Research Eu. #98, December 2020 - January 2021

ISSN 2599-7920
#98
DECEMBER 2020 – JANUARY 2021
Research eu
B R I N G I N G Y O U T H E R E S U LT S O F E U R E S E A R C H A N D I N N O VAT I O N
Securing the future of transnational

Holocaust research
R E
T N : O
U
Advanced solution offers seamless Wi-Fi
F E A
T IO S T
connectivity on buses, trains, ships L EC GIE Y
and planes I A
O T LO AC
E C
P R O RIV
New compact antenna designs S P
T A CHN T P
poised to enhance nanosatellite
communications
DA TE TEC
E W RO
N P
Editorial
Innovative technologies and solutions to
protect data privacy, a new COVID-19
breakthrough and SME-friendly robotics
Welcome to this month’s Research*eu magazine
As a prelude to writing this introductory editorial, your editor sat down In this issue’s special feature, we introduce you to seven EU-funded
and started making a list of all of the organisations – commercial, projects that have been working at the heart of Europe’s drive for
governmental and in-between – that currently store and have access better data protection standards, working with enterprises to help
to his personal data. Starting with official government agencies of them ensure they understand and are able to comply with the new
the two countries that he’s a citizen of, then big corporate entities, regime, as well as look ahead to how rapidly developing digital
social media and online shopping sites, suffice to say, he gave up technologies can remain faithful to the GDPR.
once he hit 25 (and there was still a lot more to go). As a mid-30s
millennial who came of age in the MySpace and MSN Messenger Meanwhile, in Project of the Month, we highlight an extremely
era, your editor is probably around average when it comes to how promising new breakthrough in COVID-19 research, centred on
many entities have his personal data. a better understanding of how the virus became so infectious to
humans, with this new knowledge being potentially game-changing
But it was nonetheless a fascinating exercise to highlight just how in developing effective therapies against the disease. Then in Life
important your digitised personal data has become to the modern After, we have a catch-up chat with the ReconCell project team,
economy. Liza Minelli once famously sang that ‘money makes the who have pioneered a cutting-edge workcell that makes robot
world go round’ but is that so true today? It could easily be argued solutions commercially viable for SMEs that otherwise may not
that data has become an equally powerful second force that powers have the time or resources to automate their production processes.
the Earth’s rotation. Finally, we’re happy to announce the return of EU Agenda, albeit
highlighting a smaller-than-normal selection of online and in-person
Europe has become a genuine world leader in ensuring individual events that will take place in the New Year. However, we hope that
rights and protections when it comes to personal data. Through its as we move through 2021 and the mass vaccination drive begins in
General Data Protection Regulation – the GDPR – that came into earnest, this will not be the case for the entire year!
force in May 2018, citizens have been empowered to have more
control over their data and all businesses must follow and comply As always, if you have any queries, questions or suggestions (but
with the same rulebook in the taking, storing and processing of hopefully never a complaint), please feel free to drop us a line at
personal data. editorial@cordis.europa.eu.
Published on behalf of the Research*eu is free of charge. Disclaimer ISSN 2599-7912 (Printed version) Reuse is authorised provided the
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any errors that may remain in the
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The technologies presented in

this magazine may be covered by
intellectual property rights.
Contents #98
DECEMBER 2020 – JANUARY 2021
HEALT H FO O D A N D N AT U R A L R E S O U R C E S
4 Novel biodegradable bandage controls severe 23 Novel sensors monitor environmental threats to bees
bleeding and leakage of body fluids during surgery 25 Protecting crops by unravelling the mysteries of
6 Pioneering foam therapy offers hope to lung plant immunity
patients 26 Better quality fish, longer shelf life thanks to
7 The next generation of in vitro diagnostics low-cost, animal-friendly ice technology
PROJEC T OF T HE MO N TH IN D U S T R IA L T E C HN O LO G IE S
9 A new breakthrough in understanding how 28 Model-based technologies modernise European

SARS-CoV-2 invades human cells manufacturing
30 New concrete mixture and design tools extend
energy infrastructure lifespans
S OC IET Y 31 A recipe for success turns composites
manufacturing into a piece of cake
10 Securing the future of transnational Holocaust
research
11 Tracing the medieval roots of modern theories of LIFE A FT E R ...
mind
13 Open schools initiative pushes for inclusive and 33 Catching up with ReconCell: Major progress
innovative societies in bringing cutting-edge next-gen (and SME-
friendly!) robotic solutions to the market
TRANSPORT AND M O BI L I TY
D IG ITA L E C O N O M Y
15 Advanced solution offers seamless Wi-Fi
connectivity on buses, trains, ships and planes 34 Using behavioural models to upgrade User
17 Speech recognition and AI help take the pressure Interface design
off aircrew 35 Fog and cloud computing work hand in hand
18 A toolbox to make level crossings safer
S PAC E
CLIMAT E C HANGE AN D E N V I R O N ME N T
37 New compact antenna designs poised to enhance
20 Leaf-based miniature ecosystems reveal nanosatellite communications
processes behind rainforest biodiversity 38 Massive stars could be born in clusters,
21 Moss study evaluates climate change impact on lower-mass stars could leave ‘home’
Arctic ecosystems
FU N D A M E N TA L R E S E A R C H
S PEC IAL FEAT URE
40 How graphics cards are helping to capture the
01 Data protection: New technologies to protect rarest event in the universe
privacy 41 Removing restrictions of only whole-number
solutions to Fermat’s Last Theorem
AG E N D A
43 FEBRUARY 2021
H E A LT H
Novel biodegradable bandage

controls severe bleeding and
leakage of body fluids during surgery
One of the major problems during general surgery is controlling bleeding. An EU
initiative developed an innovative biodegradable bandage to stop bleeding and
body fluid leakage during surgical procedures.
Standard surgical methods such as sutures and ligatures products that contain similar components, sFilm-FS is
have been used for decades to prevent and stop bleeding. based on the sealing capacity of the polymeric film.
In many cases, such techniques have proven ineffective
or impractical when dealing with severe haemorrhaging. Project partners successfully validated sFilm-FS by
testing it on rats and pigs. Severe bleeding was stopped
The EU-funded sFilm-FS (Fibrin sealant for anastomotic within 2 minutes in rat and pig spleen and liver punctures.
leaks and haemostasis) project developed a product sFilm-FS also successfully sealed gastrointestinal injuries.
composed of a biocompatible, bioabsorbable polymeric Toxicity tests demonstrated that sFilm-FS was non-
film with a biological glue known as fibrin sealant. Also toxic, even when using maximum doses, and all treated
named sFilm-FS, this human body-friendly bandage is animals recovered without any side effects. EU regulatory
used to prevent blood and body fluid leakage in internal agencies in Austria and Slovenia evaluated and approved
organs. “The product is much more effective, faster and the product for human clinical studies. Human trials
easier to use than any other standard of care,” comments started in September 2020.
project coordinator Orgad Laub. It is absorbed by the
body, allowing full and effective healing of the injured
tissue. Faster recovery time means a shorter hospital stay
“
and less burdened health system.
sFilm-FS is utilised when haemostasis – a process to

prevent and stop bleeding – isn’t effective for soft tissue sFilm-FS is a novel surgical
bleeding. It is also intended for use during sealing in device that will help control severe and
”
gastrointestinal surgery. “Unlike open surgery, for minimally moderate bleeding and tissue sealing
invasive surgery treatment there are very limited tools to during both open surgery and minimally
handle bleeding scenarios,” explains Laub. “For sealing, such invasive surgery.
as gastrointestinal sealing, there is currently no registered
device, so sFilm-FS will be a novel solution.”
UNPARALLELED STRENGTH AND STEP CHANGE IN OPERATING ROOMS

SEALING ABILITY
Feedback provided by the United States Food and Drug
The fibrin sealant attaches and fixes the polymeric film Administration led to the development of a unique
to the damaged tissue. The film seals the tissue, similar terminal sterilisation step that considerably improves
to a rubber patch that seals an air leak in a flat tyre. In the safety of sFilm-FS and slashes manufacturing costs.
the case of bleeding, the fibrin sealant accelerates the Thanks to the thin film that contains the fibrin sealant, the
coagulation of the blood under the film. Unlike other product could also be developed for minimally invasive
4 R e se a rc h e u #9 8 D ecember 2020 – J anuary 2021

© Kaganovych Valentyn, Shutterstock
surgery treatment. The project team is working on a SFILM-FS

laparoscopic tool that will extend the use of sFilm-FS to
all surgical procedures. ⇢ Coordinated by Sealantium Medical Ltd in Israel
⇢ Funded under H2020-LEIT-BIOTECH and H2020-SME
“sFilm-FS is a novel surgical device that will help control ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/787441
severe and moderate bleeding and tissue sealing during ⇢ Project website: sealantium-med.com
both open surgery and minimally invasive surgery,” bit.ly/2FzjOZm
concludes Laub. “These are considered unmet needs
that will significantly shorten surgery and healing times.”
Ultimately, the project should improve safety and lessen
the risk of post-operative complications while reducing
mortality rates.
R esearch eu #98 D ecember 2020 – J anuary 2 0 2 1 5

H E A LT H
Pioneering foam therapy offers

hope to lung patients
Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a leading cause of death in COVID-19 patients
and also has a devastating impact on sufferers of other conditions. A breakthrough drug
delivery device has demonstrated huge potential in treating this deadly lung condition.
deliver drugs to the lungs, since only small particles can

be inhaled, so doses remain low. Direct instillations of
liquids into the lungs lead to bad drug distribution, as
liquids drain downwards with gravity.
The LIFT project sought to address this by developing

a unique foam formulation and delivery device, to treat
ARDS and, potentially, other lung conditions.
“We wanted to demonstrate, in this project, that delivery

of our foamed surfactant, used to replace the lungs’
inner liquid coating, could be an effective treatment,”
says Sznitman. “We wanted to show that our foam is
superior to liquids which have been unsuccessfully used
in previous clinical trials.”
© Supawadee56, Shutterstock
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an

inflammatory lung condition that has become the leading Using rat and pig models, the project team set about
cause of death in COVID-19 patients. This rapidly progressing demonstrating the efficacy of its patent pending
disease is characterised, among other factors, by the technology. A working prototype of the Liquid Foam
depletion of the lungs’ inner liquid coating, necessary for the Therapy (LIFT) drug delivery device was constructed, and
lung’s expansion. This is exacerbated by the coronavirus. preclinical experiments were carried out using rats first.
“There is at present no effective treatment against this,” notes Following successful results in rats, they then used
the EU-supported LIFT (Liquid Foam Therapy (LIFT) for Acute porcine lungs. “Pig lungs were used to see if the
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)) project coordinator treatment and the device would be effective in achieving
Josué Sznitman, associate professor of biomedical homogenous drug distribution in larger human-sized
engineering at Technion – Israel Institute of Technology. lungs,” explains Sznitman.
“Patients are mechanically ventilated with supplemented NEW LUNG TREATMENTS

oxygen, in the hope that their lungs can heal themselves.
However, about 40 % of those afflicted with ARDS are The project team was able to demonstrate how foam can
likely to die.” be effectively delivered to coat the inner lungs, opening
the door to a new era of treatments for ARDS and other
BETTER DRUG DELIVERY lung conditions.
A key challenge in treating this condition is getting the The successful animal trials conducted during the LIFT
medication to where it is needed within the lungs. Common project enabled the team to start preclinical trials in large
devices, such as nebulisers, are unable to effectively animals. These will hopefully enable the team to start

