Mathematics 1 - additional exercises WC 2

Solution Exercise 1

(a) We have to show that for each value y in the co-domain [1, ∞) there exists an x in
the domain [0, ∞) such that f ( x ) = y. Now take y ∈ [1, ∞), arbitrary but fixed. We
solve for x :

f ( x ) = y and y ≥ 1 ⇔ x2 − 4x + 5 = y and y ≥ 1
⇔ x2 − 4x + 5 − y = 0 and y ≥ 1.

This quadratic equation has as general solution

p
4 ± 16 − 4 (5 − y) p
x1,2 = = 2 ± y − 1 for y ≥ 1.
2
p
In any case it holds that x1 = 2 + y − 1 ∈ D f and f ( x1 ) = y for y ≥ 1.

(b) A function is injective if each value in the co-domain has maximally one original,
or – put differently – each value in the co-domain is attained at most once. So, in
the present setting the equation f ( x ) = y for x ∈ [ a, ∞) may yield at most one
solution for a given y ∈ [1, ∞). Below you’ll find a plot of the graph of the function
x 7→ x2 − 4x + 5. Suppose that a < 2, then the red line represents the plot ofthe
function of f on its domain. Clearly, some values are attained more than once. So
we must have a ≥ 2, and for a = 2 the function f is injective, which leads us to
conclude that the minimal value of a is 2.
y
7

x
0 1 2 3 4

Figure 1: For a < 2 the horizontal line-test yields negative results.

(c) The function f : [2, ∞) → [1, ∞) as specified by f ( x ) = x2 − 4x + 5 is injective and
surjective, and so bijective. The inverse f −1 : [1, ∞) → [2, ∞) therefore exists and
the corresponding values are calculated as follows:

f ( x ) = y ⇔ x2 − 4x + 5 = y ∧ x ≥ 2, y ≥ 1 ⇔ x = 2 + y − 1 ∧ y ≥ 1
p

⇔ f −1 (y) = x = 2 + y − 1.
p

√
Or – if we use the variable x instead of y – we get f −1 ( x ) = 2 + x − 1 for x ≥ 1.

Solution Exercise 2
Using the given information and the properties for logarithms we find:
10
log 365 = 65 ·10 log 3 ≈ 65 · 0.47712.. = 31.0128..
10
log 2100 = 100 ·10 log 2 ≈ 30.103..

So the statement that 365 > 2100 is correct due to monotonicity of the logarithm, i.e.,

a < b ⇔10 log a <10 log b.

Solution Exercise 3
Method 1: A function f is odd if f ( x ) = − f (− x ) for all x ∈ dom ( f ) . So, in this case we
are looking for a number a ∈ R such that

cos ( a + x ) = − cos ( a + (− x )) = − cos ( a − x ) .

Now use the identity cos (α + β) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β :

cos ( a + x ) = cos a cos x − sin a sin x

− cos ( a − x ) = − (cos a cos (− x ) − sin a sin (− x ))
= − cos a cos x − sin a sin x

So, for all x ∈ R it must be that

cos a cos x − sin a sin x = − cos a cos x − sin a sin x en dus

cos a cos x = − cos a cos x

n x 6= 0, we find cos
In particular, when cos o a = − cos a and so cos a = 0. We can now
choose a from the set 2 π + k · π | k ∈ Z .
1

Method 2:

f ( x ) = − f (− x ) ⇔ cos( a − x ) = − cos( a + x ) = cos( a + x − π )

⇔ a − x = a + x − π + k · 2π ∨ a − x = − a − x + π + k · 2π, k ∈ Z
⇔ x = 21 π + kπ, k ∈ Z ∨ a = 21 π + kπ, k ∈ Z

If for all x ∈ R it must hold f (− x ) = − f ( x ) then a = 12 π + kπ, k ∈ Z.

Solution Exercise 4
A function defined on separate subintervals is given by:

 (− x ) − (− (2x − 1)) = x − 1 als x < 0,
f (x) = x − (− (2x − 1)) = 3x − 1 als 0 ≤ x ≤ 12 ,
x − (2x − 1) = − x + 1 als x ≥ 12 .


