ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER Volume-9 | Issue-4 | April-2020 | PRINT ISSN No. 2277 - 8179 | DOI : 10.

36106/ijsr

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF BONDING EFFICIENCY OF PEEK AND ACRYLIC
RESIN WITH FACIAL SILICONE USING DIFFERENT BONDING AGENTS- AN IN
VITRO STUDY
Dental Science
Dr. Manjulika P.G Student, Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge Subharti Dental College,
Tyagi* Swami Vivekanand Subharti university Meerut ,U.P India *Corresponding Author
Dr. Chandan MDS Reader Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge Subharti Dental
Kumar Kusum College, Swami Vivekanand Subharti university Meerut ,U.P India
MDS Professor and HOD Department of Prosthodontics and Crown and Bridge Subharti
Dr. Roma Goswami Dental College, Swami Vivekanand Subharti university Meerut ,U.P India
ABSTRACT
Aim: To comparatively evaluate the bonding efficiency of PEEK - silicone and acrylic resin-silicone using different bonding agents.
Settings and Designs: In vitro – comparative study Materials and Methods: For conducting the study, one hundred and forty four specimens (72
each of PEEK and 72 of acrylic resin) were prepared. PEEK specimens were CAD CAM milled while those of acrylic resin were made in heat cure
resin. Out of 72 samples of PEEK and 72 of acrylic resin specimen, 24 were bonded to facial silicone without bonding agent, 24 were bonded using
platinum primer and 24 were bonded to silicone using cyanoacrylate. Bond strength of each group was evaluated and compared using peel bond
strength test using Universal testing machine. Statistical Analysis Used: One way ANOVA, Karl Pearson's correlation. Results: Comparison of
mean bond strength among PEEK-silicone and acrylic-silicone groups shows that no significant difference was present between the control groups
and also when primer was used as bonding agent. Acrylic-silicone was having significantly better bond strength than PEEK-silicone when
cyanoacrylate adhesive was used. Conclusion: Similar to acrylic resin PEEK can also be used as biomaterial which can be bonded to silicone
using primer as adhesive material.
KEYWORDS
PEEK, silicone, acrylic, peel bond strength
INTRODUCTION mm. At the junction of these lines, 24 holes were made of diameter 1.5
The elastomers and polymers are often used as the primary materials of mm and depth of 0.5 mm using a tungsten carbide round bur of
maxillofacial prosthesis. diameter 1.5 mm with help of milling machine.(Figure2.) All the
PEEK and acrylic resin specimens along with surface alteration were
(1)
Silicone prosthesis generally require a matrix to encapsulate then packed and cured with facial silicone.
retentive clips, metal housings or magnets, for their attachment to
implants The materials most favorably used for fabrication of this Preparation of mold for packing of silicone elastomer
matrix are acrylic resins.(2) Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a tooth The acrylic resin blanks which were fabricated were overlapped with
colored synthetic polymer which can be used as an alternative to another acrylic blank of the same dimension (75 mm×10 mm×3 mm)
PMMA.(3, 4, 5) Properties such as thermal stability at high temperature, and the borders of the two were sealed to close the gap between the two
non-toxic and superior biocompatibility renders PEEK as the material blanks. Flasking was done with the first pour covering till the junction
of choice for many dental prosthesis.(6) PEEK can also be used for of the two blanks.
CAD-CAM fixed and removable prosthesis because of its superior
properties compared to acrylic.(7) Studies have proven that PEEK has Later on second pour was done after applying separating media using
excellent bonding results with epoxy resins, cyanoacrylates and dental. After this the flask was opened, dewaxing done and the
silicone adhesives.(8) overlapped acrylic blank from the second pour was removed. The
lower member containing the acrylic blank with the required surface
Many studies(9-11) have evaluated the bonding efficiency of PMMA characteristic was overlapped with upper member of the flask which
resin with silicone using different adhesives but no study is available to was packed with silicone.
know the bonding efficiency of PEEK with silicone. Hence the aim of
this study was to evaluate the bonding efficiency of PEEK with silicone Specimens of the control group were packed without the primer and
using different bonding agents and then compare it with that of acrylic cyanoacrylate and cured. The same procedure was carried out for
resin and silicone. PEEK specimens also. On all the acrylic resin and PEEK specimens
with retentive holes, an adhesive tape was applied and covered an area
MATERIALS AND METHODS of 50 mm× 10 mm while the remaining area of 25 mm×10 mm was left
The present study was organized in the Department of Prosthodontics uncovered . Same procedure was carried with all the 72 acrylic resin
and Crown and Bridge, Subharti Dental College, Meerut. and 72 PEEK specimens. The uniform layer of primer was applied over
the specimens and left to dry for 30 minutes.
The test specimens were divided into 6 groups. 3 groups were of PEEK and
3 of acrylic resin. All acrylic resin and PEEK groups were treated with either The silicone was mixed and applied into the mold with the help of
cyanoacrylate or primer or none depending upon their distribution in spatula. Group A and Group D were packed with silicone without
subgroup as given in Table1.All the test specimens of PEEK and Acrylic applying the primer and cyanoacrylate.
resin received surface alteration in form of retentive holes.
Curing of silicone was done in hot air oven at 100 C for 1hour
Preparation of Specimens(Figure1.) according to manufacturer's instructions. For cyanoacrylate group,
