2

PRIDE AND PREJUDICE

IN THE

TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

Sue Hook

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A minor dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award
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of the degree of
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Master of Arts
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Faculty of the Humanities

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University of Cape Town

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2009

This work has not been previously submitted in whole, or in part, for the award
of any degree. It is my own work. Each significant contribution to, and
quotation in, this dissertation from the work, or works, of other people has
been attributed, and has been cited and referenced.

Signature: -~~~-t}j_~--------------- Date: _Q_Cj_~_!_~~-Q_9__

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The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No

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quotation from it or information derived from it is to be

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published without full acknowledgement of the source.
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The thesis is to be used for private study or non-
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commercial research purposes only.
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Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms

of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author.
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 1

PRIDE AND PREJUDICE

IN THE 21ST CENTURY

It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in

possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife.

Chapter 1
 3

ABSTRACT

In this thesis, I have examined the novel, Pride and Prejudice in the twenty-first

century. As a lecturer of English literature I have found that many students are reluctant to

engage with this novel because of their pre-conceived ideas of the novel's trivial storyline and

their assumptions about the writer.

In light of this reluctance this thesis explores many of the issues related to Pride and

Prejudice which both correspond to and reject student's conceptions of the novel. My

methodology was to use various sources in order to find perceptions of it throughout its

nearly two hundred years of existence. For this I used sources such as Todd's, lane Austen in

Context, Copeland and McMaster's, The Cambridge Companion to lane Austen also two volumes

of Littlewood's, lane Austen Critical Assessments among otl1.ers. In the process of this

investigation I became aware tl1.at from historical responses to this novel we can see a parallel

witl1. many readers in the twenty-first century.

In this regard, I consider certain literary theories to define the difference between the

story and the plot f novels which also helps to identify the different types of readers.

Following this I explore how Jane Austen uses botl1. story and plot in the novel to entertain

her readers while also fulfilling her own literary needs.

I then explore many of the literary devices which form a large part of most lectures on

this novel. Because there is a discrepancy between the different readers of Pride and Prejudice it

becomes important for students to understand why tl1.is novel is included in their

curriculum. This then falls to the literary devices which Austen uses to comment on her own

social world. As an aid to this, I would suggest that one can use the films to highlight the
 4

literary devices. Lecturers and students can use visual media as an addition to their

engagement with this novel. Viewing the films can reveal why they can never replace the

reading of the novels and for this reason students are encouraged to evaluate the films in

relation to their reactions to the novel and its felicitous storyline.

 5

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction ........................ ............... ............................ 6

2. Chapter 1: Literary Analysis ...... ...... ...... ............ ...... ...... .. 8

3. Chapter 2: Literary Devices in

Pride and Prejudice .................. .................. .... 22

4. Chapter 3: Early Response to

Pride and Prejudice .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 43

5. Chapter 4: 20th Century Response to

Pride and Prejudice .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . 51

6. Chapter 5: Pride and Prejudice and the 2 pr Century

Student...................................................... 60

7. Chapter 6: Films as Aids to Literary Analysis ............ . 75

7. Conclusi n ................................................................. . 97

8. Bibliography ............................................................... . 99
 6

INTRODUCTION

My reasons for embarking on this essay are varied. Lecturing English literature in the

last few years has allowed me to explore my own passion for literature and in turn pass this

on to younger minds. But somehow I always hit resistance when it comes to Pride and

Prejudice and Jane Austen. The phenomenon of Pride and Prejudice seems to be waning and

many twenty-first century readers and students are opposed to the novel because of its trivial

storyline.

I first encountered Pride and Prejudice as a young teenager as it was one of the books

everyone was expected to read, like Great Expectations, Huckleberry Finn, Gulliver's Travels, lane

Eyre and Wuthering Heights. Knowing little to nothing about irony, literary devices or

feminism, I enjoyed the book because of the story of Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy

and the growing attraction between them. The novel was enjoyed purely on the story level. I

later encountered it as part of a first year university course which introduced me to all the

elements which make it a literary work studied at university level. And for many years it was

filed away in my memory bank as just another part of my literature course .

Many years later I was given the opportunity to lecture English literature to university

students where Pride and Prejudice was one of the texts. I thought this would be interesting as

surely all students wou ld enjoy it as much as I had. To my dismay, I found that many

students were averse to this novel because of their preconceived idea of it being just a love

story. Much of this prejudice comes from the exposure the novel has had through television

and film. The element of surprise has been taken away for twenty-first century students.

Rather than fight against the visual media I decided to explore how they can enhance the
 7

learning experience for modern students. Lecturers cannot ignore the technology of today,

and our instant gratification students always find the easy way out. Skim through the novel,

hire the DVD and pass the exam!

This thesis represents a suggestion to approaching this novel. I will explore some

literary theory in order to differentiate between story and plot, an important distinction for

this novel. No essay on Pride and Prejudice can be without comment of Austen's use of irony,

free indirect style or her use of language as a social construct. This leads to an evaluation of

the responses this ovel has received throughout its lifetime which confirms readers'

continuing fascination with it. This brings me to the twenty-first century student and their

exposure to the visual media.

I lecture this novel faced with many prejudiced students, both male and female,

therefore I needed to explore new ways to engage students with it. This essay represents the

result of my research and my understanding of ways to approach Pride and Prejudice in the

twenty-first century.
 8

CrtAPT6R ON5

PRID~REJDDICE
IN T HEATRES NOVEMBER 11

'If a woman is partial to a man, and does not endeavour to

conceal it, he must find it out.'

-Chapter 6
 9

LITERARY ANALYSIS

Jefferson and Robey describe literary criticism as being, 'concerned with describing,

interpreting and evaluating the meaning and effect that literary works have for competent

but not necessarily academic readers' Oefferson & Robey, 1982: 8). Most readers of novels

are in a position to evaluate and interpret what they read. As a reflection of this are the many

book clubs around the world, where books are explored between groups of individuals who

may have had no academic education in literary analysis. They are nevertheless in a position

to pass judgement on whether they enjoyed a novel, and what it was about the novel that

they enjoyed. David Lodge (Rice & Waugh, 1989: 24) on the subject of literary analysis, asks

the question 'Does it enrich our reading by uncovering depths and nuances of meaning we

might not otherwise have brought to consciousness, help us to solve problems of

interpretation and to correct misreadings?' He will ultimately show that the answer to that

question will be yes, although this does not mean a person who is not academically trained

will interpret incorrectly or misread a novel. He is saying that literary analysis does help to

solve problems of interpretation. In analysing texts in great detail, the literary critic has the

tools to uncover tl1e depths and nuances which may be hidden within the novel. A novel

such as Pride and Prejudice is acclaimed by academics, has an enormous amount of scholarly

discourses accompanying it while still being popular to everyday readers. The division

between the populist reader and the scholar becomes more blurred when dealing with this

novel. The reader who reads for the pleasure of the story does not have to answer the

question of what is literary about the text. In an imagined conversation between 'Professor

Academicus' and 'Constance Reader', Adam Roberts (in C rusie, 2005: 53) discusses the role
 10

of literary analysis for Pride and Prejudice. 'Constance Reader' suggests that 'the thousands

upon thousands of articles, the scores of critical monographs published on the subject of

Austen- the deconstructions of Austen's novels, the positioning of Austen in Cultural

Materialist, Formalist, Feminist, Marxist, New Historicist or od1er theoretical-philosophical

contexts- all this has nothing to do with Austen' (54). While Professor Academicus concedes

that 'perhaps I, and my profession, do not make enough allowance for the common readers

of the world ... .'For too long have I sojourned with specialists and dry-as-dust professors.' (61)

Perhaps what Roberts is suggesting is that academics become so absorbed looking for hidden

meanings and literary devices within texts, they forget there is a novel with a story which is

enough for many readers. The short exchange between the Professor and the populist reader

demonstrates the division between many readers of Pride and Prejudice. While they are

juxtaposed they are divided by the marketing of this 'classic romance'. Readers read and

reread this novel, because of d1e immense pleasure it provides, who have little knowledge of

literary analysis. At the same time students and academics continue to explore the seemingly

mundane words of domesticity in order to understand Austen's position in relation to her

nineteenth century society. In order to understand the position of this novel in the twenty-

first century, stude nts need a basic understanding of literary analysis to position Pride and

Prejudice in the literary world.

RUSSIAN FORMALISTS

Aristotle identified the concept of plot which he calls 'the arrangement of the

incidents' (Selden, 1985: 12). It is not the simple telling of the story which requires our

involvement wid1 the text, but rather the telling of the story combined with the delivery of
 11

the events which the writer organises of which the reader takes cognisance. Plot is

distinguished from story in literary analysis as that which makes a text literary. Many years

after Aristotle's definition of plot came the literary critics Roman Jakobson and Viktor

Shklovsky who in 1915/ 16 concentrated on narratives in order to find what was uniquely

literary about them 'what constitutes literature is simply its difference from other orders of

facts' Qefferson & Robey: 2 7). Their mode of criticism came to be known as Russian

Formalism which 'sought to place the study of literature on a scientific basis' (Rice &

Waugh: 16). Through tl1eir close critical attention to texts they made the distinction between

plot or sjuzet and story or fabula (Selden: 12). The fabula refers to all the events narrated in

the text while the sjuzet reflects the literary structure which d1e writer imposes on the fabula

or story. These two concepts are relational. For Shklovsky's purposes a study of the plot of

literary works, demanded an exploration of the 'defamiliarisation' (9) of literary texts or that

which makes them unfamiliar. Defamiliarisation forces d1e critical reader to confront what is

unfamiliar within a text and therefore deserves our critical attention. In the case of Pride and

Prejudice, tl1e literary and narrative devices which Austen uses make it untypical. We explore

it at various levels to find either the irony behind the comedy or the subversive challenges

which lie beneath the innocuous words. If we take it on the fabula or story level, it is a simple

story of how Elizabeth Bennet and Mr Darcy meet, fall in love and eventually marry. But

taken on the sjuzet level, Austen confronts this familiar story and manipulates it so that it

becomes unfamiliar. On their first meeting Elizabed1 and Darcy dislike each other which

challenge readers' expectations. A growing fascination occurs between the two protagonists

which will finally lead to their marriage. Close critical analysis of Pride and Prejudice engages

with the devices which Austen uses to confront the familiar and make it unfamiliar. These
 12

devices make this novel a literary work. Justifiably it is called a romance story and to many

readers sufficient reason to read this popular novel. However, for many others, there is a

desire to explore the novel on a deeper level to find out what makes it literary. The

organising hand of Austen not only acquaints the reader with an array of characters but also

presents comic and tragic situations within which these characters find themselves. In the

next chapter I will establish why Pride and Prejudice was seen as nothing more than 'a good

book' (Woolf, 1992: 87) during its first years of publication.

FEMINISM

In analysing literary texts, early feminists would search for the social constructions of

gender to explain how women were marginalised either within literary works or as writers of

texts. Elaine Showalter contends (in Rice & Waugh: 99) that feminist analysis can be split

into two divisions where the first analyses stereotypes, images or gender constructions of

women in literature while the second concerns literature which has been produced by

women and the conditions under which they wrote. Eagleton states that 'women interested

in feminist literature reveal the conflicting positions within feminism itself (Eagleton, 1986:

ix). The growth of a middle class in the eighteenth century saw women being positioned in

the private sphere of the home and family while the public sphere of business, politics and

industry remained the domain of men. This marginalisation of women limited their access to

the public sphere. T hose who did venture into this domain were the exception rather than

the rule. In their early feminist handbook, Gilbert & Gubar state 'For not only did a

nineteenth-century woman writer have to inhabit ancestral mansions (or cottages) owned and

built by men, she was also constricted and restricted by the Palaces of Art and Houses of

Fiction males writers authored' (Gilbert & Gubar, 2000: xi). The stereotypical representation
 13

of women in eighteenth century fiction is that of the 'angel in the house' (22). This sees

female subjectivity within the marital domain. The angel as the perfect, domestic wife whose

position in society is to ensure the welfare of her family. In opposition to this was the woman

represented as the monster, exemplified by Mrs Rochester, imprisoned after going mad, in

Bronte's lane Eyre. The insane, first wife is the monster, replaced by Jane Eyre who will end

up looking after her blind husband. Early feminist analysis explored these representations to

discover 'first, the social position in which nineteenth-century women writers found

themselves and, second, the reading that they themselves did' (xi). Later nineteenth-century

representation of women would also include the woman as a sexual threat, as in Wilde's

interpretation in Salome. This 'Amazonian New Woman represented a female sexual

autonomy that was sign of radical social change' (Gilbert & Gubar, 1988: 30).

Early examination of Austen's novels focussed on the story (fabula) and later on the

plot (sjuzet) which seemed to deal with nothing more than the feminine area of domesticity.

With the growth of the novels' popularity, readers became more interested in the person

behind the novels. C ontrary to the position the New Critics take on literary analysis who

'treat[ed] the literary text as an object essentially independent of its author and its historical

context' Qefferson & Robey: 73) analysis of Jane Austen's novels began to concentrate on the

writer and her historical context. Who this writer was who could write so eloquently about

such an absurd character as Mr Collins, and yet one whom Henry Austen describes as

'thoroughly religious and devout; fearful of giving offence to God, and incapable of feeling it

towards any fellow creature' (Austen, 1818/1987: 19).

Exploring Pride and Prejudice, feminists examine the conditions and the position of

women witl1in the nineteenth century to understand Austen's use of characters. Through an
 14

analysis of Pride and Prejudice we understand that Austen does challenge the prescriptive order

and constructs a female protagonist who continues the tradition and marries the hero, but

only as his equal and only when he can recognise her value as a partner, not just a wife.

Writers like Virginia Woolf want to refute Aristotle's claim that 'the female is female by

virtue of a certain lack of qualities' (Selden: 128). After analysing texts by early women

writers, we can und erstand the condition of male dominance which influences their writing

and how tl1ey adjust their writing to accommodate these conditions. As Showalter contends

'we understand how susceptible women writers have always been to the aesthetic standards

and values of the male tradition, and to male approval and validation' (Rice & Waugh: 103);

one reason for a female writer to assume a male pseudonym.

Many early female writers believed that a woman could show her literary skill by

writing as a man. In other words, a woman could write as well as a man and should not be

distinguished because she was a woman. There was no distinction between a male

consciousness and a female consciousness, and for this reason many female writers either

assumed a male pseudonym or published their books anonymously. Anonymity would allow

the pretence of a novel being written by a male writer while a male pseudonym would allow

the novel to be taken more seriously because it was written by a man. Readers and critics

would assume a more serious subject matter from a male writer than from a female. The

dilemma in which the early female writer found herself reveals how novels were positioned

within nineteentl1 century society. Novels written by women were thought to be concerned

with frivolous, domestic issues of the private sphere of the home with little of importance to

be said within the patriarchal public domain. The general readership of novels would also be

women, and so it was assumed that a female writer wrote for a predominately female
 15

readership. The low status of the novel indicates its trivial subject matter, and only read for

escapism, while the much more admired poetry and drama were considered too advanced

and sophisticated for the female mind. A woman's place in the literary world was the muse

who inspires a male writer rather than the progenitor of serious works. For this reason it was

important for many female writers to produce literature which could deal with serious issues

beyond the domestic realm of marriages and the home. Midd!emarch and lane Eyre are both

serious novels which transcend the domestic world of novels like Pride and Prejudice. As

Virginia Woolf states, a woman wrote 'admitting that she was 'only a woman', or protesting

that she was 'as good as a man" (Woolf: 96), while Charlotte Bronte lamented

I wish you did not think me a woman, I wish all reviewers believed 'Currer Bell'
to be a man; they would be more just to him .... I cannot, when I write, think
always of myself and what you consider elegant and charming in femininity ....
(Rice & Waugh: 109).

