THE PROBLEMS OF THE SUBNORMAL FAMILY

5F'i

.1CMASTER UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

3 9005 0250779 0
 OF THE.
THE
P-ifoBLKM^ SUBKQRMAI*; FAMjnjY
thlesis submitted to1

iDr,. A. It^lCo, CzMpaon

Jfc Ma'st^f: UniveWsitir, Hamil/tttm-jjOnU

Marfch 1-7^ 1933 r

R e v '. f V ii&i -| !Dc)(ugla s, , B . a .

 THS PROBLEM OF TfflE gUBSOHMAX TAMIL?

IHTRODUCTIOH -
Definition

. THE PROBLEM PRESENTED

1. Study 6f twelve women ivin,rj rise to subnormal

families. Study of their offspring.

(a) Mental Status.

(b) Physical Condition.

(c) Moral Standards.

(d) phenomenal Growth.

. THE EFFECTS OF THE SUBNORMAL FAMILY UPOM SHE JQOflJKITY

AgD SOCIETY.

1* ", Physical Effects.

2. Mental Effects

3. Moral Effects.

4. Cost to Society of this group of subnormal families.

Rate of Increase.

. ITKDERLYIKG CAUSES QF SUBNORMAL FA11ILY

1. Hereditary Causes.

(a) Physical

(b) Mental

2* Environmental Causes.

(a) Home, Influences.

'.. (b) Sooilal Influences*

; (o) Ificonjomio Influences.

SUffGESTEtD RSLEEflISS FOR SOILING THE PROBLEM OF THE
dm^mi '.fumx.
The Institutions, and the contributions that they might
mate to the finding of a solution for the subnormal
family.
1. flhe State.

(ai) Improved llarria^e Laws.

(1) Requirement of a medical certificate as to

physical health and mental soundness prior/
to the issuing .of a marriage license.

(2) Requirement of seven days notice of the

intentio;hto marry.

(b) Segregation.
(1) Sodle.1 Segregation

(21) Siex Segregation.

(o) .Sterilization o-f physicallyluMlt1' a^nd merital

defectives.

2. The- Sehoc(l.

(a) aoon^s tor "jproblem" children .with epeo.iall|y

tnained- teaching staff.

(b) Mechanical arid manual training for those laofc^

ing mental capacity to do work of regular
curriculum.

,(c) Orgajnli (zed. arid Supervised Play.

3. Tha Ohurch.

(a) Interpretation of the social role for tbe sub

normal family.

lb) Interpretation of the1 8piritual role.

SUGGESTED REMEDIES FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEM OF MS
goMOfimi ramcr.

ffht inati tut ions, and the contributions that they might
make to the finding of a solution for the subnormal
family.
1. Che State.

(a) Improved Marriage Laws.

(1) Requirement of. medical certificate as to

a

physical health and mental soundness prior

to the issuing of a marriage license.

(2) Requirement of seven days notice of the

intention to marry.

(b) Segregation.

(.1) Soaial Segregation

(2) Sex Segregation.

(o.) Sterilization of physically unfit and mental

defectives.

2. The School.

[%,') Rooma for "problem" children with specially

trained teaching staff.

[d) Meohanical and manual training for those lack

ing mental capacity to do work of regular
curriculum.

!o) Organized and Supervised Play.

$? Pf Church.

(a) Interpretation of the social role for the sub

normal family*

(V) Interpretation of the spiritual role*

 -1

UTTRODUCTIOff

The subnormal family presents the most appalling of

all family problems. By "subnormal*; we

me^n,\ (1) a fam

ily whose mental [raj injj.is' low, i,.e.r anywhere tio'4 h^gh
grade moron .to mentally\ 'defective; (2) a family Whose

moral standards are below normal, and who are delinciueat;

and (3), as a usual but not necessary corollary, a family
subject to social disease, and (4), so improvident as to

be a public charge. The aubnormal family may not be oom-

pcrsed of all these factors, but either factor one or two

are to be found, and the third and fourth may be found.

In some cases all four factors mentioned are present.

It will thus be evident that since this group la not

of normal intelligenoe, the ordinary methods of approach

are useless-. The social v/orker, the legislator, and the

educator .must find some new method of approach to a prob

lem that ha3 been too long neglected, and too long placed

in the category of tJie "unmentionables**.

To appreciate the significance of the problem, we

must study the subnormal family as to the effect it has

on society. We must consider the causes that have pro

duced this social phenomenon in modern society.

. Without

a knowledge of these underlying causes, our approach will

be largely hypothetical, but having seen the causes and

their effects, it remains for us to consider remedies that

at least mitigate, if not remove, the problem of the sub

normal family from the mid at of modern society.

 -2-

I. THE PROBLEM PRESENTED

In order to see the problem in its true perspective,

let us study the case ef Sfeyburn, Sask., which has a pop

ulation of approximately five thousand people. Of this

population, there is a growing group of indigents who are

entirely dependent upon charity for their support, and who

have lived on city belief for several years. This group

amounts to several hundred, and at first glance would

seem out of all proportion to the population; but upon

Closer scrutiny, we can see that it is the direot result

of a failure to cope with the problem of the subnormal

family during the past twenty years.

In order to illustrate that, I have taken frqm

their number, twelve immoral or nonmoral women. By Im

moral I mean common prostitutes, and by non-moral I

mean women who are mental defectives, and have no

knowledge of right or wrong, but who are used for im

moral purposes by their husbands or others. From these

twelve women, the charts which I have submitted show

that there have oome two hundred descendants, of whom

one hundred and seventy-five are living. These twelve

women had ninety-five children, and they in turfc pro

duced one hundred and five offspring.

The following table will Bhow how this phenomenal

increase has oome about.

 -3-

rCfelldlrejn Total ;iHouae-: SO. 5a. : Total :

froU' .Descend
: : holds: Moral :Rated : Living: ,

: Mother : ants :3et UP: DeilncUe'ntS;: Formal.

Eo.l : 9 : 10 \ 1 5 : 10 ':
'

EC. 2 ' 9 9 : 1 : :; 8 1
5o,3 : 4 : 5 ': 1 1 : -
: 5 ':
So. 4 : 5 8 : 4 : 3 : 4 '. 8 .'
Ho. 9 .
2 9 '. 2 : 2 : 1 '. 8 *;
Eo.6 9 35 : 8 : 6 ' 6 ': 25 ':
No. 7 is \ 56 13 4 : 49 ":
SO. 8 : 9 16 4 6 J 2 i 15 ":
Ho.9 \ 10 14 3 . 5 10 10 \
Bo.io! 8 10 2 ! - a.
10 |
So .11 : 8 \ 16 3 ! 2 : 9 i 16 i
So. 12* 4 \ 11 4 i - '
2 ! '
11 :

i 95 ; 200 46 i 34 34 ! 175 |
(a) From the above study of these twelve cases, it will

be seen that this group Is mentally subnormal. Of the 175

who are living, only 34 graded normal. By that I mean that

they were able to move from grade to grade at a moderate

pace, even taking into consideration their natural hindrances

of environment and physique. Many who did not finish Grade Vlll,
fcut who did fair work while in school, have been counted normal.

This leaves 141 who would not be considered normal mentally*

Of these, some are small children about whom it may be too

early yet to make dogmatic predictions. But even this leaves

a large proportion of individuals who have not even normal.

Intelligence.
 *-

Beoausp this. class tend; to; Intermarry, aa I have

attempted to show in t-he charts submitted, the sficokid

and third genera Ifjibna are nearly always worse than the

first. The result is an ever increasing- nUmfe^r of

morons and imbeciles, who continue to"be[ a charge Upon'

sooiety.

(b) This grouu? mUs't also be considered subnormal

physically. A slide fron the malnutrition as a'r.own by

the many cases o|f ridketa, there are even more ominous

indications. It would be d if! ult to give exa.ct 'atatls-

tios, but ten; of! the \tw,elve charts submitted show venerea^
disease in some imember of the family. Titfe case- of Kb. 4

arid '
is typical. Thiis wojnan was horribly disesised, as a

result her whole family are Buffering. The two youngest

are Buffering from arthr'itigi The daughter was compelled^
to leave Behoolwhen the,dissase w,hich she ha,d contracted''

, from her mother broke, out in her tonsils.

This group tend tp infect one ^another. The eldest

son i!n Ho. 12 parried the eldest daughter, in. No. 8. -He

is a
mentally deflective,, but I have no reason to believe
he was diseased. But his-wifje was r
and' now ha and t^a,-
Children are infected,

(o) This groqa are >ilsb morally sub norma lv In the. above

table it will be aeen that ./from .these women fcave come 34

rioral delin<iuent3. I harve not aou4tald children^ guilty of

small oriaea, or having uly dispositions-. I have in

cluded only those with a police oourt record,, and those

 -5-

whom we know to be illegal parents. Others aswng thin

number we may suspect of sexual license, and other orlma,

but we are oount ing only those- criminally convicted.

Thirty-four moral delinquents from 175 individuals,

many of whom are only babies, and so may be potential

delinquents, is a very alarming figure. It means that

20 to 25 percent of the offspring of these twelve women

are already morally subnormal.

