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BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICINAL SIGNIFICANCE OF TRIGONELLA FOENUM-

GRAECUM: A REVIEW

Article · February 2018

DOI: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJLSR.4(2).15-26

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Mahbub et al., IJLSR, 2018; Vol. 4(2): 15-26. ISSN: 2394-9864
© 2015 by the International Journal of Life Sciences and Review. All rights reserved

IJLSR (2018), Vol. 4, Issue 2 (Review Article)

Received on 24 January, 2018; received in revised form, 04 February, 2018; accepted, 24 February, 2018; published 28 February, 2018

BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICINAL SIGNIFICANCE OF TRIGONELLA FOENUM-GRAECUM: A

REVIEW
Jerin Mahbub 1, Rubina Ahmed Mou 1, Shishir Ahmed Sikta 2, Ahadina Rahman 1
and Pritesh Ranjan
Dash* 3
Department of Pharmacy 1, BRAC University, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Department of Pharmacy 3, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
ABSTRACT: Trigonella foenum-graecum commonly known as Fenugreek is an annual herb belonging to family Fabaceae. It is
cultivated all through the world as a semiarid crop and its seeds are rich sources of protein dietary fiber, iron B Vitamins and
several other dietary minerals. It has many potential therapeutic applications in the health sector. It contains different kinds of
bioactive compounds such as diosgenin, galactomannan, 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-2(5H) furanone (stolone), 4-hydroxy
isoleucene etc. Fenugreek is one of the most ancient plants with bunch of medicinal uses such as anti-diabetic, antipyretic, anti-
inflammatory, diuretic, antiradical, antibacterial activity etc. Fenugreek is also known to have hypocholesterolemic, digestive
stimulant action, antioxidant potency and hepatoprotective effect. Numerous experiments have been conducted to see their
effectiveness to cure diseases in different ways. This review presents the major medicinal and other beneficial uses of fenugreek
discovered through last many years of research in animal and human subjects as well as in other experimental studies.
Keywords: Trigonella foenum-graecum, Phytochemical constituents, Morphology, Pharmacological activities
Correspondence to Author:
Pritesh Ranjan Dash
Ph.D Student, Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
E-mail: pritesh.ju@gmail.com
INTRODUCTION: Herbal medicine is the oldest The genus name Trigonella signifies 'tri-calculated',
form of medical treatment. People used medicinal possibly in light of triangular state of its blossoms,
plants for different therapeutic purposes from the while the species name foenum-graecum signifies
ancient time and now, it is the precursor of the 'Greek roughage' 2. It is a yearly harvest and
modern pharmaceutical field. Seeds, berries, roots, dicotyledonous plant belonging to the family
leaves, bark or flowers of the medicinal plants are Fabaceae. It is mainly found in India, North
being utilized for medicinal purposes. Trigonella American and certain regions of Africa and in a
foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) is widely used for few sections of Australia.
its therapeutic properties everywhere throughout
It has been used as a medicinal plant since over
the world. More than 260 species of Trigonella are
4000 years in different parts of world. It has wide
spread around the world 1.
therapeutic applications including aphrodisiac,
QUICK RESPONSE CODE
DOI: carminative and lactation stimulant in women after
child birth in traditional Chinese medicines and in
10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJLSR.4(2).15-26
Indian Ayurvedic medicines. Literature survey
Article can be accessed online on: revealed that the whole plant possesses a lot of
www.ijlsr.com activities for treatment of diseases such as fresh
leaves have been used for the treatment of
DOI link: http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJLSR.4(2).15-26 flatulence, indigestion and the dried leaves have

