Surface Coating Industry

Paint
• It is dispersion of a finely divided pigment in a liquid composed of a
resin or binder and a volatile solvent.
CONSTITUENTS OF PAINTS
• All paints are basically similar in composition as they contain a suspension
of finely ground solids (pigments) in a liquid medium (vehicle) consisting of
a polymeric or resinous material (binder) and a volatile solvent.
• During the drying of paint, the binder forms the continuous film with the
necessary attributes of adhesion, flexibility, toughness and durability to the
substrate (the surface being coated).
• Paints also contain additives, which are added in small quantities to modify
some property of the pigments.
• The four broad fundamental constituents are:
• Pigment
• Binder
• Solvent
• Additives
Pigments
• Pigments are insoluble, fine particle size materials which confer a
paint its color and opacity.
• The pigments are used in paint formulation to carry out one or more
of the following tasks:
• to provide color
• to hide substrates and cover previous colors
• to improve the strength of the paint film
• to improve the adhesion of the paint film
• to reduce gloss
• All Pigments should be insoluble in the medium in which they are
used, chemically inert, free of soluble salts and unaffected by
normal temperatures.
• It should be easily wetted for proper dispersion, nontoxic, non-
corrosive and have low oil-absorption characteristics.
• They should be durable and fast to light as possible.
• In general the following properties of the pigments are
important in selecting a pigment for any particular product.
• Hiding power
• Tinting strength
• Refractive index
• Light fastness
• Bleeding Characteristics
• Particle size and shape
The Classification of Pigments
• The materials used to impart color may either be pigments or
dyestuffs.
• The difference between pigments and dyes is their relative solubility
in the liquid media (solvent + binder) in which they are dispersed.
• Dyes are soluble, while pigments are insoluble. This solubility or
insolubility is the reason a surface colored with an insoluble pigment
is opaque with their good light fastness.
• A dye, on the other hand, may impart an intense color to the surface
but remain transparent and generally their light fastness is fairly poor.
• The natural pigment may be contaminated by some impurity, such as
silica, which is uneconomical to remove; the synthetic products are
pure.
• The naturally occurring organic pigments are mainly of historical
interest and are no longer used.
• There are now far more synthetic organic pigments and dyes than
inorganic ones.
• In the manufacture of organic pigments certain materials become
insoluble in the pure form, whereas, others require a metal or an
inorganic base to precipitate them.
• Extenders are solid materials insoluble in the paint medium but which
impart little or no opacity or color to the film into which they are
incorporated.
• Extenders are incorporated into paints to modify the flow properties,
gloss, surface topography and the mechanical and permeability
characteristics of the film.
• The coloring materials, which are insoluble in the pure form, are
known as toners and those, which require a base, are called lakes.
• Synthetic organic pigments are very finely textured and they provide
clean, intense colors.
• However, both light fastness and heat stability of organic pigments
are generally lower than that of inorganic pigments.
Binders
• The second basic constituent of a paint is a “binder”, which binds
together the pigment particles and holds them on to the surface.
• There are numerous types of binders currently available to the paint
industry for various applications such as alkyds, polyesters, acrylics,
vinyls, natural resins and oils.
Solvents
• The solvents generally used in the paint industry may be divided into three
classes:
• hydrocarbon solvents
• oxygenated solvents
• water
• Hydrocarbon solvents are divided into three groups; aliphatic, naphthenic
and aromatic.
• The preferred type of solvent is an odorless aliphatic hydrocarbon which
can be used in all areas including the home.
• Aromatic solvents provide stronger solvency, but with a greater odor. The
most common are toluene, xylene and naphthas.
• The principal oxygenated solvents are ketones, esters, glycol esters
and alcohols. They offer much stronger solvency and are widely used
as active solvents for synthetic binders.
• Ketones are characterized by their strong odor, range of water
solubility and evaporation rate.
• Esters provide solvency nearly equal to ketones but with more
pleasing odors.
• Glycol ethers possess both alcoholic and ether functional groups and
are milder in odor. They display water miscibility, strong solvency and
slow evaporation.
• n-Butanol is the most commonly used oxygenated solvents.
• Water is the main ingredient of the continuous phase of most paints.
• It is also used alone, or blended with alcohols or ether- alcohols, to
dissolve water-soluble resins.
• Any type of resin can be made water-soluble by incorporating
sufficient carboxylic groups into the polymer.
• The advantages of water as a solvent are its availability, cheapness,
lack of smell, non-toxicity and non- flammability.
Additives
• Additives are any substances that are added in small quantities to a
paint to improve or to modify certain properties of the finished paint
coatings or of the paint during its manufacture, storage, transport, or
application.
• The amount of additives in a paint can be as little as 0.001 percent
and seldom more than 5 percent.
• Thickening agents…. influence the rheological properties… viscosity
• Surface active agents…. wetting and dispersing agents, anti- foam
agents, and adhesion promoters
• Surface Modifiers… control the mechanical (e.g., surface slip, scratch
resistance) and optical properties (e.g., gloss) of a coated surface
• Leveling Agents and Coalescing Agents … control flow and leveling of
a paint during and after the application and before the film is
formed… the appearance of the coating…….Coalescing refers to the
film formation
• Special-Effects Additives… corrosion inhibitors… biocides… flame
retardants
PAINT FORMULATION
• The formulation of a paint is largely determined by the ratios of the
constituents in paints and to the nature of substrate to which the paint is
to be applied.
• The fundamental parameters used in the formulation of a paint are:
(a) pigment to binder ratio
(b) solid contents
(c) pigment volume concentration
(d) cost
• The performance capability of a paint depends largely on the capability of a
binder in the film to provide a completely continuous matrix for the
pigment.
Types of Paints
• Architectural Coatings (house paints)
• Exterior Building Paints
• Industrial Coatings (OEM Paints)
• Powder Coatings (for metal substrates, powder is applied to the substrate and
fused to a continuous film by baking)
• Special Purpose Coatings (highway marking paint, automotive refinishing and
high performance maintenance paints)
• Varnishes (Varnishes are non-pigmented paints, which dry to a hard- gloss, semi-
gloss or flat transparent film by a process comprising evaporation of solvent,
followed by oxidation and polymerization of the drying oils and resins.)
• Lacquers (A lacquer is a solution of a hard linear polymer in an organic solvent. It
dries by simple evaporation of the solvent.)