THINK TWICE DO ONCE

fudag¾ r:fha b;sydih

History of Vehicle
j¾;udk fudag¾ r:fha úldYfha wdrïNh 17 jeks ishji ;rï wE;g Èjhhs' fï
wjêfha iajhxl%shj jdyk Èjùu i`oyd fkdfhla m¾fhaIK isÿúh' oDv ÿkakla
^Trf,daij
q l fuka& jhska lr Èjùu" úYd, iq<x fm;a;la (Wind mill) jdykfha iúlr
iq<f`.a wdOdrfhka Èjùug m%h;ak ±Íu isÿúh'

flfia fj;;a f,dalfha ksmojQ m%:u fudag¾ r:h f,i 1796 § ksfld,ia fcdaIma
l+[af[da (Nicholas Joseph Cugnot) kue;a;d úiska ksmojk ,o fudag¾ r:h ms<s.kS' fï
r:h ÿjjk ,oafoa jdIam n,fhks'

bka miqj jdIam n,fhka l%shdlrk fudag¾ r: ksmojk l¾udka;Yd,d ì%;dkHfha o"
m%xYfha o we;súh' kuq;a fïjdfha ;snq úYd,;ajh iy r¿ mdúÉÑh;a" wêl bkaOk
jehùu;a ksid ckm%sh;djh wvqúh' tajdg ms<shï f,i fmg%,a Ndú;d lr ÿjk fudag¾ r:
l,t<s neiafiah' fïjdfha mqfrda.dóka f,i ie,flkafka c¾uka cd;sl ld,a fnkaia (Carl
Benze) yd f.dÜ,sí fvï,¾ (Gottlieb Daimler) fofokdh' uq,ska frdao ;=fka jdyk
ksmojQj;a 1890 § fnkaia úiska frdao y;f¾ jdyk ksIamdokh wdrïN lrk ,§' miqj
fvï,¾ yd fnkaia fofokd tla iud.ula msysgqjd tu.ska u¾isäia fnkaia r: fj<`o fmd<g
tla lrk ,§' u¾isäia hkq fnkaiaf.a ÈhKshf.a kuhs'

wefußldj ;=< m<uq fmg%,a jdykh ksmojkafka 1893 § vq¾hd (Duryea)

ifydaorhka úisks' 1900 fha uq,a oYlfha weußldj ;=< fudag¾ r: l¾udka;Yd,d 200lg
jeä m%udKhla wdrïN l< w;r" f*daâ fudag¾ r: iud.u bka m%Odk ;ekla .kS' fykaß
f*daâ úiska T - f*daâ r:h ksmojk ,o w;r" th buy;a ckm%sh;djhg m;a úh' ta iu`.u
fuf;la iqfLdamfNda.S" úr, fohla f,i ie,l+ fudag¾ r:h idudkH mdßfNda.sl NdKavhla
njg m;aúh' óg iuld,Skj fudßia" Tiaáka" *shÜ" isx.¾ jeks fudag¾ r: ksIamdok
iud.ï ìysúh'

fuu r:j,g iaÓr jy,hla iú jkafka 1930 muK jk úg§h' hqfrdamdlrfha

taldêldrhlaj mej;s fudag¾ r: l¾udka;h fojk f,dal hqoaOfhka miq wdishd;sl rgj,o
ÈhqKq úh'

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ksmqK;dj 2 ( fudag¾ r:hl m%Odk wjhj iy moaO;s kv;a;= lsÍfï yelshdj m%o¾Ykh
lrhs'
ksmqK;dj 2'1 ( fudag¾ r:hl l%shdldß;ajhg odhl jk wjhj yd moaO;s úu¾IKh lrhs'
bf.kqï M, (
 fudag¾ r:hl wka;¾.; tla tla m%Odk wjhj j, ld¾Hhka úia;r lrhs'
 fudag¾ r:fha tla tla m%Odk wjhj j, iïnkaO;dj rEm igyka u.ska bÈßm;a
lrhs'

uQ,sl iajhxp, ;dlaIKfõoh

Basic Automobile Technology
ye`Èkaùu (
fudag¾ r:hla l%shdlrùu i`oyd Yla;sh wjYH fõ' tu cjh ,nd .kafka Yla;s
m%Njhlsks' tf,i cjh ,nd .ekSug fudag¾ r:hl Ndú;d lrk Wmdx.h m%d:ñl pd,lh
(Prime mover) f,i ye`Èkafõ' fuf,i m%d:ñl pd,lh f,i"
1' tkaðula fyda
2' fudagrhla Ndú;d lrhs'