International Journal of Life Sciences and Review 15

Mahbub et al., IJLSR, 2018; Vol. 4(2): 15-26. ISSN: 2394-9864

been utilized as a quality flavour for fish, meat and pharmacological properties of Trigonella foenum-
vegetable dishes 3 while seeds are used to preserve graecum L with an urge of further advancements in
foods in chutneys, pickles and other similar food the medicinal uses of the herb worldwide.
products. As seeds are very hard and difficult to
grind, seed extract is used in butterscotch, vanilla Vernacular Names:
and rum flavouring 4. Gargle which is made from Hindi: Methi, Sag methi, Kasurimethi,
the seeds is used for recurrent ordinary sore throat
English: Fenugreek, Bird foot, Greek hayseed,
and mouth ulcers.
Bengali: Methis, Methi-shak, Methuka,
Main objective of the use of this plant is to cause
improvement in the health quality of individuals as French: Trigonella Fenugrec,
well as prevention of the diseases. There are Italian: Fieno Greco, Trigonella,
numerous other folkloric uses of Trigonella Punjabi: Metha, Shamli, Methi, Methini,
foenum-graecum L., such as the treatment of
indigestion and baldness 5. Roasted Methi grain is Gujrati: Methi, Methini, Bhaj
used as a coffee-substitute, particularly in Africa. It Botanical Classification:
has also been used for controlling insects in grain
storages and perfume industries 6. Trigonelline Kingdom: Plantae
compound can be also used for the production of Division: Magnoliophyta
maple syrup and as an artificial flavour for vanilla,
rum and butter scotch 7. Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Fabales
Fenugreek seeds lower serum triglycerides, total
cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein Family: Fabaceae
cholesterol (LDL-C) due to the presence of Genus: Trigonella
sapogenins, which increase excretion secretion of
biliary cholesterol which leads to lowered serum Species: foenum-graecum
cholesterol levels 5. It has many effects e.g.
Botanical Description: T. foenum-graecum is a
anthelmintic, anti-cancer, anti-nociceptive, anti-
plant in Fabaceae family which completes its life
bacterial, antidicer, gastro and hepatoprotective,
cycle in one year. The name Trigonella foenum-
immune-modulatory, etc. Its capacity to treat
graecum comes from two latin word the genus and
wounds and sore muscles had made its use wide in
faenu-graecum. The genus means “little triangle”
science 8. It has antibacterial effect 9 and also has
and faenugraecum means “Greek hay” 20. The
anticancer effects 10. It possesses antioxidative,
flower of the T. foenum-graecum is triangle shaped
anthelmintic, anti-diabetic, hypocholestrolaemic,
and pale yellow in colour. The height of this plant
hypoglycemic, hepato-protective and pain reducing
is 30 to 60 cm 21. It is found in Asia, Europe, and
properties 11 - 15. It is also used for treating
Middle East.
weakness and edema of legsin traditional Chinese
medicine 16. The seed and leaves are mainly used as several
food and medicinal purpose. Leaves contain 89%
It contains phytochemicals like flavonoids, steroids water, 6% carbohydrates, 4% protein and less than
and alkaloids and they are used as hormonal and 1% fat. Leaves are also rich in minerals, calcium
therapeutic drugs. Trigonelline compound isolated (40%), iron (15%) and phosphorus (7%). Seeds
from fenugreek can be used for the manufacture of contain 45-60% carbohydrates, 30% soluble and
maple syrup and as an artificial flavor 17.The 20% insoluble fiber, 20-30% protein, oil (5-10%)
unsaponifiable portion of the fenugreek seed oil has 22
.Seeds are good source of calcium, magnesium,
lactation stimulating capacity 18. Phenolic compounds iron, phosphorus and Vitamins 23. 100 g of
offer greater protection against oxidation as Trigonella foenum-gracum seeds contain almost
compared to other extracts of fenugreek 19.The 65% dietary fiber. Its protein is soluble at the pH of
following is a comprehensive and up-to-date 11 24. Many literature surveys shows that T.
review about the distribution, phytochemistry, and foenum-graecum leaves are used as food flavour

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and seeds are used in the preservation of several T. foenum-graecum-to prevent sore throat and
foods 25. As seeds are really hard to grind so its mouth ulcer. Traditionally, it is used as laxative,
extract are used in flavouring butterscotch, vanilla demulcent, stimulant etc. and medicinally in
etc. 26. Further, gargle is prepared from the seeds of preventing wounds, arthritis, ulcer etc. 27.