Austen's novels were published novels anonymously although they were known to be written

by a woman. She announced on the frontispiece of Sense and Sensibility that it was a novel

written by a lady. Although her novels were published anonymously, it was always

understood that the writer of Pride and Prejudice was a woman. The distinction which

separates the novel from the higher forms of poetry and drama also reveals the only avenue

available to a woman writer. In Northanger Abbey, Austen reveals her position on the general

opinion of novels where the narrator intrudes upon the narration to declare

Yes, novels;- for I will not adopt that ungenerous and impolitic custom
so common with novel writers, of degrading by their contemptuous censure
the very performances, to the number of which they are themselves adding-
joining with their greatest enemies in bestowing the harshest epithets on
such works (Austen: 43 - 44).
 16

Many years later, the question would be put to Julia Kristeva on the subject of gender writing

(Rice & Waugh: 135) 'Is is [sic] possible to distinguish a language or writing which is specific

to women?' to which she replied 'I am very uncertain on this point because what asserts itself

today as 'women's writing' distinguishes itself from 'men's writing' mainly by the choice of

themes.' The same distinctions would have been present in the nineteenth century and so

reviewers would have known that the author of Pride and Prejudice was most certainly a

woman.

One critic who understood that Austen's writing had more depth than just the

shallow love story was Virginia Woolf. It is through her exploration of the obstacles to

women's writing th at she realised Austen was saying more than was previously understood.

Woolf believed in the idea of an androgynous writer, who 'was free to develop both sides of

her nature, both male and female, and to create the appropriate kind of novel for the

expression of her androgynous vision' (Eagleton, 1991: 25). This androgynous mind was first

suggested by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Woolf explored this concept in terms of her own

writing and writing by earlier women writers. We credit Woolf with beginning the process of

examining female writers in order to understand the conditions under which they wrote and

how this influenced their writing and the writing of women who followed them. Woolf

explored how patriarchal oppression influences the subject matter of women's writing as well

as the production f their work. Woolfs argument was that 'the conditions under which

men and women produce literature are materially different and influence the form and

content of what th y write' (Selden: 134). This mirrors the same concerns which Mary

Wollstonecraft examined in 1792. In her treatise, A Vindication of the Rights of Woman,

Wollstonecraft wro te that the

 17

neglected education of my fellow-creatures is the grand source of the misery I

deplore, and that women, in particular, are rendered weak and wretched by a
variety of concurring causes, originating from one hasty conclusion ... a false
system of ed ucation (Wollstonecraft, 1792: 1).

Her suggestion to overcome this neglect was

the necessity of educating the sexes together, to perfect both ... they
should be sent to school to mix with a number of equals, for only by the
jostlings of equality can we form a just opinion of ourselves (105).

It would be over one hundred years later when tl1ese educational differences became the

main focus of Woolf's book, A Room of One's Own. In it, she compares the circumstances of

William Shakespeare and his imagined sister, Judith. Where William becomes a literary

master his sister Judith eventually kills herself because she has been unable to pursue her own

artistic dreams. These frustrations and disappointments in life eventually lead to her suicide.

Woolf's point here is that should a woman possess the same dreams and genius as

Shakespeare, she would not be given the same opportunities given to men. And so that desire

to write or perform was denied them because their position in the society was dictated by

men. Women are still positioned within the private domestic domain while men control d1e

public. Denied the education which her brothers had, Austen too, explores these same issues,

and in Persuasion An ne Elliot declares to Captain Harville

"Men have ad every advantage of us in telling their own story. Education has
been theirs in so much higher a degree; the pen has been in their hands"
(Austen, 1818/1998: 206).

Woolf questions why some novels are considered to be worthy enough to read and study

while otl1ers are not just because of their subject matter 'This is an important book, the critic

assumes, because it deals with war. This is an insignificant book because it deals with the

feelings of women in a drawing-room' (Woolf: 96). Woolf argues that novels like Pride and
 18

Prejudice are dismissed as trivial escapism while poems from Wordsworth, Shelley or Byron

are significant because of their subject matter and the writer's position on the subject matter.

This is still a major consideration when we explore Pride and Prejudice in the twenty-first

century, especially for the student who perceives the novel as nothing more than a

sentimental love st ry. Students studying English literature are sometimes unable to position

Pride and Prejudice because of its reputation as a romantic love story. The role of the lecturer

is to get the student to understand the value of studying Pride and Prejudice in spite of its

assumed insignificant subject matter.

When we teach Pride and Prejudice all these literary traditions are brought to bear on

how to approach th e text, so d1at students understand the social circumstances of the

characters and the writer in order to appreciate Austen's v.rriting. Students have to go beyond

the fabula and examine the sjuzet to explore how Austen challenges the novelistic tradition

of d1e eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. How she was able to write a novel which seems

such a slight, domestic comedy, but reveals itself to be far more subversive than was originally

thought, is why we use these different literary theories. By exploring Pride and Prejudice

intertextually scholars can better understand Austen's position on women, especially where

they are concerned in the marriage market. The different approaches to criticism enable

students to comprehend how d1is novel has remained so popular for so many years after its

first publication.

Like the New Critics, Structuralists also see d1e text 'as a function of system of

literature, divorcing it from historical and social context' (Rice & Waugh: 23). These

theorists do not consider the social context of Austen, but rather the language of eighteenth
 19

and nineteenth century England to discover the novel's literary value. However, the historical

and social circumstances around Austen in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries

does seem to have a direct influence on her writing, especially considering the representation

of Austen's female characters. Austen's position as a feminist is lauded by many feminists

and yet denied by many others because her protagonists do still marry in order to position

themselves in their societies. Where Mary Wollstonecraft wrote her essay condemning the

gendered education of the eighteenth century, Austen would write narrative stories which

confronted the same issues as Wollstonecraft. And later, Virginia Woolf would again take up

d1e challenge to women's education and continue questioning patriarchal society. In the next

chapter on literary devices, I will use the Russian Formalists concept of defamiliarisation to

explore some of the issues which reveal themselves in Pride and Prejudice, while also arguing

why Austen is considered to be revolutionary writer by many writers and critics yet still

disparaged by so many others.

 20

CH-APTlSR TWO

'I could easily forgive his pride, if he had not mortified mine.'

-Chapter 5
 21

LITERARY DEVICES IN PRIDE AND PREJUDICE

One of the main areas for analysis in Pride and Prejudice is Austen's use of language

and the literary de ices which allow the plot (sjuzet) of the story (fabula) to develop. These

are elements which are most often missing from film productions. Pride and Prejudice is an

engaging story with a strong, opinionated heroine which has delighted readers for nearly two

hundred years. For academic purposes, the literary devices throughout the novel deserve

scholarly attention. The fabula of Pride and Prejudice is the love story of Elizabeth and Darcy

which seems to be insufficiently academic for many modern students. In presenting the novel

to students we can use the visual media to highlight the literary devices in the novel which

may be missing from tl1e film. The popular success of the novel lies in Austen's witty

treatment of tl1e characters and their situations. For many readers it is not important what

issues the writer confronts because the engaging love story is enough to hold their interest.

Film makers have made this story into successful productions and as years go by, our

fascination with fashions and social mores of previous generations will ensure the continuing

success of the films.

This means the novel holds contradictory positions; the popular success of the visual

media which reach a wide audience is contradicted by the scholarly studies which look for

reasons for the no el's enduring success. This creates a problem for the lecturer who has to

show tl1e novel's importance to a prejudiced audience. I use the world prejudice deliberately

because the majority of students have been exposed to the film or television versions of Pride

and Prejudice befor tl1ey engage with it in their undergraduate course. They assume they are

studying a love-story which seems a contradiction in terms. Lecturers have to show how the
 22

scholarly perspective of the novel explores how the language reflects conditions around

Austen and what position she takes as a commentator of her nineteenth century society.

Although she has been criticised for neglecting the political turmoil which beset England at

that time, her 'pictures of domestic life in country villages' (Gilbert & Gubar: 133) are

engaging enough to warrant our attention. Until this time literature was written for the

literary elite who expected to read about matters of consequence. Pride and Prejudice was

written between the years 1796-97 which is only forty years after the publication of Samuel

Johnson's dictionary. There is a tension between language in the patriarchal public sphere

and the domestic private domains of individuals. This novel explores this tension through

Elizabeth's and Darcy's dialogues. Austen wrote Pride and Prejudice during the continuing war

with Napoleon; the onset of the industrial revolution; the subsequent move of people to

urban centres in search of work and the concomitant unemployment within these urban

centres.

Although these are issues of prime importance for the chronicler of d1e eighteenth

and nineteenth centuries, they seem to be missing from Pride and Prejudice . But on close

examination, we can see that Austen was aware of these events but chooses to ignore them

because 'she had nothing to say about them' (Copeland & McMaster, 1997: 159). The novel

focuses on the domestic circumstances of women, and explores matters such as the question

of property and how the entail system does not take into account the rights of the individual.

These are points wh ich need to be brought to the attention of the literary student, exploring

the novel for d1e first time as an academic text. I will explore these literary devices in order to

position Austen as both popular writer and social commentator. An examination of the

language within the novel reveals the tension which existed between scientific empiricism
 23

and the romantics' quest for the natural world. The concerns of the age of enlightenment or

rationality are evident throughout the novel, and it is Austen's exploration of these concerns,

through her characters, which dominate the scholar's interest. The characters represent the

tension between the private inner self and the public external self and how this is reflected in

the writing style of the novel. As these are qualities which are necessarily missing from the

film versions, they are the points which students should engage with to understand the

importance of this ovel in an undergraduate course.

IRONY

Jane Austen is acknowledged as one of the great ironists of her age and later ages, and

yet many modern students are ill-equipped to uncover much of the irony in Pride and

Prejudice. Many reviewers of her own age were also unable to recognise her ironic statements

which reveals far more about the writer and her age. Emily Auerbach states that, 'Irony allows

Austen to expose the discrepancy between what people say and what they mean, what they

proscribe for other and what they practice themselves, what they pretend and what they

know to be true' (Auerbach, 2004: 57). The pleasure that readers get from Austen's irony is

often only achieved on rereading which is a process many readers and students do not often

do. They may be able to laugh at how they were misled by the writer but often fail to

understand developments like Elizabeth's change of heart after her visit to Pemberley.

In his book, A Rhetoric of Irony, (Booth, 1974), Wayne Booth distinguishes four steps

in recognising irony. In the first step, the reader acknowledges that the literal meaning of the

statement is somehow false or inadequate. There exists something incongruous about the

statement which the reader is forced to question. If we examine the famous opening

statement 'It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good
 24

fortune, must be in want of wife' (Austen, 1813/ 1996: 5) there are a number of points to

consider when questioning the validity of this statement. Firstly, is the idea that the 'truth' is

'universally acknowledged', which may be questioned. The reader who approaches this novel

for the first time may feel slightly inadequate when reading this as they may not know this

'truth'. This alerts them to the next point of the statement, which states that 'a single man in

possession of a good fortune' is looking for a wife. Does this then mean tl1at a single man

who is not in possession of good fortune is not looking for a wife, or that a single woman in

possession of good fortune is also not looking for a husband, or that single women, not in

possession of good fortune, are looking for a man who is in possession of a good fortune? All

these possibilities arise, when we examine the literal meaning of the statement which leads to

Booth's second step. Here the reader looks for, or is aware of, variant interpretations to

further understand the statement. The alternative explanations do not necessarily have to

contradict the literal statement, but they call into question the literal meaning. At this point

the reader begins to question the attitude of the writer, beginning the third step in the

process. In this step the reader has to make 'a decision ... about the author's knowledge or

beliefs' (Bootl1: 11). Booth maintains that the first two steps process do not or cannot tell the

reader that the statement is ironic; it is only through the third step that the irony is revealed.

With the first two steps the reader cannot judge the author's intentions, which may be a

statement tl1ey implicitly believe; therefore the statement cannot be ironic. But in the third

stage, the reader h as to determine if the writer rejects the literal meaning which the reader

has understood. When reading Pride and Prejudice the reader questions whether Austen really

believed that 'a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife'. When

we consider that tl1 e novel explores the question of property and wealth and how they relate
 25

to the position of women within eighteenth century England, we have to consider Austen's

views on her society's treatment of women and property entailment. With this knowledge we

come to understand that she does not believe that a single man of good fortune is looking for

a wife, but rather single women who are looking for a husband, preferably with a good

fortune. In the fou rth and final stage of understanding irony, the reader decides on a new

meaning to the original statement. If the literal statement is not altogether correct, another

alternative must be implied by the writer. Could she possibly be warning us that the novel

explores how women have to get married in order to position themselves in the nineteenth

century? And considering some of the women we meet in the novel, the five Bennet

daughters, Charlotte Lucas, Miss Bingley and Georgiana Darcy, this opening statement is

clearly meant to be ironic.

Then we can examine this statement from a different ironic position. Pride and

Prejudice is a story about five daughters of a gentleman who find themselves in a situation

where they need to get married due to the entailment of the family estate. The Longbourn

estate will be inherited by the next male in line, which will leave the Bennet daughters with

no property and n o wealth unless they marry, to men with money. Altl1ough they initially

seem unconcerned with this state of affairs, its real tragedy is revealed by their vulgar,

disagreeable mother whose search for husbands for them becomes altogether comic, tragic

and embarrassing for the family. We understand that the intentions of the writer are to

explore the position of women through the question of property. However, we can also look

at the opening statement of the novel, and relate it to the male characters to whom we are

introduced . There is Mr Bingley who buys the Netherfield estate (therefore he has good

fortune) and is captivated by Jane Bingley until Mr Darcy's intervention, and who appears to
 26

be searching for someone to share his life (fortune) with. The next single man we meet (other

than Mr Darcy) who does little to hide his intentions of looking for a wife (which society

expects him to do) is the odious Mr Collins. With Mr Collins, as his first choice is somehow

unavailable to him, his attentions are immediately transferred to the next available woman,

and so on until Charlotte Lucas accepts his proposal and his conditions for marriage. The

opening statement then seems to be correct as these single men are in fact 'in want of a wife'.

Austen's use of the ironic statement, meant to reflect the women in the novel, is also a true

statement when we consider how the plot develops. Yes the novel is about how women

search for suitably wealthy husbands but it is also how men of good fortune search for

suitable wives in the marriage market.

