DAY 1

1. A cooling tower, needed in conjunction with an I.C. engine plant, will be required to cool 681
lit./min. water at 65.6°C entering temperature. Atmospheric temperature27.8°C dry-bulb;wet-
bulb,22.2°C. Forced draft tower with 68% cooling efficiency. Calculate make-up (15.6°C) flow, air
flow, and estimate fan power. Assume air out of tower at 60°C, 90% humidity.

Given: Required:
Ww = 681 lit. / min. = 681 kg/min.@ 1 lit water= 1 kg water a) Make up flow
TA = 65.6°C b) Air flow
TWB = 22.2°C
Efficiency = 68%

Solution:
t a−t b 65.6−t b
Cooling Efficiency= =0.68=
t a−t w 65.6−22.2

t b=36.09 ° C

At point 1
t db=27.8 ℃

t w =22.2 ℃
From psychrometric cart,
g
ω 1=14.589 . d .a .
kg
kJ
h1 =65.175 d . a .
kg

At point 2
t db=60 ℃

RH =90 %
From psychrometric cart,
g
ω 2=134.8417 .d .a.
kg
kJ
h1 =412.60 d.a.
kg

120.25279 g
∆ ω=134.8417−14.589= d . a.
kg
 h2−h1−∆ ω h f t '

W w=
h fa −h fb

h fa =hf @ 65.6 ℃=274.562 kJ /kg

h fb =hf @ 36.09℃ =151.2353 kJ /kg
h f t =h f @15.6 ℃=65.51 kJ /kg
'

Substituting values to the formula

412.60−65.175−(0.12025279)(65.51) kg H 2 O
W w= =2.753234
274.562−151.2353 kg . d . a .

kg H 2 O 1 kg . d . a kg . d . a .
Air flow=681 X =247.3455
min 2.753234 kg . H 2 O min .

The specific volume of air @ 27.8°C db, 22.2 °C wb = 0.872205 m 3/kg.

b.) Air flow = 247.3455 kg/min. X 0.872205 m 3 H2O / kg. d.a. = 215.736 m3/min. answer

a.) Make up flow = 247.3455 kg d.a./min X 0.1202527 kg H 2O/kg. d.a. =29.744 kg H2O/min.
answer
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Write the ideal combustion reaction considered as C 8H18 , also the reaction with sufficient air to
yield A : F ratio of 30 : 1

Solution:

C8H18 + aO2 + 3.76aN2 → bH2O + c CO2 + 3.76 a N2

C : 8 = c or c = 8

H2 : 18 = 2b or b = 9

O2 : 2a + b + 2c, a = 12.5

3.76a = 47

Reactants Products

C8H18 + 12.5O2 + 47N2 → 9H2O + 8 CO2 + 47N2

Moles 1 + 12.5 + 47 → 9 + 8 + 47
Rel. mass 114 + 400 + 1316 → 162 + 352 + 1316

Mass/kg fuel 1 + 3.509 + 11.544 → 1.421 + 3.088 + 11.544

raf = 3.509 + 11.544 = 15.053 kg air / kg fuel answer

3. What is the annual capacity factor of the plant if the annual energy produced in a 150 MW power
plant is 500,000,000. KW-hrs.?

Solution:

Actual Energy Produced

Capacity Factor=
Max . Energy Produced on the same period

500,000,000 kW −hrs / yr .
Capacity Factor= =0.38052=38.052 %
150,000 kW x 8760 hrs / yr

4. A central station has annual factors as follows: Load factor 58.7%, Capacity factor 40.8%, use
factor 45.3%. The reserved carried over and above the peak load is 8,900 kW. Find the number of
hours per year not in service.

Given: Required:
Load Factor = 58.7% No. of Hours/yr. not in operation.
Capacity Factor = 40.8 %
Use Factor = 45.3 %
Reserved carried over & above peak load = 8,900 kW

Solution:

Hour per year not in service = 8760 – number of hrs. operation.

Solving for the number of hours operation per year

Ave .load x 8760 Average load

Cap . Factor= =
Installed cap . x 8760 Installed cap

Average load =load factor x peak load

Installed cap = peak load + reserve

load factor x peal load

Cap . Factor =
Peak load +reserve

0.587 x peal load

0.408=
Peak load +8,900
 Peak load = 20,286.03352 kW

Installed Capacity = 20,286.03352 + 8900 = 29,186.03352 kW

Average Load = load Factor x peak load

Average Load = 0.587(20,286.03352) = 11,907.90168 kW
Annual kW-hrs. = 11,907.90168 x 8760 = 104,313,218.7 kW-hrs

Annual kW −hrs
Use Factor=
Installed Cap x No .of hrs . operation

104,313,218.7
0.453=
29,186.03352 x n o . hrs . operation

No. hrs. operation = 7,889.801327

Hours per year not in service = 8760 – 7,889.801327 = 870.199 hrs.

Hours per year not in service = 870.199 hrs. - answer

DAY 2
1.0 A steam Generator will be equipped with an induced draft fan with a capacity of 620,000 CFM of
280°F. Calculate the stack height and diameter (lined) to overcome friction at an average velocity of
60 fps when the air temperature is 80°F and the elevation is 6,000 ft.

Given: Required:
CFM = 620,000, tg’ = 280°F a) H
Velocity = 60 fps b) diameter
ta = 80°F
Elevation = 6,000 ft.