This does not include the generally low tone of

morality among these people, which cannot be shown by

statistics, but which is very low. The case of Ko. 3

is a good illustration. When the school nurse found

that the daughlter of ihp family was pregnant, she im-r

mediately took her home. The mother's only comment was

"Come on in, Dearie, and don't cry. Mother will fix you

up all right", &nd it was only the threat of exposure that

prevented an abortion taking place. Since the child's

birth about a year and a half ago, this girl has been in

hospital for miscarriages, and ha a had to be ste-rilized

for the protection of the community..

'; \

(d) Not only; are these people mentally, .physically and

morally subnormal, but they present an additional problem

i

by reason of their rapid growth. Twelve women producing

|
95 children means a birth rate of 7.9, and for total

descendants, an average of 16.6 children per each one of

the original twelve women. When we remember that the

 -6-

avera^e birth-rate is in the neighborhood of 3.1,. we

see Just how alarming the situation is. If this group

should continue to be as prolific as in the pst quarter

of a century, we w>ould have wall over One thousand descend

ants-- from these twelve women in another tWenty-five years*

Ott'e thousand people, two-thirds of whom are mentally

defective, and one-fifth morally delinqient, would create

a problem of ! horrible magnititude. Surely the oont inued

polijoy Of allowing the 3U|briormaIL family to bring into the

wor^d large numberjs of individuals' to fill our Jails and

mental institutions, and to liVe upon charity, is one of

consummate folly.
IJU THE EFFECTS OF THE! SUBNORMAL FAMILY.,

The effects of a large indigent class, of vdiich 20$

are mdr.al delinquents, and an even larger percentage morons,

oanniot but be detrimental to the community.

1. Consider first the physical effects on the-comnturiity

of the subnormal! family. .

i*.g can be seen from a perusal of

the twelve families recorded, many of .them. are 'diseased.

From the records submitted, it will he seen -that tl>ere are

at least twelve woctien Or girls who are; living as prostitutes,

and who are disease^. The Hedical Health Officer reports

that the eldest daughter of No. 6 is a constant source of

infection to all wandering and subnormal men in the neighbor?*

hood. This may be. considered' true of the others, for the

Medical Health Offioer states that he- Is handling three

times as many cas.es of venereal disease in proportion to

 -7-

oth>r. "ailmenta", as ten years ago. This leaves little doubt

tha,* this class are not only infecting one another, but

also those with whom they come in contact. It is true, of

o'ouraie. that those infected are Of a low moral1 order, but

hot always. Sometimes men from fairly good homes., tut

who are Working in the oity ,

are accosted by these women

atad are in due course infected . How many have been thus

affected, it ia impossible to say, but their number must.

be large, and the effects lasting and detrimental.

2. Consider the mental effect a of the subnormal family

on the community. The fact that of the 175 living .-off
spring-. o|f the twelve women, being studied, only 34 graded
l
normal , means that a large percentage hav,e not the mental

capacity to attain even a public school educati6n. Take

the case of Frank , son of No. 2, -who is twenty

years old,. but oanniot dp Grade II work; or of Muriel, the

granddaughter of No* 6, who at fifteen years -of age could

n<?t do Grade* II work. Most of these" -children are moved on

from grade (to grade whesn they have been two or three years

in the saijae room, hot bieoaUse they can do the' work, "hut to

prevent therh from becoming obstinate and unmanageable,; and

because they tend to become ring leaders among the Smaller-

chlldnen. The law oompels .them to* attend, sohool, but thej

make lit t la or no progress.

The result ia a general slowing up of work-in the

room in which they are placed. It Is only natural that the

 -8-

least promts i ho child sjets the pacja for the room} and

in this case, the pace is that of the proverbial snail.

There are three public schools ''in this city, in addition

to the Collegiate. Mosit o'.' the indigent ola^a attend one

Of the public 'Schools oh. the south side of the ci-lty. The

result iis that this school is always behind the otlver two.

It Is outclassed In matters of study, , snorts or djstcorum

forrnot only does the subnormal child vlower the a^erci^e;,

but. the average <rhi'ld,!does not. d-o-as good .workt in an at-

mospheHe which 1$ ! far: from stimulating,1' and whjich' fells

to call forth his best efforts.

Hiehce a la^p-e number of.':.subr:o'jrmal: child renj-Uri the

community cannot but

'
i have a detrimeht&l effect ; oni the
''
,'
:
'
...
(
. \ >\ '-;.. ) '-;''.[
men tal -standards and intelluctual. attainments ,pfj the

communi,ty .

3. The1 moral .elffecits of tiie subnormal family are of a

necessity pernicious, Ihe gi^oup of -Juvenile. -delinquents

fouhd. Oh :paces 1, 5 and 9, farmed a gang of ishopbre&kers

arid;., this vies who were frequently seen in, .Juvenile court.

Not only did they stimulate one another to lawbreakihg,

but it was found that they were influencing other boys

who were' neither' subnormal. It only
(delinquent nor was

when the gang; was broken up. by sending the ringleaders

to Industrial School, that their influence among Other

boys was halted. Even yet, those who remain, by tilieir

language, standard of mobals and conduct, tend to a
 -9-

Idwerlllng -^f fche-'molliiiai cddaLamiQnjg|.'th.efir:.^h.aoJtoatjasyJ

Titers ame is true o|f the delinquents -whose! delinquency

id of a sexusllina'tklrel 'i Of i .the. ,34 moral deliritqu&nts, at

least 28 are guilty of illegal p^rjerijtage , or -ta^bOrtii on|^

While most Oft this gtoiup affected] mainly th-eiir own- clas3,l
nelverthelle'bs some a if thtiiriiwere, a sanroe; or. xempxajfi onl to1

sdhiool ma'tefe. The presence f in any) school or, op immunity otf a

group, of, aexually immoral girls is.' bou/nd; to .make for. ji

lo> feeing o|f morial' s|ta.hdlar.ds. Abpulfc tthe time that: some of

tfiiese girls -be'cfa-me 411e|gal mothers, tha 's.itfoatii|on ;becfcnte.

sqcommon that mucW. oiC the stigma oeemiedt to '^ha'vje beenlire-

raoived, a^dj.the facts were lalccept efll as! a '.i-matteri 'Of courf s.e.
.

The boys ilncludjed-- ji.h this dlasis pf-tfeh had- tfe.scfadt to fpolli!

buit. potentlially f-ihle girls',, who thus beea'mel'.-conltam'i'na't^e'd..

It i,,s- almols't Impoaslible to! estimate the^fooral 'ejOect -that

a group, like this 'carl have. .Ion the y.<pu)nger gerierfetltion .who

iaris', suscepiti-ble to the mora[|L cod"e'3 <j)fl those. 'at cfet them;,
.

4. Another eff.ecft iff the ^subnormal family ls| the>e-03t

to f I mairtteriance'i It may b3 a merce^ry vi'ewi to take of .the

prl^blet|i, ,-yet in1 vielw of mounting taxation,.' iit J i|s of .importance

tol' the .aveirdge' Oltilzen to Bchowthl effect of the., aubipprmal

family -on his tax bill.

ATmols.t all of the 175, individuals listed in the! above

ta|ble-,;,are Mkept by th,e-oity! or by., tb|e -state. Thlis la 'not

entirely due to the presefl-tiiadverse- economic : conditions.

Harry of .th1asa",1 families "have beeh kept;;, at leiastj partially,

 -10

by the city or sy loc&l charity errgahizations for many

years. There are families like Nors. 1, 3f 4 and 9 who

had to receive help from the city evie.ry W.Ihter, even-

ih piroaperous tim6s, But now that Uh'emplpymett t is oommoh',

the whole group are
living on relief, and have been for

over two years.

'

The City of Weyburh -spent $3,^00*00 for the niohth

of January 1933 on the keeping of these families; and this

was not the heaviest mlorith. of the year b|y. any means*. When

we take' into consideration the share of tne Provincial, and

Federal -Governments l/n this expenditure ; we :can get sfpme

idea' of' the treimendlous cost involved.

'

In'addition to the <}ost -pf' keeping thleke.f^milire-s.j

Is It he cost of their ^medlcjal' attention;.' ;;Mo|stl of thial.is

torhetjy charitable organisations, the \City, rand the

kindness of I the' medioal\ 'and dental --men- in. -town. The -cost

of brjinging ,mOst of th,<Hr children ..intjo the world is, borne

by the1 city. The cost of "dental work, eye correction ^nd

operations is torne by the" .citizens1, relief -p,rganJiz atiojn.

In- addition 'to t'he'.cQst of the "keeping of tihese

Ia'mil'ie!s\ ia.'the expense of educating them. The, School

Board estimates ...that it costs 70. pO per ye^r for avery
child in JBublic School, fiere are over, a hundred Ohil&iren -

involving an -expense ofi o;ver ^7000.00 u

only ^ small per-

oentage cff whom pah ev,e|r be expected t o give to the state

any ade^ate returns f ojr. the ,mony expended^ In the

'

case
 -11-

0Tf< No". Z, for ihstanoe, It costs $ 5.60^00 p"er yMt to

educate .'thils, family, to -say not* ihg-. of keeping it,
and: yet it is doubtful If any one member f it has

derived anyj material benefit from attendance at; school.