Then f is an one by one linear function and a plot of the graph can be seen here:

Solution Exercise 5
 y

0.5

x
-1.0 -0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5

-2.0

Figure 2: The function f , on sub-intervals linear – so one by one linear

We reduce the equation step by step, please be aware of the extra conditions!
 
x+2
ln ( x + 2) − ln ( x − 1) = 1 ⇔ ln = 1 = ln (e) ∧ { x + 2 > 0 ∧ x − 1 > 0}
x−1
x+2
⇔ = e ∧ x > 1 ⇔ x + 2 = e ( x − 1) ∧ x > 1
x−1
⇔ (1 − e ) x = −2 − e ∧ x > 1
2+e
⇔ x= .
e−1
Because both numerator and denominator are positive and the denominator is smaller
than the numerator, it is  true that the x found in the last step is higher than -1. So,
 indeed
2+e
the solution set is S = .
e−1

Solution Exercise 6
In contrast to the earlier exercises in this case there is a binding restriction, namely that
x + 1 > 0.
 
ln ( x + 2) + ln ( x + 1) = 3 ⇔ ln (( x + 2) ( x + 1)) = ln e3 ∧ { x + 2 > 0 ∧ x + 1 > 0}
⇔ ( x + 2) ( x + 1) = e3 ∧ x > −1 ⇔ x2 + 3x + 2 − e3 = 0 ∧ x > −1
3 1p
⇔ x1,2 = − ± 1 + 4e3 ∧ x > −1
2 2
3 1p
⇔ x=− + 1 + 4e3 .
2 2

Solution Exercise 7
(a) It must be that x > 0 and x + 2 > 0, so dom ( f ) = R++ = (0, ∞) .

(b) Here you can find a plot of the graphs of x 7→3 log( x + 2) and x 7→3 log x. Notice that
y

1.0

0.5

x
-2 -1 1 2

-0.5

-1.0

-1.5

-2.0

-2.5

Figure 3: By using a horizontal translationthe graph of x 7→3 log( x + 2) can be moved to

the graph of x 7→3 log x.

both functions are strictly increasing. Therefore, the sum is also strictly increasing,
and thus injective.

(c) We solve for x :

3
y = log x +3 log ( x + 2) ⇔3 log ( x ( x + 2))
√
⇔ 3y = x2 + 2x ⇔ x1,2 = −1 ± 1 + 3y .
√
Now, because dom ( f ) = (0, ∞) we have x = −1 + 1 + 3y , and so, because y =
f ( x ) ⇔ x = f −1 ( y ) , √
f −1 ( x ) = − 1 + 1 + 3 x .

Solution Exercise 8
We take y = f ( x ) and try to find x as a function of y:

ex
y= ⇔ y (1 + 2e x ) = e x ⇔ y + 2ye x = e x
1 + 2e x
−y −y
 
x x
⇔ (2y − 1) e = −y ⇔ e = ⇔ x = ln .
2y − 1 2y − 1

So,
−x
 
−1
f ( x ) = ln .
2x − 1
Notice that
ex e− x · e x 1
f (x) = x
= − x x
= −x .
1 + 2e e · (1 + 2e ) e +2
With this representation we can see in a simple way how the function behaves, see also
the plot. So, ran ( f ) = 0, 12 , dom ( f ) = R and now we can conclude that ran f −1 =


 
dom ( f ) = R and dom f − 1 1


= ran ( f ) = 0, 2 .

y
4

x
-1 0 1 2 3

Figure 4: The function x 7→ e− x + 2 and its reverse. Notice the horizontal asymptote for
y = 21 .

Solution Exercise 9

(a) ln (ln x ) = 1 ⇔ eln(ln x) = e1 ⇔ ln x = e ⇔ x = ee .

(b) e Ax = C · e Bx ⇔ e− Bx · e Ax = C · e− Bx · e Bx ⇔ e( A− B) x = C So if C ≤ 0 there are no

solutions, because the e−power is positive. And if C > 0, then ( A − B) x = ln (C ).
There are two cases: If A 6= B, x = ln (C ) · ( A − B)−1 .. If A = B, then ( A − B) x = 0,
so ln(C ) = 0 or C = 1. For that combination of parameters A, B, and C the set of
solutions is given by R.