Title:-: Measurement of Power

LAB # 06
 Title:-
Measurement of Power (Active, Reactive, Apparent) and Power
Factor of Single Phase RLC circuit.
 Objective:-
The objective of this lab is to determine the active, reactive, apparent
power and the power factor for single phase RLC circuit.
 Apparatus:-
1) One Dual-trace oscillation.
2) One 12V AC transformer.
3) Two 0-20V AC milli-ammeters.
4) Three 0-20 V AC voltmeter.
5) One 1mH inductor.
6) One 2µF capacitor.
7) Resistors 1Ω,500 Ω,1k Ω.
 Theory:-
Measurement of Power:-
Reactive Power:-
Reactive power represents electrical energy stored in the coil that then
flows back to the grid. Ideal coils do not consume any electrical energy, but
create a significant electric current.
Real power:-
Real power is the power actually consumed due to the resistive load.
The actual amount of power being used, or dissipated, in a circuit is
called true power.
It is measured in watts (symbolized by the capital letter P, as always).
Apparent Power:-
The combination of reactive power and true power is called apparent
power, and it is the product of a circuit’s voltage and current, without
reference to phase angle.
Apparent power is measured in the unit of Volt-Amps (VA) and is
symbolized by the capital letter S.
The Power Triangle:-

These three types of power
—true, reactive, and apparent—
relate to one another in
trigonometric form. We call this
the power triangle.
From the geometry of this
triangle, S can be calculated from
S = √ P 2+ Q 2
Power Factor:-
Power factor, cos(Φ), is an important part of an AC circuit that can
also be expressed in terms of circuit impedance or circuit power. Power
factor is defined as the ratio of real power (P) to apparent power (S), and is
generally expressed as either a decimal value, for example 0.95, or as a
percentage: 95%.
Power factor defines the phase angle between the current and voltage
waveforms, were I and V are the magnitudes of rms values of the current
and voltage. Note that it does not matter whether the phase angle is the
difference of the current with respect to the voltage, or the voltage with
respect to the current. The mathematical relationship is given as:
 AC Power in RLC circuit diagram:-
 Procedure:-
1. Pull down the file menu and open. Bring down the oscilloscope enlargement and make
sure that the following settings are selected:
Time base (scale = 2ms/Div, XPOS = 0, Y/T), Ch A (Scale = 10V/Div, YPOS = 0,
AC), Ch B (Scale = 5V/Div, YPOS = 0, AC), Trigger (Pos edge, Level = 0, Nor, A).
2. Click the on-off switch and run the simulation to completion (Tran = 0.210s). Record the
total ac rms current (I), the ac rms voltage across the capacitor (VC), and the total ac rms
voltage across the R-L-C network (V).
3. From the readings, calculate the real AC power (P), reactive power (Q), apparent power
(S) in the R-L-C circuit.
4. Draw the power triangle and determine power factor (pf) for the R-L-C network.
5. The oscilloscope is plotting voltage V (red curve plot) and current I (blue current plot).
Using the oscilloscope curve plots, determine the phase () between voltage V and
current I. based on the value of phase (), calculate the power factor (pf).
6. From the reactive power (Q) and the voltage VAB, calculate the capacitive reactance (XC)
needed for power factor correction. Calculate the capacitance (C) needed for power factor
correction (to make the power factor close to unity).
7. We use the same procedure for RC and RL circuit also.
 Observation & Calculations:-

 Conclusion:-
The conclusion of this lab to prove the concept of the power factor
correction. As the circuit was corrected for the power factor angle the
measured current used by the circuit decreased.
There was also a resulting decrease in reactive power and an increase
in the real power. This shows that by applying the proper amount of
capacitance in the circuit to counter the reactance from the inductor, the
phase angle caused is reduced, bringing the circuit closer to consuming only
real power and running (pf = 1) more efficient.
Electronic appliances like TV, fan, LED bulb, Level 2 EV charger,
tube light, etc. use 230 V with 50 Hz supply which is a single phase
AC circuit.
 Comments:-
1. There was some errors between the measured and the calculated values,
there might be the factor of device tolerance.
2. We can also see from experiment that power factor increases when we add
capacitor in parallel to the resistance and inductor.

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LAB # 06

The Power Triangle:-

 AC Power in RLC circuit diagram:-

 Observation & Calculations:-

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