Lecture 9 Coagulation Design Criteria and Examples

Theory of mixing
P
G .......... .......... .......... .......... ....( 1)
V
Where:
G= gradient velocity (sec-1) (criteria 20-70 sec-1).
P= the power of mixing input, Watts (N.m/s).
V= volume of tank, m3
μ =dynamic viscosity, N.sec/m2
P=force *velocity
P= FD * υ
P
But G 
V
P= G2 μ V
Then
FD * υ = G2 μ V …………...…….( 2)
But FD = ½ Cd. A. D. υ2 ……….(3)
Substitute (3) in (2)
½ Cd. A. D. υ 2. υ = G2. μ. V
Cd. A. D.  3
G .......... .......... .......... ..( 4)
2..V
Where:
Cd: coefficient of drag (1.8-2)
A: cross section area of the paddles = 15-20% of the cross section area of the
flocculation basin.
D: density of water, (kg/m3).
υ :velocity of paddles with respect to water, m/sec.
1
υ = 70% of paddles velocity
υ= 0.7 υp
Design criteria
For flash mixing
d.t= 30-60 sec
Clarification tank
For flocculation
d.t= 20-60 min
h= 1-2 d
h= 2-6 m
G.t = 104 – 105
G=20-70 sec-1
For sedimentation tank
d.t =2-6 h
H=3-7 m
Volume of sedimentation tank = Total volume – volume of flocculation tank
2
Figure 1 mechanical flash mixer
Figure 2 Flash mix, flocculation. and sedimentation.
3
Example 1:
Design a slow and flash mix flocculation tank for flow of 9000 m3/d
Solution:
1. Flash mix
Assume d.t= 60 sec (criteria 30-60 sec)
V=Q.t
9000
V * 60
24 * 3600
=6.25 m3
Assume depth =2.5 m
A=6.25/2.5=2.5 m2
L=1.58 m
2. Slow mix flocculation tank

Assume d.t= 20 min (criteria 20-60 min)
V=Q.t
9000
V * 20
24 * 60
= 125 m3
Assume depth =2.5 m (criteria 2-6 m)
A=125/2.5=50 m2
Let L= 2 W
A= L *W
A= 2 W.W
50= 2 W2
W=5 m
L=10 m
4
Example 2:
Design a clariflocculator tank with flow of 3000 m3/d
Solution:
a- Flocculation tank
V=Q.t
3000
V * 20
24 * 60
= 41.67 m3 (volume of flocculation tank)
Assume h =1.5 d (criteria 1-2 d)
V=π/4 d2.h = π/4 d2.(1.5d)
1.5.
41.67  *d3
4
d = 3.28 m, use d= 3.3 m
h=1.5*3.3=4.95 m, use h= 5 m
b- Settling tank
Assume d.t= 3 h (criteria 2-6 h)
V=Q.t
3000
V *3
24
= 375 m3 (volume of settling tank)
Total volume of clariflocculation tank = volume of settling tank + volume of
flocculation tank
Total volume of clariflocculation tank =375 +( π/4 (3.3)2 *5) =417.76 m3
Assume H =h+0.6
= 5+0.6= 5.6 m
.
417.76  * D 2 * 5.6
4
D= 9.75 m
5
Example 3:
Design a flocculation basin for a flow of 38000 m3/day, the basin is fitted with
paddles impeller on horizontal shift normal to the direction of flow. Use D= 1000
kg/m3, μ=0.89 *10-3 kg.sec/m2, Cd=1.8
Solution:
1. Flash mix
Assume d.t= 60 sec (criteria 30-60 sec)
V=Q.t
38000
V * 60
24 * 3600
=26.38 m3
Assume depth =2.5 m
A=26.38/2.5=10.5 m2
Assume L=W
10.5 W2
W= 3.24 m,
Use W= 3.25 m, L=3.25 m
2. Slow mix flocculation tank