tkaðula Ndú;fha§ Yla;s mßj¾;kh isÿjkafka my; mßÈh'

ridhksl Yla;sh ;dm Yla;sh pd,l Yla;sh

^fmdis, bkaOk& ^hdka;%sl Yla;sh&

fudagrhla Ndú;fha§ Yla;s mßj¾;h

úoHq;a Yla;sh pd,l Yla;sh$^hdka;%sl Yla;sh&

fufia ksmofjk cjh meojqï frdao lrd my; whqßka iïfm%aIKh lrhs'

tkaðu

frdao

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fuu cjh ksid t,jqï frdao lrleú bÈßhg .uka lrhs' túg l=ulafõ o@

kuq;a fudag¾ r:hlska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkafka ;ukag wjYH ;ekg m%udKj;a fõ.hlska
wdrlaIs;j .uka lsÍuhs' ta tla tla ld¾Hhka bgq lsÍu i`oyd fudag¾ r:hg fndfyda
Wmdx. iy moaO;sj, iyh ,nd .; hq;=h'

by; i`oyka mßÈ fudag¾ r:hlska iqkuH m%Yia; ld¾Hhla lr .ekSug kQ;k fudag¾
r:hl fldgia 14 000lg jvd we;' tf,i wjYH fldgia yd moaO;s my; mßÈ m%Odk
fldgia lsysmhlg fnÈh yelsh'

1' m%d:ñl pd,lh (Prime Mover)

2' iïfm%aIK moaO;sh (Transmission System)

3' tkaðfï l%shdldß;ajhg wjYH tys wka;¾.; moaO;s

4' iqlaldkï moaO;sh (Steering System)

jdykh yiqrejd .ekSug WmldÍ fjhs'

5' frdaOl moaO;sh (Braking System)

jdykfha fõ.h md,khg Wmldß fjhs'

6' wj,ïNk moaO;sh (Suspension System)

mdf¾ we;s úIu .;s fya;=fjka we;sjk .eiaiSï j,ska u.Ska" nvqndysrdÈh fukau
jdykh wdrlaId lr .ekSug WmldÍ fjhs'

7' úÿ,s moaO;sh (Electrical System)

8' iels,a, (Frame)

by; i`oyka l< moaO;Ska wfkHdakH f,i iïnkaO ù nf`oa iy peisfha tl,ia ùu
iels,a, f,i y`ÿkajhs'

9' peish (Chassis)

tkaðu jeks n/;s wjhj iy frdao hk ish,a, oDvj iïnkaO jkqfha yd ordf.k
isákqfha peish u.sk's fndfyda úg H-iron j,ska iEÈ we;'

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10' n`o (Body)

jdykfha .uka lrk whf.a iy m%jdykh lrkq ,nk NdKavj, wdrlaIdjg ilid
we;s wdjrKh' fuh foaY.=Ksl ;;a;ajhka fukau úisùu" p,kh ùï wdÈfhkao
wdrlaId ùug wjYH fõ' fndfyda úg fuh idod we;af;a jdfka fyda ,E,s j,sk's
fodrj,a j, ùÿreo fuu moaO;shg wh;a fõ' fuh jdykfha WmßjHqyhhs' (Super
Structure)

1& jdykhg wjYH Yla;sh ksmojk m%Njh jkafka tkaðuhs' bkaOk j, we;s
ridhksl Yla;sh tkaðfï oyk l=àr ;=<§ oykhg ,la lrhs' tys§ we;s jk wêl
mSvkh fya;=fjka is,skavr ;=< we;s msiagka my<g .uka lr o`.r l`o (Crank
Shaft) lerlùug ,la lrhs' tkï N%uK p,s;hla we;s lrhs'

wkqjegqï p,s;h - (Reciprocating Motion)

msiagkh

ine`ÿï oKav
(Connecting rod)
o`.r l`o N%uK p,s;h (Rotary Motion)

2& fudag¾ r:hl tkaðu" bÈßmi (Front Engine)" ueo (Mid Engine) fyda miqmi (Rear
Engine) miqmi ia:dk.; lr we;' tkaðfuka ksmojk cjh ksid lrlefjk o`.r
lf`oys N%uK p,s;h frdao lrd f.k hkafka iïfm%aIK moaO;sh u.sks' cjh
bÈßmi frdao lrd f.k hkúg bÈß t<jqï (Front wheel drive) f,i o" msgqmi
frdao lrd f.khk úg miq t<jqï f,i o" (Rear wheel drive)" ish¨ frdao lrd
f.khk úg All wheel drive - 4 wheel f,i o ye`Èkafõ'