In addition to all this cost, Is the expense of

keeping those who are in Mental Hospitals, reformatories,

and ^jails. Take the case -of -

JJo. I'. Not only does the'

City k^ep,. clofebe and take care of the family, but -ijfc

has to pay jfor the upkeep of the two toys sent', <fe o the.

Industrial School. The state is required to keep the"

eldest boy who is in jail-; and society is called upon

to -belar the expense, through the Salvation Army, H'ome,

for the oost Of bringing the illegitimate and imbecile

child of the eldest daughter into the world. Or'j.take

the clhse of NO: 10. This woman has to be kept in a

government, owned MentaT Hospital', land all df her children

afe bieingkept either in an Orphonage, or on city relief .'

When we -realize that -this cost ;

is. mount ing rather

tha-A' decreasing',, we giet some' ''idjea' o.f what the cost will,

bfef in the futu;r|e. The above' table shows -that whereas there'

were twelve, homes to begin with, there, are now 46. Ahd.

this* &oe0. not. take into account ws\-aii the young married

couples who are;1 living wjLth their parent8, but only those
who jhave set up separate households.. This means thja,t in-

sx&ad of having to provide -for twelve indigent "families,!

this City is. called upon to provide; for 46;. instead of

having the .upkeep of .12 women, the city has how the post

bf 175 additional1 Individuals on its hands.

 -12-

Not only are those on relief increasing the cost

of their upkeep to the Government, but also th'dfte in

institutions. Take for example the Case of No. 5b.

This woman was confined to the Mental; Hospital &6 a

mentally defective. She was allowed out on two oot

cafeiohs to live with her nu'aband. During these tilmes

she lived as a- prostitute with his consent. Both df-

her ch.'ildreh were born during visits home. Now she is

again in the Mental Hospital, and- her unfortunate children

are with her. Thus the initial cost td 'the taxjbay er has

been trebled in her case. This may exdlaln Why in thi3

province both Mental Hospitals are crowded tp pSpadity^

and
why the cost of caring for the mentally defective is

steadily /rising.
It would be difficult to predict the cost to society..
of the'se 175 individuals, but taking into-acoQurit the money

.anient Upon direct relief, the cost of, education and meaicial

care, and the expense of maintaining' institutions for their

mentally and morally defective, it must run into thousands

of dollars, and this without any visible satisfactory re

turns for the money invested*

III. THB SUBNORM&L FAMILY AND jBONTRWI ING OAFSES.

If we are to deal with the subnornial family in an

intelligent and scientific manner, we mu$t first determire

xne causes that have contributed, to Its present condition.

We will olassify the causes into two groups. ,1 'The'l&erjaditatf

 1-

Causes, 2, The Environmental Causaa.

1. There was a. tlm'e When heredity was/^biat'med' al

most entirely for the subnormal fern Ily. Biology has

since shown us- ..that acquired characteristics such as

tnOr^l delinquency and physical, laziness etc. cannot be

transmitted. But Biology has also shown that heredity

is responsible for- the neuromuscular set-up' with which

the child begins: life. Thus the area o\f possibility -in

every child's life Is set by the organism.. given* to it by

its. paVrehts. Hen.ce the imDOrtarit part played by heredity

as a cause 'for the subnormal family.

(a,) Lei: us fii*st think -of. the physical cause- with refer-

.
ence. to heredity. The -fact that out, of the. twelve fanril'iea

we' have been studying, ten of,.th.eroT nave venereal disease-,

rOught:,in by one* or both, of, the parents,, is, ind,ic'ative ,of

the.larg^ part' physical disease 'plays- in the subnormal f ajmily. ,

The record shows that in. nearly, all ,

of these families the

Medieial Health- Officer has had to, treat- the children who

are infedted -
most frequently in the .eyes. The ease of

No. 4 Is most noteworthy. The entire family ^hasjaeen in

fected frjora childhood and at different times the. .children

were compelled to leave school. -

The youngest child will

not likely ever overcome the handicap, since he is almojst

deaf. Its needs little elaboration -to- see that the
trans
mission of physica:!. disease has played a large, part In the

creating Of. the subnormal familyv

 -14*

(,bl) The, same is true of mental defectiveness as a

o 6n.tr, lbuting factor** Of the twelve o'ouples started

With, Noa. 3? 3, 7 and 10, one or, both parents wereK

or had been,jjaja Mental' Institutions at some till me-, and

in the.. caise' of -No. 10., the .mother of this woman had

been mentally defective and had teen confined t an

institution. In the case of No. 1, the father and

mother1 of this womah were first cousins, and ahe her

self is a "low grade moron. Here we have four patients

frtrai Mental Hos-pitals;, one low grade morbh, and seven

who would not grade more than high grade morons. It 'is

not to be wqndered at that of thie 175 living descendants

of these twelve couples, there are only 34 who would greid^,.

normal, and that there are ,

already 6 who are confined in

the; Mental .Hospital.

It. is therefore evident that mental;.; defect fiveness,

transmitted .f rani ..parents., to children, has played a large

part Iti bringing about the conditions that produced tire

subnormal family.

2. The envlomraental causes are not.isp ea,sily tabulated.

But therte can be little doubt thfrt environment Is an, important

factor in the subnormal family. We will, deal with three en

vironmental factors. 1, The Home Environment; Zx The, Social

Environment; 3. The Economlo Environment.

(a) The Home Environment It wodld be difficult to decide

whether the subnormal home is the cause or the effect of the

Subnormal family r Certainly it is true that it is. the sub-

 1-15-

normal family that gives rise to the undesirable home.:;

hehce it is an effect. But it is also true that the

unfavorable home reacts detrimentially upon the family",

and Especially the children; henoe it .is also a cause.

One cannot visit the homes otf the' class listed

ih the above table without realizing that" the -home la

no small factor in the subnormal i,ty found till ere. The

writer has had siome, "Small experience in the, slums of

Great Britain, and of. Chicago; 'but for filth, squalor

and unwholesome moral conditions! some of the homes

listed above have never been equalled in his exped

ience. .For insitance,, Case. No.. 1, where the oldest

daughter had a ahild to her h If -brother. The moral

atmosphere in this home could riot be anything else but

unsavory, to pay not. bins of the dirt and filth. Qr

Case NP .
1,1, where two entire families are- living in a

three-rooitn -sahek. Privacy isi of -course impossible, and

despite the fact that the children are normal, tlrere are

unmistakable signs of moral' -dsgenerjat ion, because of^the

home influence.

In the case of No. 8, it would be impossible to-

Estimate the evil effects of- the home. The-jiother is' a

prostitute, an* -as soon as thfc girls- grow, old enough they
follow in her footsteps. It tyould b& strange; if they did

not, they -are exposed to the whole disgusting husir.eSB so

repeatedly that- it hag no stigma to ijhem-. Thie case of the

boy, Bennla,, In this family is a sad one. He. Is bright

 -16-

and shows indications Qf rising acove his environment,

but as he has reached puberty, taere have been ominous

signs that unsocial traits are bfeihg developed, and

there can be little doubt thalt this is largely due *Q

the home environment.

Tiie game is true of Case No. 4. This man encouraged

other men to visit his wife, and 3inee she d lie d? hie has

encouraged the same attentions to his daughter. The

only stipulation being that they keep him supplied with

liquor. The home was the scene of frequent debauches amid

drunken orgies that must have left an indelible imprest's! ca

In the minds of the smaller children.

More cases might be cited, but these are eufficieht.

to show that most of these homes provide a very unhealthy

environment, not only morally, but as to cleahlin|ess. of

body and speech.

E. Social Environment.

The social contacts of this group are mainly con- i*

fined to their own class, hence the social attitude^ set

up are largely unsocial. For the children there are

school contacts, but even here that is limliJed, since

most of them attend the same school, and the tendency 'is

to assooiate with those of their awn group . The older

members of the family associate almost entirely with their

own friends drawn from the indigent class. The result. is

that they tertd to set up the mores for their? own group t

rather than to live by the moral standards of society.

 -17

On raBLny Questions of moral delinquency, they seem to

have no faeling of shame, but on the contrary they feel

that adolety hgs dfealt harshly with them by interfering

in th'eilr private affairs. The girls' who have given birth

to' llleigitjimate o iff spring ftiave -in the main refused to

part wHth them, and seem to. feel no compunction about the

censure of society.

The reason Iter this may be due to the' fact t halt -they,

are somewhat avtbid'ed by other social groups in the cj[ty.

Thia tends tio force them' among theiir own claiss for

ctompanlbnabipu It is only natural .-that Itlhey will a void

those whose moral standards the^f have deified, and s6k

to associate1 with, those who' puaoe.-no stigma upon, their

conduct. Mt lit laJe'e king .these' associations they give

rise to a group that sets up its own standard of morals

and tertdls to soften1 if not entirely, to^ ameliorate , the

ostracislm of -society.
a. 'The ffoonbrnjio Environment .

