Basel Committee

on Banking Supervision

Regulatory Consistency
Assessment Programme
(RCAP)
Assessment of Basel
large exposures
regulations – Australia
July 2019
This publication is available on the BIS website (www.bis.org).

© Bank for International Settlements 2019. All rights reserved. Brief excerpts may be reproduced or
translated provided the source is stated.

ISBN 978-92-9259-283-7 (online)

Contents

Glossary ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

Preface ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

Executive summary ........................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Response from APRA ....................................................................................................................................................................... 4

1 Assessment context ................................................................................................................................................................. 5

1.1 Status of implementation of the large exposures framework ...................................................................... 5
1.2 Regulatory system .......................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.3 Structure of the banking sector ................................................................................................................................ 5
1.4 Scope of the assessment ............................................................................................................................................. 6

2 Assessment findings ............................................................................................................................................................... 6

2.1 Assessment grades and summary of findings ..................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Detailed assessment findings..................................................................................................................................... 8
2.3 Observations on the implementation of the large exposures framework in Australia ....................... 9

Annexes ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 12

Annex 1: RCAP Assessment Team and Review Team ....................................................................................................... 12

Annex 2: List of Basel standards and implementing regulations issued by APRA ................................................ 13

Annex 3: Materiality assessment ............................................................................................................................................... 14

Annex 4: Areas for further guidance from the Basel Committee ................................................................................. 15
Assets underlying structured vehicles with different levels of seniority .......................................................... 15
Settlement risk ........................................................................................................................................................................ 15

Annex 5: Areas where APRA’s rules are stricter than the Basel standards ............................................................... 16

Regulatory Consistency Assessment Programme – Australia iii

Glossary

ADI Authorised Deposit-Taking Institution

APS ADI Prudential Standard
APRA Australian Prudential Regulation Authority
BCBS Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
BIS Bank for International Settlements
C Compliant (grade)
CCF Credit Conversion Factor
CEM Current Exposure Method
CFR Council of Financial Regulators
D-SIB Domestic systemically important bank
FAQs Frequently Asked Questions
GRE Government-Related Entity
G-SIB Global systemically important bank
HQLA High-quality liquid asset
IRB Internal ratings-based approach
LC Largely compliant (grade)
LEX Large exposures
MNC Materially non-compliant (grade)
NC Non-compliant (grade)
NOHC Non-Operating Holding Company
RCAP Regulatory Consistency Assessment Programme
RMBS Residential mortgage-backed security
SA-CCR Standardised Approach for Measuring Counterparty Credit Risk Exposures
SIG Supervision and Implementation Group

Regulatory Consistency Assessment Programme – Australia 1

Preface

The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) places a high priority on the implementation of
regulatory standards underpinning the Basel III framework. The prudential benefits from adopting Basel
standards can only fully accrue if these are implemented fully, consistently and in a timely manner by all
member jurisdictions. The Committee established the Regulatory Consistency Assessment Programme
(RCAP) to monitor, assess and evaluate its members’ implementation of the Basel framework.
This report presents the findings of an RCAP Assessment Team on the domestic adoption of the
Basel large exposures (LEX) framework in Australia. The assessment focused on the completeness and
consistency of the domestic regulations in force on 31 March 2019, as applied to all authorised deposit-
taking institutions (ADIs), with the Basel large exposures framework. Issues related to prudential outcomes,
the resilience of the banking system or supervisory effectiveness of the Australian authorities were not in
the scope of this assessment. The assessment relied on regulations and other information and explanations
provided by APRA and ultimately reflects the view of the Basel Committee.
The RCAP Assessment Team was led by Arthur Yuen, Deputy Chief Executive, Hong Kong
Monetary Authority. The team comprised four technical experts from Georgia, Japan, the Philippines, and
the United States (see Annex 1). The main counterpart for the assessment was the Australian Prudential
Regulation Authority (APRA). The work was coordinated by the Basel Committee Secretariat with support
from staff from the Team Leader’s organisation.
The assessment began in October 2018 and comprised three phases: (i) self-assessment by the
assessed jurisdiction’s authorities; (ii) an assessment phase (November 2018 to March 2019), including an
on-site assessment involving discussions with APRA and other stakeholders; and (iii) a review phase (April
2019 to May 2019), including a technical review of the Assessment Team’s findings by a separate RCAP
Review Team, the Committee’s Supervision and Implementation Group, the RCAP Peer Review Board and
the Basel Committee. More information on the RCAP assessment process is available on the Committee’s
website. 1
The RCAP Assessment Team acknowledges the cooperation received from APRA counterparts
throughout the assessment process. In particular, the team thanks the staff at APRA for playing an
instrumental role in coordinating the assessment exercise.