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tkaðu
uq,a wjêfha ysret<sh" jdIam" úoHq;h" øj bkaOk" iïmSvk jd;h hkdÈ Yla;Ska
fhdodf.k tla tla wdldrfha tkaðka ms<sn`oj m¾fhaIK lrk ,§' kuq;a ñka jvd;au
id¾:l jQfha wkqjegqï M,s;h iys; isjqmyr pl%fha wNHka;r oyk tkaðuhs'

fuh 1876 c¾uksfha úiq ´.iaÜ Tfgda (August Otto) kue;a;d úiska ksmojk ,§'
tys§ fmg%,a Ndú;d lr ±ùug m%:u" fmg%,a - jd;h iu`. ñY% lr iïmsKavkhg ,lalrk
,§' tu iïmSä; jdhqj l=vd l=àrhla ;=< ±ùug ,la lrk ,§' fuys§ isõmyr jkqfha"
pQIK myr (Suction/Instake Stroke), iïmSvk myr (Compression stroke), n, myr (Power
Stroke), yd msgdr myr (Exhaust Stroke) h'

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iriúfh Nevil Senevirathne BSc.Eng (UOP)
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;ks is,skavrhla ;=< msiagkhl l%shdldß;ajh i,ld n,uq'

Vc TDC

Vt Vs Stoke

BDC
00
TDC

2700 900

1800 BDC

Vt = Vs + Vc
iïmQ¾K msiouk iyk
mßudj mßudj mßudj

iïmSvk wkqmd;h = iïmSvkhg fmr jdhq mßudj

iïmSvkhg miq jdhq mßudj

𝑉𝑡
iïmSvk wkqmd;h = 𝑉𝑐

𝑉𝑠+𝑉𝑐
=
𝑉𝑐

𝑉𝑠
=1+
𝑉𝑐

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iriúfh Nevil Senevirathne BSc.Eng (UOP)
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1 bore diameter
TDC
2
3
4
5
6
BDC 7

iïmSvkhg fmr = fldgia 7

iïmSvkhg miq = fldgia 1

7
iïmSvk wkqmd;h = 7 g tlls'
1
(Compression Ratio)

kùk fmg%,a tkaðka j, iïmSvk wkqmd;h 7 ( 1 isg 10 ( 1 muK olajd o" ãi,a tkaðka
j, 12 ( 1 isg 22 ( 1 olajd muKo fjkia fõ'
tkaðul iïmSvk wkqmd;h jeä lsÍfuka n, myf¾§ ,nd.; yels n,h o jeäfõ'

wkqjegqï p,s;h iys; msig

a ka tkaðu l%shdldß pl%h wkqj j¾. folls'
1' isõmyr tkaðu (Four Stroke Engine)
2' fomyr tkaðu (Two Stroke Engine)
tfukau oyk l=àrh ;=<§ bkaOk oykh we;sjk wdldrh wkqjo fldgia folls'
01' mq<s`.= Êj,k (Spark Ignition) - fmg%,a i`oyd
02' iïmSvk Êj,k (Compression Ignition) - ãi,a i`oyd

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iriúfh Nevil Senevirathne BSc.Eng (UOP)
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isõ myr mq<s`.= Êj,k$ isõmyr fmg%,a tkaðu

pQIK myr (Intake / Suction Stroke)

a kh tys Wmßu Wi (TDC) ia:dkfhao o`.r lf`oa msysàu 00 f,io

fuu wjia:dfõ§ msig
is,skv
a rh ;=< mSvkh jdhqf.da, mSvkhg iudk hehso .ksuq'
o`.r l`o oCIsKdj¾;j lrleùug mgka .kS'

oyk l=àr
mßudj
TDC TDC
TDC

BDC BDC
BDC

 

00 msysàu 900 msysàu 1800 msysàu

lmdg folg jeiS we;' pQIK lmdgh újD;hs' lmdg folg jeiS we;'

00 msysàfï§ is,skv
a rh ;=< jdhqf.da, mSvkhg iudk mSvkhlau mj;S'
o`.r l`o ol=Kg lrleùfï§ msig
a kh flfuka my<g .uka lrk w;r" msig
a ka ysig
1
by<ska we;s l=àr mßudj jeä fõ' ^fndhs,af.a kshuhg wkqj 𝑃 ∝ 𝑣 & mßudj jeäjk
l=àrh ;=< mSvkh wvq fõ' tkï w¾O ßla;hla iEfoa' fï jk úg pQIK lmdgh uola weÍ
mj;sk w;r" lmdgh ;=<ska l=àrh ;=<g jd; fmg%,a ñY%Kh we§ ths'

