma ny a spec t,, ni,jr ii
r

"
;"Z;i;i il;;i ;;,;H;:[.:#Tjle,nc ie res.

GEMC 1O1A - Th e Life and Works of Rizat

-Module Vl-
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l4.sincerity - essentiatty connected tinked to humitity as it makes us know

the truth about ourselves, to accept the truth whatever it is, and live
according to it. Rizal's sincerity is shown in his acceptance that whatever
he possessed, were of God,s endowment.

15.self-Denial - he gave up his personar desires for a better cause, that is,
working for the wetfare of his country. His setf-deniat invotved setf-
sacrifice and seIflessness.

16. Perseverance - persistent in doing something despite difficul.ty or detay

in achieving success. ln serving his country, Rizlt manifested strong mentat
and moral strength in confronting and hurdting pain, hardship, ani threut.

17. Discipline and self-control - Disciptine is the overpowering of base desire,

setf-restraint and controt. rn many instances, Rizat empt6yed rationatity
to regulate the best action regardtess of his desires. Actuatly, he deprived
himsetf of many fa[tacious pteasures.

1 8. lnitiative ' the abitity to initiate things autonomousty. patriotic as he was,

Rizal manifested the power to act or take charge before others do,
especiatly in deating with nationatistic pursuits.

19. Prudence - it is the care, caution, and good judgment as welt as wisdom
in looking ahead. Rizal showed judiciousness in ihoosing the best means
and strategies in accomptishing things. 20. Chivatry] Courtesy, and
Politeness

2O.Chivalry - the combination of quatities expected of an ideat man,

especia[ty courtesy and readiness to hetp the weak or women

21. Frugality - the thriftiness in spending moneyand any other resources and
in using things when he did not need to, his shoes repaired instead of
buying new ones.

22. Love for Justice - the fairness in the way peopte are deatt with. Having a
good conscience, Rizal found joy in being just and in fighting for justiie.
He died fighting for justice not onty for himsetf and his famitf but itso for
his peopte. A genuine martyr in the truest sense,

Executive Order No, 75, 1993: Criteria for National Heroes:

Historicatty, the notion of officiatty recognizing heroes began in the

country in 1900, when the phitippine Commission approved Act No. 137
combining the districts of Morong and Manita and naming the unification as
"Province of Riza[," in honor of Dr. Jose p. Rizat. Since then, some heroes
were commemorated everywhere in the country, their names cited in many
speeches, and in their honor hotidays were declared, streets were named,
and monuments were built.

GEMC 101A - The Life and Works of Rizal -Modute Vl-

 15

time came that recognition of many personalities had been

The
considered as heroes, the government fett the needed to assess the case.
Pres. Ferdinand Marcos instructed the Nationat Heroes commission, to come
up with the criteria for nationat hero. Then, president Fidet v. Ramos on
March 28, 1993 issued Executive order No. 75 creating the National
Heroes
committee (NHc) "to study and recommend the proctamation of Nationat
Heroes." These are new criteria comprising 10 points of standards (Gatang,
2012):

1. The extent of a person,s sacrifices for the wetfare of the country.

2. The motive and methods emptoyed in the attainment of the ideat;
(Was his ideal purety for the wetfare of the country
and without ant
taint of self-interested motives? Most of al.t, the method of
attainment should be moratty vatid. )
3. The moral character of the person concerned; (the person
should not
have any immoratity issue that affected his ideat).
4. The influence of the person concerned on his age/generation
and/or
the succeeding ones.
5. Heroes are those who have a concept of nation and
thereafter aspire
and struggte for the nation,s freedom; (They must have
desired the
country's freedom in any situation especialty when there,s
a threat
of invasion in any form).
6. Heroes are those who define and contribute to
a system of tife of
freedom and order for a nation; (For instance, someone
who hetps in
the ordertiness and betterment of the country).
7. Heroes are those who contribute to the quatiiy
of tife and destiny of
a nation;
8. A hero is a part of peoptes expression; (The citizen must have
recognized and acknowledged the person as a hero).
9. A hero thinks of the future, especiatty the future generations; (His
concern for the future generation must be seen in
his decisions and
ideats. ) and
10.The choice of a hero invotves not onty the recounting
of an episode
or events in history but atso the entire process that made
this
particutar person a hero.

NHC Recommendation as Nationat Heroes (Gatang, 2012)

1. Jose Rizal
2. Andres Bonifacio
3. Emitio Aguinatdo
4. Apolinario Mabini
5. Marceto H. det pitar

G EMC 1014 - The Life and Works of Rizat

-Modute Vl-
 16

6. Suttan Dipatuan Kudarat

7. Juan Luna
8. Metchora Aquino
9. Gabrie[a 5ilang

I
However, neither President Ramos nor any member of his
administration acted on the committee's recommendation. Based on the
articte, "Setection and Proclamation of Nationat Heroes and Laws Honoring
Fitipino Historical Figures" in the website of the national Center and the arts,
"this was probabty because this might trigger a ftood of requests for
proctamation" and "the proctamation can trigger bitter debates invotving
historical controversies about the heroes,, (2015).

ln summary, no [aw, executive order, or proctamation has been

officiatty enacted or issued proclaiming any Fitipino historicaL figures as a
national hero atthough there were laws enacted and proclamations issued
honoring some names because of their substantial roles in the process of
nationat- buitding and contributes to history.