FIG. 1: TRIGONELLA FOENUM-GRACUM

TABLE 1: IMPORTANT CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF TRIGONELLA FEONUM-GRAECUM

Alkaloids Amino acids Saponins Steroidal sapinogens Flavonoids Fibers Other
Trimethylamine Isoleucine Graecunins Yamogenin Quercetin Gum Coumarin

Trigonelline 4-Hydroxyisoleucine Fenugrin B Diosgenin Rutin, Neutral Lipid

detergent
Neurin Histidine Fenugreekine Smilagenin Vetixin Fiber Vitamins
Gentianine Leucine Trigofoenosides Sarasasapog-enin Isovetixin Minerals
Carpaine lysine Tigogenin 28% mucillage
Choline L-tryptophan Neotigogenin 22% proteins
Betain Argenine Gitogenin 5% of stronger
swelling
Neogitogenin Bitter fixed oil
Yuccagenin
aponaretin

TABLE 2: PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF TRIGONELLA-FEONUM-GRAECUM 38 - 43

S. no. Name Structure
1 Carpaine

2 Gentianine

3 Trigonelline

4 Trigofoenoside E1

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5 Yamogenin

6 Trigofoenoside A1:
R= -Glu-Rha
Trigofoenoside D1:
R= -Glu-Rha-Glu
Trigofoenoside F1:
R= -Glu-Glu-Rha
Trigofoenoside G1:
R= -Glu-Glu-Rha-Xyl60
7 Trigofoenoside B1:
R= -Glu-Rha
R1= α- Me
Trigofoenoside C1:
R= -Glu-Rha-Rha
R1= β- Me
8 Diosgenin

9 Trigocoumarin

10 Tigogenin

11 Smilagenin

12 Yuccagenin

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13 Sarsasapogenin

14 Vitexin

15 Caffeic acid

16 Coumarin

17 Scopoletin

18 Vicenin-2

19 4- Hydroxyisoleucine

20 Sotolone

Reported Pharmacological Properties of (SDF) fraction (0.5g/kg, orally administered twice

Trigonella Foenum-Graecum Linn: daily, for 28 days) inhibited platelets aggregation in
Anti-diabetic Activity: Many medicinal agents type 2 diabetic rats and produced beneficial effect
have been used to treat diabetes among them in dyslipidemia 47. 4-hydroxyisoleucine: 5, an
fenugreek is one of the oldest plants documented in amino acid, isolated from seeds, produced anti-
some traditional and folk system of medicine 44. hyperglycemic effect and decreased the 33%
Major alkaloid trigonellin from fenugreek seeds plasma triglyceride, 22% total cholesterol (22%)
produced hypoglycemic activity 45. Lethal doses and 14% free fatty acids 48-49.Three weeks medicine
(LD50) of aqueous leaf extract were 1.9 g/kg at of the diabetic assembly for insulin, and TSP
intra-peritoneal and 10g/kg at oral administration independently brought about a stamped decrease
46
. From fenugreek seeds, the soluble dietary fibre done hyperglycemia in the diabetic animals 50 - 52.