TDC yd BDC w;r f¾Çh ÿr m%udKh myrla(Stroke) f,i ye`Èkafõ' tys È. L kï o`.r
lf`oa jg ld,l (900 ) msysàfï§ msig
a kh L/2 ÿrla my<g .uka lr we;' pQIK lmdgh
iïmQ¾Kfhkau weÍ mj;s'
o`.r l`o ;jÿrg;a olaIsKdj¾;j lrlefjk w;r" msiagkh tys my<u iSudj lrd
(BDC) olajd .uka lrhs' ±ka l%ufhka pQIK lmdgh by<g .uka lrñka jeiSug mgka
.kS' o`.r lf`oa jg Nd.hl§ (1800 ) msig
a kh BDC iSudfõ mj;sk w;r lmdg folu
jeiS mj;S'

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iriúfh Nevil Senevirathne BSc.Eng (UOP)
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iïmSvk myr (Compression Stroke)

mq<`s .= fmakj
q jE,aj

TDC TDC

BDC
BDC

 

1800 2700 3600

o`.r l`o olaIsKdj¾;j lrlefjk neúka msig
a kh by<g .uka lsÍu wdrïN lrhs'
is,skv
a r pQIK lmdgho jeiS hk neúka fmg%,a jd; ñY%Kh iïmSvkhg ,la fõ'
msig
a kh Wmßu Wig (TDC) meñKs úg (3600 ) ñY%Kh oyk l=àrh ;=<g f;rfma'
idudkH tkaðul iïmSvk myr wjidkfha § fuu ñY%Kfha mSvkh j¾. fikaáógrhg
100N la muK o" WIaK;ajh 3500 𝐶 la muKo fõ' iïmSvk myr wjidkhg fudfyd;lg
fmr is,skv
a rh ;=< iúlr we;s mq<s`.= fmakj
q (Spark Plug) u.ska úoHq;a mq<s`.=jla ksl=;a
lrk w;r by< WIaK;ajhl we;s ñY%Kfha b;d myiqfjka ojd,hs' túg is,skv
a rh ;=<
wêl WIaK;ajhl we;s ñY%Kfha b;d myiqfjka ojd,hs' túg is,skv
a rh ;=< wêl
WIaK;ajhla fukau wêl mSvkhlao we;s fõ' o`.r l`o iïmQ¾K jghla lrleù we;'

n, myr (Power Strok)

TDC TDC

BDC BDC

 
0
360 4500 5400
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iriúfh Nevil Senevirathne BSc.Eng (UOP)
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n, myf¾§ msig
a kh wêl fõ.fhka my<g .uka lrhs' oykh ksid msig
a ka ysi u; j¾.
fikaáógrh 350 N la muK mSvkhla we;sfõ'
Wod ( 7.5cm l úIalïNh we;s msiagka ysila u; we;sjk mSvkh fidhkak' fuu myf¾§
lmdg folg jeiS mj;s' msig
a kh my<u iSudjg .uka lrhs' (BDC).

msgdr myr (Exhaust Stroke)

n, myf¾§ msig
a kh my<u iSudjg taug fudfyd;lg fyda msgdr lmdgh újD; ùug
mgka .kS'

TDC TDC

BDC

 

5400 6300 7200

msig
a kh by<g .uka lrhs' pQIK lmdgh jeiS we;s w;r" msgdr lmdgh újD; fjhs'
±jqKq ñY%Kh msgdr ljq¿fjka bj;a fjhs' msiagkh uqÿka iSudjg meñKS úg msgdr jE,ajh
jeiS pQIK jE,ajh újD; ùug mgka .kS' fï jkúg o`.r l`o jg 2 la iïmQ¾K lr we;'
o`.r l`o ;jÿrg;a ol=Kg lrlefõ' msig
a kh my<g .uka lsÍu wdrïN lrk úg
kej;;a w¨;a pqIK myrla wdrïN ù ;j;a pl%hlg tkaðu uq, mqrhs'

nyq is,k
s avr tkaðï (Multi Cylinder Engines)