About 40 % of those afflicted
“
with acute respiratory distress syndrome
(ARDS) are likely to die
”
This drug delivery technology
can be leveraged for other lung
therapies.
to the lungs to treat conditions like chronic obstructive

pulmonary disease (COPD).”
To realise all this potential, a start-up company, called

Neshima Medical, has been launched. The aim is to bring
these life-saving treatments for lung disorders to market
as quickly and as safely as possible.
“We plan to finalise the clinical prototype of our delivery

clinical trials, treating – and ultimately saving the lives of – device by the end of 2020, and then prepare for clinical
real patients. “The long-term goal is that this will become trials,” adds Sznitman. “We are confident that we will be
the gold standard for treating ARDS,” says Sznitman. bringing to market a breakthrough pulmonary drug delivery
device, applicable across a broad range of lung diseases.”
The project team is also looking to broaden the use of
this technology to deliver other therapies. “For example,
we are exploring the possibility of delivering large doses
of steroids to treat ARDS, including for severe COVID-19 LIFT
patients,” notes Sznitman.
⇢ Hosted by Technion – Israel Institute of Technology
“The results of the LIFT project have the potential to in Israel
extend far beyond ARDS treatments,” remarks Sznitman. ⇢ Funded under H2020-ERC
“This drug delivery technology can be leveraged for other ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/813228
lung therapies, such as delivering stem cells directly ⇢ Project website: biofluids.technion.ac.il/lift
H E A LT H
The next generation of

in vitro diagnostics
There is a great unmet medical need for point-of-care assays to diagnose infectious
diseases. A large European initiative addressed the gaps in in vitro diagnostics by
training the next generation of researchers.
As highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic, diagnostics is A TRAINING NETWORK FOR IN VITRO

a major limiting factor in the identification and treatment DIAGNOSTICS (IVD) DEVELOPMENT
of microorganisms causing infections. This renders
infectious diseases a major burden on public health and To address this problem, the ND4ID (New Diagnostics
the global economy. for Infectious Diseases) project offered a holistic training

“
”
In any case, even with the best
combination of technologies, an IVD must
relate to the clinical need.
genotype tests for antimicrobial susceptibility and the

identification of key virulence determinants of urinary
tract infections.
Additional state-of-the-art bioassays were generated

with high sensitivity and specificity for subsequent use in
digital diagnostics. Switching from paper to plastic offered
increased immunoassay sensitivity and better sample flow
© anyaivanova, Shutterstock
programme to prepare the next generation of researchers properties. Furthermore, emphasis was given to the high-
in the field of IVD. Undertaken with the support of the throughput selection of antibodies to be used in IVD.
Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions programme, ND4ID
aimed to bridge the gap between technological innovation ND4ID addressed sepsis detection, which is currently
and clinical need. limited by the low number of bacteria in blood. Through
a method that concentrates blood bacteria, partners are
ND4ID trained 15 early-stage researchers (ESRs) hopeful to achieve increased sensitivity and significantly
across the full breadth of disciplines spanning clinical, move the field forward.
technological and market-oriented viewpoints. ESRs were
selected from a wide range of scientific backgrounds such PROSPECTS OF ND4ID DELIVERABLES
as clinical, biotechnology and electrical engineering.
To address the high cost of IVD, which limits their
Each ESR worked on a particular aspect of the diagnostics implementation in clinical practice, scientists developed a
landscape, covering respiratory tract and urinary tract low-cost molecular device based on DVD technology. One
infections as well as antimicrobial resistance. The training student developed a simple digital dipstick that allows
commenced with identification of clinical needs and the rapid identification of microorganisms causing urinary
shortcomings in current IVD. tract infections.
The participation of pharmaceutical companies in the Many of the ND4ID solutions, such as the next-generation
project further offered young researchers the opportunity sequencing test for antimicrobial susceptibility, will be
to familiarise themselves with the IVD development directly exploited by the project’s industrial partners. The
pipeline, including legal, financial and regulatory issues. antibody-screening platform will be promoted by a spin-
“Alongside technological advances, the training of the off company from KU Leuven to provide antibodies to
students was the most important achievement of ND4ID,” academic and industrial partners.
notes project coordinator Herman Goossens.
Overall, ND4ID has generated IVD innovations and paved
ADVANCES IN IVD DEVELOPMENT the way for future research in the field. The developments
further strengthen Europe’s position in the internationally
A point-of-care (POC) assay usually detects DNA, proteins competitive arena of IVD technology.
or other molecules of the target microorganism. Given the
low levels of these molecules present in patient samples,
sensitivity is a key parameter in POC performance. “In any
case, even with the best combination of technologies, an IVD
must relate to the clinical need,” says Goossens. Therefore, ND4ID
ND4ID activities included novel biomarker investigation and
bioassay development as well as new diagnostics tools. ⇢ Coordinated by the University of Antwerp in Belgium
⇢ Funded under H2020-MSCA-ITN
ESRs worked on projects that exploited the power of ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/675412
genome sequencing in diagnostics. They developed ⇢ Project website: bit.ly/ND4ID

P R OJ E C T O F T H E M O N T H
A new breakthrough
in understanding how
SARS-CoV-2 invades human cells
This month, we’re giving the Project of the Month accolade to the EU-funded CHUbVi
(Ubiquitin Chains in Viral Infections) project, which is supported by the European
Research Council (ERC). One of the project’s three principal investigators,
Yohei Yamauchi, has contributed to a potentially extremely important study that has
discovered how the SARS-CoV-2 is so infectious and able to spread rapidly in human cells.
“ Could the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2

associate with neuropilin-1 to aid viral infection
of human cells? Excitingly, in applying a range of
”
structural and biochemical approaches we have been
© MattLphotography, Shutterstock
able to establish that the Spike protein of SARS-

CoV-2 does indeed bind to neuropilin-1.
Research team press release
Like all viruses, SARS-CoV-2 attaches itself and invades The full study has recently been published in ‘Science’.
human cells by using a specific viral protein called the
‘Spike’ protein. In this breakthrough study, led by the For more information, please see:
University of Bristol in the United Kingdom, the research ⇢ science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/10/19/
team used multiple approaches to discover that science.abd3072
SARS-CoV-2 recognises a protein called neuropilin-1 on the
surface of human cells to facilitate viral infection. This new
knowledge could be potentially game-changing in develop-
ing antiviral therapies and vaccines to treat COVID-19. CHUBVI
⇢ Hosted by the Friedrich Miescher Institute
Whilst we are specifically highlighting Yamauchi for his for Biomedical Research in Switzerland
contribution to these results (as this is our remit), CORDIS ⇢ Funded under H2020-ERC
also extends its congratulations to absolutely everyone ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/856581
involved in this promising breakthrough! ⇢ Project website: bit.ly/CHUbVi
If you are interested in having your project featured in ‘Project of the Month’ in an upcoming issue,
please send us an email to editorial@cordis.europa.eu and tell us why!

SOCIETY
Securing the future of

transnational Holocaust research
In the aftermath of the Second World War, sources that could tell the story of the Holocaust
became fragmented and dispersed, leading to knowledge gaps among researchers and
difficulties in locating key documents and records. EU researchers are regrouping materials
and expertise to secure transnational Holocaust research, commemoration and education.
As a poignant mark in European history, the Holocaust on European countries and regions that have been under-
remains a significant component of modern-day European represented in the field. Thanks to the project consortium,
identity, and a key reference point to understanding and which includes partners spread across Europe and beyond,
developing our societies in a progressive and inclusive EHRI has made it possible to reach those regions where
direction. From this perspective, comprehensive and much valuable Holocaust source material is located, but
publicly available narratives and sources from the period where access has hitherto been problematic, especially in
play a key role. The EHRI (European Holocaust Research eastern and southern Europe.
Infrastructure) project aims to ensure that Holocaust
research remains relevant, easily accessible and as Representing the second phase, 2015-2019, of a larger
factually complete as possible. project supporting the mission of EHRI, EHRI-2 expanded
the research community by integrating local infrastructure,
EVENING OUT REGIONAL AND expertise and knowledge and offering new training
© CloudyStock, Shutterstock
TECHNOLOGICAL CAPACIT Y GAPS opportunities for researchers. The overall aim was to even
out capacity gaps between European regions. Important
Founded in 2010 and still going strong, EHRI has made additions were also made to the EHRI Portal, along with
significant contributions to securing and disseminating a strong focus on exploring new formats for digitalising
Holocaust research across Europe, with a particular focus Holocaust archives and research. “Coupled with our public

outreach activities, we truly progressed towards enabling
digital approaches with wide public resonance,” explains
project coordinator Karel Berkhoff.
“ The recent rise of anti-Semitism,
xenophobia and aggressive nationalisms
demonstrates that Holocaust research is never
”
a purely academic concern, but a prerequisite
As a result of the project’s efforts to expand and for open and non-discriminatory societies
strengthen connections between members of the research across Europe and beyond.
community and to bring their resources, knowledge and
expertise together under ‘one roof’, the EHRI Portal is now
recognised as the go-to tool for studying the Holocaust Berkhoff emphasises that while the Research Infrastructure’s
from transnational perspectives. More than 150 000 primary impact is scientific, it has also assumed a wider
archival unit descriptions were added in the course of social and political agenda: “The recent rise of anti-Semitism,
this project, as well as 300 archival institutions and 17 xenophobia and aggressive nationalisms demonstrates that
country reports. “Our expectations for virtual access were Holocaust research is never a purely academic concern, but a
exceeded,” adds Berkhoff. “By October 2018, we averaged prerequisite for open and non-discriminatory societies across
11 600 sessions per month, and many users were located Europe and beyond.” With its permanent establishment, EHRI
in eastern and southern Europe.” will be a key resource for society as a whole – available to
citizens and decision makers as well as researchers – making
L AY I N G T H E F O U N D AT I O N F O R sure that the events of the Holocaust continue to inform our
M O R E I N C LU S I V E S O C I ET I E S values and actions as we build the future of Europe.
With EHRI-2 having ended in 2019, EHRI is now supported EHRI

by two project consortia consisting of 25 partners from
across Europe, Israel and the United States. It is currently ⇢ Coordinated by the Royal Netherlands Academy
transforming itself from a project into an established of Arts and Sciences in the Netherlands
organisation. Legal, financial and strategic work is under way ⇢ Funded under H2020-INFRA
to have this permanent body fully operational by January ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/654164
2025, the 80th anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz. ⇢ Project website: ehri-project.eu
SOCIETY
Tracing the medieval roots

of modern theories of mind
Despite being referred to as the ‘dark ages’, the period produced models of how human
perception is framed that have fed into European intellectual thought ever since. Textual
analysis is shining a light on the origin and development of concepts we now use.
The Aristotelian model of perception holds that we come The EU-supported project RiP (Rationality in Perception:
to know objects by perceiving their sensorial properties, Transformations of Mind and Cognition 1250-1550)
such as shape or colour. Whereas, in the Augustinian studied these two highly influential theories of mind to
model it is our mind that actively drives the process. This better understand medieval philosophy’s dynamism. The
is because operations of the soul, such as perception, team’s textual analysis explains how medieval thinkers
could not be caused by material objects since the soul is used notions of rationality, and how that relates to
immaterial. Here, what makes perception possible is the complex thought and behaviour.
way we are tuned to encounter the world.