Here again cause and effect) are closely i into r-

relat/ed'. For- while We ,

recognize- that it is because they

a.re -subnormal that these oeople a^e e.cbnomically destitute,

yet; we must also recognize, that economic want plays a large

part ish. aggravating and extending, theii* subnCrmality .

Mbst of these men are unskilled laborers, whose work,i

even in good times,., is -uncertain; -and irregular. There) art

a few months in every

year wheik -there -is no employment; and

When an economic depression comes, they are the first to

 18*

boc'olmei Unemployed, and the l8st 'to be alb'le to -Obtain

empltoymecft . Even when they :

are. working steadily their

wages ..are ^m-gll, and -they, are never far from the line

of subsis^enoe*-

TheT women arie nearly all such p-oor .

housekeepers

that no -one ,- will hire ti^em. .They are dirty, and care

less;^ and- What makes the. s it.uat.ion almost hopeless , they

have no..-training whatsoever, even in the simplest house

work. The children in some cae.es are bright ehough, but

they -have 'so often ;been guillty of. .stealing that mo.st people

are. relUcta^nt . to hire them. -One of the. boys on page No. 1

'
of the.' submitted found: Work by the writer on the
charts was .

-jr-omiae.'.to make" good. The business main was sat isfie"dr 'with

the work done, but fou'hd-. that the boy Iwals taking money,

iaau finally caught him in the ..act. It- would be almost im

possible, to secure this boy a position ih town at a!ny future

daite.

Add to this the fact that -these t individuals- have -nei'tiher

the foresight nor shrewdness- JLn the spending of -the little

money they' do eaitn, and if. will be evident that their econoraiq

status is generally low. Some of them buy radios on the in-

.'-#;
stalment plan, and make a: few payments, only to have the

machine recaverea. Others buy foodstuff s" in a caaned Or

prepared condition; instead oi'.tour chasing basic commodities

and preparing their own food". I& is not unusial to find them

buying. prepared breaKfaat foods, prepared mustard and olives.

Mtiney is often spent on showy clothes, rather than on servibe-

 -19-

able' and warm clothing.

More might be stated, but this Is aufficieht tlb

show that the economic position of these peojrie is un

favorable. The result of course is malnutrition on the

part of the child rewi. Note how many in the charts have

rickets, and- are Undernourished. Many of them. need medical

and dental care, and some, need glasses. Parents and child

ren are not properly clothed. The lack of any pocket money

is- largely responsible for the thefts committed by the boys

listed as moral delinquents. How much of the prostitution

can be traced to economic want, and how touch to sensuality,

is difficult to say. but there can be little doubt that

poverty and want Haye played an important part in the

physical and moral dounfall of the' subnormal family.

IV,. SUGGESTED RKMIKDIES -FOR THE SUBNORMAL FAMILY.

In attempting to find a solution for the problem of

the subnormal family, one is traversing an almost unexplored

cou'ntry. Social. -philosophers' have propounded theories, but

little or no jrogres^s seems to have been made as to the

solution'. The lobstacle lies .'In the slowness' with which

public opinion can be made aware of the problem, and the

difficulty of gjetting the state, the school and- the churcn

to act with any degree of uniformity- To the legislator

these-people represent votes; to the educationalist, "problem"

children; and to the. church, possible converts. To get. all

three of these institutions to see the problem, and. the

particular remedy which they can supply, is the task of the

 -20-

sOCiall scientist.

Let us approach the.se suggested remedies to the

problem of- the subnormal family, keeping in mind 'tfaa

institutions under whos-e jurisdiction they wbuld coniei.

Since the State-, the School arid, the Church have each, a

Contribution to make, it. 'would be better to consider

these remedies', under ;he haadUnd of the institution' to

whose lot they would fall.

1, The of the State.
Contribution
The probLem Of fch\e'' subnormal family is chiefly 'one

fior the State. SifhoO the State has the problem bf legis

lating iln the best interests of. Society, and -since: we have

seen that the subnormal family is an ever Increasing menace

physlaally, mentally and morally, to say .nothing of a

constantly" rising expense, it. is. surely trie duty of the

State! to meet this problem.

The. suggested remedies which the State mignx exfect

are tihr.ee fn, number j 1, The Improvement of Existing Marriage

-

'
"

Laws} Z, Segregation; 3, Sterilization of Unfit, and In'cr'ea&eq.

Knowledge of Birth Control.

(.1) {a} <

The first suggestion to improve marriage laws

in the! interests of solciety, is to demand ^a medical .certifi

cate prior to the issuance' of st marriage license.. This

certificate would certify as to'mental and physical fitness.

From the caises recorded, it can be seen that .many individuals

were, married who were diseased j ahd in some cases mentally

 -21-

defective. To the issuer of marriage license's there is

nd option but to Supply the required license, provided

that both parti es oan s;-ow that there is no" legal barrier.

To the Clergyman or Justice of the peace performing the

service, there is no alternative bult to nroeeied, even

though he nilay .know that anle or botlh are unfit to becone

procreators Of human beings. Were'' a .'.certificate required

to certify as tc metntal soundness and physical health, It

would make Impossible the marriage of couples like No. 5,

where both daughters-^are. mentally defective, and No. 8,

where the eldest daughter Was pregnant'1 ahd diseased at the

time of marriage', and has since infected her husband and

children.

It will be argued in some quarters that this will

work a hardship upon. people desiring to /marry, but surely

the importance of future generations warrants some slight

inconvenience. After all, marriage only occurs- once in

a lifetime for the average individual, and some precaution's

should hot be looked u|pon. as burdensome.. When w-e consider

that it la now almost impossible to take out. a life insurance

policy without a medjical examination, surely an examination

before, entering a relationship pertaining to parenthood.

should not b.e, too much to ask.

This would not, of course, prevent the alliance of

those td whoid the marriage bond means little. From the"

records of those unaer discussion, it will be seen that

 i2^

several hftd entered $.. state, of cohabitation prior to

their marriage ,. In fact the writer performed the

marriage aervibie foh Lawrence and hi's"f lfe| -'on Pa|ge Np.y4j
while tthelr 6 wmiihs old- .child cried, in an adjoining :

rooinr. It mayi bb -firmed tlat cases like these oould'no,^

be curbed by demanding a Certificate as to health, since

they would i, simply form a union/ wi thout .any1 matrimonial

sanct tonfro-m: society.

This !raay -be .granted, but the suggested, medical

Certificate would at least make It' impossible for thos[e

who1 a. re diseased * from; marrying a totallly unsuspecting

and ihnocent" partner.

.
On several occasions .girls from

this class have be.en married ..to. men of normal Intelligence

a-ndl moxibls, and the results have been disastrous. By the;

requirement of a medical certificate, the, physical con^-

diltion af .both parties would be revealed-,, and' any contract'

entared into after that would be done'knoving the dire

Consequences.

The second improvement in existing, marriage.- legl'ls'-

latipn-'weluldi'b.e the requirement of seven days notice" of

the intent tlo marry. This would prevent many, of the

c'lahdest-ine marriages that daily take place. The 'writer1

has in mind a' boy of 16 and a girl of 14 who went to- a

neighbor ling' t.ow6i twelve milew away, and persuaded the

issuer of marriage licenses that they were ofr legal a|ge.

The.y were married and Iwent on tour for some six weeks.
 -&3-

Upon their return the problem had developed to the

place where an annulment wouljd only have aggravated

the situation, &.s a result, a subnormal hatoe was 'set

up, and a boy -end gllr-L were parents long beif ore maturity f

Halfl they, been required to poet notice of Intent to marry,]

thieif parents 'W,ouId, in a.13 probability ,

have been .informed

of their intent i-On, ., and a c'atastritphe v'Ould have been

averted.

Many -Ob jelctl'ona -have 'be|$n raised to" this suggestion

because Of thle inconvenience Involved. Yet men are kept

waiting one or tut" months before their application lis-

accepft e&by a. .lodjge oir club. Surely no individual- regards

marrilja&e. ,s'o, lightly tlhat'he would consider the advance

nOtllcLe of th ^ event -a
hardship.. The feelings' arid convenience

of thle individual should in this matter .be subordinated to

the goold of- the State. The prevention of .marriage 'by

adiolesc-eb ts , bigamy and ill -considered -allirinces is. moire

impOrtahlt t'hflri the trouble of regi ste.r i;ig, ih advance, the.

intCnt.-on .to marry.

Here' a^ain. we -woulld only touqli %c.?e Uiho.were vrilling

to abide by tlhe law, and could! 'not jfffec't those'- who entered

into lllioit unions, but at-leiasit it wottld' a^ct ^s a check

and prevent much of the deception that is practiced upon

unsuspecting individuals.

(2f) As has been slelen, the suggested amendments to marrlagf)

legislation waild only act as at check. We must deal, more;

 24-

directiy with the subnormal family. To this end segrer

gat loin his been suggested. This word has come to.be

interpreted in so many wtt-ys, amd lobe used in so diverse

theories, 'that It might be well io explain exactly whet

la meant.

fa) Social Segregation.