isjq myr ;ks is,skavrfha tkaðul n, myrla we;s jkqfha myrj,a y;rlg jrls'
b;sß myrj,a ;=k mj;ajdf.k hdu i`oyd tkï" msgdr myf¾§ ±jqkq jdhqj msglr yeÍu
i`oyd;a" pQIK myf¾§ ñY%Kh weo .ekSu i`oyd;a" iïmSvk myf¾§ ñY%Kh iïmSvkh
lsÍu i`oyd;a" msiagkhg n,h imhd Èh hq;=fõ'

cj frdaoh" n, myf¾§ Yla;sh Wrdf.k tu Yla;sh wfkla myrj,a j,g ,nd foñka tu
myrj,a mj;ajd f.k hEug Wmldr lrhs' tfy;a n, myf¾§ tkaðfï fõ.h jeäùula
wfkla myrj,§ l%u l%ufhka tkaðfï fõ.h wvqùu;a j<lajd .; fkdyels fõ' fï ksid

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tkaðu taldldr fõ.hlska mj;ajd .ekSu wmyiq fõ' tfukau o`.r lf`oa jg Nd.hl§
,nd.kakd Yla;sh b;sß jg tlyudrla mj;ajdf.k hdu i`oyd /ialr ;nd.ekSug
wjYH ksid Ndú;d lsßug isÿjk mjfrdaoho úYd, tlla fõ'

fudag¾ jdyk tkaðul fõ.h taldldrj mj;af.k hdu jeo.;a h' tfia fkdjqkfyd;a
jdykfha .eiaiï
S we;sùu fkdje,elaúh yels fohla fõ' tfyhska fudag¾ jdykj, ;ks
úYd, is,skavrhla iys; tkaðï fjkqjg l=vd is,skv
a r jeä ixLHdjlska y;f¾" yfha wfÜ
fyda fod,fya tajd fõ' fuys§ tkaðfuys ish¨u msig
a khka tl o`.r l`olg iïnkaO lr
we;' fï ksid o`.r l`o jg folla lerflk úg tu is,kavr ish,af,ysu isjq myr
iïmQ¾K fõ' tfyhska is,skv
a r y;rlska hq;= tkaðul kï o`.r l`o jg folla lerflk
úg n, myrj,a y;rla we;sfõ' fuu n, myrj,a iudk wka;rhka ys we;sùug
ie,eiajj
q fyd;a o`.r lf`oys iEu jg Nd.hlgu n, myrla we;sfõ' fï ksid tkaðfï
fõ.h taldldrj mj;ajdf.k hdug yelsjk w;r wjYHjk cj frdaofha úYd,;ajh o
wvqlr .ekSug yelsfõ'

tkaðfï is,skavr ixLHdj ;j;a jeälsÍfuka n, myrj,a w;r wka;rh ;jÿrg;a wvqlr
.ekSug yelsfõ' fuhska tkaðu jvd iqugj l%shdlrùug ie,eiaùug yelshdj ,efí'

nyq is,skavr tkaðïj, we;s ;j;a jdishla jkafka" o`.r l`og tlajru úYd, n,hla fkd
fh§ tu n,h wjia:d lSmhlg fn§ ,eîuhs' iudk n,h ksmojk ;ks is,skavrfha
tkaðula yd is,skv
a r yfha tkaðula .;aúg" ;ks is,skavr tkaðfuys n, myf¾§ o`.r
l`og tlajr ,efnk n,h is,skavr yfha tkaðfuka ,efnkafka wjia:d yhl§h' fï ksid
is,skv
a r yfha tkaðfuka tlajr ,efnkqfha ;ks is,skv
a r tkaðfuka ,efnk n,fhka yfhka
tlls' fï fya;=fjka o`.r l`o;a" tys iúù we;s fnhdßkq;a jvd fyd`Èka Tfrd;a;= foa'

nyq is,skv
a r tkaðïj, we;s ;j;a úfYaI;ajhla kï" tajd l%shdlsßfï§ we;sjk Yíoh ;ks
is,skv
a r tkaðïj, Yíohg jvd wvqùuhs'

isõ myr tkaðul m%Odk ixrpl

tkaðul m%Odk fldgia 3 ls'

1' tkaðï ysi (Winder Head/ Engine Head)
2' tkaðï n`o (Engine Block)
3' f;,a fok (Oil Pan/ Sump)

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iriúfh Nevil Senevirathne BSc.Eng (UOP)
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tkaðu wNHka;rh