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Na+ K+ ATPase and Ca2+ATPase assume a part in been shown that fenugreek seeds can be used as an
the fine tuning for neuron works which would adjuvant in the control of type 2 diabetes mellitus
diminished diabetes because of oxidative anxiety in the form of soaked in hot water 64. Fenugreek
furthermore film harms 53 - 54. TSP and insulin seeds supplements which would nontoxic have
response medicine restored the modified Ca2+ been demonstrated to smother high-fat diet-induced
ATPase movement should control levels. expand about plasma lipids and diminished fat
Moreover, it diminish the oxidative stress what's affidavit over mice 65. In the available study, TEFS
more lipid peroxidation 55. Fenugreek seed water over a dose-dependent way repressed the amassing
extract (FSE) ameliorates hyperglycemia through of TG on differentiating alternately separated units.
6-phosphofructo-1-kinase activity in streptozotocin This property for TEFS may be imperative on
induced diabetic rats. Treated with 0.5g/500ml and account of restraint about TG union may be a
1.0g/500ml of FSE, have been shown lower plasma medication method to dyslipidemia, also stoutness 70.
glucose concentration by 18 and 43% respectively
56
. In another study, ethanolic extract of T. foenum Additionally, TEFS diminished cellular TG and
graecum leaves was shown to be effective against cholesterol in HepG2 cells which proposes that it
higher glucose concentration n alloxan induced manages lipid digestion system on liver as well 66.
diabetic aanimals57. Fenugreek seeds elevate blood Triton induced hyperlipidemic rats can be cured
glucose level at concentration of 2.5 and 5g for 4 with ethanolic extract of T. foenum-graecum leaves
67
weeks in dose dependent manner 58. . Synergistic effect of Lagenariasi ceraria and
Trigonella foenum-graecum can control triglyceride,
Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities: LDL and HDL levels significantly at the
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects were concentration of 200 mg kg-1. Thus, the
examined in a partially purified fraction (MTH) of combination can be used as therapeutic agents in
the Trigonella foenum-graecum seed extract. MTH treating coronary artery diseases 68. If 5g of
at the dose of 40 mg/kg has shown significant fenugreek seeds is taken, the reduction of
analgesic activity (p<0.001) as compared to cholesterol level and triglycerides are significant in
diclofenac sodium and pentazocine at the doses type 2 diabetic patients 58. Fenugreek seed therapy
employed. along with diet and medication give better result in
type 2 diabetes mallitus other than combination
In comparison to control, MTH at the employed therapy with neem 69.
doses produced marked acute anti-inflammatory
activity in rats which suggests that the water Cytotoxic Activity: Cancer is one of the leading
soluble fraction (MTH) of herbal origin has causes of death worldwide. Conventional therapies
significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory cause serious side effects and thus, there is an
potential as reflected by the parameters investigated increasing demand to utilize alternative concepts or
59
. Additionally, fenugreek seed exerts anti- approaches to the prevention of cancer. An extract
inflammatory effect against bleomycin induced of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds
lung fibrosis model in rat 60. It has been reported was isolated and evaluated for cytotoxic activity
that alkaloids, saponins and flavanoids are mainly and in this report we show a potential protective
responsible for anti-inflammatory activity. Besides effect of fenugreek seeds against 7, 12-dimethyl-
seed, also leaves of this plant exert anti- benz (α) anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer
inflammatory effects as well 61. In another study, in rats. At 200 mg/kg (Body weight) dose,
ethanol extract of trigonella has been found to be Fenugreek seeds' extract significantly inhibited the
effective against paw edema in adjuvant–induced DMBA-induced mammary hyperplasia and
arthritis in albino rats and in carrageenan-induced decreased its incidence.
rat paw edema 62 - 63.
Epidemiological studies also implicate apoptosis as
Effect on Blood Glucose and Lipid Profiles in a mechanism that might mediate the Fenugreek's
Type 2 Diabetic Patients: Recently use of herbal anti-breast cancer protective effects 70. According
medicines, have been considered as an alternative to Chauhan, fenugreek seeds showed protective
for therapeutic usage. In a clinical trial study, it had activity against 7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene

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(DMBA) - induced breast cancer in rats at 200 foenum-graecum on nephrolithiasic rats as a