In an examination of Elizabeth's visit to Pemberley we can see how tl1e beautiful

estate has an effect upon her opinion of Mr Darcy. The subtle irony of the language escapes

many students and leads them to possibly mistake Austen's and Elizabeth's intentions. Jane's

question to Elizabeth on how long she has loved Mr Darcy, provides an unsatisfactory answer

from Elizabeth according to many students. Elizabeth's ironically, flippant comment is 'But I

believe I must date it from my first seeing his beautiful grounds at Pemberley.' (Austen: 353).

Students take this statement literally, and do not understand the irony behind it. This is

because tl1ey have not considered Booth's first step wid1 tl1e statement. They do not consider

this statement to be false or inadequate. While it is true that this is when Elizabeth changes

her mind about Mr Darcy, it is not just the large estate which forces the change of mind, but

how the estate is a reflection of its owner which enables Elizabeth to change her opinion of

him. It is this moment that Elizabeth recognises what she has lost in declining Darcy's first

proposal, and it is not just about the wealth and the estate. While waiting for Darcy's
 27

housekeeper, Elizabeth is left to 'wonder at her being where she was' (236). The word,

'wonder' implies both amazement and puzzlement which are both feelings that Elizabeth

encounters at that moment. Austen's choice of this word leads to different interpretations of

this sentence. We may see Elizabeth questioning how, at that particular moment, she finds

herself at the estate of the man she felt such antagonism for. Or we may see Elizabeth,

looking around herself with such amazement and incredulity, and imagining her lost chance

of being mistress of this estate. Whichever way we choose to read this, the fact that

Elizabeth's opinion of Mr Darcy is transformed after she is confronted with his estate and

from that moment on the reader awaits the final denouement which must happen. Even

though Elizabeth has refused Mr Darcy once, Austen wants the reader to understand that she

is the right person to be mistress of Pemberley Estate and so the rest of novel will lead to that

conclusion. For Austen, it is about a marriage of equals and Elizabeth and Darcy become just

that. Because students have not grasped the irony of this statement, they do not understand

that Elizabeth's opinion of Darcy changes because she can appreciate d1e man where

previously she could not. She has grown in maturity and will now make a suitable wife to

him. Like our modern students, many of Austen's first readers of the nineteenth century also

may not have understood Austen's irony which may have contributed to her reputation as a

merely a writer of love stories.

Ironic understatement is used throughout Pride and Prejudice and it effectively

contradicts the exaggeration which Austen draws our attention to. She uses this device to

humorously elaborate on some aspect of a character without actually putting into words the

point she wants to make. It is left to the reader to interpret the irony and understand

precisely what type of character we have encountered. The obnoxious Mr Collins, and what
 28

he stands for, is revealed through his choice of language which enables the reader

immediately to understand his sycophantic behaviour. On first arriving at Longbourn we are

told that when questioned, Mr Collins was 'neid1er in need of encouragement, nor inclined

to be silent himself' (63). Without actually saying it, d1e writer informs us d1at Mr Collins

talks incessantly, which draws the reader's attention to his topic of conversation which is

usually about himself or his patroness, Lady Catherine de Bourgh. This device is far more

effective than if the narrator had begun a long explanation of the type of person is Mr

Collins. The reader interprets the words according to Wayne Bood1's steps and comes to the

understanding which Austen has intended. In step one, the reader acknowledges that there is

something unusual about the statement 'neither in need of encouragement, nor inclined to

be silent himself', leading them to consider an alternative explanation to the literal meaning,

that he talks endlessly. In this step the reader does not look for an actual alternative, but

rather is left considering why the writer has said this, which leads them to question the type

of character is Mr Collins. In this situation, it is what Mr Collins represents that Austen is

commenting on. He represents the fact that so few options are available to single women,

and given his right to choose a wife, the only choice for a woman, like Elizabeth, is the ability

to refuse. In the final stage of interpreting the understatement, the reader is left with little

doubt of the situation in which the Bennet sisters find themselves. Austen uses d1e ironic

understatement to reveal aspects of a character in both a humorous manner and in a

straightforward narrative. After Mr Collins has been introduced to the Bennet family he

proceeds to flatter them to the extreme. On being 'set right by Mrs. Bennet, who assured him

with some asperity that they were very well able to keep a good cook' (31), he 'continued to

apologise for about a quarter of an hour' (31). The exaggeration merely emphasises Mr
 29

Collins's sycophantic behaviour and prevents the reader from taking him seriously. However

serious a threat Mr Collins is to Elizabeth, he is understood by the reader to be nothing more

than a caricature. Later in the novel we are told how Mr Collins intends to 'throw himself at

her lCharlotte Lucas] feet' ( 119), in his relentless pursuit of a wife. Mr Collins does not

literally throw himself at her feet, but he does intend to pursue her as wife. The exaggeration

merely emphasises h is ridiculousness, and provides another comic moment in the novel. This

example typifies Mr Collins's language and reflects how he actually expresses himself. Austen

mocks the conventions of the familiar love story, where a suitor will throw himself at his

lover's feet, but with real love. Mr Collins is not in love with Charlotte; she is merely the

means to an end. He is looking for a wife, and at this point, any woman willing to accept him

will do. This forces us to consider what Austen is saying about tl1e position of women,

especially women like Elizabeth and Charlotte, where C harlotte's desperation is a point of

concern for Austen and the reader. However, Austen has another use for Mr Collins.

Because he is a min ister the reader would expect her to treat his position with more respect,

but Mr Collins represents the position of the church during the seventeenth and eighteenth

century when tl1ere was a tension between the church and politics. Mr Collins represents 'tl1e

church in an age of negligence' (Copeland & McMaster: 153 - 154). At this time, clergymen

came from a particular class and did not necessarily need to be spiritual in order to become a

minister of the church. We should consider this representation of tl1e church in Pride and

Prejudice in light of Wickham's strategy to gain a position with Mr Darcy's father as well.

Wickham's desire to enter the church is merely a ruse to get money from Darcy's father and

from Darcy.
 30

The opening sentence in Pride and Prejudice is a relatively easy sentence to understand

in terms of its iron ; however there are many other comments by the writer which have

eluded recognition by many critics especially when the novel was first published. The

reception of Pride and Prejudice on its initial publication shows that those early readers were

unable to recognise either Austen's intentions or the domestic concerns she was challenging.

One answer may lie in the fact that she was writing within certain prescriptive rules of the

novelistic tradition, and in order for her novel to be a success, she would have been guided

by these rules in telling her story. The fact that much of her irony was lost on the first readers

is a reflection of her society's sympathies and concerns. Later critics came to understand the

irony which enabled them to question the positions Austen takes on a number of issues. It is

this same reason d1at many modern readers miss the irony because they are not able to judge

the author's intention, as they are unfamiliar with d1e social mores of the eighteenth century.

FREE INDIRECT STYLE

Jane Austen uses the free indirect style of narration to reveal the private thoughts of

her central characters. In her public life, Elizabeth Bennet is expected to behave according to

the norms of her society, which she does to a certain degree. She is aware of expected

behaviour in society, but like her father, she takes a slightly superior position and makes fun

of her society's foibles. The nineteenth century is one in which people's intercourse reflects

the formal manner of the era. It is only through Elizabeth's behaviour and her private

thoughts that the r ader determines her real character. The free indirect style allows the

reader to access to the heroine's real thoughts and feelings. This style of narration also gives

Austen the opportunity to pursue the conviction that women are capable of rational thought.

In the age of rationality, where all of mankind is believed to have the capacity to reason,
 31

women are not being included in that generalisation. Women were still being marginalised

in the public sphere and are bound to the private, domestic world they inhabit. Under this

patriarchal society, a character like Elizabeth breaks the conventional mode of women and

their position in society. Austen provides Elizabeth with recourse to rationality and through

this Elizabeth is able to confront Mr Darcy, his proposal, and his language, and justify her

indignation at his proposal. In using this narrative style, Austen reveals the drama of the

situation, particularly its effect on Elizabeth. This is not meant to be taken humorously, and

the reader is forced to connect this proposal with that of Mr Collins's. Where his proposal

has all the elements of comedy to it, Mr Darcy's lacks any humour which displays the

intensity of his emotions. Unlike Mr Collins, Darcy does love Elizabeth but at this stage she

cannot accept him on his terms; they both have to respect each other. This narrative style

reveals the perturbation of Elizabeth's mind and focuses our attention on the anxiety which

she is feeling. In the following quotation, it is not just the narrative style which betrays

Elizabeth's agitation, but also the manner of the writing, where punctuation and full

sentences fall away to show the tumult of her thoughts

That she should receive an offer of marriage from Mr Darcy! that he

should have been in love with her for so many months! so much in
love as to wish to marry her in spite of all the objections which had
made him prevent his friend's marrying her sister (189).

Without the information supplied in his letter, she is exasperated by his temerity and his

rudeness towards herself and her family. The contrast between Elizabed1's private thoughts

and her verbal replies to Mr Darcy reveals the tension between appearance and reality,

between the inner private world and the public world where formality is so important.
 32

Elizabeth tries to maintain control over herself, even though she has been humiliated by Mr

Darcy's treatment of her family

"From the very beginning, from the first moment I may almost say,
of my acquaintance with you, your manners impressing me with the
fullest belief of your arrogance, your conceit, and your selfish disdain
of the feelings of others" (188).

When we compare these words with the first quotation, we can see that Elizabeth maintains

her sense of social codes through her language in her response to Mr Darcy. Although

privately agitated her public world is still subject to society's expectations of formality. It is

only through the indirect free style narration that her private thoughts and her real feelings

are revealed.

The interesting point of Austen's use of the free indirect style (or free indirect

discourse as identified by Rimmon-Kenan, 1983: 110), is that it is a narrative device which is

eventually used by writers in the modernist period to represent stream of consciousness. As

Rimmon-Kenan contends

Because of its capacity to reproduce the idiolect of a character's

speech or thought ... within the narrator's reporting language, FID
is a convenient vehicle for representing stream of consciousness,
mainly for the variety called 'indirect interior monologue
(Rimmon-Kenan: 110).

That Austen is one of the first novelists to use this style of narration so effectively is often

overlooked, and is certainly unknown to a number of new students of Pride and Prejudice. The

ordinary reader may or may not be able to identify that these are Elizabeth's actual thoughts

coming via the narrator, but will probably not be able to link this stylistic device to other

genres especially those associated with modernist and post-modernist writers. This literary

device becomes such an effective tool with later writers that there is a tendency to overlook
 33

that Austen uses it to draw attention to the issue of language within the public and the

private self and the tension which exists between appearance and reality.

LANGUAGEASASOCMLCONSTRUCT

Pride and Prejudice was written during a time of great tension between science,

religion, politics and the rights of man. The age of rationality and reason is deeply embedded

in writers and philosophers of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The question of

language and understanding and how it is used was being investigated by philosophers such

as Locke and Hume. Austen explores the tension between understanding and language

throughout Pride and Prejudice. Elizabeth Bennet's use of a publicly constructed formal

language is not always understood because she is a woman. Ald1ough Elizabeth declines Mr

Collins's offer of marriage using a language he should understand, he misinterprets her

refusal as typically feminine coyness. Charlotte Lucas also uses a public language to alert Mr

Collins to her availability to be his wife after Elizabed1's refusal. Mr Collins's language reveals

his vested interest in the landed estate. He has to marry in order to continue the male line to

keep Longbourn in the family. Most modern students are able to identify Austen's use of

bod1 characters and caricatures, but are not always able to connect their roles in the novel

with the issues she confronts. All the characters in the novel use the public sphere of

language however limited it may be, and even though we are only partial to Elizabeth's

private thoughts we can judge the other characters d1rough their public use of language. The

question of how to say something unique to oneself, while using a public language is

explored by Austen through Elizabeth's reasoning. When we examine the language in Pride

and Prejudice we understand more about the writer and her concerns with social class, the

entail and its affect on an individual.

 34

The silly Mr Collins and his language leave the reader in no doubt about his

character and his role in the novel. His first letter to Mr Bennet warns the reader of what a

ridiculous person he is, which his language and behaviour confirm. After reading the letter

the astute Elizabeth immediately discerns the kind of person he is and questions her father

"There is something very pompous in his stile. -And what can he mean
by apologizing for being next in the entail?- We cannot suppose he would
help it, if he could.- Can he be a sensible man, sir?" (62)

There is no doubt that Mr Collins is the cause of the Bennet girls' dire situation but only

through the entailment system. He is to inherit Longbourn which he allows him to feel

'concerned at being the means of injuring your amiable daughters ... and assure you of my

readiness to make them every possible amends' (62). With Elizabeth we are forced to

question the extent of his concern, as this is the first olive branch he has extended, just when

he needs a wife. What other type of amends he could make other than marriage to one of Mr

Bennet's daughters is not even considered. His language reveals him to be a self-obsessed,

pompous and obsequious fool, who cannot hear or understand an individual's use of

language, particularly the strong, opinionated Elizabeth. He is searching for a woman to be

his wife and believes that in turn, every woman would want to be his wife. His role in the

novel is to contrast with Mr Darcy. Both characters use a language which Elizabeth rejects. As

representatives of patriarchy their language reveals the superior position of men. Both

proposals to Elizabeth focus on themselves and what marriage means to them. The idea of a

marriage between Elizabeth and Mr Collins is inconceivable because we know the kind of

woman Elizabeth is and the kind of man she deserves. Mr Darcy's first proposal is saturated

in a language which reveals his pride and until he can accept Elizabeth on her terms, he too
 35

will be rejected. While Mr Collins uses language for his own benefit he is incapable of

understanding Elizabeth's language when she declines his proposal as her language does not

correspond to Mr Collins's understanding of a woman in her position. He expects her to be

grateful and cannot hear her refusal for what it is. His language is about himself and what a

marriage (to any w man) means to him 'I think it a right thing for every clergyman .. .I am

convinced it will add very greatly to my happiness' (103). Throughout his speech, his

language is loaded with the pronouns, I, me, and my and only refers to Elizabetl1 in how she

will fit into his world. He is deaf to her speech because he cannot see her response for what it

reveals. The more she refuses him the more charming he finds her, as he is unable to see tl1e

individual person, but sees her rather in relation to her position in her household and in

society. He understands the position the entail has put the Bennet girls in and considers

marriage to one of them an act of charity. His thinks tl1at 'This was his plan of amends- of

atonement- ... and he tl1ought it an excellent one, full of eligibility and suitableness, and

excessively generou and disinterested on his own part' (69). He sees himself as their saviour

and shows little concern which daughter he should bestow this honour onto 'Mr Collins had

only to change from Jane to Elizabeth- and it was soon done- done while Mrs. Bennet was

stirring the fire.' (70). The patriarchal conditions of the nineteenth century demand that a

woman marry, especially advantageously such as Mr Collins is offering. He feels any woman

will be grateful for h is favour. He cannot comprehend Elizabeth's refusal as it transcends his

understanding of marriage. Women, like the Bennet daughters, are waiting for someone like

him to come along, marry them and rescue them from spinsterhood. Elizabeth, however, is

determined not to marry anyone whom she does not love and will not allow her desperate

position to detract er from that end, especially with someone like Mr Collins. Mr Collins
 36

will find the wife he is looking for in the pragmatic Charlotte Lucas, who sees the marriage

exactly as it is, the 'pleasantest preserve from want' ( 120). In her language she considers the

position which society has placed her in, and sees her position the same way tl1at Mr Collins

does. She is able to manipulate the situation that Mr Collins is in after Elizabeth has refused

his proposal 'for tl1ough feeling almost secure, and with reason, for Charlotte had been

tolerably encouraging' (119) and transpires to meet him 'accidentally in the lane' (119). She

knows that, at twenty-seven, this chance at marriage may be the only one she is likely to get,

and therefore, to b properly positioned in society, she must be married. Charlotte is grateful

to Mr Collins and their marriage will be a good one and the language she hears from Mr

Collins justifies her manipulations 'But little had she dared to hope that so much love and

eloquence awaited her there' (119). Charlotte and Mr Collins are getting what they want and

need and fulfilling their roles in society. Mr Collins gets the wife he needs and Charlotte gets

tl1e husband she needs. They have performed the roles tl1at society expects of them; therefore

their duties have been fulfilled.