“ Without research investments like RiP,
we risk losing 1 000 years of European cultural
”
production from one of the most dynamic
periods of human history, which saw the birth of
universities. What a waste!
alternative accounts beyond the dominant Aristotelian

one,” adds Silva.
Analysing the notion of rationality, RiP looked at what has

been dubbed ‘the flow of reason’, which describes the
relation between higher order, rational, cognitive powers
and lower order sensory ones. RiP questioned the traditional
account which posited consensus around the dominance
of Aristotelian theory whereby the senses transmitted
information to reason in a linear and separate manner.
© jorisvo, Shutterstock
“While scholars knew the Augustinian model of active RiP highlighted that for some authors, like Thomas
perception is found in multiple guises throughout the Aquinas, human sensory power operates under the
period, we traced the main lines of its development,” influence of reason in certain conditions. For Blasius of
explains project coordinator José Filipe Silva from the Parma, this implied no clear separation between sensory
University of Helsinki. and rational powers but that perception, for example
certain visual properties such as distance, requires the
The key texts have been made freely available for cooperation of both.
future research.
TOWA R D S M E D I EVA L
R AT I O NA L I T Y A N D T H E S E N S E S T H E O R I E S O F AG E N C Y
RiP sprang from the belief that research on historical By offering new insights into a major period of
philosophical sources is essential for understanding the European history, RiP provides a better understanding
origin and development of concepts we now use. One
such concept is the notion of rationality, on which many
socio-economic models rest.
The project focussed on the medieval period – under-

investigated considering the number of textual sources
about which little is known. As it started around the 5th
century and continued into the 16th, it is one of the
longest of all the historical periods of thought.
“We can’t dismiss the voices of those who wrote about

these issues over 1 000 years of European thought.
I would say they deserve a hearing! We wanted to make
their texts available for consideration,” says Silva.
Many of the sources RiP worked with were handwritten

texts, predating print, and so the first task was to The medieval period started around
transcribe them. “The more I looked at them, the more the 5th century and continued into the 16th –
I doubted traditional accounts of how medieval thinkers it is one of the longest of all
conceived perception of the external world. What
was often presented was simplistic and overlooked the historical periods of thought

of the intellectual background to a common European way human beings behave – and how this was seen as
conception of the mind. contrasted with animal action.
“Without research investments like RiP, we risk losing

1 000 years of European cultural production from one of RIP
the most dynamic periods of human history, which saw
the birth of universities. What a waste!” says Silva. ⇢ Hosted by the University of Helsinki in Finland
⇢ Funded under H2020-ERC
To follow up, the researchers will investigate medieval ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/637747
conceptions of what role (if any) rationality plays in the ⇢ Project website: blogs.helsinki.fi/rationality-in-perception
SOCIETY
Open schools initiative

pushes for inclusive and
innovative societies
By involving local communities in the teaching and learning process,
European schools are becoming hotbeds of innovation.
Open Schooling, as defined by the European Union, is 12 member countries. There are numerous additional
when educational institutions partner and engage with schools across the globe.
families and local communities to enhance teaching and
learning. Not only does this have a tangible impact on the “Everyone benefits through the increase in their communities’
students, it also puts education at the heart of society, science capital and the development of responsible
making it integral to local community development. citizenship,” explains Sotiriou, OSOS project coordinator.
“School leaders should set a vision for creating learning F R O M S C H O O L TO I N N O VAT I V E

experiences that provide the right tools and support for ECOSYSTEM
all students to thrive. Teachers should be collaborators in
learning, seeking new knowledge and constantly acquiring The collaborative activities mean students can move
new skills alongside their students,” says Sofoklis Sotiriou, beyond textbooks and gain more direct and tangible
head of research and development at Ellinogermaniki Agogi. experience. “In this way, students develop key skills and
intercultural understanding and gain new perspectives on
The OSOS (Open Schools for Open Societies) project their own learning,” Sotiriou notes.
believes European schools should be incubators of the
exploration of ideas and of invention. In accelerating OSOS activities stimulate real scientific work: the use of
innovation, open schools could have far wider impacts. nanotechnology in different sectors; organic farming and
healthy food; working projects with Europe’s aerospace
OSOS has been designing and orchestrating a movement industry; and the analysis of data from large research
across the EU to transform schools into sites where infrastructures like CERN.
science teaching is a shared responsibility between
leaders, teachers and students. Open Schooling has In the thousands of projects that have taken place so far,
spread: there are over 1 100 schools participating, in much of the inspiration comes from local needs, challenges

© Prostock-studio, Shutterstock
and problems. Students have developed early warning
“ Everyone benefits through the
”
systems for earthquakes in the south-east of Europe, increase in their communities’ science
which is prone to seismic activity. Others have developed capital and the development of responsible
drones to monitor the weather and the humidity of the citizenship.
ground and inform local farmers on the accurate use of
water supplies, and performed quality control studies on
local olive production.
OSOS aims to evolve into a school innovation mentoring
Yet they also spread beyond Earth, says Sotiriou: ecosystem, the School Innovation Academy, which will
“They have even designed experiments related to the facilitate sustainable change by rewarding innovation in
development of sustainable colonies on other worlds European schools.
which were sent to space with the Blue Origin mission.”
“If we want a self-sustaining innovative and open culture
OSOS projects have delved into the food production chain in schools, we must empower system-aware people to
in cities and worked on ways to make urban areas more create it, whilst avoiding simply creating interesting but
sustainable, through low-carbon emission and sustainable isolated pockets of experimentation,” Sotiriou adds.
solutions for problems based on nature. Others have
designed innovative systems for the production of energy
based on wind power and sea waves. OSOS
OPEN FUTURES ⇢ Coordinated by Ellinogermaniki Agogi in Greece

⇢ Funded under H2020-Science with and for Society
The EU contribution gave OSOS the chance to bring ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/741572
together a unique team of experts in science education, ⇢ Project website: openschools.eu
school organisation and innovation. bit.ly/3152oew

TRANSPORT AND MOBILITY
Advanced solution offers

seamless Wi-Fi connectivity on
buses, trains, ships and planes
Whether travelling by land, sea or air, passengers demand Wi-Fi that is always
available, unlimited and unrestricted. An EU initiative introduced a solution that
makes Wi-Fi faster for travellers and less expensive for transportation companies.
With data consumption growing 20-40 % from one data consumption and mobile broadband or satellite
year to the next, meeting passenger expectations for costs by up to 80 %.
fast and reliable Wi-Fi is both expensive and technically
challenging for transportation companies. The Estonian To do this, the innovation filters, shapes and accelerates
start-up RebelRoam, coordinator of the EU-funded data traffic. It filters and optimises the most bandwidth-
project RebelRocket (10x better Wi-Fi for the passenger heavy applications such as YouTube, Facebook and
transportation industry), introduced an innovative on-board Instagram. Certain traffic like illegal content, background
Wi-Fi data traffic optimisation solution to address this issue. mobile activities and automatic updates can be blocked.
This results in faster Wi-Fi speeds, more concurrent
DISRUPTING PASSENGER users, less data consumption and cheaper internet
CONNECTIVITY bills. The state-of-the-art traffic acceleration and data
reduction algorithms make users’ Wi-Fi 10 times faster.
© vchal, Shutterstock
RebelRocket turned the solution into a market-ready “The solution takes away the technical complexity of
product by further developing and piloting data traffic implementation since it’s cloud-based, equipment- and
management algorithms and software. The solution network-agnostic, and can be conveniently operated
enhances on-board Wi-Fi networks, making them faster remotely within minutes worldwide,” explains project
for passengers, while reducing transportation companies’ coordinator and RebelRoam co-founder Kaido Pähn.

“ RebelRocket drastically slashes
mobile broadband costs, eliminates legal
compliance risk from public Wi-Fi abuse,
and creates a competitive advantage for
Pähn. The solution is now ready to be fully commercialised
for use in buses, trains, ships and aeroplanes in the Baltics,
Denmark, Finland, Germany, Norway, Sweden, the United
Kingdom and the United States.
”
transportation providers by increasing
passenger satisfaction with a seamless Wi-Fi “RebelRocket drastically slashes mobile broadband costs,
user experience. eliminates legal compliance risk from public Wi-Fi abuse,
and creates a competitive advantage for transportation
providers by increasing passenger satisfaction with a
GAINING MARKET TRACTION seamless Wi-Fi user experience,” adds Pähn. As the travel
sector slowly resumes operations in the new normal
After successfully meeting with potential customers from dictated by the pandemic, transportation companies will
the bus and coach, rail, cruise and airline markets, project seek to reduce costs while still providing consistent if
partners have gained a much deeper understanding of the not better service to passengers. “Being connected has
specific problems they are experiencing. The most common become more important now than ever before, and we
issue is the high cost of providing the service and the poor must continue to support the industry in reducing their
quality of onboard Wi-Fi. They carried out communication costs and providing high-quality Wi-Fi to passengers.”
and dissemination activities that showed a strong interest
in improving the Wi-Fi experience and lowering the price
passengers pay for such a service. These activities also
revealed that the markets are in search of a hardware-
agnostic solution to save costs on hardware upgrades as REBELROCKET
data consumption continues to grow.
⇢ Coordinated by RebelRoam in Estonia
“With data consumption and the popularity of video ⇢ Funded under H2020-TRANSPORT, H2020-LEIT-ICT and
content growing every year, RebelRocket will help transport H2020-SME
operators meet passenger demand for good quality Wi-Fi ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/806295
while staying within their budget realities,” comments ⇢ Project website: rebelroam.com
HOW FRONTIER RESEARCH ADVANCES

