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    Atomic Nucleus

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    Maria Aamer Sabah
    The atomic nucleus is at the center of the atom and contains protons and neutrons. It was discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford based on experiments showing that the mass of an atom is concentrated in a small, dense central region. The nucleus is much smaller than the full atom, with a radius about 1/100,000 the size of the total atom. The nucleus is bound together by the strong nuclear force and holds negatively charged electrons in orbit around it through electrostatic attraction.

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    Atomic Nucleus

    Uploaded by

    Maria Aamer Sabah
    98 views3 pages
    The atomic nucleus is at the center of the atom and contains protons and neutrons. It was discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford based on experiments showing that the mass of an atom is concentrated in a small, dense central region. The nucleus is much smaller than the full atom, with a radius about 1/100,000 the size of the total atom. The nucleus is bound together by the strong nuclear force and holds negatively charged electrons in orbit around it through electrostatic attraction.

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    This topic entails basics concepts in short version

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    ATOMIC NUCLEUS

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    The atomic nucleus is at the center of the atom and contains protons and neutrons. It was discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford based on experiments showing that the mass of an atom is concentrated in a small, dense central region. The nucleus is much smaller than the full atom, with a radius about 1/100,000 the size of the total atom. The nucleus is bound together by the strong nuclear force and holds negatively charged electrons in orbit around it through electrostatic attraction.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    98 views3 pages

    Atomic Nucleus

    Uploaded by

    Maria Aamer Sabah
    The atomic nucleus is at the center of the atom and contains protons and neutrons. It was discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford based on experiments showing that the mass of an atom is concentrated in a small, dense central region. The nucleus is much smaller than the full atom, with a radius about 1/100,000 the size of the total atom. The nucleus is bound together by the strong nuclear force and holds negatively charged electrons in orbit around it through electrostatic attraction.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    ATOMIC NUCLEUS

    INTRODUCTION:
    The atomic nucleus is the central part of the atom. The atomic nucleus is the small, dense region consisting
    of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom, discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford based on the
    1909 Geiger–Marsden gold foil experiment.

    After the discovery of the neutron in 1932, models for a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons were quickly
    developed by Dmitri Ivanenko and Werner Heisenberg. An atom is composed of a positively-charged nucleus, with a
    cloud of negatively-charged electrons surrounding it, bound together by electrostatic force.

    Almost all of the mass of an atom is located in the nucleus, with a very small contribution from the electron cloud.
    Protons and neutrons are bound together to form a nucleus by the nuclear force.

    DIAMETER OF THE NUCLEUS: 


    The diameter of the nucleus is in the range of 1.7566 fm (1.7566×10−15 m) for hydrogen (the diameter of a single
    proton) to about 11.7142 fm for uranium.

    These dimensions are much smaller than the diameter of the atom itself (nucleus + electron cloud), by a factor of
    about 26,634 (uranium atomic radius is about 156 pm (156×10−12 m)) to about 60,250 (hydrogen atomic radius is
    about 52.92 pm).

    RADIUS OF THE NUCLEUS


    1
    The nucleus of the atom is extremely small. It’s radius is only about of the total radius of the
    100 ,000
    atom.

    NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY:
    Nuclear chemistry is the sub-field of chemistry dealing with radioactivity, nuclear processes, and
    transformations in the nuclei of atoms, such as nuclear transmutation and nuclear properties.

    NUCLEAR MAKEUP:
    The nucleus of an atom consists of
     Neutrons
     Protons
     QUARKS
     Hadrons
     Baryons
    The complete elaboration of the nuclear make up of an atom is shown in following figure ; it describes that
    an atom consist of fundamental particles that are protons ,neutrons and electrons that further consist of many
    sub-atomic particles and these are quarks .
    FORCES:
    1. Nuclei are bound together by the residual strong force (nuclear force).
    2. The nuclear strong force extends far enough from each baryon so as to bind the neutrons and
    protons together against the repulsive electrical force between the positively charged protons.
    3. The nuclear strong force has a very short range, and essentially drops to zero just beyond the edge
    of the nucleus.
    4. The collective action of the positively charged nucleus is to hold the electrically negative charged
    electrons in their orbits about the nucleus.
    5. The collection of negatively charged electrons orbiting the nucleus display an affinity for certain
    configurations and numbers of electrons that make their orbits stable.
    6. Which chemical element an atom represents is determined by the number of protons in the nucleus;
    the neutral atom will have an equal number of electrons orbiting that nucleus.
    7. Individual chemical elements can create more stable electron configurations by combining to share
    their electrons.
    8. It is that sharing of electrons to create stable electronic orbits about the nucleus that appears to us as
    the chemistry of our macro world.

    a.m.u:
    amu is the atomic mass unit and it is the one - twelfth mass of the one carbon atom .so amu is used
    to measure the masses of fundamental particles
    ATOMIC NUMBER:
    The number of protons inside a nucleus called atomic number or the charge number of an
    atom.
    It is denoted by ‘ Z ’.
    As Protons define the entire charge of a nucleus, and hence its chemical identity.
    Total charge of any nucleus:
    It is denoted by “ Ze “

    ATOMIC MASS:
    The combined number of all the protons and neutrons in a nucleus is known as its atomic
    mass number OR also known as Nucleon number.
    It is denoted by ‘ A ‘.

    The number of neutrons N present in a nucleus is given by


    N = (A –Z )

    Isotopes:
    All the atoms of the same elements that have same number of protons but different number of
    neutrons then known as isotopes.
    For example, isotopes of hydrogen

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