V=Q.t
38000
V * 30
24 * 60
= 791.6 m3
Assume h =5 m (criteria 2-6 m)
As =791.6 /5=158.3 m2
Let L= 2 W
A= L *W
A= 2 W.W
158.3 = 2 W2
6
W=8.9 m, use W=9 m
L=18 m
Assume G*t= 5*104 (criteria 104 – 105)
5 * 10 4
G
30 * 60
= 27.78 sec-1 (criteria 20-70 sec-1)
Cd. A. D.  3
G
2. .V
Cd= 1.8
A= area of paddles
Assume Ap= 18% of cross section area of flocculation tank (criteria 15-20%)
=0.18*5*9
=8.1 m2
D = 1000 kg/m3
μ=0.89 *10-3 kg.sec/m2
V= Volume = 5*9*18 = 810 m3
1.8 * 8.1*1000. 3
27.78 
2 * 0.89 *103 * 810
ʋ3 =0.0763
ʋ = 0.424 m/sec = 70% of paddle velocity
Vp=0.424/0.7 = 0.6 m/sec
 .d .N
Vp 
60
Depth of flocculation tank = 1.5-2 diameter of paddles (criteria)
7
Diameter of paddles = 5/1.5-5/2 = 3.3-2.5m, use 3m
 (3) N
0.6 
60
N=3.82 rpm
Ap = 8.1 m2
Use three axis each one have two paddles
8.1 = 2*3*b*(9-0.6)
b = 0.16 m
Use 3 shafts each with two paddles of 8.4 m * 0.16 m dimensions
8
Example 4:
A flocculation tank is fitted with paddle impellers 6 m long mounted on two

horizontal shafts perpendicular to the flow and rotating at a speed of 4 rpm. Each
shaft is fitted with two paddles 20 cm wide fitted opposite each other. The center
of the paddles is 2 m from the center of the shaft. The rate of the flow of water is
10.5 m3 /min and the detention time is 40 min. Velocity of paddles with respect to
water is 0.75 of paddles velocity. Use D= 1000 kg/m3, μ=0.89 *10-3 kg.sec/m2,
Cd=1.4
Calculate
1. The ratio of paddles area to the cross sectional area of the tank.
2. Velocity of paddles with respect to water.
3. The power requirement.
4. The value of G and Gt.
Solution:
Volume of the tank = Q *Dt = 10.5 *40= 420 m3
Let the depth =5 m (criteria 2-6 m).
Area =420/5= 84 m2
Assume width = 7 m then length = 12 m
1. Total paddles area = 2x2x6x0.2 = 4.8 m2

Cross sectional area = 7x5=35 m2
The ratio of paddles area to the cross sectional area of the tank =
4.8/35*100= 13.71% (criteria 15-20%)
 .d .N
2. V p 
60
9
 *4*4
Vp 
60
= 0.837 m/sec
Velocity of paddles with respect to water= 0.837*0.75= 0.63 m/sec
3. The power requirement
P= FD * υ
But FD = ½ Cd. A. D. υ2
P= ½ Cd. A. D. υ3
P= ½ *1.4*4.8*1000*(0.63)3
=840 Watts = 0.84 Kw
Cd. A. D.  3
4. G 
2. .V
1.4 * 4.8 *1000* (0.63)3

G
2 * 0.89 *10 3 * 420
G=47.41 sec-1 (criteria 20-70 sec-1)