In both Mr Collins's and Mr Darcy's proposals to Elizabetl1 tl1ey consider the

marriage market only in respect to themselves and neitl1er of them considers Elizabeth and

her feelings. Mr Darcy's expectation of Elizabeth's gratitude are immediately dashed and he

too is incapable of comprehending her refusal 'In such cases as this, it is, I believe, the

established mode to express a sense of obligation for the sentiments avowed, however

unequally they may be returned' (186) she retorts at his proposal. She does not act in the way

that society, Mr Collins or Mr Darcy expect of her. At the same time, we determine from Mr

Darcy's language h w hard he finds it to express his private tl1oughts using a language
 37

prescribed by society. He stumbles over his words and cannot say what he wants to say. The

formal use of language is inadequate and his agitated mind is revealed through his behaviour

he came towards her in an agitated manner ... His complexion became

pale with anger, and the disturbance of his mind was visible in every
feature. He was struggling for the appearance of composure and would
not open hi lips, till he believed himself to have attained it (186).

The contrast between Darcy's first and second proposal is understood in terms of the

language he uses. Mr Darcy is finally able to reveal his real private feelings using a language

observed by all lovers 'he expressed himself on the occasion as sensibly and as warmly as a

man violently in love can be supposed to do' (346) and is able to acknowledge his admiration

to Elizabeth 'I believe, I thought only of you' (346). His speech has moved away from the self

pronouns and he is able to acknowledge Elizabeth as 'you'. Darcy uses words which have

been said before between other lovers and these are the words that Elizabeth understands.

Although he is expressing something which is real and unique to himself, he is using a

language familiar t all lovers. However, he is only able to do this because Elizabeth has

shown him how. H e explains why he has been so proud and restrained

"I have been a selfish being all my life, in practice, though not in
principle ... .I was given good principles, but left to follow them in
pride and conceit.... to think meanly of all the rest of the world ....
By you, I was properly humbled .... You shewed me how insufficient
were all my pretensions to please a woman worthy of being pleased" (349).

Although we are captivated by Elizabeth and Darcy getting married, we have to

acknowledge the radical position which Austen takes toward the nineteenth century class

system and the position of women. As Tony Tanner states 'the assertion of the free-choosing

self and its resistance to the would-be tyranny of roles imposed on it from socially superior

powers is a spectacle which delights us now as much as it can have done Jane Austen's
 38

contemporaries. (Tanner, 1986: 125). That Elizabeth Bennet, a middle class woman, with

relatives in trade and industry, is able to marry a noble man such as Mr Darcy on her own

terms, would have been quite revolutionary in the early nineteenth century. The popular

success story of a girl who makes good is fictional, although for Austen it is something she

believes in for future generations. She questions the entail system in relation to the Bennet

daughters and explores how this system ignores the rights of the individual, both male and

female but in particular, those of women.

One final point about Jane Austen's use oflanguage in Pride and Prejudice, and one

which students are not always able to recognise is the presentation of time. As noted, Austen

explores the question of public and private language and how they differ. Pride and Prejudice

has three volumes but has two distinct parts to the style of writing. The division between the

parts occurs after Mr Darcy's first proposal and his explanatory letter to Elizabeth. With the

first section of the novel most of the action occurs through dramatic dialogue. The balls, the

walks and the conversations are public and use a language understood by all society. There

are rules of manner to which all the characters prescribe. We seldom have access to any

character's private thoughts, only those which the omniscient narrator relates. The progress

of the novel is advanced through action and dialogues between characters in the public

sphere, through the narrator. While the second part of the novel begins after the letter which

forces Elizabeth to realise how her own prejudice has led to her bad opinion of Darcy.

Tanner suggests that the second half of the novel is 'a mixture of narrative, summary and

scene [which) carries the plot towards the conclusion' (121). Elizabeth's maturation begins

after reading the letter and realising how her first impressions of Darcy have blinded her to

his real self and to Wickham's duplicity 'Of neither Darcy nor Wickham could she think,
 39

without feeling that she had been blind, partial, prejudiced, absurd.' (Austen: 201). Most of

the action in the second part of the novel occurs through reported speech and through

Elizabeth's private thoughts rather than dialogues and actions. In this section we are exposed

to Elizabeth's inner language, her real self and not the person who is on public display.

Austen exposes the distinction between language used in the public sphere and the private

language of an individual. While Elizabeth maintains her control over her language in her

public space

"You are mistaken, Mr Darcy, if you suppose that the mode of your
declaration affected me in any other way, than as it spared me the concern
which I might have felt in refusing you, had you behaved in a more
gentleman-like manner" (188).

she berates herself in her inner thoughts for being blinded by her first impressions and her

prejudices

How despicably have I acted! ... I, who have prided myself on my

discernment! ... and gratified my vanity, in useless or blameable distrust .
.. .1 have courted prepossession and ignorance, and driven reason away,
where either were concerned. Till this moment, I never knew myself (20 1).

In revealing the distinction between private and public language, Austen shows the tension

between the internal and external world. Language is a reflection of yourself, and through

Elizabeth's language we see her as a 'lively, young woman who thinks, reasons, argues,

sparkles, and laughs her way through a series of absurd and unfair social circumstances'

(Auerbach: 129).
 40

CH-APTER TH-REE

'I admire all my three sons--in--law highly. Wickham, perhaps,

is my favourite; but I think I shall like your husband quite as
well as Jane's.'
Chapter 59
 41

EARLY RESPONSE TO PRIDE AND PREJUDICE

Although Jane Austen had completed Pride and Prejudice in 1797, it was only

published sixteen years later and four years before her death. As is known, Pride and Prejudice

was initially called First Impressions, which is somewhat ironic in that the first impressions of it

are altogether contrary to later criticisms and opinions in the twentieth century. Much of this

may be attributed to Henry Austen's Biographical Notice which prefaced the first

publications of Nor thanger Abbey and Persuasion, posthumously published together in 1818.

The biographical information presented Austen as a kindly spinster sister and aunt, whose

modesty and humility contradicted the writer of the novels. Bruce Stovel, (in Copeland &

McMaster: 231) identifies four phases of criticism of Austen's work. The first phase from

1811 (following the publication of Sense and Sensibility) to 1870, the second from 1870 to

1940, (the beginnings of literary criticism), the third phase from 1940 to around 1970 and

the last phase is current criticism. The interesting point about his phase identification, is the

academic study of Austen's works really only commences in the third phase. This coincides

with Elaine Showalter's contention that

in the early 1920s it was desperately unclear why English was worth
studying at 11; by the early 1930s it had become a question of why
it was worth wasting your time on anything else. English was not only
a subject worth studying, but the supremely civilizing pursuit
(Showalter, 2003:22)

Scholarly interest in Austen's novels follows the path of general academic study of English

literature. It seems with each generation interest in novels which offer us a window on past

eras continues to develop. The reason for engaging in the response which has accompanied

Pride and Prejudice throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries is to consider how to
 42

present this novel to the modern undergraduate student. Pride and Prejudice's reputation has

gone through stages, and the predominance of the visual media of the twenty-first century

means that, for many students, its reputation precedes its position as a literary work.

In order to explain the early nineteenth century response to Pride and Prejudice we

need to first under tand the position which the novel was held in at that time. We know

from Northanger Abbey, how Austen felt the need to defend the lowly novel. The intrusive

narrator states that

Yes, novels; - for I will not adopt that ungenerous and impolitic
custom so co mmon with novel writers, of degrading by their contemptuous
censure the very performances, to the number of which they are themselves
adding- joining with their greatest enemies in bestowing the harshest
epithets on such works (Austen: 43).

We need to appreciate why she so vehemently defends her choice of writing. Mary Waldron

contends that 'Reviewers had become accustomed to treating the novels which came under

their scrutiny with a degree of contempt ... they were on tl1e whole hardly worth serious

consideration' (Todd, 2005: 83). An expanding readership showed 'the growth in the

eighteentl1 century of the novel as a form in which tl1e woman novelist addressed herself to

women and men, while the poet was 'a man speaking to men' (Littlewood, 1998a: 254). The

literary elite are also tl1e socially elite minority who patronise readers of novels.

The tension between the inferiority of tl1e novel against tl1e growing numbers of

readers and their demand for more novels is indicative of the tension between the classes of

the nineteenth century. The rise of the novel started in the late seventeenth century, and by

the time Pride and Prejudice was published, there are greater numbers of discerning readers

looking for and reading better novels. One reviewer of the period suggests that

The times seem to be past when an apology was requisite from reviewers
 43

for condescending to notice a novel; when they felt themselves bound in

dignity to deprecate the suspicion of paying much regard to such trifles,
and pleaded the necessity of occasionally stooping to humour the taste of
their fair readers (Littlewood: 318).

There does lie an implicit condescension placed on 'fair readers' which is almost the same

perception many modern readers and students have of Pride and Prejudice of not being serious

enough for scholarly attention.

Austen, as part of an emerging middle class, is well aware of her own position as a

female novelist. W e see with some of the characters in Pride and Prejudice that class distinction

and where one is positioned within society is an obstacle which they have to overcome. Lady

Catherine declares Elizabeth 'a young woman witl1out family, connections, or fortune' and

advises her 'not to quit the sphere, in which you have been brought up' (Austen: 33 7), while

Mr Darcy has to contend with 'His sense of her inferiority- of its being a degradation' (185).

As Fay Weldon comments 'would Darcy have married Elizabetl1 anywhere else but in the

City of Invention' (Weldon, 1984: 13).

The first notice of Pride and Prejudice appeared in February 1813, one montl1 after its

publication which states 'It has a very unexceptionable tendency ... The story has no great

variety' (Littlewood: 269). The underlying comment here is that, like many other novels, Pride

and Prejudice deals witl1 trivial matters and is therefore of no great significance. One

observation about tl1is notice is the summary of the story, which states

The hero is a young man of large fortune and fashionable manners,

whose distinguishing characteristic is personal pride. The heroine, on tl1e
first introduction, conceives a most violent prejudice against Darcy (269).

What is important is that the reviewer has begun the summary witl1 the character of Darcy as

though he is of central importance to the novel and then follows with an introduction to
 44

Elizabeth. It is not immediately evident that the novel focuses on Elizabeth rather than

Darcy. This is an example of the patriarchal roles in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

and how they insinuate into the production of literature and the characters' roles in fiction.

What we can take from the reviews is that the commentators' interest lies in the story

(fabula) and the organisation of plot (sjuzet), identified by both Aristotle and the Formalists.

The anonymous novelist is lauded for providing an enjoyable and entertaining story but no

comments about the irony and the issues with which she engages. At this time irony is not

understood and so many of the issues Austen confronts are not immediately recognised.

These would only become apparent later when critics began to question Austen's writing

style.

Many readers see the story as nothing more than one woman's bumpy road to

marriage. Austen conforms to the popular novelistic formula in order to encourage readers

to her novels. But behind that felicitous, domestic story is a writer whose characterisations

have been likened to Shakespeare's by some later critics. The mundane story and the

innocuous ending of Pride and Prejudice mislead many readers and reviewers of the nineteenth

century and subsequent generations. Until then she was praised for being just a good story

teller. The distinction is once again drawn between the conventional reader who does not

consider the uniqu e writing and the scholarly reader who looks for what is unusual and

different in the novel. The same contradiction exists then as today which is why the modern

student has to be able to engage with literary devices in order to understand Austen's talent.

In The Lady Novelists written (in Littlewood: 337) G.H. Lewes calls Austen 'the

greatest artist that has ever written' (33 7), and states that 'only cultured minds fairly

appreciate tl1e exquisite art of Miss Austen' (33 7); however he does suggest that 'female
 45

literature has reason to be proud of her' (338). In 1859, Lewes suggests that even after fifty

years Austen has still not achieved the status and recognition which he felt she deserved.

Lewes contends that 'the real secret of Miss Austen's success lies in her having the exquisite

and rare gift of dramatic creation of character' (346), and suggests that 'her invention is

wholly in character and motive, not in situation' (34 7). These comments confirm my

contention that there was a particular way in which Pride and Prejudice was read in the

nineteenth century and how that reflects the same reading pattern today. What Lewes does

suggest is that Austen is an artist 'worthy of the study of all who desire to understand the art

of the novelist' whose place is 'among great artists, but it is not high among them' (354-355).

It seems that many early readers could not distinguish the irony or the subversion in

Austen's writing yet they could still commend Pride and Prejudice for the entertainment it

afforded its readers . In an essay written in 1870, Margaret Oliphant maintains that Austen-

Leigh's memoir 'throws a certain light upon her character, which is not the simple character

it appears at the first glance, but one full of subtle power, keenness, finesse, and self-restraint'

(3 77). This same observation would be investigated furtl1er by Woolf, over fifty years later.

Altl1ough growing in popularity and readership, the novel is also still being criticised for its

insignificance. The war with Napoleon, the large migration of people into the cities in search

of work and the concomitant poverty in urban areas do not seem to appear in the novel.

Pride and Prejudice details nothing more tragic than Lydia's scandalous elopement and

Elizabeth's realisation of her prejudices. As Charlotte Bronte was to comment to Lewes tl1irty

years after Austen's death

Why do you like Miss Austen so very much? ... I had not seen Pride and
Prejudice till I read that sentence of yours, and then I got the book. And
 46

what did I fi nd? An accurate daguerreotyped portrait of a commonplace

face; a carefully fenced, highly cultivated garden, with neat borders and
delicate flowers; but no glance of a bright, vivid physiognomy, no open
country, no fresh air, no blue hill, no bonny beck. I should hardly like to
live with her ladies and gentlemen, in their elegant but confined houses (427).

Bronte's remarks remind us that although this novel was growing in popularity, it still had its

many critics.

What d1is reveals is the discrepancy between the readers of the nineteenth century.

Readers and commentators had not yet understood the subversive elements, or Austen's

unique writing style. As both Henry Austen's biographic notice and Austen-Leigh's memoir

painted a picture of the writer as a demure sister/aunt, readers could not see further than the

essentially feminin story development of the romance between Elizabeth Bennet and Mr

Darcy. In the next century, commentators and critics would still be divided on the novel and

would become known as the Janeites or the anti-Janeites, (Todd: 94).

