Abnormal Psychology Chapter 1 (Barlow) : Phobia Criteria

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Phobia Criteria
- severe reaction.
- a psychological disorder characterized by marked and
persistent fear of an object or situation.
Psychological Disorder
- a psychological dysfunction associated with distress or
impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or
culturally expected.
1/102
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MindMatter7

Terms in this set (102)

OriginalAlphabetical
Phobia Criteria
- severe reaction.
- a psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or
situation.
Psychological Disorder
- a psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a
response that is not typical or culturally expected.
Abnormal Behavior
- actions that are unexpected and often evaluated negatively because they differ from
typical or usual behavior.
Psychopathology
- scientific study of psychological disorders
Psychological Dysfunction
- refers to a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning.
Certain psychological dysfunctions are considered to be on a
- continuum
The Scientist-Practitioner
- consumer of science, evaluator of science
and creator of science

- the most important recent development in psychopathology is the adoption of scientific


methods to learn more about disorders, causes, and treatment.
Clinical Description
Causation (Etiology)
Treatment and Outcome
Focuses of studying Psychological Disorders:
impairment
The behavior must be associated with ___________ to be classified as abnormal.
Clinical Description
- details of the combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings of an individual that
make up a particular disorder.
Presenting Problem
- original complaint reported by the client to the therapist. the actual treated problem
may be a modification derived from the presenting problem.
Prevalence
- number of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time
Incidence
- number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific period
Course
- pattern of development and change of a disorder over time.
Prognosis
- predicted development of a disorder over time
Etiology
- cause or source of a disorder
Exorcism
- religious ritual that attributes disordered behavior to possession by demons and seeks
to treat the individual by driving the demons from the body.
Demons & Witches
- were once thought to influence abnormal behavior
Nicholas Oresme
- suggested that melancholy was the source of some bizarre behavior rather than
demons.

