Coconut Dryer

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Designing and Developing of Coconut Dryer

A Research Proposal
Presented to the
Faculty of the College Of Engineering and Technology
Romblon State University
Odiongan, Romblon

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements


For the Degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

By:

Gerlan M. Mingo
Patrick John Fetalver
Mark Leo Garcia

February 2018
Chapter 1

Introduction

This chapter presents the background of the study, objectives of the

problem, significance of the study, and scope and delimitation.

Background of the Study

Copra is the most common source of income in our county. One of the

process in producing copra drying. In manual drying of coconut they use sunlight

and biomass. It takes time to dry a coconut in manual process such as in sunlight

and in biomass. In some instances the coconut is not totally dry or sometimes

over dry. So that we find solution to that problem by designing and developing of

coconut dryer. It is very helpful to our coconut farmer because it can dry a

coconut in a small period of time. So that we study the parameters that we can

use in designing and developing coconut dyer. Such as the heat required to dry a

coconut, the time of drying of coconut in the machine and etc. Nowadays our oil

producers build their own facility in drying a coconut. It dry's the coconut in

different stages. In stage one, the coconut are arranged in the conveyor with the

speed of 100 rpm. In stage two, the coconut arrange in supine, it dries the

coconut by a solar heater. In stage three, the coconut arrange in upside-down


position it dry the coconut by biomass. This study focus in drying coconut in

fastest and good quality. First, determine the old of the coconut, second design

the machine and third, the capacity of the machine to produce copra in hours. In

these method we can determine the efficiency of the machine of producing

copra. Finally the survey to our coconut farmer. With this information the

researcher desire to conduct study regarding about the fastest and efficiency

making of copra.

Objectives of the Study

This study is focus in design of coconut dryer. This are the following

objectives of the study.

 To design a coconut dryer with the following parts:


 Dryer
 Frame
 Conveyor
 Motor
 To test and determine the performance of the machine with the following
parameters.
 The amount of coconut dry in hour.
 The capacity of the machine to dry a coconut.
 The quality of the coconut that produce after drying.
 To determine the cost in constructing coconut dryer.
Statement of the Problem

This study focus in the design of coconut dryer machine.

Especially it answer the following question:

1. What is the amount of heat required to dry a coconut?

2. What is the amount of copra produce per hour of the machine?

3. Are there significant difference among the manual procedure of making

copra and the design coconut husker and dryer?

Significance of the Study

The main focus of this study is to design and develop a coconut dryer.

These product uses only one thousand pieces of coconut to determine the

effectiveness and time of machine.

To the researcher, the output of this study will not only be a simple

accomplishment in earning a grade but will also be a great help to the concern

person or group.

To the future researches, this study will give them an idea or references

for improve this study.


Scope and Delimitation of the Study

This study is limited in the effectiveness and the time of producing copra

of the machine. The coconut limited to one thousand pieces only to determine

the effectiveness and the time of producing copra of the machine.


Chapter II

REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the theories and studies that are relevant to the

study. Presented also this chapter are the conceptual framework and operational

definition of terms.

Related Literature

Coconut is one of the most valuable gifts of nature to mankind.

The every part of a coconut tree has its own use or applications. It is

Generally called “Tree of Heaven”, ‘‘Tree” of Abundance”, “Tree of

Life” and kalpavriksha”.

Historically, in the medieval period the coconut was known as Nux

indica, the Indian nut, during the same period it was also referred as

Nargil tree, “the tree of life”. Western literature mentioned the Malayalam

Name “Tenga” for the coconut palm which related to Tamil ‘Tennai’ and

Believed to have been introduced from Sri Lanka. It’s geographical

Dispersion around the world was aided by waves of sea, travelers


Migrating and trading between homeland countries and even to more

Distant Islands, from Asia to American coasts. Botanically, the coconut

Palm is a monocotyledon and belongs to the order Arecaceae, family

Palmae and the specie is known as Cocus nucifera Linn.