 47

GH-APTER FOV\.R

"I am convinced that my chance of happiness with him is as

fair, as most people can boast on entering the marriage state."

Chapter 22
 48

20th CENTURY RESPONSE TO PRIDE AND PREJUDICE

The growth of criticism on Pride and Prejudice follows the growth of literary criticism

in general. Many st dents question the importance of this novel in the twenty-first century

but judging by the number of articles, books and general criticism attached to it and its writer

it still has major significance. While criticism of Pride and Prejudice in d1e nineteenth century

concentrated on Austen and the limited confines of her domestic world, the twentieth

century would open up criticism to engage with the writer's stand on a number of issues and

to position d1e text in a much broader framework. It is from the twentieth century that the

'systematic study of narrative' (Rice & Waugh: 24) has contributed significantly to our

knowledge of narratives. Commentators and critics have debated the significance of Pride and

Prejudice_from different theoretical perspectives; from revolutionist to Marxist, from

abolitionist to post-colonialist, from structuralist to post-structuralist, deconstructionist and

of course, feminist. One has only to read the titles of essays on Austen to wonder at the

amount of criticism connected to this one writer, from 'Jane Austen and the Moralists', 'Jane

Austen and Romantic Imprisonment', 'Jane Austen and Education', to 'The absence of God

in Jane Austen'. The list seems endless. This is important for the lecturer who has to decide

to which of these theoretical perspectives to introduce students.

As previously mentioned (pg42) Stovel identifies four phases of academic study of

Jane Austen and h r novels. In Critical Assessments the stages are divided chronologically from

the dates of the novels' first publications in the nineteenth century up to the responses of the

twentieth century. In lane Austen in Context, tl1e responses to Austen's novels have been

divided into early responses, responses from 1830- 1970, and recent responses, from 1970
 49

onwards. More criticism and commentary appears in the last century than in the previous

one, and even more since the 1970's. This interest has transcended the literary world to be

taken up by the visual world of television and film. As Emily Auerbach states 'Paradoxically,

Jane Austen nowadays seems everywhere yet still hard to find' (Auerbach: 3). What is evident

when exploring the analysis of Austen, is the attribution given to her throughout the

different centuries, from 'Miss Austen' to 'Jane' to 'Jane Austen' to 'Austen'.

In 1905, H enry James claimed that 'Jane Austen, with all her light felicity, leaves us

hardly more curiou of her process ... than the brown thrush who tells his story from the

garden bough' (Littlewood: 436). He contends that her success and popularity was reached

'by the stiff breeze of the commercial, in other words of the special bookselling spirit' (436).

James associates her success with the rise in popular fiction, and commercial success, which

he calls 'the pleasant twaddle of magazines' (436). He argues that commercial selling is

responsible for her success, and labels her novels 'a sentimentalized vision' (437). The success

of her novel lies in the marketing of it rad1er than anything literary. Because of its feminine,

parlour subject matter James does not consider it to be a literary novel. Like previous critics,

James sees little value in her novels other than 'little glimpses of steady vision, little master-

strokes of imagination' (437) but with little else to recommend it. This criticism will continue

to be levelled against Pride and Prejudice by many critics throughout its lifetime. Contradicting

this sentiment are the critics who compare Austen to Shakespeare in her characterisation. In

1918, Reginald Farrer describes Austen and Shakespeare as 'our two greatest creators'

(Littlewood, 1998b: 178). Prior to this T B Macaulay commented that 'Shakespeare has had

neither equal nor second. But among the writers who ... have approached nearest to the

manner of d1e great master, we have no hesitation in placing Jane Austen' (Littlewood, a:
 50

335), while Lewes, reacting to Macaulay's statement, calls her 'a prose Shakespeare' (337). It

is considered by many that, like Shakespeare, Austen 'could do characters' (Todd: 96).

A Memoir of lane Austen was published to satisfy the growing numbers of readers

wanting to know more about the writer of Pride and Prejudice. This biography would establish

the ethos of 'Aunt Jane'; the loving, spinster aunt who modestly valued her privacy. This

ethos was begun and perpetuated by members of the Austen family which would remain for

many years. Establishing the 'Aunt Jane' ethos corrupts any other view of Austen as social

commentator. It would be many years before anyone questioned this identification. Even

though many critics would admit to despising her subject matter, her popularity continued to

grow and with it the growth of criticism of her novels. Unlike the phases of criticism

previously mentioned, Trott (in Todd: 92) suggests that criticism of Austen is divided into

two distinct forms, where the first results from the 'Aunt Jane' ethos of the memoir, which

acknowledges her characterisations and sees her as a social comedian. This criticism connects

to tl1e identification of plot and story but not to the literary devices. The second type of

criticism opposes this and examines her novels for the position Austen takes and for the

social circumstances around at the time of her writing. Criticism is no longer centred on her

characters or her comic style, but concentrates on what she is commenting on and how tl1is is

achieved. From this point on, her own life is not central otl1er than how eighteenth century

attitudes and values affect her writing. As Trott contends 'changes in attitude seem to be

marked by a turn from Life to Work, and from woman to writer' (92). B C Southam

maintains that 1911 is 'the starting-point for the serious academic approach to Jane Austen'

(Soutl1am, 1968: 233), following a lecture given by A C Bradley. This lecture would combine

all Austen's novels and letters and how she appears in all these writings. Bradley categorised
 51

her as 'a moralist and a humorist', a moralist because 'her explicit statements and comments

are often well worth pondering' (Littlewood: b: 203).

When one compares the number of characters in novels such as Mid.dlemarch or

Vanity Fair with the much smaller number we meet in Pride and Prejudice we have a better

understanding of Austen's 'little bit of ivory, two inches wide, on which I work with a brush

so fine as to produce little effect after much labour' (Auerbach: 5). Although aware of the

limited scope of her novels, Austen makes no excuse for her '3 or 4 Families in a Country

Village' (Gilbert & Gubar: 107), while using a 'brush so fine' to detail her characters. With

our first introduction to Mr Collins, it is understood that he will want Elizabeth to be his

wife even though he is not good enough for her; so how she manages to refuse him and

escape from his proposal is the detail which engrosses tl1e reader's attention. This detail

provides tl1e irony and comment which Austen makes on women's position in the eighteenth

century in relation to the marriage market. Readers have already formed their opinions on

both Elizabetl1's and Mr Collins's characters therefore it is not just for the comedy that

Austen introduces this event.

One commentator who has been a major contributor to critical interest in Pride and

Prejudice in the twentieth century is Virginia Woolf, who positions the woman writer, and

especially Austen, in tl1e context of a patriarchal social system. Woolfs exploration of the

obstacles to women's education and writing would lead to an improvement in women's

education, which would in turn encourage many later women writers. This would eventually

lead to tl1e feminist movement and attention given to women writers of previous generations

as part of a feminis t tradition. This naturally lead to further interest in Jane Austen and Pride
 52

and Prejudice . In her essays on women and writing, Woolf perceives Austen, just as Austen-

Leigh's memoir described her; the quiet, spinster aunt, who valued her privacy, so much that

she hid her writing whenever someone came near her 'Jane Austen was glad that a hinge

creaked, so that she might hide her manuscript before anyone came in' (Woolf: 87).

However, with more research into Austen, modern opinion argues that she was probably

more determined and mercenary than even Austen-Leigh could comprehend. With her

father and brod1ers solidly behind her she could negotiate with publishers and not be

discouraged by their lack of interest. Buying back Northanger Abbey from the first publisher

shows her determination to publish in spite of considered negative opinion. This behaviour

contradicts the quiet, humble spinster put forward by both Henry Austen and Austen-Leigh.

In a letter to her brother after it became known that she was the author of Pride and Prejudice

Austen states 'I believe whenever the 3d appears, I shall rather try to make all the Money

than all the Mystery I can of it'. She probably hid her work to stop people badgering her

while she was writing, rather than for any sense of humility. Like others, Woolf also

compares Austen to Shakespeare, but not in their ability to portray characters but as writers,

who write 'without hate, without bitterness, without fear, without protest, without preaching'

(88). Woolf argues that feelings of hate, fear, protest and preaching could (or should) have

been in Pride and Prejudice because of the conditions under which Austen wrote. Her social

circumstances of being a female writer of novels, in a time when novels and women are both

marginalised , suggest that these conditions should influence her writing. The implication is

that Austen should have written in reaction to these conditions, but, Woolf argues, these are

missing from the novels, therefore we cannot know Jane Austen, but she 'pervades every
 53

word that she wrote' (88). Woolf suggests that Pride and Prejudice has universal appeal rather

d1an parochial appeal that previous critics identified, because 'Never did any novelist make

more use of an impeccable sense of human values' (Littlewood: b: 223). These human values

are not just apparent in the narrow confines of provinciality, but are transparent everywhere

in the villages, towns and cities. Woolf has begun to penetrate tl1e world of Austen and Pride

and Prejudice in d1e 1920s and 1930s which others would continue, and from the second half

of the this century would critics really begin to understand the writing of Jane Austen.

The response and critical attention to Pride and Prejudice has continued to grow

throughout the twentieth century, particularly from 1970 onwards, although many consider

R W Chapman's The Novels of Jane Austen published in 1923 as the 'authoritative edition of

her works' (Copeland & McMaster: 218). Johnson contends that not only is Chapman's

work the first major instruction on Jane Austen's novels, it is also 'the first scholarly edition

of any English novelist- male or female- ever to appear' (218). From 1970 onwards, critical

studies of Pride and Prejudice have covered many various topics, that there are now so many

books that deal with this novel that it is hard to decide where to begin any critical study. In

1975, in Jane Austen and the War of Ideas, Marilyn Butler positions Jane Austen 'in the

mainstream of intellectual ideas following the French Revolution' (Todd: 101). Butler reveals

'Where Austen stands on a number of contemporary issues' (101). Many of the serious issues

which Austen was once castigated for ignoring are now noticed in her novels despite former

critics' understanding. Part of Butler's caution seems as relevant now as it was in 1975 when

she states 'that the Austen novel is not 'only a woman's novel' but is 'among other things a

woman's novel" (102). Just when you think nothing else can be said about Pride and Prejudice
 54

somebody brings some new aspect to the study of this novel. Since the feminist revolution of

the 1960s and 70s much of the literary criticism of Pride and Prejudice has been directed at

whether or not Jane Austen is a feminist. Bearing in mind that she was writing

contemporaneously to Mary Wollstonecraft and her A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

Austen has been both derided and applauded for her position on the rights of women. Some

consider that as Elizabeth Bennet is a strong, opinionated young woman who eventually

marries Mr Darcy as his equal and for her own reasons, suggests that Austen is a feminist

who anticipates a time of equality between men and women and between the classes, while

others believe that Pride and Prejudice merely subscribes to the status-quo of the patriarchal

system, as her central character does get married, after witnessing the extent of Pemberley

estate. The debate continues and with each critic and their analysis, a new approach to Pride

and Prejudice begins.

 55

CH-A'PTE3R FIV6

'For what do we live, but to make sport for our neighbours,

and laugh at them in our turn?'

-Chapter 57
 56

PRIDE AND PREJUDICE AND THE 21ST CENTURY STUDENT

For many readers, Pride and Prejudice is 'The Original Chick-Lit Masterpiece' (Crusie:

63), and wid1 modern editions of the novel being released in pretty pastel colours, with the

sub-title 'A Classic Romance', it is no wonder that many serious minded students balk at

buying this novel. The young undergraduate student who wanders into their local bookstore

and finds this novel, wid1 its pretty pastel coloured cover, with a description of being a classic

romance novel, compared with a novel such as Gulliver's TraveLs.

I can sympatl1ise with their resentment as it must be difficult to be enthusiastic about a

literary work which seems to be directed solely at a female audience. The above cover

epitomises the general impression of Jane Austen which has filtered down through the many

generations of readers. The impression is that because the novel deals with such light,

domesticity, it has little literary value. A comment that seems to sum up many modern,

undergraduate literature students' feelings towards Pride and Prejudice states 'It is a publishing
 57

truth, universally acknowledged, that anyone professionally involved in the pursuit of 'Lit-e-ra-

ture,' must, by definition, despise chick lit' (71). It is then up to the lecturers to overcome the

prejudice directed at this novel and show its scholarly appeal. Without the academic

approach to the novel, readers can mis-read the novel and not understand the use of literary

devices throughout the novel. There is always the understanding that this novel has

enormous appeal even without considering the literary aspects and therefore there are many

readers who are able to enjoy the novel without the benefit of academic study. This does not

mean that the scholar should ignore the appeal this novel has for so many readers, but

should rather acknowledge its continuing fascination .

Every few years a new edition of the novel is released to a new generation of readers

and with each new edition the cover in some ways epitomises that era's fashion or their

concept of conventions of the nineteenth century. For example, the cover of the 1870

edition of the novel depicts a seated, young girl surrounded by three men wearing different

types of outfits or uniforms. In the background are the tents of a military camp. This must

represent Lydia, as we know that Elizabeth is never put into this situation, but we can

certainly see Lydia o n her jaunt to Brighton surrounded by a number of male admirers from

Colonel Forster's militia. There is no mystery about to whom this cover appeals. At least

there is no sub-title to suggest any romantic sentiment.

 58

Figure 13. Pride & Prejudice (London: Chapman & Hall,

spine and front board.

There is still somed1ing subtly masculine about the cover rather than the overtly feminine

pastel colours of newer editions. The uniformed men may hold some attraction for male

readers, but tl1e intention is to show the young girl as the centre of attention, alluding to its

feminine subject m tter. However, the novel did have its share of both male and female

readers in 1870, in spite of its 'parlour' standing. I have already commented on the status of

d1e novel during Austen's life, and by 1870 there would have been an even larger literate

populace providing more readers than during the first publication of Pride and Prejudice. This

edition of Pride and Prejudice was released in the same year that Austen-Leigh published A
 59

Memoir of lane Austen, which may have helped to contribute to a newer, larger readership

which has continued to grow throughout the years.

We have on ly to look at some of the other editions which have been published

throughout the years to see who is being targeted. The front cover of the Penguin Classics

edition of 1996 shows a painting by an nineteenth century painter, Sir Thomas Lawrence

who was a contemporary of Austen's, thus providing the modern reader with a sense of the

nineteenth century's fashion. The impression which this cover gives is that the era within the

novel is not modern and is probably the early nineteenth century. Being included in the

Penguin Classics collection also informs the potential reader that there will probably be some

form of scholarly introduction which will benefit any academic study. So this edition is

targeting the scholar of either gender. Both male and female students should have no

hesitation in buying d1is book from the bookstore.

In contrast to the Penguin Classics edition, the edition sold in bookstores today is

clearly aimed at the feminine mass market. With its pretty pastel coloured front cover and

the sub-title 'A Classic Romance' it is hard to imagine that this novel is a considered a serious

work of literature. This edition has all the markings of a conventional, love story or chick lit.
 60

One or two young men this year were slightly hesitant about bringing out this novel from

their backpacks because of its very feminine cover. It is understandable why some students

come to these lectures somewhat prejudiced towards the writer.