INNOVATIVE IDEAS AND PERSPECTIVES ON GENDER
The EU has made great strides over the past few decades in tackling gender
discrimination. Measures have often been driven by organic social change, arising
from the significant increase in women’s participation in the formal workforce that
began in the 1970s. Other contributing factors are more recent, such as social
media campaigns to end violence against women and to break the silence about
sexual harassment experienced in all types of workplaces and in society at large.
Whilst there is still more work to be done to achieve real gender equality, much of
the progress made has advanced and consolidated the rights of women.
The common purpose of the 12 projects that feature in this CORDIS Results
Pack is to challenge prevailing assumptions in mainstream science and society,
and to shed new light on gender relations. This they do by harnessing a cross-
cutting approach to gender that brings together perspectives of political science,
sociology, history, international relations, law and philosophy.
To find out more, browse, download or order a physical copy
of the Results Pack here: cordis.europa.eu/article/id/422455

Speech recognition and AI help

take the pressure off aircrew
Air accidents have decreased in recent years, but when they do occur, the crew’s workload
is usually at its highest level. Therefore, augmenting crew performance during
high-workload periods is of great importance and can help maintain flight safety.
ASSESSED UNDER REALISTIC

CONDITIONS
Project partners aimed to provide a proof-of-concept

demonstrator capable of listening to all communications
in the cockpit, both between crew members, and between
crew and air traffic control. “The VOICI system should
recognise and interpret speech content, interact with the
crew, and fulfil crew requests to simplify crew tasks and
reduce cognitive workload,” outlines project coordinator,
Tor Arne Reinen.
Researchers also developed a realistic audio evaluation

environment for technology experiments. This facilitated
the development of the crew assistant and enabled
evaluation of its performance, including the speech
© Skycolors, Shutterstock
capture and recognition technologies for use in a noisy

Aircrew workloads peak when faced with a combination cockpit, together with the intelligent dialogue system with
of unpredictable situations: meteorological conditions; automatic speech synthesis as its main output.
high-density traffic; system failures; and flight operations
like take-off, climb, descent, approach and landing. The The audio testing environment involved a 3D physical
amount of information and number of actions that need model of a Falcon 2000S cockpit, including loudspeaker
to be processed by the crew may become unmanageable, reproduction of noise recordings from a real flight. “We
affecting flight safety. have demonstrated that the crew assistant is feasible
under the very high noise levels of an aviation cockpit,”
The EU-funded VOICI (Solutions for voice interaction Reinen explains.
towards natural crew assistant) project addressed this
threat by developing an intelligent ‘natural crew assistant’ MULTIPLE BENEFITS
for the cockpit environment. The system comprises three
main technologies, namely sound recording, speech Speech capture is achieved through both the pilot’s headset
recognition and artificial intelligence (AI). and an ambient microphone array. Speech recognition
using deep neural networks and the dialogue system
This includes a cockpit-embedded speech-processing were developed explicitly for the cockpit environment and
system that understands aviation terminology, as well as include aviation terminology and robustness to handle
an array of low-noise optical microphones and optimised high levels of background noise. The systems function
array processing for it. The VOICI system also features independently of cloud-based systems and employ
a new and more efficient speech synthesis, adapted to dedicated language models for the cockpit scenario.
aviation terminology and noise levels.

“ The VOICI system should
recognise and interpret speech content,
By reducing crew workload, VOICI will contribute to:
optimisation of operations, flight safety and crew awareness;
”
interact with the crew, and fulfil crew better maintenance; reduced cost of operations; and
requests to simplify crew tasks and reduce generally higher efficiency and lower stress. “VOICI comprises
cognitive workload. both small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and
research institutes, and cooperation within the consortium
will contribute to innovation and job creation,” Reinen adds.
According to Reinen, all the algorithms underlying the

dialogue system have been implemented and tested: VO I C I
from the Natural Language Understanding unit that
understands natural requests to the Dialogue Core which ⇢ Coordinated by SINTEF in Norway
handles the conversation flow. “Particular emphasis has ⇢ Funded under H2020-TRANSPORT
been placed on the ability of the voice assistant to use ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/785401
contextual data,” he notes. ⇢ Project website: sintef.no/projectweb/voici
A toolbox to make level

crossings safer
A third of all fatal railway accidents occur at level crossings. A toolkit of safety
measures provides solutions for every case and budget.
On average, six people are killed and another six seriously consortium of 17 partners from 10 countries, including
injured every week on level crossings across Europe. “After eight EU Member States and two associates, Norway and
suicide and trespass, the next biggest category of death Turkey. Represented among them were railway industrial
and injury on railways is level crossing accidents,” says groups, road unions, research institutes, train operators
Grigore Havarneanu, researcher in the project SAFER-LC and technology firms.
(SAFER Level Crossing by integrating and optimizing
road-rail infrastructure management and design). Level Half of all railway crossings in Europe are ‘passive’ with
crossings are involved in just 1 % of road deaths, but no barriers or active warning systems. The ideal solution
30 % of deaths on the railway. is always to replace the level crossing with a tunnel
or bridge, but often this is not physically possible, or
Previous CORDIS projects have investigated ways to financially feasible.
reduce the risk of death on railways from suicide and
trespass. “Addressing the safety of level crossings was the The consortium directed two streams of research,
logical next step”, notes Havarneanu. As well as reducing one focused on technical solutions such as smart
death and injury, improved level crossing infrastructure communications between vehicle and infrastructure and
will also reduce delays and disruption for all travellers. another on psychological and behavioural solutions to
encourage safer road user behaviour.
BARRIER METHODS
“We focused on new innovative solutions that are
The EU-funded SAFER-LC project, coordinated by the alternative options to the traditional ‘upgrade’ to a barrier
International Union of Railways, brought together a crossing,” explains Havarneanu.

“
”
RED LINES After suicide and trespass, the next
biggest category of death and injury on
Adding smart sensors to passive crossings, for example, railways is level crossing accidents.
could not only warn approaching cars when a train is due
but also warn train drivers if a vehicle is detected on the
tracks. The SAFER-LC project ran a trial in Thessaloníki,
Greece, where a fleet of 100 taxis was equipped with “Each solution is published alongside its practicalities,
such sensors, the results of which Havarneanu says are financial cost, pros and cons, examples of use, effectiveness,
‘promising’. expected effects and side effects, and links to other sites,”
notes Havarneanu, adding that no one solution can suit all
Alternatively, improved signage and environmental cases, especially across different EU nations.
cues could encourage drivers not to take risks. “Some
road users commit errors, or violations, just because “Without EU support, such work would be impossible”,
the infrastructure is not self-explanatory, or is poorly says Havarneanu. “That’s the beauty of it, we’re very lucky
constructed, or doesn’t facilitate the desired behaviour,” to have this project and an interdisciplinary mixed team
adds Havarneanu. with different areas of expertise,” he adds. “When you
have all these people in one room, you have proof that
THE RIGHT TOOL the whole is greater than the sum of the parts.”
The final outcome was a toolbox of 48 different solutions,

made freely available online to policymakers, road and
© Naeblys, Shutterstock
rail infrastructure managers, and civil groups. S A F E R - LC
The toolbox offers the best solutions that can be targeted ⇢ Coordinated by the International Union of Railways
at different types of level crossing and each is linked to in France
studies showing the evidence to support it. These tools ⇢ Funded under H2020-TRANSPORT
can be as simple as speed bumps before a crossing, paint ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/723205
or optical effects that slow drivers. ⇢ Project website: safer-lc.eu
© Milos Muller, Shutterstock

C L I M AT E C H A N G E A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
Leaf-based miniature
ecosystems reveal processes
behind rainforest biodiversity
EU-funded researchers have investigated the species interactions on leaves of rainforest
trees to better understand why biodiversity is so high in tropical ecosystems and which
processes shape biotic communities.
Although they normally pass unnoticed, entire communities The EU-funded EPIDYN (Life on a leaf: species interactions
of living organisms can be found on the surface of and community dynamics in epiphyll communities) project
leaves in tropical rainforests. These communities, is the first study to explicitly address species interactions
known as epiphylls, are extremely diverse and include and community dynamics among epiphyll species within
bryophytes (mostly liverworts), algae, fungi, bacteria and single leaves. “Due to the ephemeral character of their
cyanobacteria, with more than 100 species on a single substrate and the small scale and relatively fast dynamics,
© AustralianCamera, Shutterstock
leaf. As with other tropical biotic communities, it is not epiphyllous communities offer an ideal system for
clearly understood why these epiphyll communities are so studying primary succession and mechanisms explaining
diverse or how biodiversity is maintained. biodiversity maintenance in relation to environmental
variables,” says project coordinator Maaike Bader.
Testing biodiversity in tropical rainforests can be challenging
because of the slow dynamics of tree communities. By EFFECT ON ECOLOGICAL
focusing on bryophytes and lichens, scientists can test SUCCESSION
biodiversity theories in an ecological system with much faster
dynamics and easier replication than tropical rainforests, A research fellow supported by the Marie Skłodowska-
while maintaining similarly high levels of biodiversity. Curie Actions programme conducted research on Barro

Colorado Island in Panama, monitoring leaves under
different light and moisture conditions – the main limiting
factors for bryophytes and lichens in tropical rainforests.
By studying the species composition and spatial patterns
on the leaves, they determined the order of their arrival
“ Following the spatial patterns
on the leaves through time, we saw that
these changed from being mostly random
on young leaves to more organised on
older leaves, indicating a shift from
”
and establishment and the interactions between the random processes (chance arrival) to
different organisms, enabling better understanding of the more deterministic processes, for example
drivers behind community structure in epiphylls. competition.
The team found that the succession of species on the

leaves was characterised by an accumulation of species that these changed from being mostly random on young
rather than a replacement of ‘weaker’ colonisers by more leaves to more organised on older leaves, indicating a
competitive species. “This differs from the classical model of shift from random processes (chance arrival) to more
species succession in plant communities,” Bader points out. deterministic processes, for example competition.”
Also, at the forest scale different successional stages By following community dynamics on a highly replicated
(closed forest and forest gaps) differed in the species set of miniature habitat patches, EPIDYN is expected to
composition of the epiphyll communities, indicating the add not only to understanding of epiphyll communities,
importance of forest dynamics for biodiversity. “We thus but more generally to community ecology of sessile
showed that habitat dynamics and succession processes organisms. “We are still far from fully understanding the
at very different spatial scales interact to create these functioning of epiphyll communities, but it is important that
highly diverse ecosystems,” observes Bader. they are not overlooked or forgotten when thinking about
biodiversity and ecosystem functions,” Bader concludes.
A B ET T E R U N D E R S TA N D I N G O F
EPIPHYLLS
E P I DY N
These results will help understand how epiphylls from
evolutionary and morphologically very different taxonomic ⇢ Coordinated by Philipps-University Marburg in Germany
groups (e.g. lichens and liverworts) grow together to form ⇢ Funded under H2020-MSCA-IF
small-scale biotic communities. Bader explains: “Following ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/708585
the spatial patterns on the leaves through time, we saw ⇢ Project website: bryo64.wixsite.com/epidyn
C L I M AT E C H A N G E A N D E N V I R O N M E N T
Moss study evaluates climate

change impact on Arctic ecosystems
The role that mosses play in Arctic ecosystems – and how climate warming is affecting
them – could help scientists to better understand how this fragile and critically important
region is responding to climate change.
High-latitude ecosystems, such as the boreal forests in As this happens, the darker surface underneath absorbs
northern Sweden and the tundra above the Arctic circle, are more of the sun’s energy and turns it into heat.
some of the regions to be hardest hit by climate change.
“Life in the Arctic is characterised by low temperatures,”
This is in part because sea ice and snow cover, which explains MYCOMOSS (Mosses as a gateway of nitrogen
reflect sunlight back into the atmosphere, are melting. into northern ecosystems) project coordinator Anders