The dried kernel or copra is the richest source of edible oil and a

byproduct coconut oil cake, a source of vegetable protein used as an ingredient

for livestock feed. The fresh coconut is converted to copra through various

processes like husk removal, breaking into two, shell removal and drying. Drying

is the oldest and most common post-harvest technology in copra producing

industries. Drying is basically a heat and mass transfer phenomena, which

results in moisture reduction by evaporation under controlled condition. It is

achieved by means of supplying energy i.e., by passing hot air through the

surface of the products thereby the product gets heated up and releases the

moisture to attain the desired moisture content. Coconut has an initial moisture

content of 55 per cent (w.b), which is to be reduced to 6 per cent (w.b) for

obtaining good quality copra. In order to get good quality copra for export or oil

production, coconuts need to be dried to its final moisture content as fast as

possible. Otherwise, the growth of microorganisms will take place as a result of

the low ambient temperature and the high relative humidity and often leads to

severe deterioration in quality.

There are two conventional methods widely used for drying copra.

The first method is kiln drying, which has the problem of smoke deposits that
may form polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the copra. The coconut is

dehusked, split in to half and kept in a kiln, where the coconut husk or any other

fuel combusted to produce the heat required for drying coconut. This is the most

common method involves the use of a kiln with direct heat and smoke generated

from the combustion of fuel such as husks, shells and firewood. The second

method is open sun drying, which has the major problem of slow and intermittent

drying, no protection over rain, contamination by dust, birds, insects and

microbial contamination, undesirable quality change and non-uniformity of dried

products. The coconut is split in to half by drained of water and the halved nuts

left with the meat facing the sky for drying. After two days the meat can be

removed from the shell easily and again kept for drying process, which is

completed after five to seven days [4, 5]. Solar energy is one of the most

promising renewable energy sources. In order to overcome the problems of open

sun drying, the solar dryer was first developed by Everitt and Stanley in 1976 [6].

Drying using solar dryers is the method of controlled sun drying to enhance the

quality of dried products. But solar dryers too takes more time as the solar

energy availability is seasonal. Therefore, solar dryers alone is not a solution for

the above problems in copra production. Solar dryers combined with biomass hot

air generation system for drying during off sunshine hours reduces the drying

time and improves the quality of the dried copra.


Conceptual Framework

The conceptual model of the study is shown in the form of the paradigm in

Figure 1. It utilized the input, throughput and output approach.

The input of the study consisted of the alternative ideas from related

literature and studies, supply and materials, tools and equipment.

The throughput covers the different processes involved in the study:

Designing, Fabrication and Construction of the machine.

The output is the designed and fabricated of a pedal powered hacksaw

cutting machine.

THROUGHPUT
 Alternative  Designed
 Designing
ideas from and
related fabricated of
 Fabrication coconut
literature.
 Supply and dyer.
materials.
 Tools and  Construction
equipment.

INPUT OUTPUT

FEEDBACK
Figure 1. Conceptual Framework
Definition of Terms

For better understanding of this study the following terms were defined

operationally:

Coconut- the large, oval, brown seed of a tropical palm, consisting of a hard

shell lined with edible white flesh and containing a clear liquid.

Dryer- a machine or device for drying something.

Solar- relating to or denoting energy derived from the sun

Biomass- an organic matter used as a fuel.

Conveyor- a mechanical apparatus for moving articles or bulk materials from

place to place.

Solar Dryer- are devices that use solar energy to dry substances.

Copra- dried coconut kernels, from which oil is obtained.

Kiln- a furnace or oven for burning, baking and drying.

Frame- a basic structure that underlies or support a system.


REFERENCES

“The performance of natural convection solar dryers for copra production”, 1 st

Edition by C.K. SANKAT and R.A. ROLLE, Received 20February 1990;

accepted25 October 1990

“International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science” Volume 4

by Dr. Frederick T. Villa, Issue 1, January-February, 2016

“Journal of Advanced Agricultural Technologies” Vol. 3, by Lola Domnina B.

Pestaño, March 2016

Mr. Ketan K.Tonpe Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications


www.ijera.com ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 7( Version 3), July 2014, pp.39-
44

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