1
See www.bis.org/bcbs/implementation.htm.

2 Regulatory Consistency Assessment Programme – Australia

Executive summary

The Australian framework for LEX requirements was issued in December 2017 through the publication of
the revised Prudential Standard APS 221 and the Reporting Standard ARS 221. The requirements came
into effect in January 2019, consistently with the internationally agreed timeline except for some elements.
APRA’s LEX standard is applicable to all locally incorporated banks on a consolidated basis.
As of 31 March 2019, the LEX regulation in Australia is overall assessed as compliant with the
Basel LEX standard. This is the highest possible grade. Each individual component is also assessed as
compliant. The Assessment Team noted some non-material deviations such as the treatment regarding
entities connected with sovereigns.
The Basel framework allows entities not to constitute a group of connected counterparties where
the entities are controlled by or economically dependent on an entity that falls within the scope of the
sovereign exemption and “are otherwise not connected”. APRA’s rule does not require government-related
entities (GREs) to be aggregated even if the GREs are connected with each other since the phrase “and are
otherwise not connected” is missing. The Assessment Team considers this finding non-material, as APRA
confirmed that this more lenient treatment only applies to Australian GREs to which the covered
internationally active banks’ current exposures would not exceed 10% of Tier 1 capital even when assuming
that all GREs are connected. Furthermore, these exposures have been in a stable to declining trajectory
over the last three years.
The Assessment Team identified two points where further guidance from the Basel Committee is
sought (Annex 4).
APRA’s LEX regulation is super-equivalent to the Basel LEX standard in several areas: application
to all domestic banks in addition to the internationally active banks, inclusion of the exposures to the
foreign governments, 100% CCF for the off-balance commitments, additional limits for D-SIB’s exposure
to other D-SIBs, and 100% exposure for all covered bonds. The stricter rules have not been taken into
account as mitigants for the overall or component-level assessment of compliance.

Regulatory Consistency Assessment Programme – Australia 3

Response from APRA

APRA acknowledges the efforts taken by the RCAP Assessment Team to understand and evaluate
Australia’s large exposure requirements. We appreciate the level of engagement made by the Assessment
Team when comparing our requirements against the Basel large exposures framework and we thank the
RCAP Assessment Team for the rigour in their assessment process.
We welcome the overall rating of “compliant”. In developing large exposure requirements, APRA
tailored the Basel large exposures framework to Australian conditions where necessary, and incorporated
feedback from industry consultation; we acknowledge the RCAP Assessment Team’s reflection of these
features in its assessment.
APRA will continue to ensure the effective operation of large exposure requirements in Australia
through its supervisory processes.

4 Regulatory Consistency Assessment Programme – Australia

1 Assessment context

1.1 Status of implementation of the large exposures framework

To implement the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s (BCBS) Standards (Supervisory framework
for measuring and controlling large exposures, released in April 2014), the Australian Prudential Regulation
Authority (APRA) finalised, after an initial consultation phase, Prudential Standard APS 221 and Reporting
Standard ARS 221 in December 2017. Both standards were officially approved in August 2018. Most of the
requirements have been in force since January 2019; however, some elements will be implemented in July
2019 due to a slightly delayed implementation of the SA-CCR framework. Furthermore, there is a transition
period for applying the BCBS requirements to connected counterparties as well as the look-through
approach and additional risk factor considerations for structures from January 2020 onward. APS 221
applies to all ADIs in Australia, including small and medium-sized ADIs that are not internationally active.