It is, thus, true that even Jose Rizat, atthough deemed as the greatest
among the Fitipino heroes, was not officiatty proctaimed as a national hero.
Nonetheless, he was given an imptied recognition as a nationa[ hero as his day
of execution on December 30 has been made a national hotiday. Aside from
him, the onty other hero given an impticit recognition as a national hero is
Andres Bonifacio whose day of birth, November 30, has atso been dectared a
nationaI hotiday.

ln spite of the absence of any official dectaration openty proctaiming

them as national heroes, "they remain admired and revered for their rotes in
Phitippine history. Heroes, according to historians, shoutd not be tegistated.
Their appreciation shoutd be better to academics. Acctamation for heroes,
they fett, woul.d be recognition enough" (20,l5)

Rizal hotds the status of being a universatly-accl.aimed phitippine

national hero, partialty as a tribute to the sustained veneration of the peopte
as acknowledgement of his contribution to the major pursuit of social
transformations that took ptace in the Phitippines. Against the argument that
Rizat did not participate in an actual revolution, the tate journatist Armando
MaIay expressed this:

"The field from which a national hero would spring is not limited to
the field of revolution. Moybe, in some new African nation, the notional
hero would be one who invents o vaccine thot would forever banish o
debilitating disease." (as cited in De
Ocampo, n.d.)

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MODULE SUMMARY

Dr.Jose Rizal is an epitome of ideatism, a person with futt and profound

magnanimity in his magnificent life's achievements, a very viable choice
if
one is in quest for a passionate inspiration and modeL in its truest
sense. These
are based from his prudentty acctaimed phitosophies, principles,
convict.ions,
thoughts, ideals, aspiration, personatity , achievements which are .indeed
worthy and pricetess' Rizal as a man of education was academica[ty
excettent, with marvelous togicat and culturat thinking, phitosophicat
and
scientific inquiry'laden prowess, and with wide range of tinguistic
abitity. As
a person, he vatued respect for parents, love for sibtings, and toyatiy
to
friends, and maintained a sense of chivatry, He manifested
versatiiity and
ftexibitity white sustaining a strong sense of morat uprightness.
And as a
Fitipino, he valued heroism (or koboyonihonl. nationatism, patr.iotism.
Thus
it is just but proper and prudent to acknowtedge him as a greatest
man in the
Phitippines and perhaps in Asia and one of the
most accr.aimed heroes of the
worId.

.6 SUMMATIVE TEST

l. ldentification
1. This involves the desire to attain freedom and potiticat
independence, especiatty by a country under foreign power.

. This commissi on statesthat official nationat symbots re presents

the country's traditions an d ideals and convey the principtes
sovereignty and nationat so tida n ty.
of p hitippine

3. The on ly other hero given an impticit

recogni tion as a Phitippine
national hero aside from Rizat.

4. The President who issued Executive Order

No. 75 creating the
NationaI He roes Committee (NHC)

.-......---5. According to this biographer, the doctrines of Rizat are

one epoch but for att epochs. not for

..=.--6. This is considered as the phitippine,s national

flower.

GEMC 101 A - The Life and Works of Rizal -Modute Vl-

 l8

This approved Act No. 137 combining the districts cf Morong

and Manita to be named as "Province of Rizat,, in honor of Dr. Jose p. Rizat.

Rizal carved a life-size wood scutpture to exp!.ess his tove for

-7.person.
this

9. The titte of the deteted chapter of the Noli lAe Tongere.

--8. 10. The combination of quatities expected of an ideat gentleman,
especiatty courtesy and a readiness to hetp the weak or women.

ll. Matching Type

Match Cotumn A with Column B. Write the corresponding letter before
each number

A B

_1 . This denotes proud devotion and loyatty a. Patriotism

to one's nation

2. The abitity to assess and initiate things b. Disciptine

independently

The quatity of being honest and having c. Nettie Boustead

-3. strong mora[ principtes

_4. Rizat showed this virtue by working d. December 30

for the betterment of his country

This is the suppression of base desires e. lnitiative

-5.
_6. The care, caution, and good judgment,

as wetl as wisdom in looking ahead f. Prudence

_7. This is the abitity to control or restrain g. Moral Courage

oneself

_8. Rizal's day of execution h. Otympia

_9. The woman behind Rizal and Luna's

dueI 'i. lntegrity

GEMC 101A The Life and Works of Rizal -Modute Vl-

I
I
19

I The sister of the nationat hero who

-10. died of chitdbirth in '1887 j. witl power

t
lll.
t Essay

1 Which among the values can be considered the most important?

Exptain.

7 ls there anyone in your life whom you consider your .,hero,,? Exptain
your answer.

3. Discuss: The fietd from which a nationat hero woutd spring is not
timited to the fietd of revotution.,,.

4 Don't you think it is high t.ime that phitippine government decide on

the recommendations of the NHC regarding national heroes? Wh1, s1
why not?

GEMC 10'lA - The Life and Works of Rizat -Modute Vl-