Understanding.: 2-2 - Army Field Manual I Warfighting Tactics - Part 1 The Fundamentals

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2-2  |  Army Field Manual I Warfighting Tactics - Part 1 The Fundamentals

Audiences Audience. All the groups and individual


people whose perception and interpretation
of events and subsequent behaviour contribute
to the success or otherwise of military action

Actors Actors. A group or person that


takes action or directly
exerts influence

Adversary. A group or person that


Adversaries
seeks to prevent us from achieving
our objectives

Enemy. A group or person that seeks


Enemies to defeat us through armed lethal means

Figure 2-1. Audiences, actors, adversaries and enemies

b. Understanding. Integrated action is founded on the land force’s understanding of


its task and environment. A dynamic approach to understanding, built on a learning
culture, allows the force to adapt and innovate in response to evolving situations.

c. Integration. Land forces create effects through the integration of lethal and non-
lethal capabilities. Effective integration relies on the cooperation and interoperability of
the land force, multinational, host-nation, inter-governmental, non-governmental and
inter-agency partners, as well as of tactical combined arms formations and units.

d. Outcome-focused. Integrated action needs commanders to think about how their


actions contribute to the desired outcomes, in a broad and evolving context. This
approach encourages a wider and longer-term view of a situation, relative to the task
and role of the land force.

2-03. Integrated action applies at all levels, but there is an important delineation in
responsibilities for its orchestration and execution.

a. Corps and divisions. It is only at the higher tactical level (usually the corps or division)
that integrated action is fully orchestrated, aligning planning and execution with
combined, joint, inter-agency, intra-governmental or multinational (CJIIM)20 elements.

b. Brigades and battlegroups. At the tactical level brigades and battlegroups plan
and execute their contributions to integrated action. They routinely integrate their
capabilities and activities to deliver single tactical actions as part of a longer-term
higher tactical or operational-level plan.

2-04. Brigades and battlegroups can consider all of the elements of integrated action but may
not have command of the forces that deliver it. However, these non-lethal capabilities
can still be requested, and a brigade or battlegroup may be required to facilitate these
activities on behalf of their superior headquarters.

20 Combined, joint, inter-agency, intra-governmental and multinational.

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