mg/kg body weight 71. The ethanolic extract of preventive agent against the development of kidney
fenugreek seeds was also observed to possess anti- stones 77. The results showed that the amount of
tumor activity in A - 549 male lung carcinoma, calcification in the kidneys and the total calcium
MCF-7 female breast cancer and HT - 29 colon amount of the renal tissue in rats which were
adenocarcinoma cell lines and the result establishes treated with Trigonella foenum-graecum was
the anti- cancer activity of fenugreek. significantly reduced compared with the untreated
group.
Antiradical and Antioxidant Activities: An
extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds was Micro Determination of Diosgenin: Trigonella
isolated and the antioxidant activity of the isolated has received considerable attention as a source of
seeds was evaluated by using various in-vitro assay diosgenin 78. Diosgenin is the most widely used
systems. The ethanol extract of seeds showed precursor in the preparation of many steroid drugs,
scavenging of hydroxyl radicals (OH-) and sex hormones and oral contraceptives pills 79.
inhibition of hydrogen peroxide-induced lipid Dwivedi investigated the fenugreek (Trigonella
peroxidation in rat liver mitochondria. The anti- foenum-graecum L.) germplasm lines for diosgenin
mutagenic activity of the extract was recorded by potential and found higher diosgenin content in the
following the inhibition of c-radiation induced plant80. Kaid demonstrated that around 1 g of
strand break formation in plasmid pBR322 DNA. fenugreek seeds aqueous extract (FSA) contains
The extract at high concentrations acted as a approximately 29.65 µg/ml diosgenin (13.81%
scavenger of 2, 20-azinobis 3-ethylbenzothiazoline- w/w) 81. In the micro-determination of diosgenin
6-sulfonate (ABTS) and 2, 20-diphenyl-1-picryl from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seeds
hydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) radicals. By determining showed diosgenin levels of 0.55, 0.42, and 0.75%,
the phenolic content it was estimated that the respectively 82. Laila showed that dried fenugreek
extract of fenugreek seeds contains antioxidants seed samples contain diosgenin in the range of
and protects cellular structures from oxidative 0.113-0.135% (w/w) 83.
damage 72.
Diuretic Activity: Fenugreek seeds have a wide
According to Naidu, at 200 μg conc., extracts of range of pharmacological activities like hypo-
fenugreek seeds exhibited 64% antioxidant activity glycemic, hypolipidemic, galactogogue and diuretic
by free radical scavenging method 73. Sravanthi activities 84. Trigonella foenum-graceum Linn is
used extract of leaves to determine the antioxidant commonly known as fenugreek and it has a history
potential in Trigonella foenum-graecum and it of traditional use in Ayurveda. The diuretic activity
showed highest phenolic content 38.3 ± 0.5mg/g of the extract of fenugreek seeds was inspected in
dry wt. and FRAP free radical scavenging was 10 ± wistar rat and it showed aqueous and benzene
0.05 % recorded maximum than the other assays74. extract as an effective diuretic component 85.
Mashkor studied antioxidant activity by using 3 Rohini established that the extract of Trigonella
types of solvent extract of fenugreek seeds where foenum-graecum-seed at 150 and 350 mg/kg body
Acetone 50 % and methanol 50 % solvent showed weight showed a dose dependent increase in
the greatest capability in extracting antioxidants volume of urine, which supports the traditional
and inhibiting the free radicals produced 75. Though claim about the fenugreek seeds being used as
all extracts of ground fenugreek seeds exhibited diuretic 86. However, diuretic property of the
antioxidant activities, highest phenolic (156.3 mg fenugreek reduces pelvic hyperemia and this
GAE/g) and flavonoid (38.5 mg CE/g) content property may describe the effectiveness of
were found in whilst water extract of germinated fenugreek in dysmenorrhea and reduction of
fenugreek seeds 76. mastalgia 87. El-Nawasanyhave found high diuretic
effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum
Prophylaxis Effect: There is no satisfactory drug Linn.) in cirrhotic ascitic patients 88.
to treat kidney stones, though considerable progress
in medical therapy. Therefore, Laroubiper formed a Genetic and Histopathology Studies: There is a
study to look for an alternative by using Trigonella rising interest in understanding the biological effect

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Mahbub et al., IJLSR, 2018; Vol. 4(2): 15-26. ISSN: 2394-9864