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iriúfh Nevil Senevirathne BSc.Eng (UOP)
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tkaðï n`o (Engine Block/ Cylinder Block)

tkaðfï m%Odku wdOdrlh jkafka tkaðka n`ohs' th idokq ,nkafka ÖkÉpÜá" we¨ókshï
ñY% f,day j,ska tla fldgila f,i jd;a;= lsÍfuks' tmuKla fkdj ksl,a fyda fl%dañhï
ñY% hlvo tkaðka n`oj,a iE§ug fhdod .kS'
msig
a k j, p,s;hg iqÿiq f,i iqugj ks¾udKh lrk ,o is,skv
a r msysgkafka tkaðka n`o
;=,h' is,skavr ;=< isÿjk bkaOk oykfha§ wêl ;dmhla msgfõ' túg tkaðï n`o wêlj
r;afõ' tu wêl WIaK;ajh md,kh lr tkaðka n`o wdrlaId lsÍug c,h fyda isis,k
øjHhka .,d hdu i`oyd c, ud¾.o tkaðka nf`oau msysgd we;' ;jo p,s; jk Wmdx.
iafkaykh lsÍug wjYH ,sysis f;,a (Lubricating Oil) .uka lsÍug wjYH ud¾.o fuu
nf`oau we;s w;r" tajd lsiú
s fgl;a c, ud¾. iu`. iïnkaO fkdfõ'

tkaðï nf`oa by<g tkaðka ysio" my<g f;,a fok (Sump) o iïnkaO fõ' ;jo tkaðka
nf`oa my< fldgfia we;s o`.r l`o l=àrh (Crank Case) ;=< m%Odk fnhdßïs j, wdOdrfhka
o`.r l`o /`§ mj;s' fndfyda úg leñ oKav msysgd we;af;a o tkaðï nf`oys o`.r l`o
l=àrfha msysá isÿre j,g fhdod we;s fnhdßï wdOdrfhks'

óg wu;rj c, fmdïmh" la,É ksfjiakdj" äiaá%ìhqgrh" uqyq¾;k .shr ljrh" bkaOk

fmdïmh" pQIK yd msgdr k< yuq hkdÈ fldgia txðx n`og iú fõ'

tkaðï ysi (Engine Head)

is,skv
a r ysi idokq ,nkafka tla fldgila f,i jd;a;= lsÍfuks' fï i`oyd jd;a;= hlv
^ÖkÉpÜá&" fl%dañhï jeks f,day ñY% jd;a;= hlv fyda ñY% we¨ókshï jeks f,day Ndú;d
lrkq ,efí' we¨ókshï f,dayh Ndú;d lsßfï jdish jkafka ieye,a¨ nj iy fyd`Èka
;dmh ikakhkh lsÍuhs' fï ksid wfkla f,dayhkaf.ka iEÿ tkaðï ysilg jvd wvq
WIaK;ajhl fuu ysi l%shdlrhs'

wêl ;dmhla uqla; jk tkaðï i`oyd Wod ( f*dañhq,d (Formula) jeks tkaðï i`oyd ;U
ñY% f,day j,ska tkaðï ysij,a idokq ,efí' ;U j, wêl ;dm ikakdhl;dj fya;=fjka

13
iriúfh Nevil Senevirathne BSc.Eng (UOP)
a
 THINK TWICE DO ONCE

fïjd blauKsku
a isis,a fõ' kuq;a idudkH tkaðï i`oyd iqÿiq ke; ukao isis,a ùu ksid
bkaOk mßfNdackh by< hd yel'
fndfyda úg tkaðï nf`oa ydrd we;s is,skavr isÿf¾ wjidkh iksgqyka jkafka tkaðka
ysfiah' msig
a kh uqÿfka we;s jd; - fmg%,a ñY%Kh iïmSvkh ùu i`oyd uqød jkafka
tkaðï ysi u.sks' tkï oyk l=àrh msysgd we;af;a tkaðï ysi ;=<h' tajd fkdfhla yev
j,ska ilid we;' iuyr tkaðka ysia j, n`og iú jk me;a; me;,s yevhla .ks'

kùk jdyk j, pQIK yd msgdr jE,ajhka msysgd we;af;a tkaðï ysfiysh' tfukau kùk
ld¾ r: fndfyduhl jE,aj l%shdlrjk leñ oKavo (Cam Shaft) tkaðï ysfiysu msysgd
we;' iuyr tkaðï j, leñ oKav is,skv
a r ysig iú lsÍu fnhdßï mshka (Bearing Caps)
wdOdr lrf.k isÿlrk w;r" wfkla tajdfha fnhdßï fndar (Bearing Bores)
iïmQ¾Kfhkau is,skv
a r ysfiysu msysgd we;'