1.2 Regulatory system

Australia has a functional model of financial supervision in which the prudential oversight of all ADIs,
insurers and large superannuation funds rests with APRA. The Australian Securities and Investments
Commission (ASIC) is responsible for market and corporate conduct, including consumer protection. The
Reserve Bank of Australia has responsibility for overseeing financial system stability and the payments
system. Coordination takes place through the Council of Financial Regulators (CFR).
APRA was established under the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority Act 1998 on 1 July
1998 and is responsible for authorising and supervising ADIs. APRA is solely responsible for implementing
Basel III in Australia. It derives its legal authority to formulate and amend Prudential Standards from the
Banking Act (1959) (Banking Act). APRA’s core mission is “to establish and enforce prudential standards
and practices designed to ensure that, under all reasonable circumstances, financial promises made by the
institutions APRA supervises are met within a stable, efficient and competitive financial system”. APRA has
statutory powers to regulate and intervene in the operations of ADIs, including the power to revoke a
supervised entity’s authorisation if it fails to meet statutory requirements or prudential standards; make,
apply and enforce prudential standards; collect information, conduct onsite examinations and require
third-party audits; and act in certain circumstances to protect depositors and to maintain the stability of
the financial system by investigating, giving directions and assuming control of ADIs in difficulty. APRA
can appoint a statutory manager to assume full control of the ADI. APRA has developed a regulatory
framework for ADIs and non-operating holding companies (NOHCs) based on the banking supervision
principles published by the Basel Committee. APRA also acts under the Financial Sector (Collection of Data)
Act 2001 as the national statistical agency for the financial sector. ADIs must provide financial information
data in regular standardised reports to APRA.

1.3 Structure of the banking sector

The Australian banking sector is dominated by four major banks which provide a full range of institutional,
commercial and retail banking services: Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited,
Commonwealth Bank of Australia, National Australia Bank Limited and Westpac Banking Corporation.
There are also several smaller banks, building societies and credit unions operating in particular sectors or
regions.
APRA has determined that the “big four” banks (see above) are domestic systemically important
banks (D-SIBs). None of the Australian incorporated banks meet the criteria for classification as a global
systemically important bank (G-SIB). These four banks as well as Macquarie Bank are considered to be
internationally active. There is no state-owned bank in Australia. In evaluating the materiality of its findings,

Regulatory Consistency Assessment Programme – Australia 5

the RCAP Assessment Team focused on the five largest banks in Australia. Together, these banks account
for about 80% of the banking sector’s total assets. Annex 3 provides further information on the banking
system in Australia.

1.4 Scope of the assessment

The Assessment Team considered the large exposure limits applicable to all ADIs as of 31 March 2019. The
assessment had two dimensions:
• A comparison of domestic regulations with the Basel large exposures framework to ascertain that
all the required provisions have been adopted (completeness of the regulations); and
• Whether there are any differences in substance between the domestic regulations and the Basel
large exposures framework and, if so, their significance (consistency of the regulations).
In its assessment, the RCAP Assessment Team considered all binding documents that effectively
implement the Basel large exposures framework in Australia. Annex 2 lists the Basel standards used as the
basis for the assessment. The assessment did not evaluate the adequacy of liquidity or the resilience of
the banking system in Australia or the supervisory effectiveness of APRA.
As set out in the RCAP methodology, the Assessment Team evaluated the materiality and
potential materiality of identified deviations between the Basel large exposures framework and the local
regulations. The quantification was limited to a sample of banks. In addition, the Assessment Team
reviewed the non-quantifiable aspects of identified deviations and applied expert judgment as to whether
the domestic regulations meet the Basel framework in letter and in spirit. The materiality analysis is
summarised in Annex 3, which also lists the sample of banks.
The Assessment Team noted that in some areas the assessed jurisdiction’s rules go beyond the
minimum Basel standards. Although these elements (listed in Annex 7) provide for a more rigorous
implementation of the Basel framework, they have not been taken into account for the assessment of
compliance.
The outcome of the assessment is summarised using a four-grade scale, both at the level of each
of the three key components of the Basel large exposures framework and the overall assessment of
compliance. The four grades are compliant, largely compliant, materially non-compliant and non-
compliant.