of medicinal plants. The effects of fenugreek oil Further, Sharma used different part of T. foenum-
administration on the liver and ovarian activity graecum like stem, leave and seed extract to
genetically and histopathologically were observed determine the antibacterial activity of E. coli and
in mice and ovaries of mice treated with 0.1 or 0.15 Staphylococcus. Methanol extraction of these parts
ml/mouse of fenugreek oil showed improvement in showed maximum zone of inhibition against E. coli
several tissues 89. Histopathological analysis of (20 mm) and Staphylococcus (19 mm) while for
fenugreek extraction of pancreas showed normal acetone extraction the maximum inhibition zone
acini and reduced dimensions of islets in alloxan was 16 mm for both organisms 99.
induced diabetes 90 - 91.
Anti-tumor and Anti-cancer Activity: Phyto-
Antifungal Activity: Montagner demonstrated that estrogen and saponin is the chemical constituent
coumarin, a constituent of T.foenum- graecum, has present in T. Foenum-graecum that possess
antifungal activity 92. Again, in another in vivo anticancer activity. Saponin blocks the cell division
study Yang proved the antifungal activity of and initiates the apoptotic program 100. T. foenum-
saponin 93. Dharajiya showed that methanol graecum also contain some other bioactive
extraction of T. foenum- graecum leaves powder compounds which have anticancer and antitumor
had been shown to provide maximum antifungal activity. Coumarin is a polyphenolic compound of
activity against trichoderma viridae (ZOI = 14.5 ± T. foenum-graecum that possess anti-tumor activity
0.5mm) at the dose of 100 mg/ml94. Again, 98
. Trigonelline, quercetin, caffeicacid, scopoletin
T.foenum- graecum seeds had been proved to and vicenin-2 are the alkaloids derived from T.
possess the antifungal activity against Aspergillus foenum graecum which contain anti-cancer
niger (ZOI = 20 ± 0.88 mm) and Candida albicans property 101 - 103.
(ZOI = 17 ± 0.57mm) while treated with petroleum
ether extract and here the concentration was 250 Furthermore, Chauhan demonstrated that oral
mg/ml 95. Again, Haouala proved that methanol administration of 200 mg/kg of T. foenum-graecum
extraction of not ground seeds of T. foenum- seeds extract proved protective activity in rats
graecum showed the strongest antifungal inhibition against breast cancer 71. Raju showed that
(71.44%) at the dose of 3g/100 ml 96. Diosgenin, a Steroid Saponin of Trigonella foenum
-graecum (Fenugreek), inhibits Azoxymethane-
Antibacterial Activity: A study by Priya shows Induced Aberrant Crypt Foci Formation in F344
that Trigonella foenum-graceum have many Rats and Induces Apoptosis in HT-29 Human
essential phytochemicals such as Aziridine, 1, 2,3- Colon Cancer Cells 104. However, a study by
trimethyl-, trans-, that may show antimicrobial Ahmed showed that oral administration of
activity 97. Again, some alkaloid components like methanol extract of T. foenum-graecum at doses
jentianine and scopoletin are isolated from T. ranging from 100 to 250 µg/µL exhibited
foenum-graceum seeds which have antibacterial significant cytotoxicity against Hep2 and breast
activity. Patil demonstrated that scopoletin has cancer cells with IC50 ranging from 2.85-3.14
bacteriostatic activity against Escherichia coli, µg/µL 105.
Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp., Klebsiella
pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa 98. CONCLUSION: Natural products show a valuable
and significant role in the health of the human
However, T.foenum- graecum seeds had been being without or marginally producing any
shown to decrease the activity against E.coli (ZOI undesirable effects likes side effects and adverse
= 17 ± 0.33 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (ZOI effects. They are usually the combination of the
= 15 ± 0.57 mm) while treated with petroleum ether primary and secondary plant metabolites like
extract and here the concentration was 250 mg/ml alkaloid, flavonoids, glycoside, saponine etc., and
95
. Again, at the dose of 100 mg/ml the aqueous deliver the health protective and disease curing
extraction of T. foenum- graecum leaves showed action. T. foenum-graecum is one of the natural
antibacterial activity against Serratiam arcescens gifts for us due to their phytochemical constituents
(ZOI = 12.33 ± 0.57 mm) and Bacillus cereus (ZOI which take part in different health related activities.
= 11.50 ± 0.50 mm) 94. It contains some significant alkaloids like

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trigonelline, gentianine; amino acids like 4-OH Ile; Trigonella foenum-graecum. Int. J. Res. Ayurveda
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osteoclastogenesis, invasion, and proliferation through the
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hypolipaedemic agent, breast enlarging agent, regulated gene expression. Oncogene, 2006; 25: 1463-73.
immunomodulator, anti-fertility agent, hepato- 11. Bin-Hafeez B, Haque R, Parvez S, Pandey S, Sayeed I and
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antioxidant enzymes in the liver, spleen and erythrocytes
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of a hypoglycemic principle isolated from fenugreek seeds.
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How to cite this article:

Mahbub J, Mou RA, Sikta SA, Rahman A and Dash PR: Biological and medicinal significance of Trigonella foenum-graecum: A review.
Int J Life Sci Rev. 2018; 4(2): 15-26. doi:10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.IJLSR.4(2).15-26.
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