“
”
This project has shown that the
interactions between tundra organisms are
complex.
“What we found was that the nitrogen fixation rates in

mosses differ across the growing season,” adds Lett. “Their
responses to warming and precipitation also vary according
to the species. We also discovered that increased nitrogen
© MYCOMOSS, Signe Lett
fixation did not lead to higher nitrogen concentration in the

moss, or higher leaching of nitrogen from the mosses.”
U N D E R S TA N D I N G F R AG I L E
ECOSYSTEMS
Michelsen, professor in terrestrial ecology at the University The project team is still in the process of extracting
of Copenhagen, Denmark. “This limits the rate of biological the latest data from the study. “We expect to be
processes such as photosynthesis and bacterial activity. able to demonstrate that moss responses are key to
Basically, everything goes slower at lower temperatures.” understanding Arctic ecosystem responses to climate
change,” notes Michelsen.
These processes also include nutrient recycling, which
takes place when microorganisms decompose dead “The question of whether vascular plants can access
organic material. One of these nutrients, nitrogen, is nitrogen from mosses through their fungal partners though
essential to life, as it is a building block for all proteins. is still unresolved. If we find evidence that this is the case,
this study will importantly have identified mechanisms by
The long-term impact of climate warming on this process which mosses may facilitate vascular plant growth.”
remains unclear. Understanding this was one of the
driving factors behind the MYCOMOSS project. In any case, the project has helped to shine a light on the
tundra biome, a critical component for the world’s climate.
MEASURING NITROGEN Large amounts of carbon are stored in dead organic
F I X AT I O N material as permafrost.
MYCOMOSS, which was undertaken with the support of The decomposition of organic material is impeded by low
the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions programme, focused temperature and nitrogen availability. Understanding the
on the role of different moss species in the nitrogen cycle. link between the carbon and nitrogen cycles is essential if
we are to make precise predictions about future releases
“Anyone who visits the Arctic can see that mosses are a of carbon from the tundra biome.
dominant feature of the sparse vegetation,” says Signe
Lett, the postdoctoral scientist working on the project. “We “This project has shown that the interactions between
know they import nitrogen via associated bacteria, but we tundra organisms are complex,” Lett and Michelsen agree.
still don’t fully understand the ecological importance.” “The organisms in these ecosystems are tightly interwoven.
If one parameter is changed, the whole system reacts.”
The project set about measuring nitrogen fixation (the
process by which nitrogen in the air is converted into
related nitrogenous compounds) in three dominant moss
species across the tundra, exposed to different climates. M YC O M O S S
Moss growth, moss nitrogen content and nitrogen leaching
from the mosses were also measured. ⇢ Coordinated by the University of Copenhagen
in Denmark
The project used DNA methods to map fungal species ⇢ Funded under H2020-MSCA-IF
present in mosses, and to assess whether fungi play a role ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/797446
in taking up moss nitrogen and passing this on to plants. ⇢ Project website: signelett.weebly.com/myco.html

S P E C I A L F E AT U R E
DATA PROTECTION:
NEW TECHNOLOGIES
TO PROTECT PRIVACY
Editorial
Where Europe is truly leading the world
From our TV and film streaming accounts to our banking details, online privacy-related legislative acts is without a doubt the
from online shops to our digital magazine subscriptions, it is now General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), passed in 2016
extremely common for people to constantly give away their and fully applicable since May 2018. Years in the making and
private data to receive a steady stream of goods and services. the source of a lot of, at times heated, political debate across
And it doesn’t just stop at consumerism. With the increasing Europe, it aimed to modernise the EU’s data protection laws
digitisation of government and corporate services, many of our that had last been updated in the 1990s, at the very dawn
most intimate and private personal details have found their way of the Digital Age, and thus were thoroughly outdated and in
into the online realm. Of course, social media and other tech need of an overhaul by the beginning of the 2010s.
giants are also likely to hold vast amounts of information on our
lives, beliefs, professions, personal histories and spending habits. Since the GDPR’s passing into law, all companies across the
In today’s ever-growing and expanding digital economy, personal EU have to follow the exact same rulebook when it comes to
data has become as valuable a commodity as cold hard cash. the processing and storing of personal data, resulting in strong
protections for individuals, who have also been empowered
So why do people so easily give away their personal data? by gaining more control over their data. Businesses, whether
For one thing, convenience. Enter your bank details and that based in Lisbon, Vilnius or Nicosia, all have a level playing
shiny new thing you’ve been coveting will arrive by tomorrow field to compete with each other.
evening, without having to even leave the house, even before
COVID-19 confined so many of us. All of your medical records in EU-funded research has also had a key role to play in the EU’s
one easily accessible online space? Excellent, no need to chase data protection regime, where projects have been hard at work
up doctors or seek out a specific hospital document from a supporting EU and national efforts to communicate widely
mountain of possibly unorganised papers. And in 2020, where on the changes and help support individuals and businesses
billions of us have retreated further into the online realm to adapt to the GDPR. The seven projects starring in this issue’s
find some escapism from the pandemic reaping its way across special feature have been at the forefront of data protection
the physical world, even more individuals have parted with their research, with a key focus of more than one of them being
personal data as a result who may not otherwise have done so. the development of accessible tools that will help businesses
and organisations ensure they not only fully understand their
Due to the data boom over the last two and a half decades and obligations but are complying with the rules of the GDPR.
with such staggering amounts of personal individual data now Others have looked at innovative methods to make sure fast-
sloshing its way around the world every day, from jurisdiction evolving new digital technologies, such as the cloud, are ‘GDPR-
to jurisdiction and with the very real possibility of such data compatible’. Overall, the results highlighted in this issue will no
falling into the wrong hands or being used in ways that are doubt contribute towards Europe’s continued importance and
not communicated to the individuals concerned, Europe takes leadership in the ongoing global debate on data protection.
data protection extremely seriously. In fact, it has become
a world leader in the efforts to protect individuals’ personal We look forward to receiving your feedback. You can send
data. Its shining achievement amongst a number of recent questions or suggestions to editorial@cordis.europa.eu.
S P E C I A L F E AT U R E R esearch eu #98 D ecember 2020 – J anuary 2 0 2 1 01

Contents
A helping hand for
S P E C I A L F E AT U R E microenterprises
D ATA P R O T E C T I O N : grappling with the GDPR
N E W T E C H N O LO G I E S
T O P R OT E C T P R I VA C Y Many microenterprises in Europe seem to be
missing the GDPR compliance train, with
potentially disastrous consequences for their
future. The SMOOTH project has developed
02
A helping hand for an easy-to-use and affordable solution
microenterprises grappling with that will help them assess and improve
the GDPR their methods of gathering and storing
customer data.
04
Engineers get a helping hand with Dealing with the constraints brought by the GDPR is
GDPR compliance tools already difficult enough for SMEs, but what of their
smallest-sized members, microenterprises? For these
actors responsible respectively for 30 % and 21 % of
05 employment and value added in the EU, getting in line
Putting data privacy back into
citizens’ hands can easily seem insurmountable. Lack of expertise and
limited resources make them particularly vulnerable to
the consequences of non-compliance, which is precisely
07 what the SMOOTH (GDPR Compliance Cloud Platform for
New data analytics platform Micro Enterprises) project set out to help them avoid.
eases privacy concerns for owners
Rosa Araujo, project manager at Eurecat and SMOOTH

09 coordinator, depicts a bleak picture for the sector. “The
New tools enable data sharing in fact that the GDPR applies to all types of companies,
good conscience regardless of their size, is particularly problematic for
microenterprises. Despite all their value and potential,
10 they are often unaware of how the GDPR affects their
GDPR compliance automation business and can hardly afford professional guidance.”
for SMEs
Araujo knows this for a fact. A survey conducted with 100
11 microenterprises at the beginning of the project showed
Evolving cloud services get better, that only 18 % of respondents made use of informed
future-proof data protection consent forms when collecting personal data. As many
as 76 % of them do not know whether they collect the
so-called ‘special categories’ of data – which encompass
the likes of race and ethnic origin, political opinions, health
data and philosophical beliefs. Even more alarming is the
fact that only 35 % of companies could attest to the fact
that they applied basic security measures. The real problem
is, most local hairdressers, florists and mechanics have no
digital background or legal knowledge related to the GDPR.
So how do we solve that problem? “We have devised the

SMOOTH platform to help those businesses,” Araujo says.
“It’s an easy-to-use and inexpensive GDPR compliance
02 R e se a rc h e u #9 8 D ecember 2020 – J anuary 2021 S P E C I A L F E AT U R E

© Gorodenkoff, Shutterstock
assessment platform that provides guidance and
“ Our ambition is to create an ecosystem
”
recommendations to any sector of activity.” that will become the reference solution in Europe
in helping microenterprises comply with the
CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENTS GDPR.
The SMOOTH solution consists of three tools based on

state-of-the art research and technologies. SMOOTEXT
analyses text documents related to the protection of less compliant, and focus their efforts to help these types
personal data (cookie and privacy policy, informed of companies.
consent form, etc.). SMOODATA automatically analyses
businesses’ databases to identify the presence of personal Beyond the platform, SMOOTH also developed a handbook
data, the nature of this data and its compliance with the and is actively promoting standardisation through a CEN
data minimisation principle. Finally, SMONLINE monitors Workshop Agreement (CWA). While the GDPR handbook
data collection from cookies by third parties in websites provides guidance, examples, videos and links to external
and mobile apps, as well as detects the evidence of ad resources, the CWA will provide guidelines on key GDPR
targeting. All results are collected in a compliance report elements and principles to be taken into account, legal
and delivered to the user in a PDF document. requirements, technical and organisational measures, and
exemptions for low-risk processing.
“Our ambition is to create an ecosystem that will become
the reference solution in Europe in helping microenterprises Due for completion in January 2021, SMOOTH is now
comply with the GDPR. As it evolves, the platform may focusing on completing its second pilot of real-life
incorporate other modules created by SMOOTH partners scenarios with 60 companies providing feedback on the
or third parties that expand its functionalities. These platform. This feedback will enable further improvements
could include, for example, country-specific requirements, which Araujo hopes will help attract 500 microenterprises
modules for larger companies or specific industries, or by the end of the year.
additional legal frameworks. The ecosystem created
would move towards an overall solution covering all
aspects of GDPR compliance,” Araujo explains. S M O OT H
The SMOOTH platform is useful for National Data ⇢ Coordinated by Eurecat in Spain
Protection Authorities, too. By using it, they can help their ⇢ Funded under H2020-SECURITY
SMEs and other businesses to become GDPR-compliant, ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/786741
get statistical data about which type of enterprises are ⇢ Project website: smoothplatform.eu