2 Assessment findings

2.1 Assessment grades and summary of findings

Overall, the Assessment Team finds the implementation of the large exposures framework in Australia to
be compliant with the Basel standards. This grade is based on the materiality assessment (summarised in
Annex 3).

6 Regulatory Consistency Assessment Programme – Australia

 Assessment grades Table 1

Component of the Basel LEX framework Grade

Overall grade C
Scope and definitions C
Minimum requirements and transitional arrangements C
Value of exposures C
Assessment scale: C (compliant), LC (largely compliant), MNC (materially non-compliant) and NC (non-compliant).

2.1.1 Scope and definitions

APRA’s regulation on the scope and definition requirements is assessed to be compliant with the Basel
standard. The Assessment Team did not find any differences between APRA’s LEX regulation and the Basel
LEX framework with regard to the scope and definitions.

2.1.2 Minimum requirements and transitional arrangements

APRA’s regulation on the minimum requirements and transitional arrangements is assessed to be
compliant with the Basel standard. The Assessment Team observed the following differences between
APRA’s LEX regulation and the Basel LEX framework with regard to the minimum requirements and
transitional arrangements.
APRA’s rule allows an ADI to exceed the limits if it obtains a prior approval from APRA. Unlike the
BCBS standards, it does not limit itself to stressed circumstances or interbank exposures. However, APRA
confirmed that such cases are treated as exceptional and strictly monitored by APRA.
APRA has set transitional arrangements for groups of connected counterparties, identification of
additional risks, and structured vehicles until 31 December 2019. It has also set transitional arrangements
for counterparty credit risk exposures to be measured using SA-CCR until July 2019.
APRA has no rule for a G-SIB’s exposure to another G-SIB, as there are currently no G-SIBs in
Australia.

2.1.3 Value of exposures

APRA’s regulation on the value of exposure requirements is assessed to be compliant with the Basel large
exposures standards, with the following four areas of non-material deviations:
• exposures to an ADI that is part of an industry liquidity-supporting arrangement are exempted
from the LEX framework;
• aggregation of exposures to government-related entities (GREs) is not required according to
APRA’s rule, even if these entities are connected;
• APRA’s rule limits the look-through requirement relating to exposures to structured vehicles to
only a vehicle which holds non-retail assets; and
• APRA’s rule requires an ADI to add its exposures to a structured vehicle to other exposures to
that third party if there is a “material” risk caused by the default of the third party. “Material risk”
is determined by ADIs in accordance with their risk management process and procedures.
In addition, even though it is expected that every internationally active ADI will use SA-CCR after
July 2019, using SA-CCR is not a mandatory requirement for ADIs using the standardised approach.
However, all internationally active ADIs are using the IRB approach at this moment and APRA has the
power to require standardised ADIs to use SA-CCR.

Regulatory Consistency Assessment Programme – Australia 7

 Finally, APRA does not explicitly forbid regulatory arbitrage in relation to the application of the
look-through arrangement. However, under its principles-based regulatory regime, APRA confirmed that
ADI’s are generally aware that regulatory arbitrage will not be tolerated by the supervisor.

2.2 Detailed assessment findings

2.2.1 Scope and definitions

This component is assessed to be compliant with the Basel framework. No findings were identified.

2.2.2 Minimum requirements and transitional arrangements

This component is assessed to be compliant with the Basel framework. No findings were identified.

2.2.3 Value of exposures

This component is assessed to be compliant with the Basel framework. Four findings were identified.

