NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology

Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
LECTURE ACTIVITIES NO. 18
URINARY SYSTEM

Name: Yda Maxine Palma Section: 38 Date Submitted: 12/15/2020

I. INTRODUCTION
The urinary system is the major excretory system of the body. Its organs effectively
eliminate wastes and regulate fluid balance in the body.
II. ACCOMPLISH THE ACTIVITY TABLE 1.

GUIDE QUESTIONS ANSWERS

18.01A. List the structures that make up the The urinary system consists of two kidneys,
urinary system. two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the
urethra.
18.01B. List the major functions of the urinary The main function is to eliminate waste from
system. the body. The kidney, ureters, urinary
bladder, and the urethra all work to clean up
the waste made by the cells in the body. It
controls blood volume and pressure by
changing water volume in urine, by releasing
erythropoietin and renin. It controls
concentrations of ions in plasma regulates the
loss of hydrogen and bicarbonate ions to help
stabilize blood pH, it conserves nutrients and
eliminates waste, and helps the liver
neutralize toxins.
18.02A. Describe the location and anatomy of the 1. Each kidney is behind the peritoneum and
kidneys. surrounded by a renal capsule and adipose
tissue.
2. The kidney is divided into an outer cortex
and an inner medulla.
3. Each renal pyramid has a base located at
the boundary between the cortex and the
medulla. The tip of the renal pyramid extends
toward the center of the kidney and is
surrounded by a calyx.
4. Calyces are extensions of the renal pelvis,
which is the expanded end of the ureter within
the renal sinus.

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
18.02B. Describe the structure of the nephron and The functional unit of the kidney is the
the location of the parts of the nephron in the nephron. The parts of a nephron are the renal
kidney. corpuscle, the proximal convoluted tubule,
the loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted
tubule.
18.03A. Identify the principal factors that influence Filtration
filtration pressure, and explain how they affect the 1. The renal filtrate passes from the
rate of filtrate production. glomerulus into the Bowman capsule and
contains no blood cells and few blood
proteins.
2. Filtration pressure is responsible for
filtrate formation.
3. Increased sympathetic activity decreases
blood flow to the kidney, decreases filtrate
formation, and decreases urine production.
Decreased sympathetic activity has the
opposite effect.
18.03B. Give the function of the proximal About 99% of the filtrate volume is
convoluted tubule, descending and ascending reabsorbed; 1% becomes urine. Among the
limbs of the loop of Henle, distal convoluted substances reabsorbed are proteins, amino
tubule, and collecting duct.
acids, glucose, fructose, Na+, K+, Ca2+, HCO3,
and Cl. About 65% of the filtrate volume is
reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule,
15% is reabsorbed in the descending limb of
the loop of Henle, and another 19% is
reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule
and collecting duct.
18.04A. Explain how antidiuretic hormone, Renin is secreted from the kidney when the
aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic hormone blood pressure decreases. Renin converts
influence the volume and concentration of urine. angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which is
then converted to angiotensin II by
angiotensin-converting enzyme. Angiotensin
II stimulates aldosterone secretion, and
aldosterone increases the rate of Na+ the
nephron. Cl reabsorption from ADH is
secreted from the posterior pituitary when the
concentration of blood increases or when
blood pressure decreases. ADH increases the
permeability to water of the distal convoluted
tubule and collecting duct. It increases water
reabsorption by the kidney. Atrial natriuretic
hormone, secreted from the right atrium in

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
response to increases in blood pressure, acts
on the kidney to increase Na+ and water loss
in the urine.
18.05A. Describe the ureters, urinary bladder, and 1. Each ureter carries urine from a renal
urethra. pelvis to the urinary bladder.
2. The urethra carries urine from the urinary
bladder to the outside of the body.
3. The ureters and urinary bladder are lined
with transitional epithelium and have smooth
muscle in their walls.
4. The external urinary sphincter regulates the
flow of urine throughthe urethra.
18.05B. Describe the micturition reflex. 1. Increased volume in the urinary bladder
stretches its wall and activates the micturition
reflex.
2. Parasympathetic action potentials cause
the urinary bladder to contract. Reduced
somatic motor action potentials cause the
external urinary sphincter to relax.
3. Higher brain centers control the
micturition reflex. Stretching of the urinary
bladder stimulates sensory neurons that carry
impulses to the brain and inform the brain of
the need to urinate.
18.06A. List the major body fluid compartments. 1. Water and the ions dissolved in the water
are distributed in the intracellular and
extracellular fluid compartments.
2. Approximately two-thirds of the total
body water is found within cells.
3. Approximately one-third of the total body
water is found outside cells, mainly in
interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and lymph.
18.07A. Describe the mechanisms by which Na , Sodium ions are the dominant extracellular
+

K+, and Ca2+ are regulated in the extracellular fluid. ions. Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption
from the filtrate, ADH increases water
reabsorption from the nephron, and ANH
increases Na+ loss in the urine. Aldosterone
increases K+ secretion in the urine. Increased
blood levels of K+ stimulate, and decreased
blood levels of K+ inhibit, aldosterone
secretion. Parathyroid hormone secreted from
the parathyroid glands increases extracellular

©
Biofacultymember2020
NUR11O1 Integrated Human Anatomy and Physiology
Department of Biology
Institute of Arts and Sciences
Far Eastern University
Ca2+ levels by causing bone resorption and
increased Ca2+. When
PO4 uptake in the kidney. Parathyroid
hormone increases vitamin D synthesis.
Calcitonin, secreted by the thyroid gland,
inhibits bone reabsorption and lowers blood
Ca2+ and SO4 levels when they are too high.
18.08A. Illustrate how the mechanisms that Buffers
regulate the body fluid pH function by explaining Three principal classes of buffers in the body
how they respond to decreasing and increasing pH fluids resist changes in the pH: proteins, the
in the body fluids.
phosphate buffer system, and the bicarbonate
buffer system.
Respiratory System
The respiratory system rapidly regulates pH.
An increased respiratory rate raises the pH
because the rate of CO2 elimination is
increased, and a reduced respiratory rate
reduces the pH because the rate of CO2
elimination is reduced.
Kidneys
The kidneys excrete H+ reabsorb H+ in
response to a decreasing blood pH, and they
in response to an increasing blood pH.
Acidosis and Alkalosis
1. Acidosis occurs when the pH of the blood
falls below 7.35. The two major types are
respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis.
2. Alkalosis occurs when the pH of the blood
increases above 7.45. The two major types are
respiratory alkalosis and metabolic alkalosis.

III. CONCLUSION: Make general statement (Maximum of three sentences on what you have
learned on this activity.
The urinary system is quite overlooked and undermined by through this lesson, I learned to even
more fully appreciate how this system plays an important role in our daily bodily functions.

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Biofacultymember2020