By -segregation we- m$an' the locating of this class

in a community by themselves, w&are the physical, mental

and moral effects listed above would no longer affect

th'e.-.'commrtnity. society does not hesitate to -segregate

criminals, leper|s or any others t=hat threaten t\he, well-

being -of society. There can be little doubt, that this

group ex-erclse a in influence that is detrimental, and which

cbuid be,st be removed by segregating them.

Another advantage ojf-such segregation would be that

they would become less of a public' burden. Most^of the

men listed above are good workers, but poor managers. The

writer has heard farmers say, for instance, that the fathers

ih ho'mes Noa' 3 and 4 can do more work than any four men in

the neighborhood. Yet these men have never been able to

earn enough- to support thblr families, which have consequent

ly become- a oharge on the community. They have tried farm

ing, drayihg; and contracting, all

. to no avsill. They possess
the Industry, but lack the. initiative to succeed, where

decisions Df any importance have to be made.

Were these families placed on a state farm, or in a

 -25-

colony where decisions could be made for them by a

competent supervisor, and where their buying oould

be done for them, th are is no reason why they could

not become selfrsupporting. With proper supervision

the women could became better housewives- .and better

managers of the family finance. Even if the colony had

to be subsidized it could not cost as much as it does

now to keep ill 46 households on city relief..

(b ) Segregation of the Sexes.

The suggestion has been made that in such a

colony the sexeis should be separated!, In order to

prevent the reproduction of mantdlly Snd physically

unfit children. This would be very difficult to en

force., and woulQi be an unnatural mod of life. It

should only he tried if the ne>xt suggestion were re

jected, namely, sterilizat iqu.

(3) Sterilization <tf the mentailly and physically de

fective has long been advocated, but only Recently has

it seeped into the public consciousness. From, the day

when Plato wrote his Republic to the present, eugenists

have advanced various solutions to the problem of the

defective,' but sterilization seems to meet the require

ments of the situation most aptly. For -rti He it gives

protection to society, yet it ^deprives the defective of

nothing except the privilege of bringing into the world

children who would ohly be a care to themselves and a

charge to society.
 -fifc-

Some have objected to sterilization on the grounda

that it is depriving hUman beings or an inalienable

right. But medical aoience declares tha[fc it is possible

to be sterilized and yet have sexual iritiercoUraa. In the

main this, ia all the defeotive asks. Among them the psarental

instinct is not paramount, but is entirely subordinated to

the sex urge. ThUs sterilization would deprive them of

nothing that they value- very highly, and would make it

impossible for them to reproduce "those whose presence could

contribute little to the general well-being of ."society.

Had sterilization been in effect;, It would mean that

the. families; No.. 5 and No. 10 would not now be in existence.

Both of these Women were incarcerated in the Mental Hospital

prior tb their marriage, and had they been sterilized at that

time, it would have relieved society of some of the burden

they are now carrying.

The- object ion is raised that ster'i lizati on 'might be

abused. This is -(granted"* There are possibilities of abuse

in amy forward step. Bdt the ethics of the medical pro

fession have always been of a very high order, and we have

entrusted to thom:many duties Just as delicate and as capable

of misuse. The matter would haVe to -be handled carefully.

Only those-mentfiily defective and those incurably diseased

should be sterilized. -Many subnormal families whose intelli

gence is not of a high Older are capable of railsing; useful

citizens. But society Should have some voice in the charges
 -27-

and responsibilities it Mil assume, not dnly dow, but

Ik tha generations to come.

Sterilization would apply only to the defective,

and ndt to the subnormals. Ye't the question of limiting

the family of tine- subnormal is oif paramount importance;

since, large families are undoubtedly one of the causes of

their extreme poverty. This might be done by a discreet

diss'etoln&t Ion of contraceptive knowledge, that would en

able this class to limit their families to a size commensur

'

ate with their economic and social status. With -fewer

children there Is little doubt that they could give their

families greater opportunities for advancement.

It has been argued that this would tend to increased

-immorality. But we might point out that a la-ck of such

knowledge has holt prevented immorality. Also, that most

immoral persons ure in possession of this information,

while those who need it remain in ignorance. The re

markable thing about modern society is that while tho$e

economically capablje. of rearing Children practice birth

cohtrol, those ih a state! of poverty are deprived of the

necessary information.

Legl I slat idn .might he passed giving to family

dootors the rlight to impart the necessary data when the

family hd. reached a set figure. This would prevent the

raising fyt fatal lies of sixteen and eighteen by parents un

able to properly clothe Or feed theau

 -28-

2. Contribution of the School.

If the problem of the subnormal! family 13 to be

solved, it will have to. be largely done among the grow

ing children who are impressionable enough to develop

new social attitudes. It is here that the school caa

make a lasting contribution to the solution, of the1

problem.

(1) The first suggestion is that of placing1 all the

subnormal dhlldren together undeir the care o'f a teacher

specially trained In management of "problem" children.

Experiments have been made in a small way with

some of the children recorded here. It was found^Aot

only that these children did their beat work when in an

environment of equal ability, but that they did not hold

blighter children back by keeping them in an enervating

atmosphere.

The whole tendency is for the brighter pupils' to

monopolize the teacher's attention .i The result is thai

the backward pupil is ttorgotten. The teacher tends to

think the child obstinate and' ungovernable when the

pupil Is really Just desperately behind the rest Of the

class. With the class hoti si sting entirely of "problem"-

children, the teacher cbuld regulate the. pape to the

oapacity df the children. The teacher would be able to

take into consideration thle capacity for work each-Child

possessed, and regulate her program accordingly. TMs ,

 -29-

it has been found, ha^ giv-a-n-;t hesubnormal child encourage

ment and enabled him to absorb the work at a paoe for

which his mentality is fitted.

1 2) The second suggestion as, to what contribution the

school can. maikb to the problem of the subnormal' family,

is to pre.pare a curriculum that will be in keeping with

the mentality of the subnormal child, and Mill fit him

for life. Most of these children find it difficult to

learh the ordinary subjects n the curriculum, but they

are often capable of acquiring considerable skill in

mechanical tasks.. This might be illustrated by the fact

that the school nurse for the city has formed a class

from amongst these subnormal girls and women. They c out I'd

never be taught arithmetic or geography, but -some of them

dh<|)Av rCiharkable dexterity at knlttl.hg and sewing. Tike

Efaroei is true of the hoys and men . Some of them could

easily" be tau-ght manual training and they show a remark

able interest in any work that they can do with their

hahda.

After all, it is useless to expect children w ithout

the mental capacity to assimilate studies meant for a

normal, healthy child. And if the subnormal child carindt

do thle work, at least when it. becomes more complicated,

surely somethingi that he could learn would be, of value

to hlra. Most of the chllldren in this group will never

aspire to university work, or even high schbol graduation.

 -30-

But they Will, set up homes,, and if the school coiild

help them to be better housewives and. more useful

citizens, a great contribution would be madie.

(3) The third suggestion for the .school to "help the

subnormal falraily is the development of organ i zed an-d

supervised play. The miost noteworthy lack among th

children of these faihlilies is trieir inability to play.

The WrltCr was .given a grou|o of eight of these bdlys; who

are listed above a;s moral delinquent s> Just after* they

liad been released on probation jfronlthe Juvenile court .

In Joining, tlhem into a group-, the question was asked,

"What can you do?" Well, they dsould fight, ru'n or

climb, but tmey couldn't play games. The team work

required in games was- beyohd them, They knew nothing

of that group loyalty, that is the bond binding tie

hearts of most normal boys together. Ihey had"" none of

that d'tead of. "telling tales" so charafcterlsitic of a

healthy boy- Whenever they hald commi.tlted a crime it

was only necessary to corner one ,

and he would tell on

all the rest in the hope of toeing released.

This is largely due to the fact that pli^ground

sport is uhorgartized. The athletic boy is selected to

represent the school art field meets, and on school teams.

Ee competes for cups and medals, but the undernourished

and under-privileged boy wh?o is too alwkaard artd slow to

understand the rules of the game, is left out of the spoilt s

 31-

ait ogether , Yet he is tne very onerwiho needs t ho pUay

most-.

If plsiy were organised (fend supervised, every dhild

would be playing on sDfae team, a Ad finding an outlet for

their, superfluous energy. ATn instructor; could lay th e

eftipha-sla on the slow awkwamd bey instead of the promising

athlete* The result would bie thalt these children would

develop a normal p^ray life wihich they now lack. This

might be done b&? orgjartlziiiig; the children on the playt-

grcund into gr.oups composed of those or equal or nearly

equal ability, in' this way the bby or *girl would not be

hopeledsly outclassed, and at the same time there would

be the incentive to graduate from ori.e group to another,.

3, Ihe ContirubitDn of the

^ ,fm . i
) * i '.
Church.
'..Li.'.