Section grade Compliant

Basel paragraph number 13: scope of counterparties and exemptions
Reference in the domestic APS 221 paragraph 18(j)
regulation
Finding The Basel framework provides some limited exemptions to the LEX framework.
In addition to the Basel exemptions, APRA exempts exposures to an ADI that is part of
an industry liquidity-supporting arrangement. This arrangement has been certified by
APRA. APRA explained that this provision was introduced to support the liquidity needs
of small credit unions in times of stress and that it has no impact on the internationally
active banks. The list of members of this arrangement is available online. 2
Materiality Not material
Basel paragraph number 62: entities connected with sovereigns
Reference in the domestic APS 221 paragraph 24
regulation
Finding The Basel framework allows entities not to constitute a group of connected
counterparties where the entities are controlled by, or economically dependent on, an
entity that falls within the scope of the sovereign exemption and “are otherwise not
connected”.
APRA’s rule does not require government-related entities (GREs) to be aggregated even
if the GREs are connected with each other since the phrase “and are otherwise not
connected” is missing. Therefore, if companies X and Y are controlled by the
government, and company X is controlled by company Y, for example, APRA’s rule does
not require a bank to consider companies X and Y as one group since they are
controlled by the same government. This allows a bank to disregard the relationship
between companies X and Y while the BCBS rules require a bank to consider company
X and Y as one group since they are connected. APRA explained that, while with respect
to foreign GREs it would require aggregation of exposures of connected entities in
accordance with the BCBS standards, this rule will not be applied in Australia to allow
for domestic bank financing of large GRE infrastructure projects in the future.
The Assessment Team considers this finding non-material since the covered
internationally active banks’ current exposures towards Australian GREs would be below
10% of Tier 1 capital even when assuming that all GREs are connected. Furthermore,
these exposures are stable or in tendency feature a declining trajectory over the last
three years and are unlikely to rise above the limit in the foreseeable future even when

2
See http://cufss.com.au/ and http://cufss.com.au/pdf/CUFSS%20MEMBERS.pdf.

8 Regulatory Consistency Assessment Programme – Australia

 considering the impact of the infrastructure projects. Note that the deviation is non-
material within the current assessment horizon, but this area may warrant consideration
in the future.
Materiality Not material
Basel paragraph number 74: determination of the relevant counterparties to be considered
Reference in the domestic APS 221 Attachment A paragraph 22
regulation
Finding The Basel framework requires a bank to look through structures to identify the
underlying assets and add exposures, subject to a 0.25% threshold.
APRA’s rule limits the look-through requirement to only non-retail assets to reduce the
burden, which has no impact on internationally active ADIs. APRA and the major
Australian banks explained to the Assessment Team that retail exposures within a
structured vehicle would fall below the 0.25% threshold given the size of the capital
bases of internationally active banks, and therefore would not qualify for aggregation
in any event. Therefore, requiring the look-through approach for structures that consist
only of retail exposures is not necessary.
Materiality Not material
Basel paragraph number 81: identification of additional risks
Reference in the domestic
APS 221 Attachment A paragraph 31
regulation
Finding The Basel framework requires a bank to add its exposures to a structured vehicle
associated with a third party to other exposures it has to that third party where default
risk arises for the structured vehicle in the event of that third party’s default.
APRA’s rule requires an ADI to add its exposures to a structured vehicle associated with
a third party deemed to contribute an additional risk factor to other exposures to that
third party, if there is a “material” risk caused by the default of the third party itself or a
default on a direct exposure it has to the ADI. According to APRA’s principles-based
approach, ADIs are required to determine whether additional risks are considered
material enough to aggregate exposures to structured vehicles with exposures to the
associated third party. Based on discussions with APRA, ADI’s practices are monitored
and the exposures concerned are not material.
Materiality Not material

2.3 Observations on the implementation of the large exposures framework in

Australia

The following observations highlight certain special features of the regulatory implementation of the Basel
large exposures framework in Australia. These are presented to provide additional context and
information. Observations are considered compliant with the Basel standards and do not have a bearing
on the assessment outcome.

