Theme №1.

Primitive Times on the Territory of Ukraine

Paleolithic was the oldest period in the history of mankind. The beginning
of the Paleolithic age covers about 1 million years ago – 3 thousands BC. During
this period there was a great relocation of peoples. Ancient age in the history of
Ukrainian people covers the time since3 formation of human civilization on the
territory of modern Ukraine.
During the Middle Paleolithic (100 thousands – 40 (35) thousands years
ago) a new anthropological type of man arose – the Neanderthal man. At that time
there was an intensive settlement of a person (man) throughout the southern part of
Eastern Europe.
In the period of the Late Paleolithic (40 (35) – 10 thousands) there was a
sharp cold chill and vegetation changed; heat-loving plants were destroyed. There
were steppes the coniferous forests. At that time the social forms of human
cohabitation changed.
It was formed a new type of person (man) – a clever man, a European
variant of which archaeologists call Cro-Magnon. The family was regulated by
material relations; in particular, it was a prohibition of mixing the blood of close
relations. The population in the Late Paleolithic has not excelled 6 thousands.
In the Early Paleolithic people were called archanthropes. The main tool
was manual chopping, and activities were gathering and hunting. People lived in
primitive human herds. The main parking lots were the village Korolevo, Kyik-
Koba in the Crimea, and Amvrosiivka, and others.
In the Middle Paleolithic lived Neanderthals. The main activities were
gathering, hunting for large animals; the tools of labor were scratched and
sharpening. People built the simplest dwellings, sewed hide clothes. But the most
important thing in their life was the invention of fire. They began to use roast meat
and warm food, which contributed to a better assimilation of food.
 There was a matriarchy, that is, a woman stood at the head of the family.
About 200 parking lots of this period were founded. Study of parking of this period
gives an opportunity to talk about religious ideas and the emergence of arts.
In the Late Paleolithic lived Cro-Magnon (Neoanthropus), which were
engaged in gathering, using different methods of humanity. During this period a
modern type of person is formed. The tools of labor were knives, incisors, scrapers,
axes, spear tips. There are more than 500 parking lots in the village Kyrylivka,
Mizine, Mezhyrichya.
The art was of two types – anthropomorphic and zoomorphic.
Anthropomorphic image is characterized by the formation of female figures.
Widely known are so-called Venus, among which the most famous is the
Paleolithic Vein figure. All statuettes symbolized abundance and fertility. The face
of these figures is not expressed but the focus is on the chest, thighs and abdomen.
For the manufacture of statuettes used burned clay, stone, bines, and pebbles.
The Paleolithic art names the second nature. There are attempts to reflect the
real and imagined world, which expresses the idea of a man about a dual nature.
The old patterns of rock art are primitive. There are painting, petroglyphs (plucked
drawings), and relieves. In general, art is characterized by the consistency of
forms, the artistic language and the true reflection of the teachings.
In the Late Paleolithic painting, the image of man is in the background, but
in the foreground is the figure of animals. Belief, primitive art, graphic symbolism
and language are subjected to anthropomorphism of primitive culture. The magical
imitation of life contained primitive religion forms, art, and science. It enables
scientists to identify the Late Paleolithic as an era that formed the basic symbols of
the collective unconscious.
| In the Mesolithic period (10 – 6 B.C) new hunting guns appeared, as well as
fishing, use of bows, arrows and boats; tribal communities united into tribes. For
this period, the appearance of domestic animals is typical. The first was a dog and
a cow, then goats and sheep. People learned to grind grain and bake cakes, as a
result an increase in the number of crops. Thus Mesolithic can be considered the
beginning of agriculture and animal husbandry.
In the Mesolithic period of thinking becomes a group. Art depicts the
everyday life of people. There are humans-hunting, fishing, honey harvesting ect.
In figures the action, movement and jumps are transmitted. Often people and
animals are represented by a single silhouette, filled with one paint or thin lines. In
the art of Mesolithic period the ability to abstraction, generalizations are traced.
In the end of this period an earthen jug was invented which was painted
with wavy lines and stripes. In these times is not relevant to portray the struggle,
hunting, killing of animals as it was in the previous period.
During the Neolithic period, the transition from the appropriating economy
to the reproducing took place. Such changes are called the Neolithic revolution.
The main features of the Neolithic revolution are:

- creation of new tools of labor and new ways of making them;

- emergence of new types of production and manufacturing of artificial
products (ceramics, fabric);
- transition from nomadic to sedentary lifestyle;
- taming and using of domestic animals;
- increase in the number of parking lots, and settlements.
In the Neolithic period there is a new kind of art – ceramics. The ceramics
products were simple but different for the technique and ornaments. In the
Neolithic period architecture appeared. They include dwellings and metropolises.
Dwellings were built from stones, clay, branches and trunks of trees. Metropolises
were built from big stones. The most famous metropolises were cromlech and
domains. These were constructions made of vertical and horizontal stones. Many
domains are located in Carpathian caves and Crimea. A feature of the Cromleches
is the entire architectural ensemble of huge stones, circle around a central stone.
The most famous cromlech located in Great Britain and in Dnipro region
(Ukraine). It is believed that the Cromleches were sanctuaries.
 But the most famous significant achievement of the Neolithic period was
myths. Worldview and believes encourage people to comprehend their knowledge
of the world. Knowledge are embodied in myths. So, there is an initial mythology.
Mythology is a universal form of the spiritual life of primitive people. It is
entrenched in believes, morally ethical norms, where reality and image are
identical.
The primitive people are characterized by collective consciousness. Man is only
part of the primitive crow. The ideas of primitive people have acquired forms of
archetypes. There are thousands of myths of different peoples. Also myths were a
source of transfer of traditions and skills. Before the letters, they were reproduced
in paintings and symbolism rock paintings. So, mythology is a collective
consciousness of tribal community.
There are such myths:
- zoomorphic (about animals);
- chthonic (about the origin of the Earth);
- anthropological (about people);
- historical (associated with time);
- abstractly logical.
A category of time has place in original mythology. First time is characteristic for
historical thinking and cyclic time like calendar time. Myth synthesizes the past,
present and future in itself. Myth was the most important means of knowing the
world. It combines hours-spatial parameters.
The oldest and most famous culture on the territory of Ukraine is Trypillian
culture. The settlement of tribes of this culture refers to the 4 th – the middle of 3
millennium BC. The name comes from Trypillya village, which is in the Kyiv
region. Trypillya culture in the 19th century was invented by well-known Ukrainian
archaeologist Vikenty Khvoiko.
Trypillians were engaged in arable farming and cattle breeding. They used a
new technique of the making clay dishes, so-called ornamented ceramics. An
example can be also a woman’s statue. Trypillians also used a copper smelting
and showed a high skill in housing construction. These people lived in families
that were united in the communities and later in the tribes; they were headed by a
leader. Trypillians believed in the Goddess of Mother as a symbol of motherhood
and fertility. It was founded the basis for the emergence of writing. Trypillians
mostly lived in the territory of the Right-bank of Ukraine. Under the onslaught of
nomadic tribes the Trypillian civilization collapsed, but lasted for more than two
millennia and spread to a vast territory from the Dnieper to the Danube (the
territory of modern Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania). The population has
increased from 30 thousand to 410 before the collapse.
The primitive agriculture reached the highest development in the period of
Trypillya. The ground was treated with stone and horned motifs. The grain mills,
pits and large clay vessels were used in Trypillian culture. Many tools were made
of stone, even there were separate workshops. The number of copper products has
increased among them axes, tesla, and needles. Kitchen utensils have been
improved with different plant patterns and with black, white and red colors. Instead
of figures of sedentary women, figures with a round head appeared, as well as male
image.
The period of the late Trypillya falls on an epoch of bronze. Trypilly tribes
moved east and north and considerably expanded the territory of the settlement.
They used shores and river valleys. Trypillians lived in the small dwellings.
Further development in Trypillian culture was metal processing, spinning, and
weaving. The flint processing technique has also been improved, but the number of
painted ceramic products decreased.
In the bronze era, tools and weapons were manufactured, as well as began to
sell rare metal. This was tin. In Western Europe, metalworking was located in
Central Europe, Spain, Britain, and Scandinavia. The period of the Late Bronze
Age was characterized by the great relocation of peoples.
Trypillians have a new kind of art, the development of mythological
consciousness, and the formation of religious cults. The art loses realism and
becomes symbolic forms. A nature becomes spiritual, and man communicates with
spirits. The human goal is to survive in the spiritualized world. The boundaries
between the spiritual and physical world did not exist, and therefore nature and
society were the same. The ancient society becomes a social society, but sociality
is tied up with physical aspects. Also for culture is inherent in the absence of
representations of an individual person and its distinction from animals. Gradually
the man began to separate himself from nature, but such a person’s dream was
fuzzy. So, we can talk about ancient syncretism in the mind – “I – team – nature”.
Some historians consider Trypillians the most ancient ancestors of modern
Ukraine. These included the high development of agriculture, the invention of
furnace as an obligatory element of housing, coloring the furnace and dwelling,
and also the similarity of geometric ornament.
In Bronze and Iron Ages, people began to use new tools from metal that led to
social inequality, and the exploitation of peoples. All these processes led to the
creation of a new class society with private property and the first state formation.
The slave system changed the primitive society. New ethnic and cultural
communities are being created in Ukraine. An active role played by the tribes that
came from Asia.
Among the nomadic tribes on the Ukrainian lands were Cimmerians,
Scythians, Sarmatians, Taurids, Thracians, as well as an ancient Slavs (Anty,
Venedy, Slavin, and others).
Cimmerians are mentioned in the “Odyssey” and “Iliad” of Homer, in
Herodotus history and also in the Assyrian, Babylonian, and Old European written
sources. Cimmerians made almost all tools and weapons made of bronze and iron.
The main occupation and style of life were military campaigns. They captured
many prisoners and turned them into slaves. The excavations of Cimmerians were
founded near Zolne village in Simferopol. The minting, stamping and soldering
was used. Tribes used geometric ornaments in the form of circles, sockets, and
rhombus shapes. Sometimes they used also zoomorphic images.
Taurus lived on the Black Sea coast. The base of their life was cattle-breeding
and agriculture. Taurus used stone, bones, bronze, and metal tools in their daily
life. But the main occupation was wards. Many burials with weapons, daggers,
arrows have been found on the territory of South Cream. Besides of them, it was
possible to find plaques, rings, bracelets, pendants, necklaces, knuckles, and iron
knives, which testifies to the ties with the Scythians. The Taurus were absorbed by
the Scythians and lost their culture.
In the written and epigraphic documents the name of the Scythian brand is used.
Herodotus devoted Scythia to one of nine books of his “History”. In a book
Herodotus singled out:
- Scythian nomads inhabiting the steppe regions of the Dnieper;
- the royal Scythian who lived in the Azov and steppe Crimea;
- the settled Scythian farmers in the forest-steppe zone of the right and left
banks of Dnieper;
In the end of 5th century B. C. in the lower Podneprovy the great Scythia was
formed. This settlement became the center of metallurgical production of steppe
Scythia. In the end of 3d century B. C. a center of the Scythian state moved to the
Cream. Ruins of the city Naples Scythian, have survived in nowadays in
Simferopol. The main occupation of them was the wars. Also Scythians were
engaged in cattle breeding. They bred cattle, horses, and pigs. The Scythians also
engaged in agriculture, horticulture, and different crafts.