Gt = 47.41*40*60= 11.378*104 (criteria 104 – 105 )
10
Example 5
A coagulation sedimentation plant clarifies 50 million liters of water per day. The
raw water has an alkalinity equivalent of 4 mg/L of CaCO3. The alum required at
the plant is 20 mg/L. Determine the alum and quick lime (containing 88% of CaO)
required per year by the plant. Use the following molecular weights:
(Al=27; S=32; O=16; H=1; Ca=40; C=12)
Al2(SO4)3.18H2O+3Ca(HCO3)2 →2Al(OH)2+2CaSO4+18H2O+6CO2
CaCO3 +H2O +CO2 → Ca(HCO3)2
CaCO3 → CaO +CO2
Solution:
Alum required per day = 50 x 106 x20 = 1000 x 106 mg/day
= 1000 kg/day=365 tonnes/year
Mol. wt. of Al2 (SO4)3 . 18H2O = (2x27)+3(32+(4x16)) +18(2+16)
=666
Mol. wt. of Ca(HCO3)2 = 40+2(1+12+48) =162
Mol. wt. of CaCO3 = 40+12+48 =100
Mol. wt. of CaO = 40+16 =56
From equations, alum requires 3x168 (=486) parts of natural alkalinity Ca (HCO3)2
for every 666 parts of alum. Also, 162 parts of natural alkalinity is equivalent to
100 parts of alkalinity as CaCO3
11
Hence required alkalinity as CaCO3 =20 x 3x100/666 = 9.01 mg/L
Natural alkalinity available as CaCO3 = 4 mg/L
Additional alkalinity required to be added in the form of lime
=9.01- 4 = 5.01 mg/L as CaCO3
Since 100 parts of CaCO3 produces 56 parts of CaO
Quantity of CaO required = 5.01x56/100= 2.806 mg/L
But market available quick lime contains only 88% of CaO
Quick lime required = 2.806 x 100/88 = 3.188 mg/L
Quantity of Quick lime per day = 50 x 106 x3.188 mg = 159.4 kg/day
= 58.2 tonnes/year
12

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Theory of mixing

Figure 2 Flash mix, flocculation. and sedimentation.

Assume depth =2.5 m

2. Slow mix flocculation tank

Design a clariflocculator tank with flow of 3000 m3/d

Total volume of clariflocculation tank =375 +( π/4 (3.3)2 *5) =417.76 m3

Assume depth =2.5 m

Use W= 3.25 m, L=3.25 m

2. Slow mix flocculation tank

= 27.78 sec-1 (criteria 20-70 sec-1)

μ=0.89 *10-3 kg.sec/m2

V= Volume = 5*9*18 = 810 m3

Depth of flocculation tank = 1.5-2 diameter of paddles (criteria)

Use three axis each one have two paddles

Use 3 shafts each with two paddles of 8.4 m * 0.16 m dimensions

A flocculation tank is fitted with paddle impellers 6 m long mounted on two

Volume of the tank = Q *Dt = 10.5 *40= 420 m3

Let the depth =5 m (criteria 2-6 m).

Assume width = 7 m then length = 12 m

1. Total paddles area = 2x2x6x0.2 = 4.8 m2

Velocity of paddles with respect to water= 0.837*0.75= 0.63 m/sec

3. The power requirement

=840 Watts = 0.84 Kw

1.4 * 4.8 *1000* (0.63)3

G=47.41 sec-1 (criteria 20-70 sec-1)

(Al=27; S=32; O=16; H=1; Ca=40; C=12)

CaCO3 +H2O +CO2 → Ca(HCO3)2

CaCO3 → CaO +CO2

Alum required per day = 50 x 106 x20 = 1000 x 106 mg/day

= 1000 kg/day=365 tonnes/year

Mol. wt. of Al2 (SO4)3 . 18H2O = (2x27)+3(32+(4x16)) +18(2+16)

Mol. wt. of Ca(HCO3)2 = 40+2(1+12+48) =162

Mol. wt. of CaCO3 = 40+12+48 =100

Mol. wt. of CaO = 40+16 =56

Natural alkalinity available as CaCO3 = 4 mg/L

Additional alkalinity required to be added in the form of lime

=9.01- 4 = 5.01 mg/L as CaCO3

Since 100 parts of CaCO3 produces 56 parts of CaO

Quantity of CaO required = 5.01x56/100= 2.806 mg/L

But market available quick lime contains only 88% of CaO

Quick lime required = 2.806 x 100/88 = 3.188 mg/L

Quantity of Quick lime per day = 50 x 106 x3.188 mg = 159.4 kg/day

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V= Volume = 5918 = 810 m3

Volume of the tank = Q Dt = 10.5 40= 420 m3

1.4 * 4.8 1000 (0.63)3