 61

Many students begin their undergraduate course unable to position Pride and Prejudice

in English literature courses because it has the reputation of being just another conventional

romance story. Although it has always had this renown, this perception of the novel now

seems to override any previous scholarly distinction. Pride and Prejudice has survived for nearly

two hundred years and is considered a worthy piece of literature, but its subject matter and

female protagonist recommend it as a chick lit masterpiece, despite the number of male

scholars' investigations. This approbation means that Pride and Prejudice's sentimental

reputation, which an undergraduate initially has of the novel, precedes d1eir scholarly

approach. For many students the idea of studying a love story for a university degree is almost

an oxymoron. How one can seriously study a love story becomes a paradox. They question

what can possibly be of literary value in a novel which conventional opinion has it as just

trivial escapism? Lecturers often have to overcome this obstacle before their students can

really engage with the novel. A few students have a slightly patronising attitude, where they

see Pride and Prejudice's inclusion in their studies as condescending to feminism. It is as

though they feel that its only reason for being in their course is that it is an early novel

written by a female writer. The earnest, post-modern literature student in 2009 ridicules the

sentimental 1800 love story without understanding the writing techniques which Austen uses

and the conditions which she confronts in the novel. It is no wonder that many male and

female literature students come to this novel with some prejudice. With their prior

knowledge of the subject matter their scholarly engagement with the novel may be

compromised. They both perceive the Pride and Prejudice as the conventional love story, set in

Regency England, where a hero and heroine overcome certain obstacles and ultimately end
 62

up getting married. The students question how this can be considered serious literature? For

many male students, the idea is even more incongruous. In lecturing a module with the title

'One Writer's Visi n -Jane Austen' I have many students, both male and female, who would

rather not take this module. Being a compulsory module, they do not have a choice, but if

given the choice most of the males and a few females would rather take a course with more

variety of writers, instead of just the one author. The following comments from lecturers sum

up how many see tl1e problem 'female students greatly outnumber males in my Jane Austen

seminars' (Auerbac : 281), while another asks his students if they like Pride and Prejudice to

find 'that the girls like it and the boys did not' (281). Every year I begin my own lectures of

Pride and Prejudice with a short questionnaire for students to complete. One question asks

what their feelings are towards Jane Austen and Pride and Prejudice. I do ask them to be

completely honest, but many write something quite oblique as tl1ey are unsure how I will

react to tl1em being brutally honest, but others are quite strong in their convictions and there

ensues a lively debate on why they are being prescribed Pride and Prejudice, along with two

other Jane Austen novels. The following comments speak volumes:

Gartl1: Nervous, this kind of reading is not easy for me

Michael: Rumour has it that she is the opposite of interesting

Paul: Suspicious!

while the girls comment:

Stephanie: love her writing

Colleen: I like her stories

Roxy: I love her opinions, it's unique and unlike the norm and her
writing is interesting
 63

I do not think I have ever received any truly negative comments, such as Michael's, from a

female student. The harshest comment which I have had from a female student states:

Burnice: Neutral; interested in her perspective

Burnice is showing some reserve and appears to be questioning Austen's position or the

perspectives of feminists.

In approaching this novel in the twenty-first century, we have to look at presenting it

in ways that enable students to engage with d1e writer's concerns while also appreciating her

style of writing. Quite often these two aspects of analysis will go hand in hand so students

learn to understand Austen's use of humour which she uses to comment on some aspect of

her society's social mores. Many lecturers follow the New Criticism's 'isolation and

objectification of the single text' (Rice and Waugh: 16), where they do not take the writer's

life into account when lecturing novels and concentrate solely on the text and its literariness.

In this respect d1ey would look at Austen's use of irony throughout the novel, as well as the

other literary devices already mentioned in Chapter Two. But the conditions which Austen

wrote under are important for the student to understand because this novel's inclusion in

d1eir studies is not just condescension to feminism. Along with the stylistic achievements of

d1e novel is the fact that she wrote Pride and Prejudice at a time when women were still

regarded as the in~ rior sex. Therefore to write a novel with a very mundane domestic

storyline which has captured the interest of countless scholars throughout the years deserves

our respect. Students do not necessarily need to know everything about Austen's life to

understand if and how her life relates to Pride and Prejudice, but they do need to understand

her position as a social commentator. And, in this respect, they need to be able to position

Pride and Prejudice in the history of novels. In other words, this novel has to be seen in a
 64

context. In my experience, I have found that unless students are exposed to novels of earlier

and later periods, they cannot appreciate the significance of Pride and Prejudice. They need to

see this novel in relation to novels which have preceded it and to those which followed. The

Jane Austen module which I lecture on is given to second year students who have not been

exposed to enough literature to warrant a whole module on one writer. Although Austen has

been compared to Shakespeare by some critics and commentators, her six novels with their

small, country landscapes do not come close to Shakespeare's vast array of characters. There

is now such an immense amount of literature to be read, that it seems students lose out by

concentrating on just one writer. At second year level it is more important for students to be

exposed to a number of writers, their works and different genres to be able to position writers

within the literary field.

As an introduction to this novel, it is useful for students to understand the

development of the novel as an art form which reflects the society of which the writer is a

part. Novels like Gutliver's Travels use satire to propel the story where the character of Gulliver

meets many different societies throughout his travels. The satire shows aspects of the social

mores and conditions of Swift's own society on which he felt compelled to comment 'That

great work is obviously concerned to set forth the miserable condition of man, his weakness,

pride, and vanity, his unmeasurable desires ... the corruption of his reason' (Landa in Swift,

1976: vii). Later, novels would demonstrate some kind of moral lesson to the reader as a type

of instruction. Considering the history of novels enables students to engage with previous

eras and the problems they encountered before they begin to explore the extensive works of

literature which exist today. Each writer of fiction writes from a certain position, which

allows readers to understand the conditions of that generation. Students need to understand
 65

how a novel like Pride and Prejudice reacts to what has come before it, and then how it

influences later writers.

Pride and Prejudice is a story of how two people overcome their prejudices and finally

recognise each other as equals. Students tend to forget that there are serious issues which

were very relevant at the time Austen wrote and which she confronts in her novel. Pride and

Prejudice was written in reaction to earlier novels where the heroine was some sort of paragon

of virtue. When Austen gives us a character like Elizabeth Bennet, we have to understand

this characterisation in relation to what has come before. Elizabeth is not a paragon and

Darcy is not a hero. Both of these protagonists go through a period where they question

themselves and their attitudes. Austen is not writing about characters with no flaws, but

instead gives us protagonists who act and react as real people would do. Elizabeth is

justifiably angry at Mr Darcy after his first proposal, and although she manages to control

herself, she attacks h im for his pride, rather than acting as a meek and simpering young lady.

Elizabeth and Mr Darcy learn their lessons and at the end of the novel, come together as

better people who can understand and respect each other.

The positio of women is paramount in this novel, and one which should be

explored by students in order to consider Austen's role as a feminist. Austen uses her novel

to show the subordinate position of women in the late eighteend1 century and when we

consider the Bennet daughters, we understand their dire situation where d1eir family home

will be lost to them on their father's death. These young women and many other women of

d1at time had litde or no voice in which to express their position, and Jane Austen uses the

ridiculous Mrs Bennet to make a condemning comment on the conditions of women living

with the entailment system. Although a completely foolish character in the novel, Mrs
 66

Bennet's remarks force readers to question the entail system, male primogeniture and their

effects on women in the nineteenth century

'I can never be thankful, Mr Bennet, for any thing about the entail.
How any one could have the conscience to entail away an estate from one's
own daughters I cannot understand.' (Austen: 128).

Presumably this kind of comment in the early nineteenth century would cause Austen's early

readers to question the entail system and realise d1e effects of it on daughters. As a social

commentator, Austen presented an amusing story, at the same time considering how social

conditions affected many people. She was not a revolutionary who expected mass reform, but

rather wrote so that people would begin to consider a system which completely ignores a

large percentage of the population. As lecturers' we can use Mrs Bennet's comments to

highlight Austen's position on entailment, and considering conditions in rural South Africa,

the subject of male primogeniture is still very controversial. It is a practice within many rural

areas of South Africa and other parts of the world. Many modern urban students are

unaware of the effect these traditions have on certain women. Getting students to read this

passage and then come to some conclusion as to why Austen uses Mrs Bennet to make this

comment, forces them to negotiate with the text. Students need to consider why it is Mrs

Bennet and not Elizabeth who attacks entailment, and then come to some conclusion as to

what exactly Jane Austen is doing. They should consider Austen's own critical attitude

towards entailment in light of the fact that she uses a character who most often behaves in a

foolish and embarrassing manner. Students should understand that much of Mrs Bennet's

behaviour is forced on her because she and her daughters will have no home and very little

money after Mr Bennet dies and they will be forced to live on the charity extended by
 67

members of their family. Students may find it interesting, that Jane Austen, her sister and her

mother were often supported by Austen's brothers after the death of their father. I have

found that many students cannot comprehend that these practices existed and what effect

they had on wome and second sons in a family. Discussions about these issues usually end

with male students being more bewildered than females which can lead to discussions about

the growth of feminism in the twentieth century. At this point, an introduction to feminist

criticism can focus on Austen's position as a forerunner to what would become feminism. I

find it interesting that students like to discuss whether they think Austen is a feminist or not.

They like to think that Austen challenged the status quo with her strong, independent

protagonist of Elizabeth Bennet. But when I question them as to why Austen ended her

novel with Elizabeth and Darcy getting married, when she herself did not, they become

evasive and remark that maybe she was never asked.

Modern students are unfamiliar with the rules of etiquette of the eighteenth and

nineteenth century and often put their own value judgements onto the characters within

Pride and Prejudice. When Lydia positions herself in front of her sisters 'Ah! Jane, I take your

place now, and you must go lower, because I am a married woman' (300) after her marriage

to Wickham, often infuriates students. Austen deliberately includes this dialogue because she

wants readers to be infuriated with Lydia's behaviour. Lydia has acted foolishly and has

threatened the rep tation of the whole family, which she seems blissfully unaware of. Instead

of acting slightly shamefaced she flaunts her position as the married woman in front of her

sisters forcing tl1em into an inferior position behind herself as tl1e married woman. These are

the rules of etiquette in the early nineteenth century which sees unmarried women behind

and following married women despite tl1eir ages and their positions. Society recognises a
 68

woman once she h as married and rewards her by her position within a train of women. Our

reaction is the same as Elizabeth's who wants to remind Lydia how she came to be married

'"Thank you for my share of the favour," said Elizabeth; "but I do not particularly like your

way of getting husbands."' (300). This remark makes no impression on the self-engrossed

Lydia. But many students want Elizabeth to be more confrontational towards Lydia, because

that is how they would react in the twenty-first century. Even though Elizabeth is a strong

woman with very decided opinions, she still conforms to society's expectations in her

behaviour. Students have to be reminded that in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth

centuries there were very strict rules of conduct which Lydia takes full advantage of despite

the embarrassment and shame her conduct has brought to her family. This commentary on

Elizabeth's behaviour will be looked at again in the following chapter.

What Austen is showing us with the characters' behaviour, is how the nineteenth

century expects people to behave. Although Elizabeth may seem a strong independent

woman, it is still within the confines of her social position as a woman and as a second

daughter of an entailed estate. She behaves as she has been conditioned to, even when faced

with the prospect of marriage to Mr Collins. Austen does allow her to be strong willed,

because she is her father's daughter. Mr Bennet's caustic comments throughout the novel

reveal his scorn of society, however once Lydia's behaviour is exposed, he finally makes some

effort towards fixing his family. He has favoured Elizabeth and given her a strong will where

she has no hesitation in refusing Mr Collins' proposal. Her refusal may not be expected by

Mr Collins because of societal conventions, but is expected by the majority of readers, even

in the nineteenth century. Although Austen writes humorously, most readers are always
 69

aware of the desperation of the ridiculous Mrs Bennet, to have her daughters married,

particularly to men of wealth.

 70

C~APT5R.SIX

'We treated the story with great respect, but if we wanted to

be utterly faithful, we would have got someone to recite it
over the radio.'
-Director Simon Langton
 71

FILMS AS AIDS TO LITERARY ANALYSIS

The twentieth century's obsession with the novel of Pride and Prejudice has leaked to

other media now as well. Over the past years there have been many versions of film makers'

interpretations of the novel which tell the story of Elizabeth and Darcy's romance. Despite its

enduring and continued popularity or possibly because of its popularity, Pride and Prejudice

has survived a number of translations, modifications and extensions throughout its lifetime,

from d1e straightforward text, to the adaptations for the visual and audio media. Because of

the number of adaptations and continuations its status as a love-story masterpiece for all

cultures and generations has established its reputation for all potential students. Pride and

Prejudice's ability to transcend its own generation and many different cultures ensures that its

popularity will probably continue to grow and with it, the film adaptations as well. The

proliferation of Jane Austen visual adaptations has also flourished and since 1995 six

adaptations of her novels have appeared, being both stage productions and film or television

productions. One reason for this may be that advancements in film technology now enable

the era of Regency England to come to life for more people than ever before. With its light

and happy story, these films of Pride and Prejudice become pure escapism. Cinema-goers

escape into the genteel world where the delightful visual reproductions reveal a far simpler

existence than our modern, technologically frenetic twenty-first century. Hollywood,

Bollywood, television, radio and the theatre, have all had their turn at producing an

interpretation of Pride and Prejudice. It appears there is an obsession with Pride and Prejudice

and Jane Austen, which exceeds other period novels such as Oliver Twist, Jane Eyre or

Huckleberry Finn. While adaptations like The Jane Austen Book club, Bridget ]ones's Diary and
 72

Bride and Prejudice, take Jane Austen's original idea and transform it into something

contemporary or new, there remains the basic story. There is even a television series which

follows the story of a young twenty-first century girl who unwittingly swops places with

Elizabeth Bennet and finds herself back in the nineteenth century world of Pride and

Prejudice. She meets all the characters she has read about and is initially delighted with this

world but then events take place which disrupt the original version and so she then has to

orchestrate that incidents occur strictly according to the novel. We will continue to wait

expectantly for the Hollywood version of Pride and Prejudice and Zombies.