TOPIC №2. Kievan Rus from the Time of Formation and to Political
Rragmentation (9th -12th centuries)
Key terms: boyars, princes, veche, ancient n people, tribute, wife, Golden Horde,
nomads, chronicles, early feudal state, Christianity, Ruska Pravda.
Kievan Rus is the first state of the Eastern Slavs, which existed for more
than three and a half centuries. In its development, there were three stages:
formation, prosperity and feudal fragmentation. The main source of the study of
the history of Kievan Rus is the ancient chronicles "The Tale of the Last Summer,"
the Kyiv and Galician-Volyn chronicles. The chronicle in Russia began a little
earlier than in the neighboring peoples - about X-XI centuries. "The Tale of the
Last Years" - the oldest domestic writing primary source - began to form in the
30's of the XI century.
The first period in the history of Kievan Rus - the period of the formation of
statehood - covers IX - X centuries. Historians have no unity as to the exact date of
state formation. Some believe that it existed already at the beginning of the
nineteenth century. "The Tale of the Last Years" refers to another date - 882 g.
This year Novgorod prince Oleg, nicknamed Vichy, made a march along Volhova
and the Dnipro to the south, seized Kiev and united under its authority two major
Eastern Slavic political centers - Novgorod and Kiev lands that had long-standing
state traditions. This marked the beginning of the existence of Kievan Rus - a
mighty eastern Slavic empire with a center in Kyiv. Kiev was chosen as the capital
because of its favorable geopolitical position. He bordered the steppe and was the
southernmost city on the main communication route of Eastern Europe - "the way
from the Vikings to the Greeks". Here were formed trade caravans that went to
Byzantium. They also brought their goods to the Hazards and Greeks.
The founder of the grand princely dynasty is Novgorod prince Rurik, the
Varangians of the origin. Under the leadership of his descendants, the ancient
Russian state bloomed and collapsed.
The first princes of Kievan Rus were: The main directions of their activity
were:
• Formation of the territory of the state, by capturing the lands of
neighboring tribes;
• Mastering of the important communication path of Eastern Europe - the
Dnipro-Volhovsky way;
• Accumulation of funds for state construction;
• Struggle for international recognition of Russia.
The cornerstone around which Kievan Rus was formed was the trade route
"from the Vikings to the Greeks". Western Dvina, Neman, Lovat, Volkhov, and the
Dnieper with tributaries formed the only "civilized" world of the Mediterranean
(primarily Byzantium) with young “barbaric” states and proto-state associations of
Eastern, Central and Northern Europe. In addition, other products were supplied -
wax, honey, leather. In the conditions of huge, rarely populated territories, it was
only local forces that could collect all of this. For this case, the descendants of
Rurik came. As a result of their activities, the largest and most powerful state of
Eastern Europe - Kyiv Rus was created.
Oleg Vyshchyi, who united the Novgorod and Kyiv lands and captured most
of the way from the Vikings to the Greeks, laid the groundwork for the further
development of statehood. During his reign, the Kyiv authorities spread not only to
the Polyan and Ilmen Slovenes, but also to the Drevlyans, the Northern, the
Krivich, the Radimiches, the Croats, the Caves, the Chud and the Mera. In the
conquered lands, he set his governors, or left the old leaders who did not resist,
strengthen existing already existing gardens and build new ones. All newly-joined
tribes were tribute. Her annually gathered the prince with her wife during a crowd.
The collected tribute was brought to Kiev, where the caravan was formed
 Prince Igor first attempted to capture the mouth of the Dnieper and thus take
control of the entire path “from the Vikings to the Greeks”. Prior to that, the
Greeks dominated the Black Sea coast. During his reign, the Russians began to
winter in the Dniprovsky estuary. Permanent settlements were created on the
White Sea and on the island of Berezan. However, it was not possible to fix Igor
here permanently. Conflicts with the Crimean Greeks began, and in 941 came to
war with Byzantium.
Igor’s successor on the throne of Kiev became his wife Olga - the first and
last woman-head of the Ancient state, the first Christian ruler and the first
reformer. It differed from other princes IX-X centuries the fact that in domestic
and foreign policy preferred peaceful rather than military methods.
Olga began her reign as he severely punished the Drevlyans for the murder
of her husband, who tried to collect tribute from them for the second time in a row.
Then, the tax system was reformed: the size of the tribute and the place of its
delivery were determined - censure. In 947 Olga made a hike to the north “from
the Vikings to the Greeks”, during which he confirmed his power, his right to
collect tribute on the vast territory of Kievan Rus and secured it with the
administrative system of pogostov.
Foreign problems Olga sought to solve by diplomatic means. In 955 she
headed the embassy visited Constantinople. She was accepted as a representative
of a secondary state, but not baptized. The baptismal father of the princess became
Emperor Constantine Porphyry. In the medieval tradition, this meant the
establishment of vassal dependence. However, returning to Kyiv, Olga firmly
rejected all the claims of the Greeks to supremacy. The adoption of Christianity by
Olga and its spread on Rus laid the ground for the Christianization of the Eastern
Slavs.
In 964, the great prince of Kyiv became the son of Olga and Igor Svyatoslav
- Varangians with a Slavic name and Cossack appearance (the sources of the time
indicate that he wore wide trousers, earrings in the ear and "herring" on the head).
He spent most of his adult life in campaigns, solving the most important problems
of the development of the Old Russian statehood.
Svyatoslav traditionally characterized as a prince-warrior. But obviously he
was a good politician, as he correctly understood where to strike, in order to be
most in line with the interests of the state. Immediately after the Volga campaigns,
he turned to the lower reaches of the Danube. It also crossed important trade
routes. Conquering 80 Bulgarian cities, Sviatoslav settled in Pereyaslavl and even
planned to move there the capital of Kievan Rus. Concerned about this
development; Byzantium came out on the side of Bulgaria and defeated Russian
troops in a decisive battle. In 971, a peace treaty between Byzantium and Russia
was signed. He confirmed the safety of Chersonese (Korsun) and the refusal of the
Bulgarian conquests of Svyatoslav. But the exit from the Dnieper in the Black Sea
has since been opened to Russia.
Thus, the Old Russian state was created in the IX-X centuries as a result of
the unification of East Slavic lands around Kiev. The beginning of the state-
building process was entrusted to the unification of the two most important centers
of the Old Russian statehood - Kyiv and Novgorod. The efforts of the first great
princes formed the territory of Kievan Rus, its population was tribute, which, by
way of “from the Vikings to the Greeks” arrived in Kiev, and then organically sold
in Constantnople.
The most prominent princes of the period of heyday were: Svyatoslav left
behind three sons. Two elders died in an internecine struggle, and at the Kiev
grand princely table sat down in 980, younger Vladimir. He began his rule in the
traditional way - he carried out a series of campaigns and conquered the land of the
Dulebs, Croats, Tverts, Yatvyag, plundered the rebellious Vyatichs and Radimichs.
Thus he completed the formation of the territory of the state. Constant attacks of
the Pechenegs on the southern frontier towns and villages forced the prince to pay
more attention to the defense. He began to build a system of fortifications like
Byzantine.
Active foreign policy of Kiev had significant positive results. Equitable
good-neighborly relations with Catholic Poland and the Czech Republic, Muslim
Bulgaria, and Orthodox Byzantium were established. Volodymyr Sviatoslavovich
laid the foundation for the consolidation of the Eastern Slavic tribes, introducing
the only state religion in the whole of Kyivan Rus - Christianity. For this he was
called the Great and the Holy.
The baptism of Rus was due to the existence of objective factors:
• international discrimination – “civilized” states that professed any of the
world religions, albeit with the military force of Russia, but referred to it as a
minor barbarian state;
• The ideological split of society - disparate tribes worshiping different gods
and having different spiritual values and ideals;
• Paganism contradicted the interests of the emerging feudal state, since it
preached universal equality.
Christianity in Kievan Rus was known from ancient times. From the time of
Igor in Kiev, there was a church of St. Elias, and part of his wife was Christian.
However, along with the Christian, there were churches of other faiths. Vladimir,
deciding to make Christianity a state religion, went unconventionally. He force
forced the Byzantine emperors to christen him and get married to Princess Anna.
The exact date and place of the baptism of Vladimir is unknown. The year of
baptism of Rus is 988 years. This process took place throughout the country mostly
peacefully (only in Novgorod had to use force), but it extended for centuries. As a
result, paganism was not completely eradicated - some of its elements organically
incorporated into Christianity, thereby providing a certain heredity of spiritual
culture.
Baptism of Kievan Rus had enormous consequences.
Firstly, Rus received a single state ideology - a system of values, which
subsequently united disparate tribes. At the same time, the power of the Grand
Duke strengthened - it was recognized as coming from God.
Secondly, the international authority of the state has increased significantly.
This is best manifested in dynastic marriages. If Volodymyr had to win his wife by
force, then his son and grandchildren were born with the ruling dynasties of
Poland, Hungary, Sweden, Norway, England, France, the Holy Roman Empire.
Thirdly, the rapid development of culture began. Its centers were churches
and monasteries, which opened schools, libraries, translated and rewrote books,
was written chronicle. The construction of churches contributed to the
development of architecture and painting.
Fourthly, along with churches in Russia, there was a canonical state law
confirmed by the statutes of Volodymyr and Yaroslav. All misdemeanors and
crimes against faith were now subject to the prince's, not to the church court. The
church eradicated not only pagan beliefs, customs. The clergy opposed the rudest
forms of slavery. Thus, the social life of the Slavs was mitigated.
It should be noted that all these changes occurred not in one day, but
accumulated gradually. However, during the life of Volodymyr the Great became
apparent the epoch-making importance of the adoption of Christianity, since it was
the main ideological and political factor that ensured the strengthening and
prosperity of the Old Russian state.
 The case of Vladimir continued his son Yaroslav, who won the throne in
Kiev with 4 years of civil strife. For the first 15 years, he shared power with his
brother Mstislav and directly led the half of the state lying to the right of the
Dnieper. And from 1034 he became the sole owner of Kievan Rus. He was not
interested in far-off campaigns, but mostly led to border wars: he won the Cherven
gardens, went to Yatvyaz, casting, Chud, Pechenegs. Far trips to Poland and
Byzantium were carried out for unclear reasons and had no significant
consequences. The main achievement of Yaroslav’s military policy was the victory
in 1036 of the ancient enemy of Russia - the Pechenegs. As a result, the Black Sea
steppes were freed from these nomads for good. The state’s boundary moved south
to the Rus River, along which a new defensive line was built, and the border
stretch was inhabited by nomadic settlers – “black hoods”.
Yaroslav the Wise ruled the state with the help of his sons, whom he had
planted as governors in the main cities. The entire military-political elite at that
time was of Slavic origin. Vardzugi completely lost any meaning.
An important contribution to the strengthening of the Old Russian statehood
was the introduction of codified law. The first collection of laws – “Rus’ Truth”
was concluded in the first half of the 11th century. It included rules of customary
law and therefore can’t be considered as a result of legislative activity of the
authorities. But it became the basis of the legal system that began to emerge from
the time of Yaroslav.
Yaroslav was called the Wise for his political talents, love for knowledge
and great enlightenment. He could rightly be called a builder. Political stability and
accumulation through Greek trade enabled the Grand Duke to lay many new cities
and to rearrange and decorate the old ones. He paid special attention to the capital.
The city was expanded, surrounded by a new system of fortifications. There were
built a stone cathedral of St. Sophia, the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra, a new princely court
and much more.
After the death of Yaroslav at the Kyiv Grand Duchess, his sons, Izyaslav,
Svyatoslav, Vsevolod were sitting alternately for almost 40 years in a row. They
continued legislative book and expanded the “Russkaya Pravda” from 17 to 43
articles, supported political and economic relations with the European powers and
Byzantium.
The Board of Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125) and his son Mstislav (1125-
1132) completed the period of prosperity of Kievan Rus. The latter managed to
preserve the power over most of the ancient lands. Their power was based on the
unconditional authority of Monomakh in society, on a reasonable domestic policy
and the military power of the prince.
Volodymyr Monomakh sits on the throne of Kiev at the age of 60. He had a
wealth of experience in managing the state, since he helped his father in solving
various state affairs; he knew well on public issues. Having become Grand Duke,
he passed several laws that limited the misuse of moneylenders and protected
bankrupt merchants and peasants-purchasers.
Vladimir came to Kiev from Pereyaslav. This is the southernmost ancient
Russian principality suffered the most from the aggressive policy of the steppe
nomads. Polovtsian hordes, which appeared in the Black Sea steppes in the 60s of
the 11th century, became the main problem of Kievan Rus. They not only
destroyed, plundered the cities and villages of the southern principalities, took
captive and killed the population, constantly attacked the caravans of trade going
on the Dnieper River to Constantinople. Having taken control of the lower reaches
of the Dnieper, they created a serious threat to the foreign economic interests of the
state, undermining its economic foundations.
All Kiev princes fought with Polovtsy. But Volodymyr Monomakh became
the most famous in this field. He changed tactics and instead of throwing the
enemy from the borders, organized campaigns in the depths of the steppe, on the
Polovtsian nomads. In the 20s and 40s of the 12th century Polovtsy were expelled
“for Don, for the Volga, for Yaich”, as the chronicler wrote.
In the territorial structure, Rus was a polycentric state. She did not have a
stable organization with a clear administrative system. The territory of the state
was formed by the forced annexation of the land of the principalities - tribal state
formations of the Drevlyans, Siversians, Radymichites, and others who, for a long
time, kept autonomy. Along with the lands there were parishes. In the center of
each such land or parish there was a senior or big city - the political, economic,
cultural and religious center of the region. Local princes, who were sitting in these
cities after the submission to Kyiv, did not all immediately lose power. Those who
showed loyalty were left on the ground.
An important element of the political system of Kievan Rus was the
Chamber (People’s Assembly) - a body of local self-government, which was a
remnant of the tribal system. Village villages addressed only the problems of their
village, and the city was not limited to urban affairs, and often intervened in big
politics
The legal system was in development. Proceedings were carried out on the
basis of the “n Truth”, customary and church law. The princes were judged, or the
tyunings they appointed, the church, and in the rural communities - the Chamber.  
The economic basis of the state was taxes from peasants and townspeople in
the form of natural rent. Workers and cash rents were not distributed. An important
piece of government revenue was foreign trade. The main currency was the
hryvnia-kun, a silver bullion, which at different times had a different weight and
shape widely used foreign coins. His coins for a short time were beaten by
Volodymyr the Great, his sons, Yaroslav the Wise and Svyatopolk I, and perhaps
his grandson Vyacheslav Yaroslavich.
The upper class in the social hierarchy of the time society was occupied by a
class of feudal landlords. In Kievan Rus the land was owned by princes, boyars
and the church. At the first stage of the formation of Old Russian statehood, the
owner of all lands and its wealth was the state. Therefore, all who lived and
worked on earth paid tribute to the state in the person of the Grand Duke and his
wife. Feudal land tenure was not developed at this time. Trade with Byzantium
made the greatest profit. Therefore, the wife served as a prince for a portion of the
tribute gathered from the population. In addition, constant military campaigns for a
long time cut off from farming on the ground and the conditions for it were
unfavorable - instability of the territory, external danger, etc. Even the church until
the middle of the twentieth century the princes did not regret the land, and part of
the state's profits from a certain territory (tithing) and duties from the local
population. From the end of the tenth century political conditions have changed:
the era of great conquests has come to the end and the princes have moved to
peaceful state-building. The stability of the state territory, accumulated wealth,
which required investments in the future, was ensured. The elder wife began to
settle down on the ground. This process was slow, but steadily, since from the end
of the XI century. There was no reliable source of income other than land.
The majority of the population of Kievan Rus was peasants-communists.
They were called smerds. Smeds were personally free, due to the lack of long-time
developed private feudal land tenure. Dependence on the state was economic - they
paid her a natural tribute.
Purchasers were called dependent peasants, who, unlike the smerds, did not
have their own land and farms. For the right to use someone else's land and a
reanator, they paid off part of the harvest. They were legally full could become
completely free if they were counted for a bunch. Another category of dependent
people was rank-and-file soldiers - those who made a row with the prince, or a
boyar, and worked on them.
Slavery flourished in Kyivan Rus. Therefore, there were quite a large
number of slaves - slaves or servants. Slaves were born, in case of captivity, non-
payment of debts, and marriage with a slave (or a slave). They were bought and
sold. They were incapacitated persons. Slave labor was used everywhere - in
agriculture, in artisanship, in the service of church and secular feudal lords.
The Old Russian state was covered by a network of cities with a large
population. True, most cities differed from the villages only by the presence
of fortifications. Therefore, in the cities lived different segments of the
population, including purely urban - artisans and merchants. They were
personally free people. Depending on their wealth, they were divided into
“better”, “wet” - rich or “black”, “younger” - poor.
 With the adoption and spread of Christianity a separate state of “church
people” has developed. It belonged to the black and white clergy and to the slaves
and “suffering people” assigned to the church. All of them lived and tried
according to separate church laws and obeyed the Kiev Metropolitan.
A separate stratum of the population was outcasts - people who were outside
their social group. The peasants or princes who had been expelled from the
community were called ashamed, who, for various reasons, were left without a
share.
In general, the process of formation of the class in Kievan Rus was not
completed. There was no clear legal status of social groups. There were no legal
restrictions for switching from one group to another. Smerd could become a
merchant, a craftsman, a purchaser, a rank and file and even a boyar.
So, from IX to mid. XII century Ancient state experienced a period of
political, economic and cultural development. But instead the internal stability of
the state was achieved thanks to the legislative, reforming activity of the princes.
The rise of statehood and the consolidation of the population contributed to the
baptism of Kievan Rus. The church has become the main unifying factor in the Old
Russian state. The authority of Kyiv in the international arena has grown.
Strengthened the power of the prince society was divided into relatively stable
social groups - states.