Perhaprs there is no institution about whose contri

bution so little can be safild, but which ban- contribute so

much to the regeneration Of thle subnormal family, ss the

church* -Its chief function!'! s to help these people, to

Interpret their- rdle in sooriety, in- thle home,- and in the

Kingdom of God. Most of -thlas-e families have grow- up

with an, unsodif-.l attitude, as long as -they ean remember

they have lived on

charity, been looked upon as moral

lepers, and shunneld as undesirable! company.. To give to

these people a feeling- of -self respect and to help them

to visualize the role they might play in the bui Iding of &

finbr world, is a task of colossal magnitude.

 -32

(1) The ohurch must first help them to Interprat their

social loie. They Want to be like other people, but

tujy don't know how. The Other women of the city have

teaa -> teas. The business

they* would like to have men

form Club^ -
then these men would like to 'form'a club.

They i-miit ate others because they want to be like others..

Here is the task of the church; to find an outlet

for. t'hfeir social desires. To- help them to play their

parts, as parents, as children, as citizens , .and as. human

being's. They .'do not k.iaw how-to go about it, but they

h'ee'd' only the suggestion. Life for- inainy of- them is

Cmpty s,n& monotonous, They have that instindtive desire

for. social approval and recognition so characteristic of

all human beihgfi.. Ttoid the church could do by. helping

them to build their soc ia.1 lif e arOund its human fellow

ship. By boys' and girls' groups, by having a place for

women to gather and learn '.the useful. arit of housekeeping,

and giving to the men a centre- of interest and a place

where they are in esteem, the chuirch cOulfi, help these

peopld to make social contacts and build up social -selves

that would .become realities*

Br. W,. I, Thomas has pointed out -that affection and

recognition are two essentials^ to the development of a

normal life. These are two of the things that' the church

can supply* By her grelat doctrine of Brotherhood, the Church

can call men intp, a new relations hi o of 'affect! on, and by

 -33-

her democratic spirit of equality. sh can give to

these socially repressed individuals the opportunity

for social expression and recognition.

(-2) The GhUrch must i also help these people to- Inters.

pret their spiritual role. Many of them have fallen low

in the social soaib, hut no lower than society bars njaida

them conscious, of liavlrag fallen. Their sensie "of worth'

has beien impaired* The church hasl tlhe, task of helping

them to find thbir status in the Klihgdom of 'God; They
need to learn what tlhe Fourth Evangellalti. meant when he-

aaid, "To them ga-ve He power to become SOns of GO;d,n.

It is because the Church has power to help men into

a new relationship that her contribution is so' important.

nothing can lift these people faster than their own

evaluation of themselves;. Once they have re-evaluated

themselves ih the light of; the Kihgdom of God, other re

forms will follow naiurjallyi But until they havje, developed

aufflieleAit self-respect to care., there is little that can*

be done f<r thfem. Hence the Church has the opportunity of

oomihg to Ithi's class with a message of hope and deliverance

that Plf ai% man be in Chr st Jesus, hfe is a new creature.

Old things have passed away, behold;, all things have become

new."

There may be a
tendency to feel that this class lack

the capacity to appropriate the Church's doctrine of God's

Divliid Fatherhood, At times, one might be tempted to think

that religion has no place in their social and moral uplift,

 -34-

but whbn wie remember Darwin's description of thle In

habitants of Tierra del Fuego, as "the loweat In the,

scale of humanity" -
a people walking on all fonrav

grunting llk<e animals and eating human beings, Yet

after the Rev . Thom&s Bridges had spent some ye art

among thii tribe of cannibals, Darwin a.ga in wrfote con

n
cerning' th^m, Che success of the Tierra derl 'FUego

Mission Is -nost wonderful,, and sramejs me ,- as. I always

prophesied utter failure ,.

,......,.. <. I certainly should

not navie predicted that all the missionaries' im the

world could have done what has been done".

It is to this same transforming power that the

Church must look If she would lift, the subnormal

family r, V/h-en education ana -'leglislatlon have failed,

there is s'ttll One, wtho can take the broken sarthenware

from life's garbage heaps and- make them vesi3el3 of

honor In His temple .of lovfe. If the Church. would'!' play

its part In the salvaging- of these social outcasts, it

must bring to the problem its belief in the -regenerating

power of the Christ, the "expulsive force of s new

affection" and the assurance that "He aakeltl all "things

new!*.

To these tlblree! great institutions Ifc givien the

task of solving! the problenl of the -subnormal family.

The few remedies suggested here are fragmentary and in-
 H35-

adequate. B11* ^ we siiall at least come to recognize

the problem and to seak its solution, there is hope.

The problem cannot be avoided., It is here. Upon thje

degree to which we lespond to- this problem will d'ejoend

the permanence df our civilization.

l. .
*> C J^"

, ->,..; ./-.'..

\\ V'Yit

\\ _ hU

hmm.^m^:Xg^:>e 7ti^:-0m. & ^

~ ' "

F-'.> ',*>*'/ ' "*'*'*> '**v'-- /;j>Vv.- ,v _v>-"

:-^l..-(m--sjrii'T-

i y^'h^^//\H%-Jfe^

Vi'
."^sy^^MSSfe^h ^ ''^y^PPcsi^
P-^.'>V-\'*; \ *

Y.i' !; v *Jt<fo'.?*:-'^v-;...-,. -":-...:-h..:'.\"-^^ ; x>-;-- .x :

>:' X-x.-xX' ' ,.;:,.-;!'' '<-.. X- "X xXX ' .XX *x*. r !~>v T. ;> /.- '.' -:-- :s' id.;* >
"^\
S ''
/ /;
*
,
,_ ;
'<. : -x.; ,.-'
||
' "if.;
 W-

f-AMILV PtCCixD ^ XX'5

1
'-

p*-';h->-

;>x.

"*:. \ *

XxX"X::,:,*ix,
X'XXXXX

:-';s
tfOl. /IPS. AMDPev/ k<jtt .
sr>i> ysey /V>e. AND/PW BOTT. &QRrt //Y /YWFac/rt$
3CJRNQXMAL. Hf> FAT J-IF 0 Artn r?THJtrfiL tArtP- Brighter tmazx. wir/r -v*ny
vTfte Fitter caas/zv^ -Age* av as/TAK/v.

1
i
3 ^IPFMr-SkOl
\*jAiun Ji/eac

Blirtn. |

RfTTY A*e <r

Sr?i *ij/imj> ^fij

VLY/y AGtr 7 Vjc-,,,?.,

gff^l d-FfC 71 Vf -
TAdte* ZTopvx. zsPt/r^

Prari/- -

A& 9 YAR* -

ARL -,// Y^Ki- SEHT TO

e^fof^^-rpKV./^si

R0Y4A, '(A YSAXfi- ff*T TO

txrrcffris-ralY-tenfi.
LAfk^ THYffatfi fXTfi*CT- /to CMtm< ** m~u.-,
jr^y.^^

ANNtt-ttYR-i- SBNT to ^a/uaTinrv 4<?f*v HoiF -

VSfZY LA7 Y es-ffjL -

CiZ/i Easily -
X>A<,*Fn a-ox,^ 17777

HAD tUttlTMATE- CM/.n 77? H*LF BRnTHtrt? -f^o * ,fi*rr.

FnAL -
/93t

HAROM -2aYR,l- fo&fi Rrs>ee mjovd,***- mt <rv,Jn ** g.p/jrr.

ruu.fi
-
rto\j //v .Tail- :

>i0. OF CH/U>#/i TOT/H. DfSC*rtOAT3 mo. or rAMu./fs

SFT UP r<o. psimat/efi r MO. BATtD W0A1AJL TOTAL r*0. JUVW*.

10 10

a
flfi.?. fie*, Chas. pARTR.mrre -
Boz/Y Ma. r.HA-s. PAf?.r Rin>G ftafirt "Y

I3P)3 IM V.^.A. OrtTAP.10- JP,&?. -

EFCFlVF/) r-,nnD D
f/Y KANSAS, -S>F

UrATin/V- *JT\/F^/ VFAn , MSHTAt.

HMP/TAL M HAt*l I /.Tf)/Y -

U.r>n //Y
HnRnJAL. PFR.aaM-
is /?AHry)H stF/Y t/)jl hos
P/Tal^

0\ ON

i ^CH/K-S
K
5

S
ft
VIOLA P>VP.5.

MFR/ F -
in y^.

GLADYS- 12 YJP.<.

\iJll.l ia~i /4 VX>,<.

-

EDv/flzn -

It y#s-

G-Frt/f.rzF -
/B ya-

_^/c- ZO Y/ZS- ATTrtn//Y^ nci-/noi. -

CFf/YHnr ae_

r,pn/>r TT \*/oe.K. -

WOi/NOS HA fin tq s/jtai..