(Acrylic Resin) 72 test specimens of heat cure acrylic resin of cured silicone strip was removed. A uniform layer of cyanoacrylate
dimensions 75x10x3mm were fabricated using lost wax technique resin was applied on the specified area of acrylic resin and PEEK
according to ADA/ANSI Sp.No.12(ISO 1567). Heat cure processing specimens. The silicone strip was then immediately replaced in its
was performed according to manufacturer's instructions. correct position on the blanks and a weight of 1 kg was placed on the
specimens for about 15 minutes.
(PEEK) 72 CAD CAM milled specimens of PEEK of dimensions
75x10x3mm were polished and air abraded and then sterilized Test specimens bonded with silicone were then tested for peel bond
ultrasonically. strength using an UTM Machine.(Figure.3) All the test groups were
put on 1800 peel strength test on Hounsfeild universal testing machine
In then bonding area of each specimen, horizontal lines were marked at (HT-400) (Figure.4). The test was carried out according to the ASTM
a distance of 3 mm and vertical lines were marked at a distance of 2.5 D-903 specifications2.
International Journal of Scientific Research 1
Volume-9 | Issue-4 | April-2020 PRINT ISSN No. 2277 - 8179 | DOI : 10.36106/ijsr
0
The free end of the unbonded part of strip was turned back at 180 was required to investigate the poor bonding of PEEK and silicone using
gripped in the upper clamp while the end part of acrylic resin and PEEK was cyanoacrylate. Cyanoacrylate has shown decreased bond strength in
clamped in the lower clamp.The force needed to cause bond failures was comparison to primers.
recorded. Peel strength (N/mm) was evaluated using the formula Peel
strength = F / W (1 + λ/ 2 +1) Where F = maximum force recorded (N); W = One of the reasons of this decrease in the bond strength could be due to
Width of specimens (mm); λ= Extension ratio of silicone elastomer (the
ratio of stretched to primary length). After collecting the data, results were the method of specimen fabrication, where in due to retentive holes,
tabulated, statistically analyzed and compared (in Mpa). the depressions and elevations of the two materials could not have
corresponded to each other while reassembling.(2)
RESULTS
The results obtained were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Test showed that specimens of primer A-304, of both acrylic resin and
Karl Pearson's test. PEEK showed either cohesive or adhesive failure, whereas the
specimens of cyanoacrylate of both acrylic resin and PEEK showed
DISCUSSION adhesive failure. Generally, sufficient surface roughness is considered
Different types of forces act on prosthesis margins and interface an important alteration for improving the bonding strength for plastic
between silicone and substructure or matrix which can lead to tearing dental materials.(37) But because of hardness and inertness of PEEK ,it
of silicone from margins and dislodgement of substructure or matrix generally is nonreactive and thus a limited number of surface
from silicone prosthesis due to bond failure.(12)The material of choice roughening methods can be successfully employed with PEEK.(38)
for matrix in these prostheses since long back has been acrylic resin.
Due to the absence of standard laboratory conditions, accurate
It is because of advantages such as good handling property, the rigidity and comparison of the results of different studies on bond strength of facial
relatively low in cost. The limitation of PMMA, its possibility to produce silicone to PEEK and acrylic surfaces was not feasible in this study.
toxic reactions or irritations for the wearer(13-15)and for dental technicians(16) Several factors such as the variable geometry of the samples, different
has led the researchers to search for other alternative materials having better surface energy of materials and variability in packing and curing
properties. Polysulfone (PSF), nylon and polycarbonate (PC) are suggested conditions can affect the bond strength values (39).
for patients who are allergic to acrylic.(17-19)
Future studies are recommended to assess the long-term clinical
However, shortcomings in some of their properties have confined their
use.(20,21)Biocompatibility, followed by good mechanical and physical service and success of the bond of the facial silicone to PEEK surfaces
properties is a primary requirement in all restorative materials that in oral clinical conditions.
guaranteed their use over long periods of time.(22)Polyetheretherketone
(PEEK) is emerging as a new and advanced biocompatible material CONCLUSION
which is now widely used for medical purposes(23) and (24-26)has attracted After considering the various aspects of the present study and co-
more interest than any other material in the last few years. relating the results with literature, it could be concluded that similar to
acrylic resin PEEK can also be used as biomaterial which can be used
Hence, the aim of present study was to evaluate the bonding efficiency with silicone using primer as adhesive material.
of PEEK with silicone and then comparing it with that of acrylic resin.
The primers most commonly used for maxillofacial prostheses are A- However if cyanoacrylate adhesive is used, PEEK shows poor
330, A-306, A-304 (10). performance than acrylic resin.
A-304 was used in this study because of its ability to bond effectively to Conflicts of interest
acrylic resin.(12)The primers consist of an adhesive agent and an organic There are no conflicts of interest.
solvent that are believed to react with both, silicone elastomer and
acrylic resin materials.(27) It consists of hydrophilic and hydrophobic
groups, which react with functional groups of silicone elastomer.(28) In
the present study surface alteration was done in the form of retentive
holes as it has been proved in the previous study that surface
characterization had increased the bond strength considerably.(2)