 
CONTROL QUESTIONS

1. Name the first princes of Kievan Rus. Describe their policies.

2. Princess Olga and her process to the state-building.
3. Identify the features of the traditions of icon painting in Kievan Rus.
4. Give arguments that confirm the flowering and achievements of the culture of
Kievan Rus.
5. Give the examples of chronicles of IX - XII centuries. What are the main
featurs of the art of chronicle?
6. Expand the internal and external policies of Kievan Rus. Formation of social
institutions of the state.
7. Volodymyr Velykyi and the adoption of Christianity. Influence of Christianity
on the social sphere of Kievan Rus.
8. Describe the cultural and economic relations between Kievan Rus and
Byzantium.
9. Describe the role of the Christian church in the spiritual life of the Slavs.
10. Give examples of applied art of the Ancient Rus.

THE QUESTIONS FOR SELF-CONTROL

1. When Kyivska Rus came into existence and which territory it covered?
2. Describe the reign of the first Kiev princes - Oleg, Igor, Svyatoslav?
3. What are the peculiarities of the reign of Princess Olga? What was its foreign
and domestic policy?
4. Expand the process of accepting Christianity in Kievan Rus? How did it affect
the spiritual and socio-political life of Kievan Rus?
5. What was the educational activity of the reign of Prince Yaroslav the Wise?
6. What was the basis for the formation of the political system of Kievan Rus?
Give examples.
7. List the social strata of the population of that time? What are the characteristics
of each class state?
8. What was the economic basis of Kievan Rus? What were the first coins called?
9. Expand the internal and external policies of the Kiev state? Give examples.
10. Why were resistance to baptism practiced mostly by people unknown - strokes,
artisans, black people and residents of the outskirts of Kievan Rus?
11. Give examples of architectural constructions of Kievan Rus. Who among the
princes most concerned about the architectural affair?

12. Which countries of Kievan Rus supported trade relations most? 

 THEMES OF ABSTRACTS

1. Christianity as a factor in the new socio-economic and cultural processes of

Kievan Rus.
2. Literature of Kievan Rus. Development of education and science.
3. Architecture and monumental painting of the Old Russian state.
4. Icon painting in Kievan Rus.
5. Internal and foreign policy of the first princes of Kievan Rus. Relations with
other states.

THEMES OF THE ESSAY

1. Tribes of the Ancient Rus State and their role in state creation.
2. Development of pedagogical thought of Kievan Rus.
3. Historical portrait of Princess Olga.
4. Features of musical art of Kievan Rus.
5. Education and science of the Old Russian state.

