Chapter 4

CHAPTER
FOUR
HEAT EFFECTS
Objectives
 Introduction to different types of heat effects
 Sensible heat and heat capacity
 Constant‐V heat capacity
 Constant‐P heat capacity
 The temperature dependency of the heat capacity
 Latent heat
 Introduction to different types of latent heat
 Latent heat calculation and estimations
 Standard heat of reaction
 Calculating using standard heat of formations
 Heat effects of industrial reactions
Introduction
Almost all chemical processes involve heat transfer
Types of Heat Transfer Effects
PHYSICAL CHEMICAL
OPERATIONS OPERATIONS
Sensible Heat Effects
Information on Process
Energy Balance
Specific Enthalpy
For a homogenous substance of a

constant composition, the phase
rule tells us that two intensive
properties must be fixed to specify
the state of the fluid completely.
F = 2 – π + N
F = 2 – 1 + 1 = 2
Internal Energy
Heat Capacity
Temperature dependence of heat capacity
; Cp = Cv + R

Evaluation of the Sensible‐Heat Integral
Calculations of Q or ∆H:‐
Evaluation of the Sensible‐Heat Integral
Mean Value Specific Enthalpy
Iteration: To solve for T; first provide an initial guess….
Example
Solution
Latent Heats of Pure Substances
Latent Heats
Example: Water
Latent heat of Vaporization
Latent heat of Fusion

Latent Heats
Information on Process
Latent Heats
Energy Balance
Latent Heats
 Experimental values are available for latent heats at selected
temperature, for many substances. However, data are not always
available at the temperature of interest.
 Hence, approximate methods are used for estimations of the heat
effect accompanying a phase change.
Equations
Latent Heats
Clapeyron Equation
Latent Heats
Latent Heats
Example: Saturated H2O at 1500C
Latent Heats
Approximate Methods
Latent Heats
Trouton’s Rule
Note: T , temperature;
bp , boiling point.
Latent Heats
Riedel Equation
Pc = critical pressure in bars

Tn = Absolute temperature of the normal boiling point
Latent Heats
Example for Water
Tn = 100 0C = 373.15 K
Pc = 22.06 Mpa = 220.5 bar
R = 8.314 J/mol.K
Tc = 647.1 K
From Table A-3: ∆H = 2257kJ/kg = 2257J/g
The error is <5%; 3.4%

Latent Heats
Watson Equation
Latent Heats
Example
Tc = 373.95 0C
Solution
Quize
 For steady flow in a heat exchanger at
approximately atmospheric pressure, How much
heat is required when 640 kg of SO2 is heated
from 473.15 to 1373.15 K (200 to 1100°C)?
Given Data: for SO2
M= Molecular weight =64 g/mol
A = 5.699
103 B = 0.801
106 C = 0
10-5 D = -1.015
R= 8.314 kJ/Kmol.K
Standard Heat of Reaction
Information on the Process
Energy Balance
At constant pressure and no flow work
Standard State
Note: A standard –state pressure of 1 standard atm. (101,325 Pa) was in use.
The standard is now 1 bar (10 5 Pa)
E.g. ∆Ho298 at 298.15 K
Data for ∆Ho298
Table C‐4
Standard Heat of Formation
= ‐238,660 J/mol
Water‐Gas‐Shift Reaction
 It can be write as the sum of formation reactions
Water‐Gas‐Shift Reaction
Therefore, the standard heat of reaction is?

Example
Solution
Standard Heat of Combustion
Only few formation reactions are carried out, hence many standard
heats of formation come from standard heat of combustion
For organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen,

and oxygen only, the products are carbon dioxide and
water, but the state of the water may be either vapor or
liquid.
Formation of n‐Butane
Temperature Dependence of ∆Ho
Standard heats of most reaction are tabulated at the standard
temperature of 298.15 K (25°C). However,
Hypothetical Path
The total enthalpy change is three step process
Cooling
Back to initial state
Stoichiometric Coefficient
Standard‐state of Enthalpies of Elements
Example
Solution
Standard‐state Enthalpy
Standard Heat Capacity
Heat of Reaction at T
Integral
Mean Heat Capacity
Summary: Equation
Example
Calculate the standard heat of the methanol synthesis
reaction at 800 0C
CO(g) + 2H2(g) → CH3OH(g)
Solution
From Table C‐4
From Table C‐1
Solution
8.314*2.082*(1073.15‐298.15)
Heat Effects of Industrial Reactions
Example
Solution
Energy Balance
Path
∆Ho298
∆Hop
Determine T2
Iteration

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CHAPTER

For a homogenous substance of a

; Cp = Cv + R

Latent heat of Vaporization

Latent heat of Fusion

Pc = critical pressure in bars

From Table A-3: ∆H = 2257kJ/kg = 2257J/g

The error is <5%; 3.4%

Therefore, the standard heat of reaction is?

For organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen,

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