Engineers get a helping hand with
GDPR compliance tools
The EU-funded PDP4E project has taken an engineer’s standpoint to the challenges generated
by GDPR compliance. The tools it develops will help devise products, systems and services that
protect the rights of EU citizens.
The GDPR has had an impact on everyone, from service
users to providers and even software engineers. For
the latter, however, privacy engineering is a rather new
concept that could easily be considered as abstract or of
secondary importance. But that would be a mistake. From
smart grids to big data, connected vehicles and banking,
privacy engineering can never be discarded.
“Engineers need four types of tools,” says Antonio Kung,

co-founder of Trialog and coordinator of the PDP4E
(Methods and tools for GDPR compliance through Privacy
and Data Protection Engineering) project. “The first
type focuses on privacy risk management, which helps
engineers identify, assess and deal with privacy risks
from a technical perspective. The second relates to the
elicitation of privacy-related requirements, which would
help engineers turn privacy constraints into tangible
© REDPIXEL.PL, Shutterstock
requirements. But that’s not all. They also need a privacy tools (within the Eclipse open source community). The
and data protection by design (PDPbD) framework, as open model community can share both privacy protection
well as an assurance case ensuring that design decisions and privacy engineering models.”
taken to ensure privacy and mitigate associated risks can
be audited and assessed for GDPR compliance.” FROM CONNECTED VEHICLES
TO SMART GRIDS
PDP4E provides these four tools with one goal in mind:
enabling the widespread creation of products, systems and The solutions are being tested in the two innovative
services that better protect the privacy and personal data of fields of connected vehicles and big data for smart grids.
EU citizens. To do so, it leverages model-based engineering. For engineers eyeing cooperation between autonomous
vehicles, the compromises it entails for the privacy of
“The project leverages models – or processable drivers cannot be ignored. The purpose of PDP4E in this
representations of systems. These models have been case will be to demonstrate how such compromises
developed by privacy experts and can therefore be reused can be dealt with from a privacy by design perspective.
by engineers,” Kung explains. Meanwhile, the case of big data in smart grids poses
critical challenges in terms of privacy and data protection
Concretely, the project team has been working hard to which the project is aiming to assess.
integrate privacy by design and data protection with
existent, mainstream software and system engineering “A major problem in connected vehicles relates to location
methods. And for those tools that do not exist or are being data, while data sharing in smart grids raises concerns
developed, they provide open-source software that will related to de-identification (the algorithms needed to
guide a more privacy-aware development process. prevent smart metering from exposing users’ life patterns
and devices in use). At the end of the day, both use
“We assume the existence of two open communities for cases involve complex ecosystems involving multiple
our ecosystem: an open model community for privacy, organisations. This shows that privacy protection models
and an open source community for privacy engineering must also include organisational models,” Kung notes.

“ A major problem in connected vehicles in the development of the ISO 31700 standard (privacy
”
relates to location data, while data sharing in by design for consumer goods and services) – certainly
smart grids raises concerns related to makes them well equipped to do so.
de-identification.
PDP4E
By the time the project ends, Kung and the PDP4E project
partners hope to help nurture the privacy engineering ⇢ Coordinated by Trialog in France
community, and even foster the creation of an Alliance for ⇢ Funded under H2020-SECURITY
Privacy and Data Protection Engineering. Their contribution ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/787034
to standardisation activities – notably their involvement ⇢ Project website: pdp4e-project.eu
Putting data privacy back into citizens’ hands

How do we finally give EU citizens back control of their own data? The answer could lie in a
novel Privacy-Enhanced Dashboard developed under the EU-funded PoSeID-on project.
The GDPR is a great step forward for data privacy, but it still It’s all about making conscious decisions about who can
leaves users with little means to monitor and control how process your own data: you can enable, restrict or revoke
exactly their data is being used. The PoSeID-on (Protection permissions in accordance with the data minimisation
and control of Secured Information by means of a privacy principle, as well as be alerted in case of privacy exposure.
enhanced Dashboard) project team aimed to fill the gap with
what they call a “Privacy-Enhanced Dashboard”. With this What would you say makes this solution
platform, consumers can retake control over their own data, particularly innovative?
and decide how much they want to share and with whom.
The Privacy-Enhanced Dashboard integrates the cutting-
Francesco Paolo Schiavo, General Director at the Italian edge technologies needed to ensure accountability and
Ministry of Economy and Finance and coordinator of the GDPR compliance as far as data processing and exchange
project, accepted our invitation to answer a few questions is concerned.
about the new dashboard and its potential benefits for
European citizens and e-service providers alike. One key innovation is the securitisation of our open
architecture, by means of permissioned blockchain and
Why do people need a Privacy-Enhanced smart contracts. This provides accountability, transparency
Dashboard such as the one you propose? and compliance with data protection law. Concretely,
the dashboard traces all transactions. It registers user
Francesco Paolo Schiavo: The Privacy-Enhanced consent and grants a contextual guarantee of data erasure
Dashboard is meant to protect personal data. It’s an and reduction in identity traceability, all thanks to the
integrated and comprehensive solution safeguarding the mechanism of ‘burnable pseudo-identities’.
rights of data subjects.
Another innovation is the integration of state-of-the-art
As they use the Privacy-Enhanced Dashboard, people technologies within the Privacy-Enhanced Dashboard.
will be granted concise, transparent, intelligible and These include cloud, access management according to
easy access to their personal data. They will know how eIDAS (electronic IDentification, Authentication and trust
the latter is being tracked, control and manage their Services – the EU regulation on electronic identification
personally identifiable information (PII) processed by and trust services for electronic transactions in the
public and private organisations, and very much act as internal market) and privacy management with machine
data controllers and/or providers. learning analysis.

“
Francesco Paolo Schiavo
PoSeID-on project coordinator
© Francesco Paolo Schiavo
The dashboard traces all transactions.

It registers user consent and grants a contextual
© AndriiKoval, Shutterstock
”
guarantee of data erasure and reduction in
identity traceability, all thanks to the mechanism
of ‘burnable pseudo-identities’.
To reduce fraud, a Risk Management Module analyses data

requests and sends warnings about likely fraudulent use. We
also have a Personal Data Analyzer that monitors privacy shows PII tracking, while the second one is used for
risk using NLP to validate communication and messages. permissions management. You can access it by using your
electronic IDentification (eID) accounts, which reduces the
All these features enable the Privacy-Enhanced Dashboard risk of identity theft and protects your privacy.
to offer most of the latest innovative ICT technologies in a
box. Moreover, the Privacy-Enhanced Dashboard is user- From the web dashboard, you can immediately see a
friendly. It can even be used by organisations wanting to risk score indicating your level of privacy exposure. The
integrate their procedures within a GDPR-compliant tool. dashboard will also show evaluation results from several
algorithms gauging how risky it is to allow third parties
How do you ensure that this tool can counter to see your personal data. There is a risk score for each
the wide variety of data tracking methods service, and one for all data.
currently used online?
What are the project’s most
There are three main aspects to consider here. First, the important outcomes so far?
Privacy-Enhanced Dashboard is an integrated prototype
that enables users to dictate how their personal data We have successfully developed the Privacy-Enhanced
is shared with public and private organisations. The Dashboard, implemented four different use cases and
procedure is easy and accessible to all users. integrated the Privacy-Enhanced Dashboard with other
systems. The system is also fully compliant with the GDPR
Then, we use source components. This means that we of technological e-services, including e-administration.
can potentially integrate the dashboard with any public or
private ICT architecture. Each single component or toolkit We are now proud to have a solution that empowers
is made available individually so that EU organisations individuals with the control of their personal data,
can integrate it within their own systems. This option can increases their confidence in e-services and provides new
potentially guarantee high technological development methods to facilitate the deployment of such services.
and competitiveness, and the creation of new business
opportunities within the EU market. What do you still need to achieve?
Finally, the Privacy-Enhanced Dashboard is also a cloud- We are finalising our four use cases and proceeding with
based service (PEDaaS). Organisations without their own the full integration of the Privacy-Enhanced Dashboard.
blockchain and/or cloud or that can’t afford the cost of Final implementation is expected in December 2020.
managing GDPR-compliant tools can use it too. In such a
scenario, they simply access the PoSeID-on cloud service POSEID-ON
and use the Privacy-Enhanced Dashboard to monitor and
control data processing. ⇢ Coordinated by the Ministry of Economy and Finance
in Italy
How does the tool work exactly? ⇢ Funded under H2020-SECURITY
⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/786713
Users’ web dashboard is composed of PII processing ⇢ Project website: poseidon-h2020.eu
information and services management: the first part bit.ly/2JcRKgx

New data analytics platform eases
privacy concerns for owners
Businesses in the digital era increasingly rely on data analytics for growth and survival. But
does it necessarily mean that we have to sacrifice our privacy? Not necessarily. The EU-funded
PAPAYA project has developed a new platform that promises to reinstate trust between data
owners and third-party data processors.
Data breaches have made consumers increasingly wary more and more concerned about the safety of their
of personal data safety on cloud servers. With the General personal information.
Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) now in place, the
PAPAYA (PlAtform for PrivAcY preserving data Analytics) The European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
project aims to strike a delicate balance between privacy can reverse this trend, but it also means that companies
and valuable data analytics. Its technology is being tested are now looking for secure data handling practices. There
in five real use cases, ranging from heart arrhythmia is, now more than ever, a need for privacy-preserving data
detection to mobile phone usage analytics. analytics that enable companies to operate on protected
data, ensure their clients’ privacy and keep the said data
Melek Önen, associate professor at EURECOM’s Digital meaningful and useful.
Security Department and PAPAYA coordinator, discusses
the project’s ambitions and achievements so far. The usual data protection techniques (namely, standard
encryption techniques such as AES) are unfortunately not
What gaps in data privacy do you aim to close suitable for this new context as they prevent third-party
with this project? servers from operating over the encrypted data. Data
owners would rather need to first download the encrypted
Melek Önen: The PAPAYA project aims at addressing data, decrypt it and execute operations on the cleartext
data privacy concerns arising when data analytics are data. This is not possible when the data owner does not
outsourced to powerful but untrusted cloud servers. have the computational resources to perform operations
on such a high volume of data, or when the algorithm
© Art Stocker, Shutterstock