THEME 3. Formation and activity of the Galician-Volyn Kingdom

Key terms: Galician-Volyn state, separate principalities, boyars, political

fragmentation, prince's wife, community.
The main stages of development. In different periods of the Galician-Volyn state
included Galician, Peremyshl, Zvenigorod, Terebovliansk, Volodymyr-Volynsk,
Lutsk, Belzsk, Beresteysk and other separate principalities. Almost a century and a
half the Galician-Volyn state played an extremely important role in the life of the
Eastern Slavs.
The emergence and rise of the Galician-Volyn state contributed to a number of
factors:
a) the good geographical position (remoteness from Kiev weakened the influence
of the central government, the natural conditions made these lands difficult for the
steppe nomads; moreover, the Galician-Volyn principality was located at the
crossroads of strategically important trade routes);
b) The need for a joint struggle between two principalities (Galitsky Volynskyi)
against aggression by Poland and Hungary, and later - against the Mongol-Tatar
invasion of Russia;
c) The energetic unification policy of the princes of Roman Mstislavovich (1199-
1205 biennium) and Danylo Romanovych Galitsky (1238-1264 biennium);
d) The existence of rich salt deposits on the territory of the principality, which
contributed to the economic growth and intensification of trade.
State development of the Galician-Volyn principality took place in several
stages:
Stage I (1199-1205 beggining) - the formation and formation of the
Galician-Volyn principality. 3 weakening of Kievan Rus in 1141 Galytska
emerged, and in 1146 - the Volyn principality. The first ones on Galician land
ruled Rostislavichy - descendants of the grandson of Yaroslav the Wise.
Meanwhile, the Mstislavlichs came to power in Volhynia, who led their pedigree
from Volodymyr Monomakh. Galician principality reached the highest power
under Yaroslav Osmomysli (1152-1187 g.), And Volyn - under Roman
Mstislavovich (1170-1205 biennium).
  The peculiarity of the political life of the Galician principality was a great
influence on the management of arbitrary, rich, powerful boyars. Unlike the boyars
in other principalities, which mostly came from the prince’s wife, the Galician
nobility led its origin, first of all, from the local tribal nobility. They did not
receive their estates from the Kyivan prince, but thanks to the seizure of communal
lands. Therefore, their power in the Galician Principality was very large. Coming
here, the first Rurikovichi faced the rebuke of the local nobility, ready to defend
interests in any way.
The bourgeoisie of Volyn principality, in contrast to Halytsky by origin,
position and political views, was more similar to the nobles of the main part of the
Kievan state. Most of them came to these lands in the wives of their princes, who
were most often appointed and hired by the Grand Prince of Kiev. These boyars
received land tenure for the service of the prince. Volyn’s nobility depended on the
generosity of the prince and was therefore more devoted to him. It was because of
this that Volyn princes, not Galician ones, were able to unite both principalities
into a single state.
After the death of Rostislavich in 1199, Roman Mstislavovich, based on the
support of the militants, took part in the Galich, a part of the nobility and the public
order, dissatisfied with the power and arbitrariness of the Galician boyars. He
united the Galician and Volyn principality. In his united states, the prince had to
conduct a rather determined struggle with the Galician nobility, which opposed the
strengthening of the prince's power. Prince Roman made two successful campaigns
against the Polovtsians. In 1203, Roman Mstislavich captured Kiev and received
the title of Grand Duke. He also attacked the princes of Chernigov, joined his
possessions in Pereyaslav and Kyiv region. The territory of almost the whole of
Southwest Russia was under the control of Roman Mstislavich.
Roman reigned only six years (1199-1205 biennium). During the war with
the Poles, he died in a battle under the Zavichost on June 19, 1205.
II stage (1205-1233r.) - a temporary disintegration of a single state. After the
death of Roman Mstislavovich, the unity of the Galician-Volyn principality was
temporarily broken. The almost 40-year period of internecine wars and foreign
interference in the cases of Galician and Volyn lands began. To prevent the
restoration of the unity of the Galician-Volyn principality sought the top of the
Galician nobility, separate princes and ruling circles of Hungary and Poland.
 The first was the struggle for power in the Galician Principality of Vladimir,
Sviatoslav and Roman Igorovichi, sons sung in the “Word about the regiment of
Igor” Novgorod-Seversky Prince Igor Svyatoslavich. They were kept here for
almost six years (1206-1212 years). However, as a result of the struggle with the
boyar apex defeated and in 1213 on the princely throne in Galich, the boyar
Vladislav Kormilchich hung, and after his expulsion, in 1214, the rulers of
Hungary and Poland agreed on the division of the Galician lands. As a result of the
long struggle that ended in 1221, foreigners were expelled and became Prince
Mstislav the Udatny, who came from the small Kievan princes, and before that
reigned in Novgorod. In 1228, Mstislav the Udatny left the Galician principality
and handed over his Hungarian king. At this time, strengthening in Volhynia, the
struggle for the Galician principality began Prince Danylo Romanovich.
Stage III (1238-1264 years) - the unification and elevation of the
principality, the active struggle against the Golden Horde's yoke. Only in 1238 the
Volyn prince Daniel, the son of the Roman mstyslavich, finally mastered Halych,
became Prince Galician and restored the unity of the Galician-Volyn principality.
At the end of 1239, Danylo Romanovich extended his power to Kiev, where he left
the governor of his Tysyatskim Dmitry, who headed the defense of the city from
the hordes of Khan Batu in 1240. After the conquest of Kiev, the Mongol-Tatars
continued their campaign to the west and destroyed most of the cities of the
Galician-Volyn principality , causing him heavy losses. The weakening of the
princely government led to the beginning of strife. In foreign affairs, foreigners
began to intervene again. The battle was laid at the edge of Yaroslav, in which on
August 17, 1245, Danylo and his brother Vasilko defeated the troops of the
Hungarian and Polish invaders and troops of the rebellious Galician boyars. The
Boyar opposition was finally destroyed.
Danilo Romanovich pursued an active foreign policy. In 1238, he defeated
the German knights under Dorogichin, who for a long time left attempts to conquer
the Russian lands interrupted the affairs of the principality and the Polish princes.
There was a peace treaty with Hungary. Because of trips to the Golden Horde
(1245-1246) Danilo Romanovich was compelled to recognize the supremacy of the
Khan, but he obtained a confirmation of his affairs in the Galician-Volyn
principality. The crown of Danylo Romanovich Galitsky’s political activity was
his acceptance of the royal title. The coronation took place in 1253 in Dorogochin,
where Danil Romanovich was awarded the royal regalia. 3 this time, not only in
fact, but also legally, the Galician-Volyn principality acquired the status of an
independent Ukrainian state, which was recognized by the Pope of Rome and the
countries of Eastern and Central Europe. It is the kingdom on the ruins of the latter
that has become the only political force able to unite around the rest of the
Ukrainian lands.
Danilo Romanovich continued to actively conduct military operations with
the troops of the Golden Horde. At the same time, he intervened in the struggle for
Austria and waged war with the Lithuanian princes. In the 1250’s Danilo
Romanovich built the city of Lviv, naming it in honor of his son Lev, and earlier -
in 1240 g., on the river Hungarsky, he founded the city of Kholm.
IV stage (1264-1323 biennium’s) is the beginning of a gradual decline of the
state. After the death of Danylo Romanovych, Galician and Volyn lands were
formally deprived of one state, but within it there was a rivalry between Volyn,
headed by Vasyl Romanovich (until 1269, and later his son Vladimir in 1269-1289
g.) and Galicia, where Lev Danilovich was reigning (1264-1301 biennium). The
gradual decline of the Galician-Volyn state began.
At the beginning of the XIV century son of Leo Danilovich, King Yuri I
Lvovich, restored the unity of the Galician-Volhynian state, concentrating power in
the hands of Volyn and Galician principalities. He moved the capital from the Hill
to Volodymyr, achieved the formation of a separate Galician Metropolitanate in
1303). Yuri I, taking advantage of the weakening of the Golden Horde, pushed the
southern borders of the kingdom to the mouth of the Southern Bug and the
Dniester, established friendly relations with Poland and with the Teutonic Order.
After his death Galicia-Volyn state passed to the sons of Yuri I Andriy Yuryevich
and Leo Yuriyovych.
 Stage V (1323-1349 biennium) - Decay. After the death of Andriy
Yuryevich and Lev Yuriyovych (Lion II), the last Galician-Volyn prince was Yuri
II Boleslav, son of the daughter of Jury I of Mary and Masovian prince Troyden.
He ruled in 1323-1340 and continued the policy of his predecessors. Yuriy I.
Boleslav was able to regulate relations with the Golden Horde, Lithuania, the
Teutonic Order. However, the strained relations with Poland and Hungary, which
in 1339 agreed on a joint offensive on the Galician-Volyn state. In the domestic
policy, the ruler promoted the development of cities, giving them Magdeburg law,
sought to limit the power of the boyar elite. These actions of the prince caused
dissatisfaction with his policy, and in April 1340 he was poisoned in Volodymyr-
Volynskyi.
The Polish king Casimir III the Great carried out a predatory campaign to
Lviv, but failed to establish himself in Galicia.
The authorities passed to the boyar oligarchy, headed by D. Dedkov (1340-
1114 biennium), which was titled as “governor and old man of the Russian land”.
In the autumn of 1349, the Polish army invaded Galicia and Volyn and seized them
(with the exception of the Lutsk parish). 3 of this time, the Ukrainian kingdom
ceased to exist independently. The long and bitter struggle of Lithuania and Poland
for the territorial heritage of the kingdom began. In 1352 between them was a
peace agreement, according to which Poland retained rights to Galicia, and
Lithuania - to Volyn.
2. Values of the Galician-Volyn state.
- The Galician-Volyn state became the center of economic and political life after
the decline of Kyiv;
- she upgraded the old Russian state organization;
- The Galician-Volyn state saved Ukraine from enslavement of it by Poland;
- Continued the glorious diplomatic traditions of Kievan Rus and 100 years after
the establishment of the Golden Hordan yoke represented East-Slavic statehood in
the international arena;
 - The Galician-Volyn state has become an important cultural frontier. She acted on
the one hand - as an eastern outpost of the Catholic West, on the other - as the
western Orthodox East;
- The Galician-Volyn state became the main political center of the future of
Ukraine.
In Ukrainian history, there remains the problem of assessing the historical
significance of the Galician-Volyn state. For example, Doroshenko considered the
Galician-Volyn state to be the second Ukrainian state after Kyiv Rus. The ethnos,
which were formed in the Galician-Volyn space, were the chains of ethnic
development of the Ukrainian nation.

CONTROL QUESTIONS

1. Describe the internal and external policies of Roman Mstislavich.

2. What is the specificity of Danylo Romanovich’s rule?
3. The invasion of Batu Khan on Ukrainian lands at the end of 1237 and the
consequences of the Mongol-Tatar invasion.
4. Prince Lev and his political activities.
5. Features of the Board of Vladimir Vasilkovich and Yuri I.Levovich.
6. Features of the state government of Boleslav.
7. Historical significance of the Galician-Volyn state.

THE QUESTION FOR SELF-CONTROL

1. When the Galician-Volyn state arose?

2. List the first rulers of the Galician-Volyn lands.
3. Who in the internal policy of the king Danylo Halytsky rested?
4. Which cities were subjected to the greatest devastation caused by the invasion of
Batu on Ukrainian lands?
5. List the successors of Danil Romanovich. Which one of them showed himself
most “a scribe and a great philosopher”?
6. When and when was the capital from Lviv to Volodymyr-Volynsky transferred?
7. When the Galician Church Metropolia was formed?
8. What influence did Galician boyars have on Western Ukrainian lands?
9. In what year did Galicia go to the Polish kingdom?
10. When begins the Magdeburg law in the West Ukrainian lands?