2.3.1 Minimum requirements and transitional arrangements

Basel paragraph number 66: interbank exposures
Reference in the domestic APS 221 paragraph 36
regulation
Observation The Basel framework allows supervisors to accept a breach of an “interbank limit” “ex
post in stressed circumstances” in order to help ensure stability in the interbank market.
APRA’s rule allows an ADI to exceed the limits if it obtains a prior approval from APRA.
It does not limit this to stressed circumstances or a breach of an interbank limit
specifically. However, based on discussions with APRA such cases will be treated as
exceptional and strictly monitored.

Regulatory Consistency Assessment Programme – Australia 9

 Basel paragraph number 90: rules for G-SIBs
Reference in the domestic Nil
regulation
Observation The Basel framework sets a 15% limit applied to a G-SIB’s exposure to another G-SIB.
APRA has no rules for G-SIBs, as it has no G-SIBs. Should an APRA-regulated ADI be
deemed to be a G-SIB, APRA would act to implement the Basel large exposure limit for
G-SIBs. In the first instance, were there a need to expedite the process, this could be
achieved through paragraph 31 of APS 221. Paragraph 31 allows APRA to set specific
limits on an ADI’s exposures to particular counterparties, groups of connected
counterparties, industry sectors, countries or asset classes, including property holdings
and any other investments, having regard to the ADI’s individual circumstances. To
establish the change on a permanent basis, APRA would then undertake further
consultation.
Basel paragraph number 93: implementation date
Reference in the domestic APS 221 paragraph 20, Attachment B, Attachment C
regulation
Observation The Basel standards note that all aspects of the large exposures framework must be
implemented in full by January 2019.
APRA has provided transitional arrangements for the implementation of rules for
groups of connected counterparties, identification of additional risks, and structured
vehicles until 31 December 2019.
APRA has also provided transitional arrangements for counterparty credit risk
exposures, which is to be measured using the current method prior to the
commencement of APS 180 SA-CCR requirements on 1 July 2019.

2.3.2 Value of exposures

Basel paragraph number 33: banking book and trading book OTC derivatives
Reference in the domestic APS 221 Attachment A paragraph 1(b)
regulation APS 180 paragraphs 10–12
Observation The Basel standard notes that counterparty credit risk must be measured by the
standardised approach for counterparty credit risk (SA-CCR).
APRA’s rule requires only IRB ADIs to use SA-CCR and allows standardised ADIs to use
the modified current exposure method (CEM). However, first, APRA may require a
standardised ADI to use SA-CCR. Second, all internationally active banks are expected
to use SA-CCR from July 2019 onwards, since they are all IRB ADIs at this moment. In
the event that an ADI has its IRB accreditation revoked, APRA confirmed that it would
require the ADI to use SA-CCR.
Basel paragraph number 73/76: determination of the relevant counterparties to be considered
Reference in the domestic APS 221 Attachment A paragraphs 21–27
regulation
Observation The Basel framework requires a bank to look through structures to identify the
underlying assets and assign the total exposure amount of its investment to the
structure if the bank’s exposure amount to each underlying asset of the structure is
below 0.25%.
APRA confirmed that paragraphs 21–27 in Attachment A of APS 221 cover all exposures
arising from structured vehicles – including from those structures that consist only of
retail exposures – under the large exposures reporting and limit requirements.
However, the Assessment Team pointed out to APRA that, if paragraphs 21 and 23–27
apply to all vehicles (as APRA explained), paragraphs 24 and 22 may contradict each
other in the presence of vehicles which consist only of retail assets. In particular,
paragraph 24 requires an ADI to use the look-through approach if an exposure value of
a structured vehicle is greater than or equal to 0.25%, while paragraph 22 exempts the