Our fascination with this novel and this period in history knows no bounds.
 73

However Jane Austen's story or fabula is the basis for these entertaining visual

reproductions. As they rely on the visual and audio experiences of viewers they do not have

to incorporate into the films the sjuzet or what is strictly literary of tl1e text. The limitations

of the visual medium mean that elements such as a narrator are easily dispensable. Because of

the limited amount of time available in a two or three hour movie not all the elements and

characters in the novel can be covered. Films have to concentrate on the two central

characters, and only the characters that influence the story line in any significant manner are

recognised. Characters like Mr Bingley's married sister Mrs Hurst are considered superfluous

as they do not propel the story forwards in any influential way. The BBC's production which

runs for over six hours can afford to 'stick[s] to Austen's plot like glue, which perhaps

explains why ... it is tl1e best of the all tl1e recent Austen adaptations' (Troost & Greenfield,

1998: 45). Events which occur in the novel may also have to be manipulated differently in

the films precisely because there is no narrator. Because they can see the action, cinema

viewers can discern whether time has transpired by the simple decision to incorporate a night

scene, a change of clotl1es for the characters or even a different location; they do not need to

be told that something has changed in the story. The screenwriter has tl1e task of deciding

what can be condensed and what can be left out completely while still following the original

story, and 'while Austen takes some 300 to 450 pages to unfold her story, tl1e typical

screenplay is only about 100 pages long' (44). The screenwriter's task is not an easy one and

how their films expose their own concerns. What will be revealed from tl1e transcripts of

some film adaptations of Pride and Prejudice is how these films reflect the society which

produced tl1em. The films are period romances which either delight or disturb cinema goers.
 74

As women have become more assertive in recent years, television and films are

following their lead and providing them with the kind of films they want to see which focus

on strong, independent woman, whether in the eighteenth, nineteenth, twentieth or twenty-

first centuries. Jane Austen's story of Elizabeth Bennet and her verbal sparring with Mr Darcy

provides the perfect outline for a film or television adaptation. A story which mirrors the

independence of modern woman rather than one which displays women's subjection to

patriarchal standards of previous generations is sure to have commercial success in our

twenty-first century. I will show how the 1940 version of Pride and Prejudice reflects the

predominantly patriarchal social mores of that time, compared with tl1e 1995 production

which is directed at a contemporary audience. What this reveals is tl1at even though the story

of Pride and Prejudice remains the same, the film and television versions echo the social mores

of the society which produces them. Further, what needs to be accepted is that film-makers

need to sell their product, so tl1ey have to present a story which will be accepted by their

consumers; therefore they are given license to manipulate the story in order to sell their

product. Examining some of the transcript from the 1940 film version will show how this

film reflects the American industry in which it was produced. Although MOM employed the

English novelist Aldous Huxley to write the screenplay, it is still an American production of a

British novel, produced for an American audience. In this version, it is through Lady

Catherine's positive rather than negative intervention tl1at unites Elizabeth and Darcy.

This leads us to the position of this novel in the twenty-first century, and the

generation of instant gratification students. The approach used in the lecture room has to

recognise that students have probably already been exposed to a visual interpretation of this

novel. Lecturers will have to allow for the groans of young students when they 'have' to study
 75

this love-story. The lecturer of Pride and Prejudice has to overcome all kinds of opposition and

perceptions of the novel before beginning to explore the writer's unique comedy. Even if

some student's have not seen any of the recent productions of Pride and Prejudice, its

reputation as the chick lit masterpiece has cemented their initial approach to the novel.

What effect this exposure has is that many students have seen or heard of the films of Pride

and Prejudice long before they have even read the novel. And what they have seen or heard

affects d1eir engagement with d1e novel. To put it bluntly, many students are put off reading

the novel because of their impressions of what the film or television series is about. And what

these media focus n is d1e sentimental aspects of the novel because they make an enjoyable

romance story. However this also means that many of the issues which Austen confronts in

her novel are either glossed over or ignored. But, instead of ignoring or maligning the film

versions, the lecturer should use them to complement students' engagement with the novel.

Where the film ver ions alter the novel, and concentrate instead on the sentimental story, a

lecturer can use tl1at to expose the social commentary which is in tl1e novel. An example is

Austen's treatment of Darcy's second proposal in the 1940 and 2005 film scripts. Where

Austen leaves out e dialogue to avoid becoming too sentimental, she allows the readers to

fill in the serious romanticism

The happiness which this reply produced, was such as he had probably
never felt before; and he expressed himself on the occasion as sensibly
and as warmly as a man violently in love can be supposed to do. (Austen: 346).

In the 1940 version, events have been altered from Austen's original and Mr Darcy arrives on

a fake quest of a message for Jane from Bingley. He and Elizabeth go to the garden in search

of Jane and the following dialogue ensues

[Mr Darcy:] I have - but, I assure you I did nothing, Miss Bennet.
 76

[Elizabeth:] Lady Catherine was not of that opinion.

[Mr Darcy:] What? But I never gave her leave to tell you that!
Elizabeth:] Gave her leave?! Do you mean to say that Lady Catherine ...
[Mr Darcy:] I have -wanted to know if I would be welcome. She came as my
ambassador.
[Elizabeth:[ Your ambassador? I never imagined that that was the language of
diplomacy!
[Mr Darcy:] You know, she likes you, in spite of her language.
[Elizabeth:] Me?
[Mr Darcy:] Yes! She really does!
[Elizabeth:] Oh! I wish I had known it! I wouldn't have been so rude.
[Mr Darcy:] But that was what she liked. People flatter her so much she enjoys an
occasional change.
[Elizabeth:] I'm afraid I gave her a good change this afternoon.
[Mr Darcy:] She went away delighted! You evidently confirmed the good opinion
she'd formed of you at Rosings.
[Elizabeth:] I don't know what to say or think! Except that- you must allow me to
thank you for- what you did for Lydia. And, if the facts were
known to the rest of my family, I should not merely have my
own gratitude to express!
[Mr Darcy:]If you must thank me, let it be for yourself alone. Whatever I did, I
thought only of you.
[Elizabeth:] Oh, Mr. Darcy! When I think of how I've misjudged you! The - the
horrible things I said .. .I'm so ashamed!
[Mr Darcy:] Oh, no! It's I who should be ashamed! Of my arrogance! Of my
stupid pride! Of all! Except one thing! One thing!
I'm not ashamed of having loved you! Elizabeth, - dare I ask
you again? Elizabeth! Dear, beautiful Lizzie!
(Scriptorama-2009)

In comparing this to the original we see that not only have the screenwriters adapted the

story, but Elizabeth's and Darcy's words to each other have been updated to a modern

conversation between two lovers in 1940's America. The 1940 script was originally adapted

from a comedy theatre production, so the heightened drama is somehow missing. The comic
 77

features occur in the exchange about the language of diplomacy and Lady Catherine being

Darcy's ambassador. According to one reviewer 'Austen's barbs and fangs are removed from

this adaptation, making it a romantic sugar gloop like many other films of the period. Still,

providing you expect this, enjoy what's on the screen. MGM did this kind of d1ing better

than od1er studios of d1e time, after all' (IMDb 2009). This version is meant to be all comedy

and was probably very popular seeing as there was a world war which America became part of

as Britain's ally. The 2005 script of this scene is even more explicit and leaves nothing for the

viewer possibly to misconstrue. There is drama as both Elizabeth and Darcy meet very early in

d1e morning having not been able to sleep. Mr Darcy declares to Elizabeth

[Darcy:] You must know. Surely you must know it was all for you . You are too
generous to trifle with me. You spoke with my aunt last night and it
has taught me to hope as I'd scarcely allowed myself before. If your
feelings are still what d1ey were last April, tell me so at once. My
affections and wishes have not changed. But one word from you will
silence me for ever. lf, however, your feelings have changed ... I would
have to tell you, you have bewitched me, body and soul, and I love ... I
love ... I love you. (Scriptorama).

To which Elizabeth replies

[Elizabeth:] I never wish to be parted from you from this day on. (Scriptorama).

Would Jane Austen ever put this kind of sentimentality into the mouth of proud Mr Darcy?

This film script adaptation is our twenty-first century attitude and would never have been

present in Austen's writing but is what the twenty-first century cinema goer expects in a

romantic story. In the novel, Austen allows the narrator to inform of Mr Darcy's feelings and

glosses over the melodrama because that is not d1e focus of Pride and Prejudice, nor is it how

the restrained male of the eighteenth century would behave. Where the film version specifies

Elizabeth's reply, Austen leaves this out because we have already anticipated Elizabeth's
 78

response. Austen does not need the melodrama. When students compare how the two film

versions have changed the original they should recognise how these changes mirror the

societies which produced the films, even though they all deal with an nineteenth century

English scene. Presenting these two film versions of the same incident to students can get

them thinking of Austen's purpose and the purpose of the screenwriters. Analysing the film

scripts against the riginal can help students to focus on the writing style and techniques

which Austen uses throughout Pride and Prejudice. Students can examine the film versions

and discuss the many reasons for the changes. Not the least is the dramatic effect of the

visual medium in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries which has become accustomed to

men expressing their emotions, whereas in Austen's time this would not have been

characteristic behaviour, especially from a proud estate owner like Mr Darcy. Austen's

nineteenth century upper and middle class social world revolved around a degree of restraint

throughout all social interactions, one of the reasons why Darcy scorns Elizabeth's mother

and sisters.

Pride and Prejudice is a story of how two people overcome their prejudices and finally

recognise each oth r as equals, but the film versions conform to our modern romantic

notions rather than those of the nineteenth century. They no longer reflect the social

commentaries whi h Austen used her novel for. Students need to be shown that there are

serious issues within the novel which were very relevant at the time Austen wrote and which

she confronts in her novel. Because the medium of film is visual and there are time

constraints, many of the issues which Austen comments on are either disregarded or made

light of. Films can ot reproduce the textual elements of the novel, but instead can use

dialogue to represent these features. Some students even believe that watching the films or

~ 0 ~ '.. • ' ""' ' \. 1 • • • • '

 79

the television series can take the place of reading the novel. Watching the films cannot take

the place of reading the novel, although many students have commented that watching the

films and seeing th characters come alive on the screen enables them to better understand

the conditions of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The films can offer an extended

experience of the novels and may 'help students visually "connect" wid1 a text' (Troost &

Greenfield: 140). The lecturer needs to remind students that many of the issues which

Austen confronts cannot be fully understood from the films alone. Lecturers can use the

films in association with the novel to highlight many of Austen's positions. By juxtaposing

the films with the novel, certain issues within the novel can be highlighted by comparing the

same incidents in d1e films. When we consider the Bennet daughters, their position is hardly

considered desperate in the novel until Lydia's disastrous behaviour with Wickham. It is only

from d1e moment Elizabeth learns of Lydia's behaviour that we realise what effect this will

have on the family and especially the remaining unwed sisters. Up to d1is point, Elizabed1 has

behaved in such a way, that we can believe that her quest for a marriage with love and

happiness will be assured. But once Lydia has shamed her family we are forced to consider

the position of wot en in the nineteenth century. That nineteend1 century women are

marginalised is not realised in any serious manner in d1e novel, especially considering d1e

Bennet girls and their behaviour. It is only when their position as marketable females is

threatened that we realise d1at marriage in the nineteenth century is really just another

economic transaction. Ald1ough in the novel Elizabeth Bennet is an 'articulate and

independent-minded heroine' (Vivien Jones in Austen: xii) she is still a woman of the

nineteenth century who is subject to the expectations of her society. She may seem to be so

strong and independent but it is still within the confines of her social position. This
 80

behaviour can be reinforced by the films. Because the 1995 television series is spread out over

six hours, the screenwriters are able to show this behaviour better than the 2005 film version.

In the television series, Elizabeth looks downwards at the ground often, while Keira

Knightley's character seldom looks down until she sees Mr Darcy at his estate in Pemberley.

Bringing tl1is to the attention of students can involve discussions on why tl1ey think the

characterisation is so different between the two visual productions. If there is limited time,

students can study the 2005 version in tandem with the novel and explore what they think of

tl1e characterisatio of Elizabeth compared with the novel. It should promote some

discussion which can lead to the position of women in the nineteenth century in contrast to

their position in the twenty-first century.

Elizabeth always behaves as she has been conditioned to, even when faced with tl1e

prospect of marriage to Mr Collins. Her refusal may not be expected by Mr Collins because

of societal conventions, but it is expected by most readers, even those in the nineteentl1

century. The novel was written for nineteentl1 century women who were already beginning to

comment on their positions in their patriarchal society and we can assume that the

nineteenth century female reader would relish a story where a woman like Elizabeth can

reject a proposal from a man such as Mr Collins. Although Austen writes humorously,

students should always be aware of the desperation of the ridiculous Mrs Bennet to have her

daughters married. Students can examine the words of Mrs Bennet in both the film scripts

and the novel to recognise the drastic position the Bennet daughters and other women are

in. In the novel Austen uses tl1e grotesque Mrs Bennet to draw our attention to the

conditions of entailment, which is treated slightly differently in tl1e films. Because the 1940
 81

film is an American production, some of the details have to be explained for the audience.

Commenting on the position of their daughters, Mr and Mrs Bennet's dialogue follows

[Mr Bennet:] Mrs. Bennet, for the thousandth time! This estate was entailed
when I inherited it. It must, by law, go to a male heir. A male
heir, Mrs. Bennet! And, it's possible you remember, we have
no son!
[Mrs Bennet:] All the more reason why you should take some responsibility by
getting husbands for them! No! You escape into your
intelligible books! And leave everything to me! Look at them!
Five of them without dowries! What's to become of them?
[Mr Bennet:] Yes, what is to become of the wretched creatures? Perhaps we
should have drowned some of them at birth.
[Mrs Bennet:] Mr. Bennet! (Scriptorama).

The entail system may not be so understood in the United States during the period

when d1is film was produced, so it needs to be explained to the audience and what affect it

will have on the Bennet daughters. Being a comedy the serious position d1e daughters are in

is immediately alle iated by Mr Bennet's comment about drowning the daughters at birth. In

d1e 2005 film, Mrs Bennet complains to her husband

The way you carry on, you'd think our girls look forward to a grand inheritance.
When you die, which may be very soon, they will be left without a roof over
their head nor a penny to their name.
(Scri ptorama).

This rad1er condensed version sums up d1e desperation and seriousness of Mrs Bennet and

students need to see this in relation to the position of women in general. Ald1ough the build

up to this remark has not really been significant enough to make us question the position

which women in the nineteenth century are in, students can consider the different versions

after they have read the book and discuss whed1er or not they think the films have accurately

covered the issues which Austen confronts. In the 2005 film, Mrs Bennet has been allowed
 82

to behave in such a manner that some viewers may never take anything she says seriously. She

commands no respect from any of her daughters which is really a twenty-first century

condition. Throughout the novel, Elizabeth never contradicts her mother even though she is

fully aware how her mother and sisters appear at the balls they all attend. This is the expected

behaviour of the nineteenth century which is contradicted by the film scripts interpretation

of behaviour. Although a completely foolish character in the novel as well, Mrs Bennet

makes some remarks which should force students to consider both the entail system and

male primogeniture and the effect these have on women in the nineteenth century

"I can never be thankful, Mr Bennet, for any d1ing about the entail.
How any one could have the conscience to entail away an estate from one's
own daughters I cannot understand." (Austen: 128)

Students should be in a position to highlight Austen's position on entailment, and

considering conditions in rural South Africa, the subject of male primogeniture is still a very

controversial one. By focussing on Austen's wording, students should consider her position

as a 'muted protofeminist' (Troost & Greenfield: 45). Many of our young students from

metropolitan areas are unaware of the effect which primogeniture has, not just on women,

but also younger sons 'A younger son, you know, must be inured to self-denial and

dependence' (Austen: 179). Students should realise that Mrs Bennet's desperation is a

genuine concern for her position and for od1er mothers of daughters and is an issue which

Austen confronts. Pride and Prejudice is a novel which should enable students to confront the

same issues which Austen confronts. I have found that many students cannot comprehend

that d1ese practices existed and what effect they had on women and second sons in a family,

or that they still exist wid1in many different cultures. Discussions about d1ese issues can lead

to an examination of the reasons for the growth of feminism in the twentieth century and
 83

what affect this has had on the modern student, both male and female . At this point, an

introduction to feminist criticism can focu s on whether or not students consider Austen to

be a feminist or not.