THEMES OF ABSTRACTS

1. Roman and Mstislavich’s domestic and foreign policy.

2. Features of domestic and foreign policy of Danil Romanovich.
3. Galician-Volyn chronicles: historical and cultural significance.
4. Development of architecture in Western Ukrainian lands.
5. Development of monumental painting and icon painting on the territory of the
Galician-Volyn state.

THEMES OF THE ESSAY

1. Specificity of artistic creativity of the Galician-Volyn state.

2. Features of oral folk art in the territory of Western Ukrainian lands during the
XII – XIII centuries.
3. The main vectors of the reign of Danilo Romanovich.
4. The role of the Galician-Volyn state in the world arena.

THEME 4. Ethno-cultural processes on the Ukrainian lands in the II-nd part

of the XIV – in the middle of XVII century. Formation of the Commonwealth
and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Key terms: the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Commonwealth, the expansion, the
Krevska Union, the Union of Lublin, the Brest Union, the Uniate Church, the
Magdeburg Law, the Filverok, the Cossack, the Zaporizhzhya Sich, the nurse, the
Dike Field, the Cossack Republic, the Hetman, the Register, the Kish.
The period of the entry of Ukrainian lands into the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania and the Commonwealth is one of the most controversial and tragic in the
history of our people. This is the time when the last signs of the actual Ukrainian
state education disappear through factors both external and internal. It is the
squabbles and internecine struggle of the domestic political elite that led to the
conquest and, consequently, the loss of political, economic and state independence,
which for a long time led to tragic times in Ukraine.
  The Tatar-Mongol invasion, the princely strife and the looting of the great
nobility weakened, and subsequently led to the final collapse of Kievan Rus.
Halychyna (the middle of the 11th century) was the first to separate itself, and
soon Chernigivshchyna emerged as the principality of Svyatoslav Yaroslavich in
the mid-1970s of the 11th century. In the 80’s it was captured by the Great Kiev
prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich, but by the Lubetsky congress In 1097 Svyatoslavichi
(namely, Oleg Svyatoslavich-Gorislavich) turned her back and settled here holding
the second “table” (throne) in Novgorod-Siversky. In the middle of the 12 th
century separated Pereyaslavlia, which was ruled by the princes of Suzdal, and
Turovpinskaya land (Pripyat Polesye) - the descendant of Svyatopolk Izyaslavicha
sat in Turov. At the same time, Volyn was separated, and in the second half of the
12th century. It was divided into the Volodymyr and Lutsk principalities, and then
into even smaller ones - Belzskoe, Kholmsky, Peresopnytsky, Beresteyskoye,
Dorogychynskoe and others. The rule of the Mongol-Tatar khan on the territory of
the former Kievan Rus for almost 80 years (although he directly intervened in the
direct management of these lands, but only carried out general leadership and
collected tribute), as well as the relocation of the Kiev Metropolitan from Kiev to
Suzdal - completed the political decline of the Dnieper I'm in the center of Kiev;
the political center moved to the Galician-Volyn principality and finally broke the
Volodymyr-Suzdal land. At that time, the influence on the Ukrainian lands of
Lithuania, Poland, Hungary, and the Moldavian principality intensified.
The Lithuanian state finally formed in the 13th century. During the struggle
with the German knight’s orders and the Galician-Volyn principality as a result of
constant attacks on the Ukrainian and Byelorussian lands, the Lithuanian tribes
adopted a state organization based on the model of neighboring principalities, the
principles of Christianity, and the Ukrainian-Belarusian language as a language of
nobility. The unification of Lithuanian lands into a single state took place in the
second half of the 13th - early14th centuries. For the princes Mindovga and
Gedimina, who founded the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Vilnius over
Viliia, under his rule the Lithuanian state began to seize neighboring (Belarusian
and Ukrainian) lands. Even before Gedimina in 1307, the land of Polotsk was
annexed to Lithuania, and Gedimin captured Vitebsk, Turov-Pinsk, Dorogychyn
and Brest land (in 1321-1322 biennium). His son Lyubart in 1340 became Volyn
prince and ruled in Galicia, and his son Olgerd (Algerdas) (in 1345-1377, the Great
Lithuanian prince) seized the Chernihiv-Seversk land, Pereyaslavshchyna, in 1362
took Kiev, and in 1363 The city along with the Ukrainian troops caused a
devastating defeat to Tatars in the Blue Waters in Podillya, which also joined
Lithuania. Under Olgerd, the Lithuanian state occupied the territory from the Baltic
to the Black Sea, from the river Oka to the Western Bug, and covered White
Russia (Polotsk, Minsk and Smolensk principality), Black Russia (Grodno and
Minsk provinces), Red Russia (Polissya, Eastern Volyn - Volodymyr and Lutsk,
Podillya) and Ukraine (Kyiv, Pereyaslavl, Chernihiv and Seversk duchies), which
represented almost half of the lands of Kievan Rus and most of the lands of
Belarus; Lithuanian lands and their population were only 1/10 part. In obtaining
these lands the Lithuanian princes did not recognize the resistance of the local
population. First, they freed them from the Mongol-Tatar yoke; secondly, - the
local structure and structure, in particular local government and legal norms, were
kept unchanged; thirdly - the official language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
was recognized by the Ukrainian-Byelorussian, and by state faith - Orthodox.
 The entry of the Ukrainian lands into Lithuania took place mainly on the
basis of a treaty in which the prince of the Ukrainian land was obliged to abide by
the Grand Duke of Lithuania, and the one to defend this land from the Tatars. At
the same time, the Lithuanian state borrowed the local system of administration of
the administration, court and tax organization, as well as the names of officials of
Kievan Rus (the governor, mayor, horse-breeder, clerk, etc.), while Lutsk was
recognized as the second residence of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
At that time the Galician-Volyn principality entered the d Volodymyr and
Lutsk principals, and later even smaller ones - Belzky, Kholmsky, Peresopnytsia,
Beresteysk, Dorogychinsk and others. The rule of the Mongol-Tatar khan on the
territory of the former Kievan Rus for almost 80 years (although he directly
intervened in the direct management of these lands, but only carried out general
leadership and collected tribute), as well as the relocation of the Kiev Metropolitan
from Kiev to Suzdal - completed the political decline of the Dnieper I’m in the
center of Kiev; the political center moved to the Galician-Volyn principality and
finally broke the Volodymyr-Suzdal land. At that time, the influence on the
Ukrainian lands of Lithuania, Poland, Hungary, and the Moldavian principality
intensified.
The Lithuanian state finally formed in the 13th century during the struggle
with the German knight’s orders and the Galician-Volyn principality. As a result of
constant attacks on the Ukrainian and Byelorussian lands, the Lithuanian tribes
adopted a state organization based on the model of neighboring principalities, the
principles of Christianity, and the Ukrainian-Belarusian language as a language of
nobility. The unification of Lithuanian lands into a single state took place in the
second half of the 13th - early 14th centuries for the princes Mindovga and
Gedimina, who founded the capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Vilnius over
Viliia, under his rule the Lithuanian state began to seize neighboring (Belarusian
and Ukrainian) lands. Even before Gedimina in 1307, the land of Polotsk was
annexed to Lithuania, and Gedimin captured Vitebsk, Turov-Pinsk, Dorogychyn
and Brest land (in 1321-1322 biennium). His son Lyubart in 1340 became Volyn
prince and ruled in Galicia, and his son Olgerd (Algerdas) (in 1345-1377, the Great
Lithuanian prince) seized the Chernihiv-Seversk land, Pereyaslavshchyna, in 1362
took Kiev, and in 1363 The city along with the Ukrainian troops caused a
devastating defeat to Tatars in the Blue Waters in Podillya, which also joined
Lithuania. Under Olgerd, the Lithuanian state occupied the territory from the Baltic
to the Black Sea, from the Oka River to the Western Bug, and covered White
Russia(Polotsk, Minsk and Smolensk principals), Black Russia (Grodno and Minsk
provinces), Red Russia (Polesye, Volhynia Volodymyr - Volodymyr and Lutsk,
Podillya) and Ukraine (the Kiev, Pereyaslavl, Chernihiv and Seversk
principalities), which represented almost half of the land Kievan Rus and most of
Belarus; Lithuanian lands and their population were only 1/10 part. In obtaining
these lands the Lithuanian princes did not recognize the resistance of the local
population. First, they freed them from the Mongol-Tatar yoke; secondly, - the
local structure and structure, in particular local government and legal norms, were
kept unchanged; thirdly - the official language of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
was recognized by the Ukrainian-Byelorussian, and by state faith - Orthodox.
The entry of the Ukrainian lands into Lithuania took place mainly on the
basis of a treaty in which the prince of the Ukrainian land was obliged to abide by
the Grand Duke of Lithuania, and the one to defend this land from the Tatars. At
the same time, the Lithuanian state borrowed the local system of administration of
the administration, court and tax organization, as well as the names of officials of
Kievan Rus (the governor, mayor, horse-breeder, clerk, etc.), while Lutsk was
recognized as the second residence of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
At that time the Galician-Volyn principality became part of the Polish
kingdom. Back in 1340, the Polish king Casimir III the Great after the death of
Prince Yuri II of Troyenovich moved to Galicia took Lviv and established his
power there. But after his return to Poland in Galicia, an uprising, headed by
voivodeship Dmitry Dedzyk, broke out, and Casimir was forced to recognize him
as the actual ruler of Galicia, and the latter was the power of the Polish king.
 In 1349, Kazimir attacked Galicia for the second time and annexed it to the
Polish kingdom, taking the title “The king of the Rus kingdom”. The conquest of
the east Casimir carried out under the slogan of the crusade against the Pagan
Lithuanians and the schismatic (Christian schismatic), the Ukrainians.
  After the long Polish-Lithuanian struggle for Galicia and Volhynia (the
Lithuanians were supported by Ukrainians and Poles by Hungarians), all Galicia
and Western Volhynia (Kholm and Belz) finally departed to the Polish kingdom,
resulting in a Polish conquest covering an area of about 52 thousand square
kilometers with a population above 200 thousand, which increased the territory of
Poland almost 1.5 times.
After the liberation of Casimir by Pope Benedict XII in 1341 from
obligations to Ukrainians to preserve their customs, traditions and privileges, given
in 1340 when he gained Lviv, he began to hand over the Galician lands to the
Polish, German and Hungarian feudal lords for military service. The main cities of
Galicia and Volhynia received German (Magdeburg law), Catholic faith spread,
including the construction of churches and monasteries of the Franciscan and
Dominican orders. After the death of Casimir in 1370, Halychyna lands were
captured by Hungary, which fought for them with Lithuania, and the Hungarian
king Ludwig the Great became the Polish king, since Casimir did not leave his
sons for himself. In 1382, Polish became the daughter of Ludwig Yadwiga, and in
1387 he moved to Galicia, expelled the Hungarians from there and again brought
Galicia to the Polish state. All rights and privileges were granted only to the Polish
gentry, to the Catholics, to the Polish and German burghers, as a result of which
many Galician boyars converted to Catholic faith, and later, following the
Privilege of Ednin in 1430, King Jagiello equalized the Galician nobility in rights
with the crown. In 1430 the Polish feudal lords captured Western Podillya.
At the same time, the lands of Northern Bukovina, formerly part of the
Galicia-Volyn principality, went under the authority of Hungary, and from 1359
they fell into dependence on the Moldavian principality, along with which in 1564
they passed under the protectorate of the Sultans of Turkey. Transcarpathia,
populated mainly by the East Slavic tribe of white Croats, in the 10 th -11th
centuries was part of Transcarpathia, populated mainly by the East Slavic tribe of
white Croats, in the X-XI centuries was part of Kievan Rus; at the end of the 11 th
century. It was captured by Hungary and in the 13th century. Hungarian feudal
lords, supported by the Catholic Church and German emperors, finally established
themselves in Transcarpathia. After the Turkish invasion of 1543, the Hungarian
kingdom actually collapsed, the Western Transcarpathia fell under the control of
the Austrian Hapsburgs, and the Eastern Transcarpathia became part of
Transylvania (modern Romania).
In 1385, in Kreva, Poland and Lithuania entered the Krevsky Union (Union),
which obliged Yagaylo to accept Catholicism as a state religion, to use its wealth
in the interests of Poland and to permanently incorporate the Lithuanian kingdom
into the Polish kingdom, incl. Ukrainian lands. Subsequently, in 1386, at the Sejm
in Lublin, Jagiello was elected a Polish king with the title “King of Poland and the
Grand Duke of Lithuania, Volodymyr II Yagaylo”. Krevskaya Union eliminated
the Lithuanian-Russian principality and turned it into a part of the Polish kingdom,
but in fact the Grand Duchy of Lithuania remained a solid state. Yagaylo began to
abolish semi-independent Ukrainian principalities and turn them into Lithuanian
provinces; handed Lithuanian-Ukrainian lands to Polish magnates and gentry,
appointing Polish emissaries and government officials. The Lithuanian and
Ukrainian-Belarusian opposition rallied around Cousin Yagaila of Prince Vytautas
(Vytautas) and forced his brother to recognize him the Grand Duke of Lithuania
(1392-1430). Vitovt tried several times to break the Krevsky union and proclaim
the full independence of Lithuania. In 1398 the Lithuanian and Ukrainian-
Byelorussian princes proclaimed him king of Lithuania and Rus; he was
subordinated to Lithuania and the Belarussian and almost all Ukrainian (except for
Galicia, which was under the rule of Poland) land; he removed from the Kiev
throne Volodymyr Olgerdovich, gave the cities Magdeburg law. However, the
devastating defeat of Vyatov in the battle with the Tatars over Vorskla in 1399
forced him to conclude a military alliance between Lithuania and Poland in 1401 -
the Wilen agreement, on which Vytautas swore on loyalty to Yagaila and the
Polish crown, and in case of the death of Vytautas, the Lithuanian prince should
have become Jagiello, and in the event of the death of Jagiello, the Polish King
became Vytautas. Thanks to the Union in 1410, Polish-Lithuanian troops were
united under Grunwald, including with the Ukrainian, Belarusian and Russian
regiments, defeated the Teutonic Order. Vytautas, as a result of the discontent of
the Ukrainian and Belarusian princes with the spread of Catholicism and related
privileges, began to replace them with the Lithuanian governors and governors,
and the local princes received lower positions. True, striking a special system,
Vytautas left autonomy for these lands, local government was kept hands of local
nobility. In 1430, Vitovt died suddenly and the Younger brother of Jagiellon
Svidrigailo (1430-1440) became the Grand Duke of Lithuania, but as a result of his
involvement in the government of the Ukrainian gentry, he was deprived of the
throne by the Polish and Lithuanian magnates.
In January 1569, the Polish King Sigismund Augustus convened in Lublin a
nationwide Diet, in which the Lublin Union was formed to establish the kingdom
of Poland from the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the
Commonwealth of the Commonwealth - with the common authority and
administration (at the joint Diet and Senate, the King, which was proclaimed
Grand Duke), the only monetary and tax system and the only foreign policy, and