Data analytics can help stakeholders leverage collected to be executed is owned by the third-party server. One
data to derive relevant information and make better solution would be to provide the third-party server with
decisions. For example, a healthcare agency can use data the key to decrypt the data, but then confidentiality could
analytics to predict or detect the risk of pandemics. Data not be ensured any more.
analytics can also help marketing or commercial companies
in their decision-making. But there is a key issue. Despite
all their value for the entities collecting them, data sets
also contain highly sensitive information on the individuals
from whom the data is collected. Data confidentiality and
data subjects’ privacy really are in jeopardy.
By adopting a privacy-by-design approach, our project aims

to devise and develop a platform of privacy-preserving
modules that protects the privacy of users on an end-to-end
basis without sacrificing data analytics functionalities.
How do you explain the current lack of prior

measures aiming to strike such balance?
Society is facing ever-increasing data breaches causing

serious damage. Many individuals have lost confidence
in organisations’ data security solutions and are

Melek Önen,
“
PAPAYA project coordinator Could you provide some concrete examples of use cases?
© Melek Önen
PAPAYA defines five use cases, each of them targeting

different settings. One use case targeting healthcare
Many individuals have lost confidence applications (led by MediaClinics Italia, an Italian SME)
”
in organisations’ data security solutions and are consists of heart arrhythmia detection in a privacy-
more and more concerned about the safety of their preserving manner. Under this use case, sensitive health
personal information. data in the form of electrocardiograms (ECGs) is collected
from a patient. The PAPAYA platform detects arrhythmia by
using neural networks, without having access to these ECGs.
How does your approach help overcome Another use case targeting telecom operators (led by Orange,
all of these problems? the French telecommunications company) helps stakeholders
extract mobility patterns using some trajectory clustering
PAPAYA develops privacy-enhancing technologies enabling algorithms, all this without identifying each individual trajectory.
protected data analytics. These analytics range from
simple statistical operations to more sophisticated machine What would you say are the project’s most
learning techniques such as neural networks. They provide important achievements so far?
significant protections to stakeholders whose data is being
processed, while giving data holders/data controllers utility. The project has developed privacy-preserving variants
of a group of four analytics, namely neural networks
Our solution is in line with data protection by design required (classification, collaborative training), trajectory clustering,
under the GDPR. Besides, the project also develops specific counting and basic statistics. These modules use different
tools easing legal compliance with the GDPR and related advanced cryptographic tools such as homomorphic
privacy and data protection legislation for organisations encryption, differential privacy or functional encryption.
using privacy-preserving analytics. The tools focus on the
rights of people whose personal data is being processed – Additionally, various user interfaces (UIs) have been
referred to as ‘data subjects’ in the GDPR. developed to enhance transparency for data subjects
and other stakeholders. These include an extension of
How does your platform work exactly? the CNIL’s Privacy Impact Assessment (PIA) tool, which
helps PAPAYA stakeholders assess the impact of privacy-
The PAPAYA framework revolves around two main groups preserving analytics on privacy and security goals.
of components. First, the platform-side components that
will be running on the non-trusted cloud server. Then, the The tool is also much more transparent for data subjects.
client-side components that will be running on a trusted Our UIs explain how PAPAYA privacy-preserving analytics
client environment (such as a smartphone). work, and our privacy engine tool takes data subjects’
privacy preferences and rights into account.
The platform regroups privacy-preserving analytics
modules for the following operations: neural network What do you still need to achieve?
classification, collaborative neural network training,
trajectory clustering, and basic statistics. On a high level, The project is now in its validation phase. Our goal is to
platform clients – namely stakeholders – send their set up prototypes demonstrating the five use cases, as
queries to perform the requested analytics in a privacy- well as produce a platform guide that would help users
preserving manner and receive the corresponding output easily operate the platform.
without leaking any privacy-sensitive information.
The framework also includes a data subject toolbox. It PA PAYA

provides versatile tools for data protection by design by
platform clients towards data subjects whose personal data ⇢ Coordinated by EURECOM in France
is processed in their services. For example, data subjects ⇢ Funded under H2020-SECURITY
can receive more information on the underlying privacy- ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/786767
preserving analytics service or on the disclosure of their data. ⇢ Project website: papaya-project.eu

New tools enable data sharing in good
conscience
Our most private and sensitive information will never entirely be safe unless we get the means to
make appropriate data sharing decisions. The Privacy.Us project not only provides such tools, it
built them based on extensive, unprecedented behavioural research.
Data breaches and leaks of private information have made privacy-related decisions online. They investigated how
us increasingly wary of websites and cloud platforms visual cues and graphical representations influence
asking too many questions. Sure, SSL certificates, incognito decisions to share or not to share personal data, as well
windows and the GDPR have somewhat eased these as how the choice of not sharing may negatively influence
concerns. But does this mean we’re finally using the internet how others perceive us.
as we should? The Privacy.Us (Privacy and Usability) project,
undertaken with the support of the Marie Skłodowska- HOW WE SEE AND HOW WE ARE SEEN
Curie programme, investigated common behaviours and
developed new tools to make the web safer for us all. “The results of our experiments on users’ emotional state,
visual cues and graphical representations of privacy
As Leonardo Martucci, associate professor of Computer policies show that individuals can be nudged towards
Science at Karlstad University and coordinator of Privacy.Us, deciding to share or not to share their data depending
explains: “The greatest threat to individual data owners on how requests are displayed. This is important because
remains the unintended/unexpected use or disclosure of it demonstrates that it is possible to influence user
their personal data. The GDPR was certainly a step in the decisions,” Martucci adds.
right direction, and so is the increased public awareness
resulting from reports of personal data breaches in Such results also reinforce the idea that privacy-related
© Andrey Suslov, Shutterstock
newspapers. But even today, individuals continue to share decision-making is neither purely rational, nor purely
their personal data inadequately.” irrational. There are actually many factors influencing such
decisions. Some of them relate directly to our personality,
To find out why this happens, Martucci and his team while others – such as the context of the interaction –
investigated our attitude and behaviour as we make are purely extrinsic. Once developers and designers know
exactly which factors are at play, they can develop usable
security and privacy tools with user-centred designs.
This is precisely what the Privacy.Us team did, as they

looked into very specific cases to identify measures
making users more aware of their data privacy. In one
instance, they took the case of gay men engaging on
dating applications. Are they willing to disclose their
HIV status? How does disclosing (or not disclosing) this
highly sensitive information affect the perception of other
platform users? Once the team found out, they proposed
a number of design considerations mitigating user
stigmatisation based on their choice.
Another issue the project focused on is NFC payment.

“We have redesigned the NFC payment experience to
improve its usability, security and privacy. The end result
is an improved screen design and sensory feedback for
NFC payment terminals. Besides, we looked into personal
data leaks in mobile applications and studied the positive

impact of the GDPR on reducing the number of personal
data leaks,” Martucci notes.
“ We suggest the use of nutrition-like
privacy labels to be printed on the package of
”
those devices, so that users can easily compare IoT
A third, very contemporary example that the team devices and decide beforehand on conditions for
touches upon is the overall lack of privacy-related sharing their personal data.
graphical interfaces in IoT devices. “We suggest the use of
nutrition-like privacy labels to be printed on the package
of those devices, so that users can easily compare IoT legal measures to preserve the privacy autonomy of
devices and decide beforehand on conditions for sharing individual users are all bound to help design better IT
their personal data. These are similar to the labels that tools and applications that we can all use collectedly.
will be adopted by Apple’s App Store starting in December
2020,” says Martucci.
P R I VA C Y. U S
No matter the application, the Privacy.Us mathematical
models can represent the interactive and reinforcing ⇢ Coordinated by Karlstad University in Sweden
factors involved as users decide to share or not to share ⇢ Funded under H2020-MSCA-ITN
personal data. The project’s security and privacy tools, its ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/675730
legal analysis on unfair data practices, and the proposed ⇢ Project website: privacyus.eu
GDPR compliance automation for SMEs

To comply with the General Data Protection Regulation, SMEs need all the help they can
get. The EU-funded BPR4GDPR project has been playing its part with new tools and
methodologies. These allow interested companies to automate the adoption of new measures
while addressing key issues related to data privacy at any time.
What do services dealing with health and social security The problem is well-documented, yet not fully addressed.
data, a car dealership’s customer relations and real estate Reaching GDPR compliance is far from easy, especially
agencies using cloud services have in common? Since for SMEs with limited resources and know-how. Every
© kenary820, Shutterstock
May 2018, that would be the General Data Protection day, such businesses face questions related to the
Regulation (GDPR). Or, perhaps more precisely, the extra interpretation of GDPR provisions and requirements,
burden coming with the creation of GDPR-compliant operational adaptation, and the appropriate technical
business processes. measures to be deployed. Likewise, the relation with data
subjects, the enforcement of their rights, the question
of accountability and the management of compliance
evidence have never been so sensitive.
This is the context in which the BPR4GDPR (Business

Process Re-engineering and functional toolkit for GDPR
compliance) tools were conceived. “We’ve come up with
the first-ever range of tools that can consider most
aspects of GDPR compliance across all phases of a
business process life cycle,” says Spiros Alexakis, member
of the Board at CAS Software and BPR4GDPR coordinator.
“These tools can automatically adapt and transform
processes so as to make them compliant with privacy
policies, both at design time and following execution.”
BPR4GDPR essentially takes on the bulk of the GDPR-

related stress endured by company staff, no matter

“ These tools can automatically adapt and round has provided us with valuable feedback in terms
”
transform processes so as to make them compliant of functionality, performance and usability, which was
with privacy policies, both at design time and then exploited during the second implementation phase.
following execution. We are currently conducting the final round, which aims
to thoroughly test the solutions, perform the necessary
fine-tuning, and pave the way for the exploitation of
how far they are with implementation. At design time, results beyond the project lifetime,” George Lioudakis,
the project tools and solutions will help businesses co-founder of ICT Abovo and BPR4GDPR policy framework
understand when predefined behaviours and rules are not leader, explains.
compliant and how to adapt. At runtime, they will provide
solutions to support or enforce privacy policies. Finally, Renata Medeiros de Carvalho, assistant professor at
a posteriori, they will help investigate and analyse non- Eindhoven University of Technology in charge of BPR4GDPR’s
compliance circumstances. scientific coordination and dissemination, is particularly
optimistic about outcomes for partners. “We all have different
MULTIPLE OPPORTUNITIES expectations. Large software industries expect to increase
their revenues either by offering compliance-as-a-service or
The project has four main outcomes, as Alexakis notes. by embedding compliance into their products. Meanwhile,
“We first have the compliance ontology, a comprehensive technology and consulting SMEs expect a flexible and cost-
privacy-aware access and usage control framework that efficient means to inject compliance into their offerings.
regulates the overall system operation. Then, we have a Participating law firms benefit from a new consultancy tool
privacy-aware re-engineering of business processes that for legislation codification, compliance assessment and
automatically makes process models compliant with implementation. Finally, the pilot organisations are now
the GDPR. The third outcome is a framework to identify reconsidering their approach to compliance.”
compliance discrepancies, and the fourth one is a runtime
‘compliance toolkit’. It provides typical functionalities With a few months to go before completion, Alexakis says
needed to implement GDPR measures such as encryption, the project team will now focus on impact creation. This
anonymisation and data management tools; and it covers the dissemination of project results, interaction
enforces the rights of data subjects.” with stakeholders and commercial/non-commercial
exploitation of project results.
The project team trialled its solutions in three pilots
focusing respectively on sensitive data in the health and
social security sectors, compliance-as-a-service for CRM BPR4GDPR
services in car dealerships, and real estate agencies using
cloud services. ⇢ Coordinated by CAS Software in Germany
⇢ Funded under H2020-SECURITY
“The three pilots, apart from common core needs, ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/787149
reflect different compliance requirements. The first ⇢ Project website: bpr4gdpr.eu
Evolving cloud services get better,

future-proof data protection
The digital era is shaping up as one of cloud services dominance. With the GDPR now in force,
experts have had no choice but to look into stronger and more flexible means to ensure the
compliance of these services with privacy rules even as they continue to evolve.
Privacy and security by design is at the very heart of the conception. But the exponential growth of decentralised cloud
GDPR. On paper, it’s a strong stance: It calls for businesses services, with their constant morphing and evolution, could
and organisations storing user data to integrate GDPR quickly sweep privacy by design into the dustbin of oblivion.
principles into new IT projects from the earliest stages of their