10 Regulatory Consistency Assessment Programme – Australia

 look-through approach for structures that consist only of retail assets regardless of the
size. If paragraph 24 (the look-through approach) does not apply to vehicles which only
hold retail assets, it follows that paragraph 23 (assigning exposure values to a structure
vehicle) may not apply either.
Based on the above reasoning, there may be a possibility that ADIs interpret the rule as
not requiring them to assign/report exposures values to a structured vehicle itself in the
case that it holds only retail assets.
Basel paragraph number 76: regulatory arbitrage
Reference in the domestic Nil
regulation
Observation The Basel framework requires a bank to be able to demonstrate that regulatory
arbitrage has not influenced the decision whether to look through or not in order to
prevent a bank from circumventing the limit by investing in several individually
immaterial transactions.
APRA LEX regulations do not include the Basel language regarding regulatory arbitrage.
However, APRA confirmed that, under its principles-based regulatory regime, this Basel
paragraph is implicitly covered and enforced in practice (i) by ADIs having to follow the
intention of regulations, and (ii) by APRA’s on-site examinations/verifications. In
particular, APRA explained that explicitly preventing regulatory arbitrage in the large
exposures regulations would be inconsistent with its other regulations, which do not
include this specific language. APRA provided quotations from its regulatory documents
and communications to demonstrate that regulatory arbitrage violates the intention of
its regulations and is not permitted.

Regulatory Consistency Assessment Programme – Australia 11

Annexes

Annex 1: RCAP Assessment Team and Review Team

Assessment Team Leader

Mr Arthur Yuen Hong Kong Monetary Authority

Assessment Team members

Mr Alvin Gamat Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
Mr James Weinberger US Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
Ms Teona Kontridze National Bank of Georgia
Ms Rie Asakura Japan Financial Services Agency

Supporting members
Mr Marcel Bluhm Hong Kong Monetary Authority
Mr Thomas Wong Hong Kong Monetary Authority
Mr Mark Pocock Basel Committee Secretariat
Mr Olivier Prato Basel Committee Secretariat

Review Team members

Mr Toshio Tsuiki Basel Committee Secretariat
Mr Simon Dixon Bank of England, Prudential Regulatory Authority
Ms Anne Lécuyer European Central Bank, Single Supervisory Mechanism
Mr Tuang Lee Lim Monetary Authority of Singapore

12 Regulatory Consistency Assessment Programme – Australia

Annex 2: List of Basel standards and implementing regulations issued by
APRA

The following Basel standards were used as the basis of this RCAP assessment:
• Supervisory framework for measuring and controlling large exposures, April 2014
• Frequently asked questions on the supervisory framework for measuring and controlling large
exposures, September 2016
Table A.1 lists the regulations issued by APRA to implement the large exposures framework in
Australia. Previous RCAP assessments of Australia’s implementation of the Basel standards considered the
binding nature of regulatory documents in Australia. 3 This RCAP Assessment Team did not repeat that
assessment, but instead relied on the previous assessments’ findings. Those assessments concluded that
the types of instrument described in Table A.1 could be considered as binding on banks and supervisors
for the purposes of an RCAP assessment.

Overview of relevant large exposure regulations in Australia Table A.1

Domestic regulations Type, version and date

Banking Act The Banking Act (1959) in force on 30 November 2018
Prudential Standard APS 180 Capital Adequacy: Prudential Standard APS 180 Capital Adequacy: Counterparty Credit
Counterparty Credit Risk Risk issued in April 2018
Prudential Standard APS 221 Large Exposures Prudential Standard APS 221 Large Exposures issued in December
2017 (signed in August 2018)
Reporting Standard ARS 221.0 Large Exposures Reporting Standard ARS 221.0 Large Exposures issued in December
2017 (signed in August 2018)
Source: APRA.

