First War For Kashmir
First War For Kashmir
First War For Kashmir
In March 1940, the All-India Muslim League first asked for a Muslim homeland based on the
northwest and north-eastern provinces of India. The British agreed in August 1947 to end their
200-year reign in the Indian subcontinent and to split it into two distinct states, Pakistan with the
Muslim majority and India with the Hindu majority. The relationship between Pakistan and India
is critical. They had waged three major wars since 1947, in addition to a number of minor border
conflicts. But they both have a history of collaborative tries to resolve conflicts through peaceful
means.
Pakistan's relations with India began bitterly because of the division of the Indian subcontinent.
The cause of immediate tension was because of the bloodshed of millions of Muslims, Hindus
and Sikhs, who were migrating for settling in either India or Pakistan across the new borders.
Wars:
First war for Kashmir:
Pakistan and India fought over Kashmir soon after the partition. It was a predominantly Muslim
State ruled by a Hindu king named the Hari Singh Maharaja. The Maharaja declared its
accession on 26 October 1947, in ignorance of the sentiments of the majority and the guidelines
for the accession of the States. It contributed to a revolt. After the UN intervened, the warlike
situation was prevented. But Kashmir had left the two pieces separated. However, after
Pakistan and USA concluded a defense agreement in May 1956, India refused to hold the
plebiscite.
Second war for Kashmir:
In September 1965, the second war on Kashmir took place. It had a very different background in
relation to the first war. A strategy was formed to provide assistance, known as Operation
Gibraltar
Initiating an Indian revolt in Kashmir. The strategy failed, and soon after the Indian forces
crossed the international boundary on 6 September 1965 the two countries engaged in a major
conflict. By September the 22nd, the two sides agreed to a UN-mandated cease fire, putting an
end to the war that had entered its stalemate by then.
1966 agreement:
The Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur and Pakistani President Ayub Khan signed a Agreement
on January 10, 1966 at Tashkent, agreeing to revoke the pre-August route and to restore
economic and diplomatic relations.
Third war for Kashmir:
East Pakistan this time was the reason for third war between India and Pakistan.
Dispute started when Pakistan's Central Government in West Pakistan refuses to allow Sheik
Mujibur Rahman, the leader of the Awami League, to take premiership. He was a Bengali, who
in 1970 had obtained a majority of the seats. India was the reason that Pakistan lost its Eastern-
wing as they tried their best to create conflicts between Pakistan and Bengal.
1972 agreement:
Pakistani Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and Indian Minister Indira Gandhi have signed an
agreement at Shimla in which both countries agree to 'put an end to the conflict.' The agreement
of Shimla designates the cessation of fire line between the two countries of 17 December 1971
as the current "Line of control"
Nuclear explosion:
In an action codenamed "Smiling Buddha," India detonates a nuclear device in Pokhran on 18
May, 1974. India calls it a "peaceful nuclear explosive." India.
1988 agreement:
The two countries sign an agreement which will not attack nuclear sites or facilities on either
side. All parties accept that information should be shared on the latitudes and lengths of all
nuclear plants. It is ratified later and since then, on 1 January every year, both countries
exchange details.
1991 agreement:
The two countries sign agreements to inform military exercises, maneuvers and troop
movements in advance and to avoid and create overflight rules for airspace incidents.
1992 agreement:
In New Delhi both signed a Joint declaration banning the use of chemical weapons.
Five nuclear explosions:
In 1998, five nuclear devices are detonated at Pokhran by India. Pakistan responded by
detonating six of its nuclear bombs in the Chaghai Hills. The tests result in the imposition of
foreign sanctions on both countries.
1999 agreement:
Both sign the Lahore Declaration – the two countries' first major agreement since the Shimla
agreement of 1972. They reaffirm their adherence to the Shimla Agreement and plan to take
several confidence-building steps
2001 attack:
There remain high tensions along the control line with 38 people killed in an attack on
Srinagar's Kashmiri assembly. In the midst of this attack, Farooq Abdullah, Chief Minister of
Indian Kashmir, calls on the Government of the Indian Republic to initiate a comprehensive
military operation against suspected training camps in Pakistan.
14 people died on 13 December in New Delhi as a result of an armed attack on the Indian
parliament. The attacks are accused of India by Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Muhammad. The
attacks have contributed to the LoC massing of the military of India and Pakistan. After
international mediation, the standoff only ends in October 2002.
2003 agreement:
After Musharraf called for a cessation of fire on the lower level in September during the UN
General Assembly, the two countries came to a cool tension agreement and avoid the de facto
frontier hostilities.
2007 bombing:
The Samjhauta Express train line was bombed at Panipat, north of New Delhi, on February 18.
68 people have been assassinated and hundreds were injured.
As part of the Composite Dialog phase, the Fifth Round was conducted on the analysis of
nuclear and ballistic missile related CBMs. The Joint Anti-Terrorism Mechanism (JATM)
was held during the second round.
2010 series of events:
The last of a series of incidents leading to increased tension in the area were a fire exchange
between Pakistan and India throughout the LoC of Kashmir in January.
The foreign secretaries of India and Pakistan meet in New Delhi in February for talks.
2013 events:
India and Pakistan trade accusations of breaching cessation of fire in Kashmir valley.
Islamabad blames Indian troops for a cross-border attack that killed a soldier and India for
damaging a house on its side by Pakistani shelling.
Release of Indian fishermen:
On 25 May 151 Indian fishermen are released from their prisons by Pakistan in the goodwill
gesture, leading up to Narendra Modi's swearing-in ceremony.
Surgical strike:
In September in Pakistan-administrated Kashmir India begins what it refers to as a 'surgical
attack' on 'terrorist units.' Less than 2 weeks later, 19 soldiers were dead after the strike on an
Indian army camp. Pakistan denies that the incidents have taken place.
Seven Indian soldiers were killed in November after rebels posing as policemen raided a large
army base near Pakistan's border.
2019 attack:
India carried out air strikes on Pakistan's insurgent group Jaish-e-Mohammad in the first hours
of February 26, killing "several terrorists" at the "biggest training camp."
Current relation:
Because of various historical and political events, relations between India and Pakistan were
complicated and strongly hostile. In 2020, Pakistan-India relations sank into new depths.
Without a tangle in the broken bilateral ties, there was a daily war of words in 2020 on the
subject of the cross-border terrorism funded by Pakistan. In the last 12 months, Pakistan has
been making many unsuccessful attempts at international forums to lift the Kashmir problem
and to increase support for India. There is little likelihood of any transition to broader
cooperation between the two sides in 2021