/MB-riL- -
/YlJY- VF^f.H f3-F0#.F S*//)L* Fn ~
~ I6HT-
_FftfAfF-
YFAP.I AFrsiPF AT 7>as.m Frtrt D -
D/F/> J T /* YfAf.i:

/iO. OF CHIt.D#Si rorA'Z 0Xe)Ye- \H0. R/>Trt>

no. ofzus/Qoet/T t~ctj)j_ z/i/z/ytf
OP f/Ofif*IAi.

f/OA/F &RAt>

/VVfr lAHf 8
&./ZAO0O YA&-
NO.3- MRS. CHA*. /.FA*Z -
4Q s/FAOs ME. crn**,- /.Fa*.* 3g y^j-
-
-

eotrt
.BnS./i &>,S,A. /tfYCF*,TOR.*> FJPfTMrtY O/Y
RP.C/KF, t . />/Yt~/r< -raF. -, W/V/s i-l

FIND J P. IX H /^W TVPF r,F

uz/7/^a/- -rt/Y/i SFFM.-r
rrct^H: CZVY Sr/xsYo&MAi

rn-H-C- fiPC?/2TS VnFF Fa u DI^/ta^ c.

i-//Y- flC/V-i \rJUFM FAM/JL.Y
y./Q UQR. JH

/YF-D.

r, V-
1
i
I"
1

P/JDF)Y -P>Y,t\. -
SYO-r /YO&- I
/-7>?Z. Z YF.S- //Y <?. I + TT-FA/J.fz> <

.7AMFS- /O VF.S- IMPFn/MFHT JSV *,f>FecH

C/3HNC T &FAGF //Y / /VYF> /? -

/WtMU/Ae.l}-

JCiHfi -

n V^ fiAirffs*yArr> Crt^^^T >ft~f>,s/ sr/s&w-

l"p6F r/Z/Y/Ynr rzzFAr>F.

ALICE -

16 V/3S- IU.&G-AL F1rtTYJ*r> -

TFF^A>FF> rAsYTF/innx
-

0/Ysy
R.FACUFF, CZFJ0/2F "ST fi/ZFZa<^-jr> <TFF IS.Jz'Arf,..

fifitfeV- /A Yf,2- 5<?p F"Y-.?-

U,/,FGITlr7<9TF F.H li.fi-

fYO OF CM/tO/lFS* No. OF FAS7/4/FS no- AArFc

SFT noert/n.
/yo. os&svQUnr jvrsj. L/v/ne
F/SOrt sYK>7H& FAcnj ftoTHfP OP

HONE &FMDG
4
TfjA-a- MPS. A7. LFASk -
KFCF/><m -

prp^ MR. M. /,A2K -

BORN /?,.-,:x_Zi.

f/Y a/RFPTX}- Durn M FnnTW F)rn,r>F*T 4f> VP.-i- .1F)TISF/F/) r<3 HAVF /X^X v.'iTti

Fr7// fha///Y6 Df.U/Yk-F-N r//?.(iV- AH/FM N/5 vjiff r>/?. DAvgutfip jr LIG(mR<
w/rn OrHF.te. MfH Ci rtt^T!-*-, jit a pppyiPFn- M.N A /SFPapts FAAT/IY
TiMtr- Wf/Vr re fiFD, M TFMPrfcs--. TRA TFD E12& VF/YFf? FF>l. Din PASS Ffifi..

t-AXT IP VFARS-

CffiJ -SYR*.

tfncu prf.siu/
A\/fffi<zf-

MAC -
/?. Vi?*- apt tie i tk -
J/FK i

P^S,1JB/^JTlS -

fil?>FF}ZF>- !

/.IF/r- nP^PT/rt/Y Cri/Yisnn/Y /Yriyj MAP It! FY)

-

LawpfNCp- 18 YP.s- No MFFiHf, f //{/F/unnn -

//.z/-^z.

FA Tf/fT/?., YVO^Y WflP.ttZD-

fA'.F

VJflLTBfS- 2,0 VS- SFfZvep ,FrtrS/rF Fnp -St^fi /.//*<? -

map.p.i>

riO. OF. CHUOPEFi JVlAi. >seA,&9nrs YYO- OF FAF7/t/F3

SFT </P
AYO. >'/JA'C1V-/YT /iO- E/9r-> /YOZtfAL TOTAL MV/A'S
F&0/<? F7QTHF/Z.

5 Q 4 4 8

I
 No- ft- we.*. /) -JVOW Y, i VF* //Y
-A^*-Y_ OFTir/FF/T jinn W/YF,f,F
U<3- A< KfYaw Y/rr/r f>f ufo
//nr. .CH//,OP,F/Y AfF *{/F/Yr,F
n?F)i. --.

J&SJ Q& Yf(/S&/1/Yf>'^- -a^,ay FC?<P,

5TV/PV/YY6- r///.5 FFKF- ,*
r-wr
PAttfiHTFMfi W/*o aff
f,>th ^FYi T

/YO. 5(1)

&&L, PAT XHAyf -

Pf?.o?>T/-n/rF -
//y mf/yt/?/ uo^pjta/, /yo^j

TODTfi/F /Y/F/YTF3/. HOT,

p/tal

^^^^'^^^

MZ.r THm. ^(lAFYOFmAL-

THonP-Tptr f,jf,f
-

/>jj*r,c< /H /Jr?c

ST1

I 3
nr#An*-- 9V/P-,-

(ifurf Jf>Knn&/*iA/t
4 CfctFj. cun. /> -

dFY/YIF //? i/iPf. niir-r su* ,*

JYAYi A CHAfYrf? mo/><;TP,s>,^-/,<rft

Y FAnte \f To AF<? fi^tu,^* -FTr

&~fif4 y/?s -orririFn/Y ~>P,nn*. ~, cf.f,

PA1 PC/ IFF COn#T PFF^p^

PA-, PYn-Mfu,,Ttri -

PnirrF m*-r
*>*rn/Pn.

FfMYl'F- PYFQ- nei(rH*<>*>^ t*>< of

*-v-*> rtf-crr f* A6T nnr
Astrufffryr-
fYO- OF CHUD/SEAt Tor^/. XA'4nj6
FOF7 no-
. F4077YX. . Fteinj ntOTHFFl. C//Y<3U/YT no-GATse //o&ial. TCTFU. /Y0- JV/nG-

9 z 6
fifift- MP*. pP/.k'iJT- in vex.- fir,r,n MP-Pf/.x/f -
f^f/o^i r/n FAr.m RFG--

Y/op^.ff.
-

Qunre t>Fi.^r>n>jz- \*/uni.cr F>F>n//Y6 Him YiETT WIFF SoriF-

.fyiyiu.v am uavj tvpf mai^ VfrrRS Acn A/YY) WFfiT YYnKTH

(?FA*>n/Y FOR. f> TUO V IS FAz^F OF /YF/ausinF* *a v hf wf> s of a much

F-7/JFJ fF*?/ZS- 5Am VYl/O F)FT>FP

PF>YFF) /S UHZI4FR. Tfi/FiH Yt/Z WIFE

/-.1 5 TF-Q J3ELG\*/

VJM- D/Fn AT IFJO.

NO fin am WHF/?F A/tours

c/YArn'ow/i-

Fp/YIF
-

/i/Fp AT /A C7F- TVPHn/F>-

M/niyif -men at < of \nnK>oF/n<e rtttj**

V/aLFT (MRS BZE^nepY) //.*j.a.

MA/.F.

FF/VAl-F .

JfiNlR (MRS. FYFL5Q/Y) -

MO/YrANA- //.<:/)

rf.

A7.

F.

F.

VI ILL. -
MAP./? IF/) a/Pf. IJ/YAR/F TO GPAnr J/Y SrHrtOl..

CJOPnTHV- ?YP<- ^ijR.iFrr To T<ArtTPcjM<;.

FMfU. -
BFPnisc

fSTHFI?- (M&S. .TF?Nrt /.F/PfiY)

ArtipnrHY -Z kp.1- TAnrYP.i/Mi Fa/An vsfa fix c?uy v cue /on.-

MO -7 -MP^ , TflHN
TLfrr,^. Rc^ ,
Y MP,.rn//n thfma~,- /fs>*n ,^y t>,/^ig.
Gain/A- P/PTIF/Yr /a,
\*,Cyp,(e wnr*,
MPt- n/n^A';' PPnn-/^^. oe-r^v. Tpy-
tYajQITA/, ftinrF ,*>,*- ^~,tr n,st,,~*
foc YN6 m r->TPA,/Y(H.F DAtJx.urtro^- cnn -

^WWWOBtvfc^v, .,.
.
 Mfa-,/YiH/Y TPAA7A*; .
(con tinned)
5-

N
N
S
5
I J32u
{1K/F*

tlK\ F, /2YTZ

Fl
Ft

FT

Gfop^f- >//> r.ff. 1932

N
tf
Ft
>V

<R.UOns.Pu - D/Fn rtr

zrp, f^r7[

-AQOYiPH- Yi/FO OF ^cavsst- -i

r^yro 205L.