the Polish and Lithuanian gentry got the right to acquire land in both parts of the
state. However, Lithuania still retained certain autonomy: local self-government,
army, treasury, state emblem and seal, justice system and law. The positive
moment in the conclusion of the Union of Lublin was the receipt of a number of
privileges by the Ukrainian and Belarusian Orthodox gentry. Thus, according to
Volyn’s privilege, the states of Volyn land equaled with rights with coronals; the
Ukrainian language was kept in the administration and courts; secular and spiritual
positions could occupy only local, Volyn gentry; such a privilege also received the
Kiev region.
  Consequently, Ukrainian lands in the sixteenth century, having lost national
unity, were among different states: Galicia, Kholmshchyna, Podlasie, Volyn,
Podillya, Bratslavshchina, Kyiv Region - under Poland; Beresteyshchyna and
Prinshina - under Lithuania; land in the lower reaches of the Desna and Seym, on
Oster and Gomel over Sozha, including the upper reaches of Psl, Vorskla and
Donets, as well as Polotsk and many Chernigov and Novgorod-Seversky princes
with their holdings - under Moscow; Bukovina from 1564 together with Moldova -
under the protectorate of Turkey; Transcarpathia - first in Hungary, and from the
middle of the 16th century under Austria.
Thus, in 1569 a land audit in the Volyn, Podilsky and Bratslav voivodeships
was conducted, and the king began to massively hand out Polish nobility of land to
the Kyiv region, Bratslavshchina and Zadneprovya, where Catholicism, Polish
language and law dominated. The most colonized was Galicia, which since the 16 th
century became the province of the Polish kingdom. Kholmshchyna and
Pidlyashchia, which had long since settled many small Polish gentry, quickly
became Polonized. In Ukraine, there began to appear huge latifundia Polish and
local gentry; thus, the Vinnytsia capitalist Kalinovsky received all the southern
Kyiv region, and the Alexandrov-Dmytro Vyshnevetsky (named after the people of
Baid), a kind of Volyn princes of the Volyn region, captured a third of the lands of
Poltava region, and the Kaniv and Cherkassy elders (elected in 1550).
Factors that have contributed to the birth of the Ukrainian Cossacks:
1) the land was owned by several dozen Ukrainian magnate families,
however, the peasants in these lands were exempted from any obligations for 20 -
40 years, therefore, an entire generation that did not know serfdom grew;
2) the constant danger from Tatar attacks caused the possession of weapons
and the conduct of hostilities;
3) mass distribution of the Polish gentry and polish, strengthening of
serfdom, lack of rights of peasants, middle class and poor artisans led to their mass
exodus (in particular, from Poltava region in 1630-1640 years fled more than 20
thousand. Farmers) in the mountains to Robin or to fairly free areas of eastern
Ukraine and the Black Sea steppes (in particular, along the lower reaches of the
Dnieper) and the Moscow Borderlands, where they began to establish settlements -
settlements, villages, hamlets.
Leaders and leaders of settlers escaped into a separate category of the
population - the Cossacks; for the first time this word is mentioned at the end of
the 14th century and meant people who were engaged in free crafts or defense of
the land; in Polovtsian it is a “guardian, a warrior”, in Turkish – “an independent
man, a tramp”. The Cossacks were free people, united in the group, together and
hunted, fishing, attacking the Tatars, reflecting captives and looted; most of them
were Ukrainians, as well as Poles, Belarusians, Russians, Moldovans, and others.
Free Cossack settlers formed a new social organization - a community in which
everyone considered free of serfdom, formally received all rights to use economic
grounds and crafts, participate in self-government - the election Cossack (otamans,
judges, clerks, etc.). The Cossacks were socially heterogeneous - it included a poor
and wealthy peasantry, petty bourgeoisie, sometimes lower clergy and even small
Ukrainian gentry; among them there is a property differentiation - distinguished
wealthy Cossacks (family, city), who came from the Kyiv region and
Bratslavshchina and had farms, farms, apiaries, and grass-roots Cossacks.
Since the beginning of the 16th century in the steppes on the Dnieper rapids,
the Cossacks began to establish reinforced camps with military bail - the Sich - as
defensive points; royal government officials, in particular the elderly of the border
lands, used them to protect the borders of the Tatars. From the middle of the 16 th
century they have already formed a certain organization - kish (kosh) - as a union
of whips; he Cossacks entering it were the garrison. In the years 1553-1554, the
unconquered Orthodox Prince Dmitry Vyshnevetsky finally organized the
Cossacks, built the fort Zaporizhzhya Sich on the Dnipro rapids on the island of
Malaya Khortitsa, who since the 1970s and 80’s began to act as an independent
state and in the beginning of the XVII century. The Cossacks became a powerful
independent political and military force, which led the creation in the middle of the
XVII century (during the years of the national liberation war led by Bogdan
Khmelnytsky) of an independent Ukrainian state.
Every male Christian could freely enter or leave the Cossack fraternity, and
women and children were not accepted by the Cossacks. When recording to the
Kuren Cossack provided a new nickname. The seniority among the Cossacks was
distributed over time in the Zaporizhzhyan Sich, and, accordingly, the Cossacks
turned to each other through the “father-son”. The Cossacks were divided into Sich
(non-Family) and Cossack (family) Cossacks; A separate category was the
“chivalry” or “society” that received these honorary title titles for distinctions in
battles or other merits, for long service in the army, etc. The Cossacks, who were
constantly in Sich on kurenami, - Sich (non-family) - was divided into “older” and
“younger” and was actually a Cossack army. At the end of the 16 th century
Zaporizhzhyan Sich accounted for 5-6 thousand Cossacks, of which 1/10,
constantly changing, served as a sinew, and the rest took part in campaigns or
engaged in peaceful trades. Voluntary (family) Cossacks, in contrast to the
“chivalry”, were also allowed in the Zaporizhzhyan Sich, but they did not have the
right to reside in its territory; therefore, they settled with their families in its
surroundings - in the steppes, in the farms, where they were engaged in husbandry,
cattle breeding, trade, crafts and crafts and lived in palanka; they were called
subordinate Sotsovyh Cossacks, “seaman”, “nest”. Together, the Soyuz and the
Cossacks was the only army of the Zaporizhzhya Sich.
Military Zaporizhzhya Sich was divided into huts (as much as they were 38;
this word had two meanings - the housing and the independent part of the troops,
and territorially - on palanka (5 - 8; this word also had two meanings: 1) a small
fortress; 2) a certain part of the territory of the Zaporizhzhya Sich.
The system of self-government bodies of Zaporozhye Sich:
1. The Military Council (Viche) - it was attended by all Cossacks with equal
voting rights. She solved the most important issues, including declaring war and
peace, proclaiming military campaigns, executing legal proceedings, conducting an
annual redistribution of currencies of land, rivers, lakes, forests, fishing, selecting
and displacing the Cossack elder, etc. She convened as needed, but necessarily on
January 1 and October 1. Also convened in case of need of the Council in kuren
(“gathering”) for solving small affairs and secret or urgent issues, and the Council
in palanka to resolve small business disputes.
2. Military chiefs (military officers) - an ataman, a military judge, a military
scribe, a trophy, a smoker ataman, a military ataman (osavul). Most of them chose
the Military Council on January 1 for one year. In peacetime, the military officer
was engaged in administrative and judicial affairs, and at the time of the war he led
the Cossacks, transferring his “peaceful” powers to the commanding officer. The
Military Council was accountable to the ataman of the highest military,
administrative, judicial and spiritual power. In wartime the ataman was only the
ruler of the Zaporizhzhya Sich and acted on the basis of Cossack customs and
traditions; he approved the elected officials of the Military Council and legalized
the division of the churches of the land, the distribution of military production and
military income, the adoption of new people in the Zaporizhzhya Sich and the
liberation of old Cossacks, the establishment of diplomatic relations with
neighboring states. The military judge intercepted the Cossack Ataman as a
commanding hetman, and also carried out military functions and was the head of
artillery. The military scribe in charge of the office and conducted all the written
affairs of the troops - sent orders on chickens and palans, carried out all
calculations, accepted decrees and messages. The military commander supervised
the compliance of the order and discipline of the Cossacks, executed the judgments
of the Military Council and the ataman at the military camps at the time of the
hostilities, conducted inquiries into the offenses committed on the territory of the
Zaporizhzhya Sich, and also prepared food for the troops in the event of war,
issued a grain and money security for Cossacks, in charge of guarding borders, and
so on. The Kurenes, both as administrative and military units, were headed by
elected churches and accountable to the Military Council for the smoking of
atamans who served as queens - provided the smoker with everything necessary,
kept the money and property of the Cossacks in the chicken treasury, and others
like that.
3. Military officials (military officers) - bellowship, horunzhi, bunchuk,
duobish, Pushkar, garnash, shafar, chaush, kantarzhi, interpreter, clerks, and others.
They assisted the military officer in fulfilling their duties. The military commander
was in charge of the regimental litavars, who convened the Cossacks at the
Military Council, and also attended the execution of court sentences, secured tax
collection and sales tax. The military gunnery commanded all Zaporozhye artillery
and military prison. The military interpreter was an interpreter and sometimes
carried out military reconnaissance in the border zone. The military cantarzhi was
the guardian of military measures and scales, the only ones for the whole
Zaporizhzhyan Sich. The military shafari collected a duty (“ferry”) on the
crossings across the Dnipro, Bug, Samara. The military boulevard, bunchus and
korunzhy kept, respectively, the mace, the Bunchuki as symbols of the power of
the ataman and the military banner - the banner. Military chows served as
messengers.
4. Derivatives and palanche bosses - colonels, clerks, were captured. The
leading officer in the wartime organized the protection of the advanced
Zaporizhzhya Sich; the original colonel was the commander of a certain advanced
part of the troops. Palankov’s senior officer (Colonel, Scribe, he was commanded
by the palans - the Cossacks who lived outside the Zaporizhzhyan Sich (in
cobblestones and wintering), in palanka.
Thus, the organization of the Cossack self-government of Zaporizhzhyan
Sich testifies to the revival of Ukrainian statehood, built on the principles of
military democracy, since the entire system of military and administrative
authorities provided for the fulfillment of the internal and external functions
inherent in the state.
The legal system of the Zaporizhzhyan Sich contained all the legal norms
that existed in Ukraine, and the customary right of the Cossacks as a set of legal
practices established in the sphere of Cossack social relations, which consolidated
the military-administrative organization of the Cossacks, the activity of judicial
bodies, the procedure for land use, contractual relations, the system of offenses and
punishments, etc. Thanks to the successful campaigns of the Cossacks against the
Tatars and the Turks, in particular at the end of the seventeenth century. against the
“bisurman” led by P. Konashevich-Sagaidachny, foreign embassies began to come
to Zaporizhzhya Sich in order to unite with the Cossacks; The Cossack troops
fought in Moldova, Poland, Semigrode, France, participated in popular uprisings
led by K. Kosinsky, T. Tryyasil, S. Nalyvaik, G. Loboda, and others. In 1520 the
Great Lithuanian Prince first recruited Cossacks for military service. Subsequently,
the ruling Polish-Lithuanian circles sought to split the Cossacks - to take part in the
civil service of the wealthy Cossacks to fight the masses and protect the south-
eastern borders of Turkey and the Crimean Khanate. On June 5, 1572, the Polish
King Sigismund II August ordered the Crown Hetman Y. Yazlovets to hold a set
of Cossacks for a paid military service - a formed detachment of 300 people was
subordinate to the government appointed by the “Senior Judge of all Gossels of the
Cossacks”. These Cossacks were entered in the register (the list) - hence their
name; since then, officially, the Cossacks were considered only entered into the
register (over time, their number increased). Registered Cossacks were part of the
Polish Border Guard, commanded mostly by Polish gentry’s officers; at the end of
art. they were about 3 thousand people. During the war, the Polish government
called for the register of all those who wished, including state and private peasants,
and at the end of the war they were excluded from the registry lists and even
returned to former owners. Registered Cossacks had a number of important
privileges: 1. emerged from the jurisdiction of the feudal lords; the chiefs and
voivods (if they lived in the royal lands) and city magistrates were released from
power and went under the exclusive jurisdiction of the register army; 2. The
registry had its own “judgment” - the right to sue in its courts; 3. Exempted from
taxes; 4. They are right to freely deal with various crafts and trade. In addition to
pay for the service, registered Cossacks periodically received cloth, gunpowder,
lead. Registered Cossacks were divided into the top, “black” and “middle”. The
top of the registry Cossacks was the Cossack elder and wealthy Cossacks, who
came from the small Ukrainian gentry, owned villages and villages, various crafts,
mills, taverns, and hired “sub-neighbors”. Slobody and farms occupied by the
registered Cossacks along the Dnieper were located among the state, magnate and
gentry possessions. The Cossack officers used the ordinary Cossacks in their own
interests - in hard work, taxed during the popular uprising at the end of the 16th -
in the first half of the 17th century. The lower classes and the “middle” of the
Registered Cossacks passed to the side of the masses, opposed serfdom.
Thus, at the beginning of the 17th century there were three clearly
distinguished categories of costs: wealthy registered Cossacks serving the Polish
government; wealthy Cossacks who lived outside of the Commonwealth; the
majority of the Cossacks who lived in the border towns, led the Cossack way of
life, but did not have an officially defined status.
Ukrainian bourgeoisie created fraternities that had long existed in churches,
having only a religious character, and subsequently took over the separate
principles of the guild structure - the annual choice of elders, membership fees,
assistance to impoverished brothers, and began to carry out, despite religious,
economic, cultural and educational functions. The fraternities defended the
Ukrainian philistinism, appealed to the courts, sent embassies to the nobles, kings,
the Sejm, built hospitals, schools, printing houses, cared for sick and homeless, the
old and the crippled. The brotherhood consisted of 20-50 members who paid
membership fees; monthly gatherings brothers and once a year they chose the
leaders (elder brothers). At first, fraternities included only burghers, and later also
Ukrainian gentry and clergy. Like the most active Lviv fraternity, fraternity arose
throughout Galicia, Volhynia, Kholmshchyna, Podillya.
Thus, the liberties of the Ukrainian people were determined by the creation
of the Cossacks and all the Cossack “classes”, as well as the establishment of
fraternities that acted exclusively in the Ukrainian spirit and assisted the poor in
the material and spiritual life of the population.
 CONTROL QUESTIONS