3
See Annex 5 of the BCBS RCAP-LCR report for Australia, www.bis.org/bcbs/publ/d419.pdf.

Regulatory Consistency Assessment Programme – Australia 13

Annex 3: Materiality assessment

The outcome of the RCAP assessment is based on the materiality of the findings described in Section 2.2
and summarised in Table A.2. Assessment Teams evaluate the materiality of findings quantitatively where
possible, or using expert judgment when the impact cannot be quantified.
The materiality assessment for quantifiable gaps is based on the cumulative impact of the
identified deviations on the reported large exposures of banks in the RCAP sample. These banks are listed
in Table A.3.

Number of deviations by component Table A.2

Component Not material Potentially material Material

Scope and definitions 0 0 0
Minimum requirements and transitional arrangements 0 0 0
Value of exposures 4 0 0

RCAP sample banks Table A.3

Banking group Share of banks’ assets in the total assets of the Australian banking
system (per cent)
Bank 1 19.6%
Bank 2 20.2%
Bank 3 18.4%
Bank 4 18.5%
Bank 5 4.3%
Total 80.9%
Source: APRA. For this purpose, banking assets are based on the measure of total exposures used in the leverage ratio, which includes
both on- and off-balance sheet exposures.

14 Regulatory Consistency Assessment Programme – Australia

Annex 4: Areas for further guidance from the Basel Committee

The Assessment Team would like to point out a practical issue in the large exposures standards, which
may benefit from some further analysis by the Basel Secretariat or the Large Exposures Group.

Assets underlying structured vehicles with different levels of seniority

The issue relates to exposures to assets underlying structured vehicles with different levels of seniority,
where APRA has added a cap to the Basel formula. The paragraphs containing the rule in question are
paragraph 79 in the BCBS standards and paragraph 26 of Attachment A in APS 221. APRA has added a cap
at the nominal value of the underlying asset to address a case, where the exposure to an asset, according
to the BCBS methodology, exceeds the maximum loss the ADI could incur when the asset defaults. In that
case, the cap limits the total exposure to such an asset to the maximum amount the ADI could lose when
the asset defaults.
The Assessment Team agrees that the cap added by APRA to the BCBS formula may be sensible.
In spirit, it follows the intention of the large exposures framework, ie calculating a bank’s exposure to an
asset by analysing the maximum loss a bank could incur if the asset defaults. In analysing whether such a
cap is necessary, it also remains to be assessed how frequent/realistic the situation addressed by the cap
appears in reality.

Settlement risk

Furthermore, the Assessment Team would like to point out an issue related to settlement risk. The BCBS
large exposures standards seem silent about settlement risk, which for a non-delivery versus payment
transaction receives a capital charge under the capital adequacy framework. Since generally including
settlement risks under the large exposures framework may arguably have a big market impact, some
jurisdictions, including Australia, explicitly exempt settlement risk from their large exposures frameworks.
The Assessment Team would like to request the Basel Committee for further clarification on the treatment
of exposures related to settlement risk under the BCBS large exposures framework.

Regulatory Consistency Assessment Programme – Australia 15

Annex 5: Areas where APRA’s rules are stricter than the Basel standards

In some areas, APRA has adopted a stricter approach than the minimum standards prescribed by the Basel
Committee. These are listed below for information. The stricter rules have not been taken into account as
mitigants for the overall or component-level assessment of compliance.
• APRA applies its rules to all domestic ADIs in addition to the internationally active ADIs.
• APRA does not allow ADIs to exempt sovereign exposures unless the exposures are held as HQLA,
arise from the decomposition of derivatives, are to the Australian Government or the Reserve
Bank of Australia and are denominated in local currency.
• APRA introduced an additional limit (50% of Tier 1 Capital) for exposures to foreign government
or central banks that receive 0% risk weight under capital standards.
• APRA has a stricter rule for exposure values of “traditional” off-balance sheet commitments and
uses only a 100% credit conversion factor in order to convert off-balance sheet items into
exposure values.
• APRA requires ADIs to use the full 100% exposure value for all covered bonds.
• APRA limits a D-SIB’s exposures to another D-SIB to 15% of Tier 1 Capital.

16 Regulatory Consistency Assessment Programme – Australia