HFCiKV- P/FO 19/4- Crwu/y/.y^c

\AYFX~ C/FF, /9/ft -

r^^r(y j?, *iT(t

/YO. OF CH/t-WFH TOTAL DFXF/YMYYU. P^M/l/Fi

SST NO. /Ye YZATFO TOTAL
F/30Ff F?cr// FKcr/ fICTHFR. OF DF/N<SU>NT. F/O/SFnAC &/V/N0
N.HO G/iAPFD AS
HieH &RAoe no/&i:
18 56 13 4 r1AHki0 7i> zV)F7
Kl/io- iiOti Mow' 49
To REACH ORApF
7777
 -^<^^---^5^a. YFrtFKfA/ /nFrrr^rf

JtiUMtu/A. (ne, rf,n* sM^rrfrtf ^.|f,f.,^2 MfiStCiFFlfil

,m,, f ,rri d.Afl
^v.^r? WlTAI 1/MePirAI.
,^ ruin r/-nPA(,
WFFrntH HC PAN* F7Af>#<Ff< HFP */YAU,n< w ^m< A*reo
fyrrfvy,/r My
'

S FFO. FZ

X 3
CN

<r/Frt- r>OF*, f/t

jv/-/W<-
TO 5/^PA"irr//V P#j -

F.rtitrY. o/YCF>rFn-

J/MF1IF .
Ajar*
u/jfff. r

ffO. OF CH//J>GFN TOTAL PFS*.en&9n7i FAA1/4.JS ST

no. NO. &9TFO
FPon /verHF/z FFon /"lerHFA OiF OFz/zfcfor/YT ToTAt. J.iv//yt
F/OAFIAl.

9 16 4 6 '{BOYS)
15
 MO.? -

fffrr GFDPGF Kn-in,

s>F<> r > -

nP,rYKy .H/i. (tFO- KQ^nLnF^k-i -

,5/9/-7/r TVPf? s*
AN& -YYfn/>PAffF<: CHODP<r~
TC *TraC ..W/Fff CHItDPFn RP,t.H-r
ftoT ~AF*>-
eVFN Sr/HFAJ
TH,H^ ntlT-f TO eu.t.nPr^i
PP.t\Yti>F<rFn- ffPFAn Ann rrr-rr
-y,, f
PAHFfiT<, ^FYY, THF^ Tr, *,.
>m<r- P/T FOP f}PFA*Fx,<T

* s.

*
I JA/Y

BOFF/F

\.ln. -
Ffi/GHT Pr/Psi.

f&nrt TACHGf ',T Pt>**F -

AjtoTV/z-.p Anri^ijT
THIHSn rnP cmif,PF.

FPAMr- PPKrHT PPH -

Pint.tr k ^//.r -
~nr r
-*, THIfVttift FrePFFTfrr^.Y

A7MV-- YfQT M fiPIGHT Alt FtrMl, <=^r>

,.,mfr rn
Rcof?{\ rats. thicv,** ^on.

An/Y/F

KAT/F- ffA.RFi.IFn TciFCFO TO FUQffv .

pjPr^Af ff|Vr

mace-

Wli.t.tAM -

MIFF*/ FATHFK. -
(FJAI?ie r//nA?J<
f(j 7 )

FWl^E

SifStC- Y14KRIFQ <AYt>**p.*,w.,.r<zrr> y> p

-

rr IT. TO WCPP F**,

y-

Najlf

F/ALF

M>. OF. CN/OYZ/Y FA). OF FSCFM1

FAF7J4./FS JT
/WFS Fa&~1 No.
FiBonr F70TMSIZ OP PFC/F/q&FNr NO- F.ATF0 TOTAi. JLIV/rY<*
F70FnF-
/Yo/effA^

10 14 10 10

1 ,, I
7|<l> .
WWWW.jJ" ^...^..,v. *>,;.,-.
 -/tie, tinnn/i -
If ft u//^
WHrH ,.^r
WW* A^
PFFhpf n>op, ~,<r
; A~r w
.RfiKN -PAN flinff,v Mrru ,
u<r||r, nyri
IriKFl AFTF*-- nOTHre ,V ~rVr.
ui.rf( -F'Ntlt *
g/|fcf
^2^ /?A//> ZJAcr-y. .-

FfrtAiF -

TAWN-
-Ji* FA mi, y
^r
Fll /W/iPf IAS
ft..

zrmif -

ft ypr, sf/vr ro

/t/filAH UFA/} rtRPUAnjfiff?

AYMA- /CI VP.n- .~,fmt t r, r?f u

^ ^ fir< r
AT /not/lr/. Hr*r-

YYG&T(M- l-Z YP.fi- SFtrr t* ~.pt,*^r.

TIF7F- ttLji TO HA*n,r,

v

XJJE^."**- "*""<" ^ ^

'i^M^L^_,

UWgp/.fP- 7.Q **>.i- ff*

ut , (4aur. r
^ &1 * F7NTf> I, Nnm,Tx,,. FuFn-
TVAjL/.Y\

PFt</$ H TFR -
F7AP /P ,jrp

CNti.PP.FN F/son TOTA/L,

FAF7M/z, \T NO. A/O. #AT>
MO T/YFAi t>3C/Y>s)sYTS rc7Ai,
D/*JNQUN7 NO*.F)AC
LIV/jyg

A*On

<?&){> 0 10
 rtQtt- m,?- ,f/w
| T^^ rr ,^ ,
M|t (Fr\ in A I.itti f -*,-PF)r>M ti/izvv.- Tnc Fnt//pAn- I
I
.YIFtiT V) fjfit? THAT FYFrt THF nAMA,. ruiiAffjj'
QAMHTfP", FA nit Y ftvr rorrFrFc- t
FrVV(. ,/fi MfYeTFP. OF RFCa/*,hf. ffap^c< nn rnn-

f/H/TY

FinPmrr -
-rvPr>-

VFPY ihwi.l CHI/ D

ACI<, UKF A fiAAY-

&NfiTH.& VR.1. Kffgur c.p

HfiLTFt -I/YP3 -AVFFAr.F *>,>/>,*.-

&ORPP/Y /? YPS -

Jj,,^ Aa

L/LY-mYPl- VH,f TFfipco

^r MHff.^
<M(?F Eifjr,^, /Ju/rjp^^jr
-PtFT HOF7S n.sr<A{. /^,T1J^ _..

' Br**.

j^ps^ft -

twrtw -_l/V,^ ,
P,r rt
_

iO/vFX UnFtF

FFF7AJ.F

"AJ.F

N^K^awwwurBi1 u. >-~"~
 JlflRTHA -CF)R^. MQPt-AN) -

CH/AFPFFY finPN aftff> ffdfp^tfa f#*

ni^no
-

NO >rrop L&LL TWO Yi/FFH^ eonrrArfr/V *fy sr/tFFFx lyif f,f~~.

F7FF^J 3 Y*3 -

fUWOOYi -
3 YtV> -

TFtPB TAnrFf/^rs-

PaciF/A^ 4 VflV PHVllr*; r,

^r^rei I
^^frF-
FUNF *FT<f>W _JUC^7. .
T,r~^ !
- rrr
CRn.i Hn<.rn, Foe <*<, o>~^
^rTir",^

JRA- JVf, -

AYFFAXF
*APP>rr ^f.Y|...r. T/nN-

.^//-gYPX^ Wreirr POP,, ,~

~..rr.

No. of <rn/iP/en TOTAi. FAFM./S ST /Yo. NO .

/e^ 7j-0
Tor**, ryo.
F&yi ftotach. >zrcenp/?nr3 UP
t>4//Y)Urt T
/YO*/?AL i v/nc

6 10 3 9 16
 y
JJL'^JJ.'J,!.

fid tZ- Ylfa. ->HnPr*<TC,N-~\He. p^pm ,*j

If tfo u/ L/Tr/ f nr
tjn^pAn^ -

u/uirpr ^flevfr
A/YSTPfA- SOftfinpntF,
/^gpp.cp tsuiff

YfPY imppn\//nFr/T .

Mf1PPjF.a. DF/Cj*utfp hf ^>s>

s^

Wl/./ -
CM/~IF>c=oirr,

.PAT/Fnr //y F7c^-rA/t

HO.^OlTAF AT
Mraz>,(qft

JACK- FtFfOW <JTA/YnA*r, -

^,^><
r W(rr
YFF.V- islF"SiF>~>gf,
&Y<fA T/f. . /Fir*,
"J4et?(f(
ASA/N

\r~YFTPFrYFF- A Vt~>.^,nmFn

FS*TA, tz-. /+ VFj,-

flYYYF-TYFS-.

yj/uiF-ioY^
^lflll,firr

MS" MAreffr?
P/SFA.SF- ,/MA^n j.f,^.y<f^}
GnnF>m-r-,,^
v.-| bfyow wrpnrt-
srwn ,.*
'rn-rr.rr,
/Nrcr-Tinrf of

f?A-/?/?FP- PPOFI/frcffif^

^in- NAT ft ^,/wwrr^

J/MM/f-rWt*.
Xf,0^r(TT:

MPtf-noT <
w^1rrvr f..r |m (1)

NO. OF CN/jUffFFI TOTFU. FAF1U/&S 2-7- NO.

F-&CF? F70T//fi F*0. ISA FF>
P-^SCFFYQANTS rOTFIl.
&*/./NQ oef/f FSOFZST/ji^
I 1 1//FY G-

4 11 4 2 n
"^timrm?i nn ii'ir mmtv-.M ?, *.^\*,">-...>.>,>>.>j:a>y '-^(Wfl>-(rtV^