- He suggested that much of the evidence for sorcery was obtained by torturing the
insane who would probably have confessed to anything to stop the pain.
Intrapsychic Conflicts
- a struggle among the id, ego and superego
Ego
- "Mediator"
- Logical and rational.
- Driven by the Reality Principle and is responsible for finding realistic ways to satisfy id
drives.
Superego
- "Conscience"
- driven by internalized moral standards of parents and society.
Defense Mechanism
- pattern of behavior often an adaptive coping style when it occurs in moderation, in
response to a particular situation
Psychosexual stages of development
- phases a person passes through during development.
- Each stage is named for the location on the body where id gratification is maximal at
the a time.
Castration Anxiety
- fear in young boys that they will be mutated genitally because of their lust for their
mothers.
Neuroses
- obsolete term for disorder thought to result from an unconscious conflict and the
anxiety it causes.
Ego Psychology
- theory that emphasizes the role of the ego in development and attributes psychological
disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts. also known as
self psychology
Object Relations
- modern development in psychodynamic theory involving the study of how children
incorporate the memories and values of people who are close and important to them.
Collective Unconscious
- accumulated wisdom of a culture collected and remembered across generation
- a psychodynamic concept introduced by Carl Jung
Free Association
- technique intended to explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious. the
patient is to say whatever comes to mind without censoring
Dream Analysis
- dream content is examined as symbolic of id impulses and intrapsychic conflicts
Psychoanalyst
- therapist who practices psychoanalysis after earning either an md or a phd degree
Transference
- concept suggesting that clients may seek to relate to the therapist as they do to
important authority figures particularly their parents.
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
- new version of psychoanalysis that still emphasizes unconscious processes and
conflicts but it briefer and more focused on specific problems.
Self Actualizing
- humanistic psychology idea where people strive to achieve their highest potential
against difficult life experiences.
Person-Centered Therapy
- method in which the client, rather than the therapist directs the course of discussion
seeking self discovery and self responsibility
Unconditional Positive Regard
- acceptance by the counselor of the clients feeling and actions without judgment or
condemnation
Behavioral Model
- explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning
and adaptation derived from experimental psychology
Classical Conditioning
- fundamental learning process first described by Ivan Pavlov
- event that automatically elicits a response is paired with another stimulus event that
does not. the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that can elicit the desired
response by itself.
Extinction
- learning process in which a response maintained by reinforcement in operant
conditioning or pairing in classical conditioning decreases when that reinforcement or
pairing is removed.
Introspection
- early nonscientific approach to the study of psychology involving systematic attempts
to report thoughts and feelings that specific stimuli evoked.
Systematic Desensitization
- technique to diminish excessive fears, involving gradual exposure to the feared
stimulus paired with a positive coping experience, usually relaxation.
Behavior Therapy
- array of therapeutic methods based on the principles of behavioral and cognitive
science, as well as principles of learning as applied to clinical problems. it considers
specific behaviors rather than inferred conflicts as legitimate targets for change.
Reinforcement
- in operant conditioning consequences for behavior that strengthen it or increase its
frequency.
Shaping
- in operant conditioning the development of a new response by reinforcing successively
more similar versions of that response.
Phobia
- Marked or persistent fear of an object or a situation.
Psychosocial
- focuses not only on psychological factors but also on social and cultural ones.
Moral Therapy
- treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible in a setting that encouraged
and reinforced normal social interactions.
Mental Hygiene Movement
- Movement from which Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) is the proponent.
- Reformation of the treatment of the insane throughout Canada & the United States.
Psychoanalysis
- elaborate theory of the structure of the mind and the role of unconscious precessed in
determining behavior.
Behaviorism
- Watson, Pavlov, & Skinner
- Focuses on how learning and adaptation affect the development of psychpathology.
Unconscious Mind
- the material of the mind that seems to be beyond the awareness of the patient.
Catharsis
- discovery that recalling and reliving emotional trauma that has been made
unconscious and releasing the accompanying tension in therapeutic process.
ID
- "The Animal"
- The source of our strong sexual and aggressive energies.
- Instinctual drives.
- Illogical, emotional, irrational. Drive by the Pleasure principle.
Psychoanalytic Model
- Focuses on the structure of the mind - the distinct functions of personality that
sometimes clash with one another, the defense mechanisms - in which the mind
protects itself, & the stages of early psychosexual development - that provide grist for
the mill of our inner conflicts.
Ego Psychology (Self-Psychology)
- Abnormal Behavior develops when the ego is deficient in regulating such functions as
delaying and controlling impulses, or in marshaling appropriate normal defenses to
storng internal conflicts.
Prevalence
- tells How many people in the populations as a whole have obsessive-compulsive
disorder?
Moral Therapy
- treating institutionalized patients normally as possible and encouraging social
interactions and relationship development. Page 27 1.3 Concept check
Bromides
- a class of sedating drugs
Draeptomania
- A sickness that caused them to desire freedom
Dyaesthesia
- Refusal to work for one's master
Hysteria
- Wandering Uterus
Cultural Relativism
- perspective holds that there are no universal standards or rules for labelling a behavior
as abnormal
Disease Model
Medical Model is also known as:
Biogenic
- results from malfunction in the body
episodic course
- the individual is likely to recover within a few months only to suffer a recurrence of the
disorder at a later time.
Prevalence
- how many people in the population have a disorder?
chronic course
- disorder tent to last a long time, sometimes a lifetime
Course
- individual pattern
Time-limited disorder
The disorder will improve without treatment in a relatively short period.
Acute Onset
- meaning that they begin suddenly
Insidious Onset
- develop gradually over an extended period
Sin of Acedia
- Sloth
Developmental Psychology
- study of changes in behavior over time
Developmental Psychopathology
- study of changes in abnormal behavior
Agents
- might be divinities, Demons, spirits, or other phenomena such as magnetic fields or
the moon or the stars.
Nicholas Oresme
- suggested that the disease of Melancholy (depression) was the source of some
bizarre behavior.
Emotional Contagion
- the experience of an emotion seems to spread to those around us.
Mob Psychology
- if one person identifies a "cause" of the problem, others will probably assume that their
own reactions will have the same source.
1. Blood
2. Black Bile
3. Phlegm
4. Choler/ Yellow Bile
Four bodily humors
Lunatic
- derived from the Latin word, meaning "moon"
Paracelcus
- speculated that the gravitational effects of the moon on bodily fluids might be a
possible cause of mental disorders
Bleeding/Bloodletting
- a carefully measured amount of blood was removed from the body,
Heart
Blood came from
Black Bile came from
Spleen
Brain
Phlegm came from
Liver
Yellow Bile came from:
Sanguine
- describes someone who is ruddy in complexion, presumably from copious blood
flowing through the body, and cheerful and optimistic, although insomnia and delirium
were thought to be caused by excessive blood in the brain
Robert Burton
recommended eating tobacco and half-boiled cabbage to induce vomitting
Yang
- life-sustaining wind
Yin
- Dark Wind
Somatic Symptom Disorders
- the physical symptoms appear to be the result of a medical problem for which no
physical cause can be found, such as paralysis and some kind of blindness.
Hysteron
- Greek word for uterus
Delusion of Persecution
- believing that everyone is plotting against you
Delusion of Grandeur
- believing that you are God
Psychosis
- psychological disorders characterized in part by beliefs that are not based in reality
(delusion), perceptions that are not based in reality (hallucination)
Germ Theory of Disease
- facilitated the identification of the specific bacterial microorganisms that caused
syphilis.
Deinstitutionalization
- patients were released into their communities
Insulin
- occasionally given to stimulate appetite in psychotic patients who were not eating, but,
is also seemed to calm them down.
Opium
derived from poppies
Rauwoldia Serpentine
- reserpine
Emil Kraepelin
- founding father of modern Psychiatry

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