is,skv
a rh ysi yd n`o tlg iú ùfï§ ta w;r uQÜgqj oyk l=àrfha we;sjk wêl
mSvkhg;a" WIaK;ajhg;a Tfrd;a;= fok f,i fyd`Èka uqød úh hq;=h' fï i`oyd ysfiys iy
nf`oys mDIag b;d iqug uÜgulg ksudù ;sìh hq;=h' tfy;a wêl mSvkhla hgf;a we;s
jdhqj fyda c,h ldkaÿùu je<elaùug ;rï fyd`Èka tu mDIag ksuyï lsÍu m%dfhda.slj
l< fkdyelsh' tneúka mDIagj, we;s iq¿ r¿ .;sh u.yrjd .ekSu i`oyd tkaðï ysi yd
n`o tlg iú lsÍfï§ mDIag fol w;rg .Eialghla fhdokq ,efí' is,skv
a r ysi .Eialg
fh§fï§ tajd kshñ; j¾.fhau úhhq;=h' kshñ; m%udKhg jvd .Klu fjkia .Eialg
fh§fuka iïmSvk wkqmd;h fjkia fõ' túg tkaðfï ld¾hlaIu;djh wvqfõ'

ysi n`og iújkafka fofl<jru fmdg iys; È.= weK (Studs) u.sks' tkaðï ysila tkaðï
nf`oka .e,ùfï§ yd kej; iúlsßfï§ úfYaIfhka ms<smeÈh hq;= lreKq lsysmhla we;'
tkï tkaðï ysi yd n`o iïnkaOjk weK ^Head bolts) nqre,a lsÍfï§ ish¨u weK w¾O
jYfhka nqre,a lr fojkqj iïmQ¾Kfhkau nqre,a l, hq;=h' fuys§ m<uqj fomi mssysá
weK j,ska wrUd ueog meñKsh hq;=hs'

tkaðï ysila kej;" iú lsÍug m%:ufhka iú jk u;=msgj,a fyd`Èka mÍlaId l< hq;=h'
b;d fyd`Èka msßisÿ l< hq;=h'

is,skv
a r ysfiys weK ;o lsÍu kshñ; m%udKhlg;a kshñ; ms<sfj,lg;a l< hq;= fõ'
weK ;o l,hq;= jHdj¾;h (Torque) ksIamdolhka úiska kshu lrkq ,nhs' kshñ;
m%udKhg weK ;o lsÍu i`oyd zfgdala frkaÉZ (Torque Wrench) keue;s úfYaI
WmlrKhla Ndú;d flf¾' fuu WmlrKfha we;s úfYaI;ajh kï weKh ;ofjk
jHdj¾;h tys we;s o¾Ylhla u.ska fmkakï
q lsÍuhs' weK kshñ; m%udKhg jvd wvqfjka

14
iriúfh Nevil Senevirathne BSc.Eng (UOP)
a
 THINK TWICE DO ONCE

;o jqjfyd;a jdhqj ldkaÿùu;a" jeäfhka ;o jqjfyd;a weK leã hdu;a isÿúh yelsh'
weK ;o lsÍu ueÈka mgka.; hq;=h' bkamiq l%udkql+,j fomig hd hq;=h' tfia fkdue;s
jqjfyd;a weK ;o lsÍfï§ is,skv
a r ysi yels,Sug bv ;sfí'

f;,a fok (Sump)

iafkayk moaO;sfha l%shdldß;ajhg wjYH ,sysis f;,a .nvd lr ;efnkafka fuysh' fï
u.ska o`.r l`ogo wdrlaIdj ,efí' f;,afok iú ù we;af;a tkaðfï my< fldgig neúka
ud¾.fha mej;sh yels .,a uq,a wdÈfha .eàfï iïNdú;djla o we;' thska wdrlaId ùu
i`oyd f;,a fok iE§ug uDÿ jdfka fhdod .kS' túg hï .eàul§ tîula ñi bß;e,Sula
(Cracks) we;s fkdfõ' fïjd fy,d ;e,Sfï l%uhg (Drop forging) ksmojhs'
f;,a fok idod we;s úfYaI yevh ksid >kSNjkh jQ c,h" f;,a uKaä wdÈh kej;
ixirKhg tla fkdfõ'

fuu txðfï m%Odk fldgia ;=kg iïnkaê; fldgia fndfyda .Kkdjla we;' ta w;ßka
my; i`oyka fldgia ms<sn`o i,ld n,uq'