1. Expand the socio-political situation in the Ukrainian lands in the 11 th – 12th

centuries.
2. When the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was formed? List the causes of education.
3. What social reforms were carried out for the Ukrainian people during the time of
the Grand Duchy of Lithuania?
4. Expand the consequences of the Union of Lublin for the Ukrainian lands. Justify
the position.
5. The essence and consequences of the Brest Union for the Ukrainian lands.
6. The Renaissance in Ukraine: the Development of the Humanistic Worldview.
7. Brotherhoods and their role in Ukrainian in society.
8. Ukrainian Cossacks as a social and cultural “epoch” of the nation.
9. Describe the division of the Cossacks. What is the feature of each of them?
10. Brestska Church Union: prospects and its consequences.

SELF-CONTROL QUESTION

1. Perelikit state, the nucleus of which included Ukrainian lands 15 th - beg. 16th
centuries2. When the divorce status of Ukrainian principalities was
eliminated?
2. Find out how the status of the nobility changed in various editions of the
Lithuanian statute.
3. What was the situation of the Ukrainian lands under the authority of the Polish
kingdom?
4. List the consequences of the Krevsky Union and justify the significance of
each of them for Ukrainian society.
5. The culture of the Renaissance in the territory of Ukraine.
6. Cultural and educational activities of fraternities in the territory of Ukraine.
7. When the Ostroh Greek-Slav-Latin Academy did arise?
8. Church-religious confrontation in 17th century.
 9. Describe the role of the Cossack Council in Sich. What was the decision
making procedure?
10. Describe the structure of the Zaprozyzsky troops. What are a register and a
registered Cossack?
11. Why, in your opinion, the international authority of the Cossacks has
increased during the 15th - 16th centuries?
12. What are the features of customs, everyday life, life style borrowed from
them from the Tatars? What is it caused?

THEMES OF ABSTRACTS

1. Ukrainian culture within the Lithuanian state.

2. Brest union and the attack on Catholicism.
3. Brotherhoods and their role in the development of education.
4. Renaissance and its humanistic aspect.
5. Ukrainian Cossacks as social and cultural strata of the population.
6. Education and science during the Cossack-Hetman state.
7. Ukrainian Cossack Baroque.
8. Getting started printing in Ukraine.

THEMES OF THE ESSAY

1.Role of polemical literature in the religious struggle of the 16th – 17th centuries.
2. Musical and theatrical culture in Ukraine in the 16th - 17th centuries.
3. Renaissance ideas in Ukrainian culture in the 16th – 17th centuries.

Theme №6. Ukrainian lands in the Russian and Austrian empires and
economic, social and political life of Ukraine.
Key words: National Renaissance, Cyril-Methodius Brotherhood, Ruska Trinity,
People's Movement, Narodivtsi, Muscophiles, Khlopomany, Tarasivtsi, Valuev
Circular, Amsky Decree, Prosvita.