Solution:
Solve first the barometric pressure:
B = 30.01 – 0.1/100 ft. X 6,000 ft. = 24 .01 in. Hg. = 11.76 psia.
Let us solve for the diameter of the chimney
4Q
D=
√ πV
=√4 ¿ ¿ ¿

b.) D = 14.21 ft. answer

Solve for PV:

Using eq. (7-6)

Pv =( B)¿ ¿
Using eq. (7-5)
t g=t a +C (t 'g−t a )

t g=average gas temperature ,℉

t 'g=gas temperature leaving boiler ,=280 ℉
C=empirical constant ¿ 0.85 ¿ 0.95, use 0.9
t a=air temperature=80 ℉

Substituting values to eq. (7-5)

t g=80+0.9 ( 280−80 )=260 ℉

T g=460+260=720° R

Substituting values to eq.(7-6)

Pv =(24.01)¿ ¿

Using eq. (7-8)

fH P v
Pf =
D
For lined stack, f = 0.065

Substitute values to the formula, we have

0.065 H ( 0.47564)
Pf =
14.81

To overcome friction,
Pv =P f
0.065 H ( 0.47564)
0.47564∈. H 2 O=
14.81

H=227.85 ft .

a) H = 227.85 ft. answer.

2.0 Estimate the throttle Flow for the turbine
Capacity, kW -----------------------------------12,550
Boiler Efficiency ------------------------------- 85%
Exhaust Pressure ------------------------------1 in. Hg. Absolute
Electrical & Mechanical Losses ------------400kW
Pressure ---------------------------------------- 400 psia.
Temperature ---------------------------------- 750°F
Number of heaters --------------------------- 3
Exhaust enthalpy ----------------------------- 986 Btu/lb.

Solution:
If there were no extraction, the throttle flow would be the work done per lb. of steam divided
into energy equivalent of the internal output of 12,550 plus 400 which is equal to 12,950 kW.
3413 kW
Throttle Flow=
(h1−h 2)
h1 =enthalpy @ 400 psia.∧75 ℉ =1389.7 Btu /lb
h2 =exhaust enthalpy=986 Btu/ lb
Substituting values, we hve

3413(12950) 109,483.1558 lb
Thr ottle Flow= = say 109,500 lb /¿
(1389.7−986) hr
109,500 ( 1389.7−47.65 ) 11,710 Btu
turbine heat rate= =
12,550 kw−hr
Where:
47.65 is the enthalpy of liquid or h f @ 1 in. Hg abs.

The saturation temp. @ 1 in. Hg. Condenser pressure is approximately 80°F

From fig. 11-7(a) the optimum temperature rise is about 240°F for 3 stages, thus the rise in each
heater will be 80°F and the feed water outlet temperature of each heater will be:
First heater: 80 + 80 = 160°F
Second Heater: 160 + 80 = 240 °F
Third Heater: 240 + 80 = 320 °F

With total temperature rise 240°F,

The non-extracting steam flow will be 109,500 lb./hr.
The non-regenerative heat rate will be 11, 710 Btu/kw-hr.
 From fig. 11-7(a) the heat rate reduction = 8.9%
From fig. 11-7(e) the temperature correction = 0
From fig. 11-7(f) the load & vacuum correction = 1

Btu Btu
Turbine heat rate=11,710
kw−hr
1−[(0.089+0)
1 ]
=10,667.81
kw−hr .

10,667.81 X 12550 lb
W= =121,791
1389.7−290.43 hr

Where: 290.43 is hf at 320°F

10,667.81 X 12550 lb
W= =121,791
1389.7−290.43 hr

3.0 Determine the factor of evaporation, equivalent evaporation, boiler horsepower, and the boiler
rating

Steam output 700,000lb/hr

Steam pressure 1,400 psia

Moisture 0

Temperature 1,000 °F

Feed water temp. 450°F

Surface(Boiler % water wall) 15,000 Ft2

Superheat 60,000Ft2

Economizer 6,500 Ft2

Solution:

a) Factor of evaporation, f

h2−h1 1493.5−430.2
f= = =1.09585
970.3 970
Where:

h2 =1493.5 , h @ 1,400 psia &1000°F

h1 = 430.2 = hf @ 450°F
 b) Equivalent evaporation, fW

fW = 1.09585 (700,000) = 767,092.7

fW 767,092.7
c) Boiler Hp= = =22,234.6
34.5 34.5

700,000(1493.5−430.2)
Boiler Hp= =22,218.2 1
33,500

d) Boiler Rating

Boiler Hp X 10 22,218.21 x 10
Boiler Rating= = =14.81214∨1,481.214 %
Boiler Heating surface 15,000

22,234.6 X 10
Boiler Rating= =14.823∨1,482.3 %
15,000

4.0 A fan is driven by a belt and pulley so that its speed can be change by changing the pulley diameter.
The fan is rated at 8,000 cfm and 5 in. static pressure. For 1700 rpm and 60°F air, the static efficiency
is 75%. What is the maximum speed at which the fan can operate without overloading a 10 hp.
motor if the air temperature is 200°F?

Given: Required:

CFM =Q1 = 8,000 Maximum speed

Static pressure = 5 in. =ps

Rpm1 = 1700 @ 60°F

ti = 60°F

Efficiency = 75% (static eff)

Hp = 10

tf = 200°F

Solution:
 CFM X Ps 8,000 x 5
Hp 1= = =6.3 H p
6350 6350

6.3
Shaft Hp= =8.40 Hp
0.75

Ti =60 + 460 = 520°R

Tf = 200 + 460 = 660°R

Pf T i
pf = pi ( )
Pi T f
, Pf =Pi

pf =5 ( 520
660 )
=3.94∈.

Static air Hp
E s=
shaft Hp

Static air Hp=0.75 x 10=7.5

static air Hp x 6350 7.5 x 6350

CFM = = =12,087.56
pf 3.94

Using eq. (7-15)

rpm1 Q 1
=
rpm2 Q 2

rpm1 Q2 (1,700)(12,087.56)
rpm2= = =2,568.61
Q1 8,000

Maximum speed @ 10 Hp. = 2,568.61 rpm--answer