msiagkh (Piston)

fuh m;=, iys; ysiaáka tll yevh ^is,skavrdldr& .kS' msig

a kh we;af;a is,skv
a rh
;=<hs' th o`.r l`og iïnkaO jkafka ine`ÿï oKav (Connecting rod) u.sks' ine`ÿï oKav
yd msig
a kh iïnkaO jkafka msiagka weKfhks' jd;a;= lsßfuka msig
a ka idokq ,nk w;r"
tys m%Odk wx. jkafka"
1' msig
a ka weKh i`oyd jk isÿr
2' msig
a ka j<¨ (rings) iú lsÍug we;s we,s (Ring groves)
3' f;,a nei hdug ydrd we;s isÿre
4' msig
a ka ysi

15
iriúfh Nevil Senevirathne BSc.Eng (UOP)
a
 THINK TWICE DO ONCE

msig
a kfhka isÿjk ld¾hhka w;r m%Odku ld¾Hh jkafka bkaOk oykfhka is,skavrh ;=<
ksmofjk cjh ine`ÿï oKavg iïfm%aIKh lsÍuhs' bkaOk j, we;s ridhksl Yla;sh
pd,l Yla;shg mßj¾;kh flfrk fldgia odufha m<uq mqrel jkafka msig
a khhs'

is,skv
a rh ;=< bkaOk oykh jkafka msiagka ysi u;§h' tneúka msig
a ka ysi wêl
;dmhlg Tfrd;a;= Èh hq;=h' uq,a ld,fha § msig
a k iE§u i`oyd ÖkÉpÜá fhdod .;a;o
j¾;udkfha we¨ókshï ñY% f,day jd;a;= lsÍfuka idokq ,efí' fuys jdis iy wjdis folu
we;'

msiagka ysi
msig
a ka ysi n, iïfm%aIKfha§ b;du jeo.;a fufyhla bgqlrkq ,nk wx.hls' th tla
tla ksIamdolhka úiska Wmßu ld¾hlaIu;dj ,nd.; yels jkfia m¾fhaIK (Trial and
error) isÿlr ks¾udKh lrk ,oaols'
msig
a k ysi ks;ru .sk±
s ,a yd WKqiï
q jdhqj iu`. .eà mj;sk ksid msig
a k ysi yd
msig
a k n`o taldldr WIaK;ajhl fkdmj;s' túg msig
a kfha by< fldgi jeä
m%idrKhlg;a my< fldgi wvq m%idrKhlg;a ,la fõ' fuf,i isÿjk m%idrKh md,kh
lsÍu i`oyd ksIamdolhka úiska .kq ,nk Wml%u .Kkdjls'

1' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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16
iriúfh Nevil Senevirathne BSc.Eng (UOP)
a
 THINK TWICE DO ONCE

4' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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5' '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
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msiagk j<¨
msig
a k j<¨ j¾. folls'
1' iïmSvk j<¨ 2' f;,a md,k j<¨

msig
a ka j<¨ wjYH jkafka wehs @
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17
iriúfh Nevil Senevirathne BSc.Eng (UOP)
a
 THINK TWICE DO ONCE

iïmSvk j<¨ jdhq ldkaÿj je<elaùug uqødjla f,i l%shdlrhs'

is,skv
a r ì;a;sfha we;s jeä ,sysis f;,a by<g f.dia ±ù hdug bv fkd§ iQrd f;,a fok
fj; jeàug i,iajhs'
óg wu;rj msig
a kfha wêl ;dmh is,skv
a r n`og ikakhkh lsÍu isÿ lrhs'

iïmSvk j<¨ ksuyï lsÍu i`oyd fhdod .kakd wdf,am fudkjdo@

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tfia wdf,am lrkafka wehs@

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f;,a j<¨ fh§fï jdis fudkjdo@

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18
iriúfh Nevil Senevirathne BSc.Eng (UOP)
a
 THINK TWICE DO ONCE

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f;,a j<,af,ka isÿjk ld¾Hh jvd;a fyd`Èka lsÍu bgq lsÍug fhdod we;s Wml%u ljf¾o@
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msig
a ka j<¨ fodaI j<lajd .kafka flfiao@
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msig
a ka n`o f.ùfï hdfï fodaIh (Piston scuffing) hkq l=ulao@
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tfia ùug fya;= fudkjdo@

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19
iriúfh Nevil Senevirathne BSc.Eng (UOP)
a