Political situation of Ukrainian lands in the second half of the 18 th century the
Ukrainian autonomy was completed first in Slobozhanshchyna, and then in the
Hetmanate. As a result of the division of Poland and successful victories during the
Russo-Turkish wars in the late 13th - early 20th centuries. The vast majority of
Ukrainian lands - Slobozhanschina, the Left Bank (Hetmanate), the Right Bank,
the South (Novorossiia) - were part of the Russian Empire of the Romanovs.
Western Ukrainian lands - Eastern Galicia, Northern Bukovina and Transcarpathia
- were lying on the Austrian (from 1867 Austro-Hungarian) Empire of the
Hapsburgs.
The population of eastern Ukraine at the end of the eighteenth century was
7.5 million people, and around 1860 - 13.5 million. In Western Ukraine lived from
5 to 7 million people.
Consequently, Ukraine was in the two largest empires, that is, it was forced
to exist in a completely different political system compared with the one in which
it lived. The great empires relied on a despotic ramified bureaucratic system, a
well-armed numerical army, and cruel serfdom. The Ukrainian territories,
historically and geographic regions, joined at different times in the Russian Empire
were an integral territorial unit. Ukrainian lands and historians and public and
political figures called the Dnieper or Dnieper Ukraine were 9/10 of the total area
of Ukraine. Officially, Ukraine in the composition of Russia was called “Little
Russia” or “South-Western Russia”. Russian government, at the end of the 18 th
century finally ending with the autonomy of Ukraine, for ease of management in
the first half of the 19th century created on its territory 9 provinces, united in 3
governor-general. Slobodsko-Ukrainskaya was founded on the territory of
Slobozhanshchyna and the Livoberezhskaya, which in 1835 was renamed Kharkiv,
Chernihiv and Poltava provinces, which comprised the Malorossiysk Governorate
General. In Right Bank Ukraine and Volyn in 1832 in connection with the Polish
uprising of 1830-1831 pp. the tsarist government formed the Kyiv, Podillya and
Volyn provinces, united in the Kiev governor general. Selected from the
Zaporizhzhia Army troops of the Northern Black Sea and Azov Sea were divided
into three provinces - Kherson, Katerynoslav and Tavriysk, and joined the
Bessarabia Region in 1812, all of which was called the Novorossiysk-Bessarabian
General Government.
Thus, at the beginning of the 20th century the Russian tsarist managed to
completely eliminate all self-governed tendencies in Ukraine and subordinate these
lands to the central and local authorities and administration of Russia.
At the head of the Russian empire was the king, the emperor - an autocratic
monarch, enjoying unlimited power. Strengthening his power was promoted by the
so-called “his own majesty office”. In the 20 years of the 19 th century its influence
on the decision of state affairs has increased due to the confidence of the emperor
himself and the increase in the number of his apparatus. The limits of authority of
this structure were really extraordinary. It is enough to remind that the first office
of the office controlled the activities of the ministers themselves, and its third
division was the supreme political police, which relied on a mighty gendarme
corps and was created immediately after the Decembrist uprising.
 In the state at this time there was a reform of the central branch
management, which was completed by 1811. The reform was intended to further
unblock power. Thus, the former boards were converted into ministries headed by
directly subordinate ministers the king. The activities of the ministries were
coordinated by the Committee of Ministers - an advisory body, at which meetings
the emperor himself was chairing. It is clear that the decision of the Committee of
Ministers came into force only with the sanction of the emperor.
In the past, the Senate has become quite prominent in the power of the
political hierarchy as the highest appellate instance for the courts of the provinces.
On the ground, the tsar's power was exercised by the trustees appointed by
him from among the senior officials - governors and governors-general. The
governor, as a representative of the supreme government, exercised power over the
administrative and police forces. He relied on the provincial government, which
included the vice-governor, advisers, prosecutor, and a noble assembly. In the
province also there were bodies of corresponding ministries on the ground -
provincial branch institutions (state chamber, recruiting presence, from 1840 - the
chamber of state property, etc.), however, they were completely subordinated to
the governor. By the way, the State Chancellery was a very important state
institution that was in charge of collecting various state taxes from the population.
Governors, proclaimed special royal decree “hosts” of the provinces,
received the right of unlimited control over the activities of all institutions and
enterprises located in the territory entrusted to them. Often, the governors were
appointed not civilians, but military personnel, usually generals, who in that case
were subordinated not only to the local administration and the police, but also to
military units stationed in the province.
Provinces consisted of counties, where the power belonged to the Zemsky
court (until 1837 he was called the lower zemsky court), headed by the captain-
officer. The Zemsky court was simultaneously an administrative-police institution
and a judicial body. In turn, the districts had divisions in the provinces headed by
police officers, who, based on their subordinate villagers of Sotska and Deca, kept
the population of cities and villages in obedience to the autocratic power of the
king and his bodies on the ground. In Ukraine in the first quarter of the 19 th
century the number of cities used by self-government under the Magdeburg law
has significantly decreased. In Left-Bank Ukraine, the validity of this right was
abolished in 1831, and in 1835 this cancellation was confirmed by a royal decree.
In Kyiv, together with the Magdeburg law, the city police, in the amount of more
than 2000 people, were armed and disbanded, armed and dressed in the old-world
Cossack system. To weaken the Ukrainian element in this city, Ukrainian
merchants were evicted from the center to the outskirts, and their place was
occupied by merchants of the Great Russians.
 Peculiar administrative formations were the introduction in 1903 of the city
authorities headed by the mayor, whose power extended not only to civilians, but
also to military and maritime authorities. In Ukraine, the city authorities were
established in the cities of Odessa, Kherson and Feodosia.
Governors-general, governors, and other high-ranking officials were to
blame for the principles that relied on all Russian statehood, namely, the Orthodox
faith, autocracy and nationality. Orthodoxy meant the exclusive domination of one
Orthodox Church, which was placed in full dependence on secular authority and
was supposed to serve the existing regime. Self-government was aimed not only at
the concentration of all power in the hands of one absolute monarch, but also the
removal of the public from participation in political life.
 The principle of the state system - the people - was supposed to assert the
rule of a single Great Russian nation with the leveling of national features of all
other numerous peoples of the empire. All these principles were closely linked to
the rigid centralism that followed the idea of autocratic power: all the provinces
were managed from one center - St. Petersburg - and local authorities, even on the
post of governor-general, with every petty question were forced to address the
central government or even the king himself. However, there were among the
highest Russian dignitaries who ruled in Ukraine, and those who left behind on
their own this land is a good memory. These include Malorossiysk Governor-
General since 1816, Prince Mykola Repnin, brother of the Decembrist S.
Volkonsky. The marriage with the grandson of the former hetman, Cyril
Razumovsky, brought him closer to the Ukrainian gentry, which actively
advocated the restoration of the Hetmanate and nominated Repnin for the
Hetmanate. In Poltava, the governor-general assembled prominent Ukrainian
cultural forces, was a patron of local science and education, and took care of the
problems of the revival of the Cossack. A highly educated humanist with the
reputation of a "liberal" prince M. Repnin, a representative of the local Russian
administration, entered into an outright struggle with the St. Petersburg
government to save Ukrainians from complete poverty. He spoke with a number of
projects to improve the grave situation of Ukrainian peasants and Cossacks. All
this did not really like the authorities, and so soon Repnin was accused of
Ukrainian separatism and removed from office.
The consolidation of the foundations of Russian autocracy in Ukraine was
due to the numerous armed forces that were held at the expense of the local
population. royal consent cruel, illiterate general Arakcheev. From 1816 he began
to establish military settlements, turning the whole villages into military camps,
with the aim of creating a male-soldier-peasant isolated from the people, who,
together with the military strata, had to deal with agriculture.
By 1825, 375,000 state peasants were transferred to the position of military
settlers. So, in 1817-1825 g in the Slobodsk-Ukraine, Yekaterinoslav and Kherson
provinces 16 cavalry and 3 infantry regiments were stationed as military settlers.
The children of the settlers were little-cooked for the barracks regime: from the age
of 7-12 they were enrolled in the canonist’s (students of military schools), from 12
years were enlisted in reserve, and from 18 years - in military units. Therefore, it is
not surprising that from time to time in such settlements an uprising broke out.
Thus, in the summer of 1819 an uprising military settlers of the Chuguev Ulan
regiment, joined by settlers of the neighboring Taganrog Ulan regiment and
residents of the surrounding villages. Armed resistance lasted more than a month.
For his suppression arrived troops with 12 guns, headed by Arakcheev himself.
The military settlements were liquidated only in 1857, transferring military settlers
to the position of state peasants.
In the first half of the 19th century the Russian government twice promised
to revive the Cossack regiments in Ukraine. However, as usual, he did not keep his
word. Playing on the national and patriotic feelings of Ukrainians, the tsarist
regime exploited the material and human resources at critical moments for the
state, and then left the Cossacks to their fate. In 1812, in order to confront
Napoleon's army, the Little Russian Governor-General, Prince Lobanov-Rostov,
was instructed to form several regiments of Ukrainian Cossacks, who during the
war had to hang out as a permanent Cossack army. Cossacks were glad to meet this
news and at their own expense put 15 cavalry regiments to 1220 people in every
one. However, the government did not even allow these formations to take part in
hostilities, retained them in service until 1816, and then demobilized, transferring
the Cossacks to a peasant state. On the Right Bank was created 4 Cossack
regiments, which subsequently turned into regular.
During the Polish uprising 1830-1831 pp. Tsar Mykola I told the Little
Russian Governor M. Repnin to organize the Cossack regiments to help with the
Polish gentry with the further preservation of the status of these military
formations. There were created eight regiments per 1000 Cossacks in each. But
again, they were not allowed to participate in military operations, and when the
uprising was over, part of the Cossacks were sent to the regular Russian troops,
while the others were deported to the Terek Cossack army in the Caucasus. When
the Cossacks expressed their protest, they were severely punished: several dozen
were killed until death.
By the way, the massive resettlement of Cossacks from Ukraine is also
important component settlers of the neighboring Taganrog Ulan regiment and
residents of the surrounding villages. Armed resistance lasted more than a month.
For his suppression arrived troops with 12 guns, headed by Arakcheev himself.
The military settlements were liquidated only in 1857, transferring military settlers
to the position of state peasants.
During the Polish uprising 1830-1831 pp. Tsar Mykola I told the Little
Russian Governor M. Repnin to organize the Cossack regiments to help with the
Polish gentry with the further preservation of the status of these military
formations. There were created eight regiments per 1000 Cossacks in each. But
again, they were not allowed to participate in military operations, and when the
uprising was over, part of the Cossacks were sent to the regular Russian troops,
while the others were deported to the Terek Cossack army in the Caucasus. When
the Cossacks expressed their protest, they were severely punished: several dozen
were killed until death.
 By the way, the massive resettlement of Cossacks from Ukraine is also an
important component of the policy of the tsarist. So, acting in the context of this
policy, in the 20 years of the XIX century.