One of the problems associated with the visual adaptations is the presentation of

certain characters. Being a very condensed version, certain characters have to be left out, or

have their roles altered in order to present information for viewers. This will obviously lead

to a change in the characters dialogues. The characters which Austen drew with 'a brush so

fine' (Auerbach: 5) were developed to draw readers' attention to specific situations. She uses

characters to emphasise characteristics associated with a particular role. The characterisation

of Mr Collins as a sycophant does not necessarily suggest that Austen was irreligious. As

Henry Austen assured her readers, she 'was thoroughly religious and devout' (Copeland &

McMaster: 154). H er treatment of the clergy reflects the general attitude which understood

that it was a profes ion 'not necessarily requiring a special spiritual calling' (154). It suited

Austen to use Mr Collins as d1e foil to Mr Darcy and as the means of getting Elizabeth to

Rosings. Characterisation is an important element within Pride and Prejudice which students

need to appreciate. In comparing d1e novel's characterisations with d1e films students should

be able to enjoy th interpretations which have evolved. A character, like Charlotte Lucas,

who plays such a dramatic role in the novel, despite the grotesque person she marries, is

reduced to eid1er a minor role in the films or is presented as ridiculous enough not to

warrant our concern. In the 1940 version, Elizabeth hears about Charlotte's engagement to

Mr Collins from Mr Lucas and only comments to C harlotte a bit later

[Mrs Bennet:] Oh! There you are, Elizabeth! This is all your fault!
[Elizabeth:[ What's my fault, Mama?
 84

[Mrs Bennet:] He says Charlotte is going to marry Mr. Collins! If that isn't your
fault, I don't know whose it is!

[Elizabeth:] C harlotte! (Scriptorama)

In the following scene, Elizabeth meets Charlotte

[Elizabed1:] Oh, Charlotte dear, I beg you! Postpone the marriage for a time.
I'm only thinking of your happiness.

[Charlotte:] Happiness, Lizzie? In marriage, happiness is just a matter of chance.

[Elizabeth:] But, Charlotte! His defects of character. You know him so little.
[Charlotte:] Well, ignorance is bliss, Lizzie. If one is to spend one's life witl1 a
person, it's best to know as little as possible of his defects.
After all, one would find them out soon enough. Well, luckily
it isn't tl1e end of the world. You must come and visit me,
Lizzie. Very soon! Promise?
[Elizabeth:] I promise.
[C harlotte:] Good. (Scriptorama).

In this episode tl1ere is no idea of Charlotte's desperation or her circumstances so we cannot

look at tl1is dialogu e as a representation of tl1e nineteenth century woman's position in

relation to marriage. C harlotte's role has been diminished which suggests that she is willing

to accept any man as a marriage partner but with no explanation why. Being a comedy,

C harlotte is not meant to be taken too seriously and certainly not as representative of the

plight of the ninetee ntl1 century woman. In the 2005 film our introduction to Charlotte is at

the ball, where we first meet her in the novel. However, she has little to say other than to

comment on the entrance of Mr Bingley, Mr Darcy and Miss Bingley. We only see her once

more until her rev lation to Elizabeth on her marriage proposal. Because of the tension

which develops in films, the relationship between C harlotte and Mr Collins comes without

any forewarning. Like the 1940 version, we are not quite prepared for this development and
 85

so the scriptwriter has to condense Charlotte's speech while still maintaining the drama.

Charlotte reveals her reasons to Elizabeth

[Charlotte:] I've come here to tell you the news. Mr Collins and I are ... engaged.

[Elizabeth:] Engaged?
[Charlotte:] Yes.
[Elizabeth:] To be married?
[Charlotte:] What other kind of engaged is there? For heaven's sake, Lizzie, don't
look at me like that. I should be as happy with him as any
other.
[Elizabeth:] But he's ridiculous.
[Charlotte:] Oh, hush. Not all of us can afford to be romantic. I've
been offered a comfortable home and protection. There's a
lot to be thankful for. I'm already a burden to my parents.
I'm [sic] years old. I've no money and no prospects.
And I'm frightened. So don't judge me, Lizzie. Don't you dare
judge me. (Scriptorama).

In the novel, Charlotte's position as an unmarried twenty-seven year old woman is

pathetic, and we understand her reasons for pursuing Mr Collins after Elizabeth has rejected

him. In the film she appears desperate visually where her facial expressions show her concern

that Elizabeth understands her reasons for marrying Mr Collins. Using both dialogue and

body language to get her message across, we know that Charlotte sees Mr Collins as her last

chance for marriage. Through her words she has to explain to Elizabeth why she has accepted

Mr Collins' proposal. But the build up to this incident has not happened, therefore the

dialogue between the two has been compacted into a short speech to firstly show Charlotte's

position and secondly to demonstrate Elizabeth's shock. In the novel Austen forewarns us of

tl1e possibility of a marriage between Charlotte and Mr Collins through Charlotte's

conniving to meet Mr Collins on his walk. She is subtly ruthless in her decision to marry Mr
 86

Collins, and with good reason. Her explanation has a far more dramatic effect on Elizabeth

and on the reader

"I see what you are feeling," replied Charlotte,- "you must be
surprised, very much surprised,- so lately as Mr Collins was wishing to marry
you. But when you have had time to think it all over, I hope you will be satisfied
with what I have done. I am not romantic you know. I never was. I ask only a
comfortable home; and considering Mr Collins's character, connections and
situation in life, I am convinced that my chance of happiness with him is as fair,
as most people can boast on entering the marriage state."
Elizabeth quietly answered, "Undoubtedly;"- and after an awkward
pause, th y returned to the rest of the family. (Austen: 123).

Elizabeth's response to Charlotte shows her understanding of Charlotte's position and can

accept this marriage for what it is, Charlotte's last chance to be a wife and an accepted

member of society. This may not be how Elizabeth views marriage, but she does recognise

Charlotte's argument. With many men away with the war with France, women are in an even

more desperate situation to be married and Mr Collins represents Charlotte's only chance at

respect and a position in society. As a woman Charlotte is supposed to marry and if she

cannot, she will have to remain financially dependent on her family with no hope of ever

having her own house and position. Mr Collins offers her a chance to be positioned in

society which she happily accepts knowing the kind of man she is marrying. This is a good

marriage for Charlotte and both she and Mr Collins will have some happiness together.

Austen offers a number of marriages in the novel where some are good and some are not.

Charlotte and Mr Collins will have a good marriage as each understands their position as

husband or wife. Mr Collins was searching for any woman to be his wife, and Charlotte

adequately fits the role. Students should understand the position that many nineteenth

century women find themselves in with regard to marriage, and the fact that Elizabeth

chooses to reject two proposals of marriage is almost idealistic of her. Austen confronts the
 87

marriage market as an economically based contract, and allows Elizabeth to marry a man who

will love and respect her in spite of her lowly status 'Could you expect me to rejoice in the

inferiority of your connections? To congratulate myself on the hope of relations, whose

condition in life is so decidedly beneath my own?' (188). Compared to the marriages of Mr

and Mrs Bennet or Lydia and Wickham, the Collins' marriage will be a good one for both of

them. There is a distinction between the happy marriages of Elizabeth and Jane and

Charlotte's good marriage. She may not have the same happiness and love as Elizabeth, but

she will be content with her situation and her position in society. Although remaining single

herself, all of Austen's protagonists marry, as was expected of women in the nineteenth

century. Although a spinster herself, Austen understands that readers will expect a

protagonist who ends up in a happy marriage. Students can examine the different versions

and should recognise the conversation between Charlotte and Elizabeth in the 2005 film

reflects the twenty-first century rather than the nineteenth century. While the 1940

adaptation occurs at a time before the feminist revolution and reflects d1e dominant

patriarchal society of 1940 America which assumes all woman are looking for husbands.
 88

AT ALL LUDING CINEMAS ON AND AFTER MONDAY NEXT!

ostn ()f thl: l !14-0 muvi(· Pridt• m«l Pnirulia· (;! ~· Ul-10 "Tiu·ne1·
Entcr~ainmr>:nt Co., " vV:nm:r Bros. Company,
a!! rii;hts ,·c snvcd. usc <I by pcrmissioni

This production has taken the novel and interpreted it from a 1940 male perspective

which is revealed i the advertising for the film. fu an explanation, we should remember that

this adaptation was taken from a theatre production and it was meant to be just a comedy, so

the idea of confronting the subordinate position of women would not have been on the film

makers' agenda at all. Students can analyse these versions to comment on how d1ey mirror

the society which produces them. This can lead to discussions on how they see the films as

representative of society against Austen's original novel and d1e issues she confronts. When

we compare Charlotte in d1e novel and in d1e film it is to see whether she accurately

communicates d1e position of women which Austen challenges in the novel. Similarly,

students can also co mpare the characterisation of Mr Bennet and how his qualities are

portrayed in the n vel and in d1e films. In the 1995 television series Mr Bennet is seen as a
 89

'charming, slightly absent old man' (Crusie: 99) who seems completely overwhelmed by his

family of five daughters and warrants our sympathy rather than our scorn. For many people

watching tl1e 2005 film Mr Bennet is portrayed as slightly silly and completely unprepared for

cl1e situation which develops with Lydia. Donald Sutherland portrays Mr Bennet as

alternately bemused and amused by his family and very seldom interferes wid1 their

behaviour. When he does, it is almost apologetically. But in the novel, Mr Bennet's

representation as 'general insufficiency- as the lax, irresponsible father who invited disaster

by allowing Lydia to follow the soldiers to Brighton' (Copeland & McMaster: 33). In

condensing cl1e story, cl1e script of the 2005 film alters the situation in which Lydia goes to

Brighton, which does not forewarn the viewer of any impending crisis. Mr Bennet gives his

reasons to Elizabeth, for allowing Lydia to accompany the Forsters to Brighton

[Mr Bennet:] Colonel Forster is a sensible man. He will keep her out of
any real mischief. And she's too poor to be an object of prey
to anyone.
[Elizabeth:] It's dangerous.
[Mr Bennet:] I am certain the officers will find women better
worth their while. Let us hope, in fact, that her stay
in Brighton will teach her her own insignificance. At any
rate, she can hardly grow any worse. If she does, we'd be
obliged to lock her up for the rest of her life.
(Scriptorama)

This conversation does not appear in the novel, and once again represents a conversation

between a father and daughter in the twentieth century, rather than in the eighteenth. It

does show that Mr Bennet invites disaster by ignoring what Elizabeth is obviously able to

discern about her sister's behaviour. Mr Bennet of cl1e film is disturbed by the events which

occur, with no real sense of tl1e disaster which befalls the whole Bennet family. This is an

important point, a even the representation of Elizabeth's behaviour on receiving Jane's letter
 90

is not dramatic enough. We can see that she is upset and crying, but it becomes slightly

comic, as she appears and disappears with Mr Darcy acting like a jack in the box every time

she appears. It is as though the effect of Lydia's behaviour has not the sense of doom in the

twenty-first century as it did in the eighteenth, so perhaps the screenwriters decide to add a

comic element to this scene. Students can examine how this scene has been represented in

the film and compare it to the drama in the writing of tl1e novel and decide whether they

think the significance of the event has been diminished or not. They can examine these two

different approaches to Lydia's elopement to explore how the scandal will unleash on the

Bennet family, and what this incident reflects upon women in general. By comparing

Austen's writing with the script they can determine whether the drama is effectively

established in the film and if not, why they think this is so. Students can also use this event

to characterise Mr Bennet, as Austen portrays him rather than his portrayal in the film. The

approach taken in the film is heedless of the consequences Lydia's actions have for tl1e rest of

her family, whereas in the novel, we know how this situation will disgrace all the Bennets

Elizabeth soon observed, and instantly understood it. Her power was sinking;
every thing must sink under such a proof of family weakness, such an assurance
of the deepest disgrace .... Lydia- the humiliation, the misery, she was bringing
on them all, soon swallowed up every private care (Austen: 264).

Readers of the novel want to blame Mr Bennet for not being stronger and more determined

towards Lydia, whereas in the film all the blame seems to fall on Lydia.

What I hoped to have shown in this chapter is tl1at rather than ignore the films and

television adaptations of Pride and Prejudice the lecturer can use them to explore aspects of the

novel which should be brought to student's attention instead . Where students have

previously had to examine the text like the New Critics, looking for the devices which make
 91

it literary, they can now compare the text with the film scripts and comment on where and

why the differences occur. It may enhance their appreciation of the novel, to see how

opinions and beha iour have altered throughout the years of the novel's existence, and yet

there remains a complex fascination with it. In being able to see the novel they have a better

concept of conditions within the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.

Commenting on the film of Sense and Sensibitity, one lecturer believes that 'students who

viewed the movie comprehended plot developments better than those who had only read the

novel' (Troost & Greenfield: 141). The 2005 film of Pride and Prejudice is still recent enough

for students to have been exposed to it either on the big screen, DVD or on television. This

cannot be ignored, so we should accommodate this and use the films to bring the novel to

life. Whether students think it an accurate representation is always a personal choice but to

ignore it completely would be prejudicial, and of all novels lectured on this is the last one we

should be accused of being prejudiced about.

I will end this essay with a personal triumph. I had a male student leave one of the

lectures after we had finished our series on Pride and Prejudice with a comment that he had a

new respect for Jane Austen now as a novelist, and if he had to read more of her novels in

the next few years he would not be so anti her, although he did not think he would actually

read any more of her novels by choice. A fair comment and at least he gave Austen some

credit as a novelist. If this is the kind of reaction a student gives, then something has been

achieved.
 92

CONCLUSION

This essay has briefly explored the novel Pride and Prejudice in the context of the

twenty-first century. The particular focus has been aimed at students of the novel. As many

students engage wit this novel for the first time in their university course, it is important to

position the novel in the context of their literature degree.

In the first chapter of this essay I examined the difference between story and plot and

why this is so important for this particular novel. As so many readers engage with it through

its story, it is vital that students understand their exploration of the plot. I then briefly

examined feminism especially in relation to this novel in order to reveal Jane Austen's

position on women's education. I realise that many students are unfamiliar with feminist

literary theory ther fore I would suggest that it is a critical component in evaluating this

novel. In the chapters on the response to Pride and Prejudice I revealed how many

commentators mis nderstood the plot of the novel and Austen's position on a number of

issues.

I suggest that approaching this novel in the twenty-first century requires a different

approach from previous centuries. For many students the Aunt Jane ethos prevails and

whereas that may h ve been an inducement for readers of the nineteenth and early twentieth

centuries it is no longer an enticement for our modern students. Students are more readily

drawn to the idea of a rebellious, subaltern woman whose subversive writing remained

misunderstood throughout her own generation. We can explore the novel as we have always

done in the past, but now we can allow Jane Austen to escape her kindly, spinster mantle and
 93

be acknowledged as a strong woman writing in a patriarchal world. The films can be used to

confirm how patriarchal perceptions have changed throughout the years.

 94

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