The mean bond strength of specimens of PEEK for control, primer and
cyanoacrylate groups (i. e for group A, B, C) was 0.62MPa,15.45MPa, and
4.49MPa respectively(Table.2). The difference among the intra group
specimens was statistically significant. (Table.3) The primer group showed Figure.1 Specimen Dimensions
the maximum bond strength. It may be because of reason that A-304
contains methacryloxyethyl and most studies has shown that the bonding
agents that contain methylacryl group (MMA) were able to establish a
sufficient bond to PEEK.(29-32) But still further studies are required at
molecular level to assess the bonding of PEEK with platinum primers.

The mean bond strength within acrylic resin groups D, E, F was

0.61MPa, 14.44MPa and 5.97MPa respectively(Table.2). The difference
among the intra group specimens of acrylic resin was statistically
significant.(Table.4) Primer group i.e. group E showed the maximum
bond strength which may be credited to its strong chemical affinity of
acrylic resin with the primer.(33) Control groups A and D showed less bond
strength with no statistical significant difference among them.(Table.5)

This infers that only surface alteration in form of retentive holes Figure. 2 Markings made for retentive holes(PEEK)
without adhesive agent was not able to produce comparable bond
strength. All specimen showed mean bond strength more than 0.07
MPa
36)
which is considered to be minimum limit for clinical success. (34-
The differences in terms of bond strength within each group were due
to variations in compositions of bonding agents and also due to surface
alteration done in form of retentive holes.

The difference among intergroup specimens was not significant

statistically except for group C and F which showed statistically
significant difference which might be because of the reason that acrylic
surface is amenable to adhesive bonding.

While for PEEK, due to its low surface energy and chemical inertness
and different chemical composition its bonding with cyanoacrylate
gave comparatively less mean bond strength. More studies are Figure.3 Silicone bonded to PEEK (PS) and acrylic resin(AS)
2 International Journal of Scientific Research
Volume-9 | Issue-4 | April-2020 PRINT ISSN No. 2277 - 8179 | DOI : 10.36106/ijsr

Table.5 – Comparison between groups ( by unpaired”t” test) for

bond strength among group A-F
P VALUE BETWEEN GROUPS
S.NO. SIGNIFICANCE
(BY INDEPENDENT ”t” TEST
1 .0000* (P<.05) SIGNIFICANT
2 .0002* (P<.05) SIGNIFICANT
DIFFERENCE
3 .8382** (P>.05 ) NO SIGNIFICANT
DIFFERENCE
4 .0000* (P<.05) SIGNIFICANT
DIFFERENCE
5 .0999** (P>.05 ) NO SIGNIFICANT
DIFFERENCE
6 .0002* (P<.05) SIGNIFICANT
DIFFERENCE
7 .0000* (P<.05) SIGNIFICANT
DIFFERENCE
Figure.4 Testing specimens on Universal Testing Machine
8 .0000* (P<.05) SIGNIFICANT
Table.1 Groups of PEEK and Acrylic resin specimens DIFFERENCE
GroupA Bonding PEEK with silicone using no adhesive. 9 .0000* (P<.05) SIGNIFICANT
DIFFERENCE
GroupB Bonding PEEK with silicone using silicone platinum
primer. *SHOWS A SIG NIFICANT DIFFERENCE B/W GROUPS AT .05
LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE. i. e. p<.05 ** SHOWS NO
GroupC Bonding PEEK with silicone using cyanoacrylate SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE B/W GROUPS AT .05 LEVEL OF
adhesive. SIGNIFICANCE. i. e. p>.05
GroupD Bonding Acrylic resin with silicone using no adhesive.
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