“ The social care use case was based on an actual
product offering from a project partner, Oxford Computer
”
Consultants (OCC). We wanted to see how this product,
which focuses on both volunteers providing aid and those
requesting it, could be migrated to the cloud.
© one photo, Shutterstock
hardware enclaves can help provide a protected, regulated

flow of data across EU-based cloud environments.”
According to Salant, the PME is easily the most important

achievement from the project. It has been officially
accepted as a standard by the Apache Parquet community
Eliot Salant, project manager at IBM Haifa Research labs, and made its way into a number of IBM products.
has been aiming to provide a viable workaround under the
RESTASSURED (Secure Data Processing in the Cloud) project. REAL-LIFE TEST CASES
“Providing data protection and compliance with digital
privacy regulations in a cloud environment is a challenging RESTASSURED solutions were extensively tested in the
task. The public cloud is inherently untrusted, has a wide fields of social care and Pay as You Drive insurance. “The
geographic distribution, and has a multi-stakeholder system social care use case was based on an actual product offering
where the data belongs neither to the cloud service provider from a project partner, Oxford Computer Consultants (OCC).
nor to the stakeholder who orchestrates the computation. We wanted to see how this product, which focuses on both
On top of that, we also have the highly dynamic changes in volunteers providing aid and those requesting it, could be
cloud services and infrastructures.” migrated to the cloud,” explains Salant. “The distinct roles
required strict role-based access enforcement for data.
So how do we move on? “With mechanisms and cloud Meanwhile, the automated risk management developed in
components for the runtime detection, prediction and RESTASSURED was of great interest to OCC, both to analyse
prevention of data protection violations, as well as new their current product and to find out the implications of
techniques to secure data-at-rest in a cloud environment,” bringing this product to a cloud environment.”
Salant says.
The Pay as You Drive insurance, on the other hand, dealt
FIVE KEY INNOVATIONS with automobile telematics. The IoT personal data is
captured on-premise and then transferred to the cloud,
RESTASSURED aimed to help data controllers – that is, the which implies GDPR restrictions on its processing, as
entities legally responsible for determining the reasons for well as restrictions on the data itself as the transmitting
processing and how to process personal data while ensuring vehicle crosses national borders.
compliance with data protection. To do so, it focused on five
key innovations. The first is the use of emerging hardware The project ended in December 2019, but development
solutions such as AMD SEV and Intel SGX to provide secure has continued ever since. Work on the PME is being
enclaves for data operation. The second is the development continued under a number of other H2020 projects, while
of encryption for parquet files, which allow for highly several RESTASSURED partners have since proposed a
efficient storage and querying of data for big data analytics. follow-on project called FogProtect (Protecting Sensitive
Additionally, the team focused on: means to assess data Data in the Computing Continuum). FogProtect is
protection compliance in the running system; automated risk scheduled to run through to the end of 2022.
management; and the implementation of sticky policies to
define data access, usage and storage rules.
R E S TA S S U R E D
“This is all very important,” Salant notes. “The use of
sticky policies for instance will help create Policy Decision ⇢ Coordinated by IBM in Israel
Points (PDPs) and Policy Enforcement Points (PEPs) to ⇢ Funded under H2020-LEIT-ICT
regulate the flow of data across applications in the cloud. ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/731678
Meanwhile, the strong data protection offered by both ⇢ Project website: restassuredh2020.eu
the use of Parquet Modular Encryption (PME) and secure bit.ly/39hfmLQ

F O O D A N D N AT U R A L R E S O U R C E S
Novel sensors monitor

environmental threats to bees
Bee populations are crashing, and we need to figure out why. Two new environmental sensors
help fill in the knowledge gaps.
Bees are in trouble. Since the early 1990s, Europe has IN-HIVE AND FIELD SENSORS
seen an average population decline of 17-20 % per
year, sometimes substantially more in certain areas. Although commercial environmental sensors for
Today, about 10 % of Europe’s 2 000 bee species are monitoring beehives are available, they come with
endangered. Since three quarters of crop plants depend several key deficiencies. Therefore, the EU-funded IoBee
on bee pollination, the decline in bee numbers threatens (Beehive health IoT application to fight Honey Bee Colony
food production. Mortality) project developed two superior sensors. One is
placed in beehives, the other in nearby fields. Together, the
The decline is most serious in countries with industrialised sensors monitor environmental changes and provide early
agriculture, suggesting possible causes. A combination warnings of any threat. Project researchers also developed
of invasive species, habitat loss and use of insecticides a wireless sensor network and supporting applications.
explains most of the losses. Thus, the EU banned outdoor
use of the neonicotinoid family of insecticides, and The beehive sensor is installed at the hive entrance, and
established the ‘EU Pollinators Initiative’. Nevertheless, counts bees entering and leaving the hive in real time. “The
much remains unknown. beekeeper can then evaluate the strength of the foraging
© IoBee

“ As insects fly through the sensor
field, the sensor automatically identifies their
flight pattern and matches it with species
”
in the database. So insects can be efficiently
identified without need for trapping and
manual counting.
Today, about
force, determine mortality rates in the field, and identify
deviations in flight duration and nectar availability,”
explains project coordinator João Encarnação.
10 % of Europe’s
2 000 bee species
The sensor can also identify types of bees and hive pests.
One way the sensor does so is via a technique called light
extinction, which measures the size of an insect’s shadow.
The sensor also measures light scattering in various
are endangered
colour bands, identifying species by colouration.
A second optoelectronic sensor counts and identifies

insects flying outside the hive. “As insects fly through
the sensor field, the sensor automatically identifies their
flight pattern and matches it with species in the database. accurate. This will halve the costs of inspection and
So insects can be efficiently identified without need surveillance. Public and private customers, and authorities,
for trapping and manual counting,” adds Encarnação. gave very positive feedback.
The sensor also measures pollinator density, which is
an important parameter for agricultural production and The team has taken initial orders to equip 200 beehives,
ecosystem monitoring. No other sensor system can in three European and three other countries. These orders
provide this information. will be filled during autumn 2020. Next, the team plans to
equip 5 000 beehives during 2021.
The sensors can be set up with an associated weather
and air-quality station. All units send data to a cloud IoBee’s new sensors provide better information about the
server via a cellular network. The team developed threats affecting bees. This will help improve European
algorithms for automated data processing and software environmental standards, and reduce the usage of pesticides.
for visual presentation.
ENVIRONMENTAL ALERTS
AND FIELD TRIALS
The collated information can be used to alert authorities IOBEE

to environmental threats or pest outbreaks. This allows
much more rapid and effective interventions than would ⇢ Coordinated by Irideon in Spain
have been possible previously. ⇢ Funded under H2020-Societal Challenges and
H2020-Industrial Leadership
Researchers conducted field trials in five European ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/760342
countries, plus the United States. Laboratory and field ⇢ Project website: io-bee.eu
testing confirmed sensor identifications as being 95 % bit.ly/2HwZwkM

Protecting crops by unravelling

the mysteries of plant immunity
Using pesticides to reduce crop losses caused by pests and disease damages the environment and
contributes to climate change. An EU initiative explored alternative strategies to protect crops.
After a first infection, plants respond more effectively to SPECIFIC OXYLIPINS AND RELATED
a second pathogen encounter by becoming resistant. This PROTEINS REQUIRED FOR PLANT
plant immunisation, or priming, involves a certain memory IMMUNE PRIMING
following the first exposure, lasting anywhere from a few
days to entire generations. Plant endogenous oxylipin compounds and epigenetic
mechanisms are involved in priming processes. “Their
“Experts consider priming the safest and most effective specific contribution and the link between these two
approach to boosting the endogenous plant immune pathways haven’t been addressed to date,” notes López.
system,” comments Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions “In line with EU concerns and priorities, EPILIPIN fills
fellow Ana López, who was responsible for the overall this gap in knowledge by exploring the use of natural
coordination of the EU-funded EPILIPIN (Deciphering compounds – oxylipins – in triggering long-term priming
the role of oxylipins in the epigenetic mechanisms for improving crop yields while minimising agriculture’s
controlling plant immunization) project. “They also agree impact on the environment.”
that priming represents the perfect target for new crop
protection strategies because it provides natural long- Researchers began by identifying the role of oxylipins
lasting resistance against pathogens.” However, deeper in priming. They then positioned the oxylipin signalling
© studiovin, Shutterstock
knowledge of the mechanisms involved is needed upstream of the epigenetic machinery between the
to apply priming to crop protection. This research pathogen perception and the epigenetic changes
was undertaken with the support of the Marie mediating priming (memory). According to the findings,
Skłodowska-Curie Actions programme. mitochondria play a key role in the oxylipin signalling
pathway. Mitochondria’s main function is to produce
the cell’s energy by respiration and to modulate cellular
metabolism. Results also link the mitochondrial changes
as an element in priming processes.
SUCCESSFULLY APPLYING PRIMING

TO CROP PROTECTION
The EPILIPIN team developed a working model in which

the signalling triggered by the pathogen recognition and
mediated by oxylipins induces mitochondrial changes that
affect the deposition of the epigenetic marks underlying
the memory of the stress (priming). Team members
induced long-lasting resistance against different plant
pathogens, including fungus, bacteria and oomycetes,
protecting not just the treated tissues but the entire
plant, and in some cases even the following generation.
“The model doesn’t just reinforce the role of oxylipins in
priming procedures, it also positions the mitochondria as
an interface integrating external signals and coordinating

“ EPILIPIN opens new avenues for “EPILIPIN opens new avenues for the development of
”
the development of alternative, more natural alternative, more natural and sustainable agricultural
and sustainable agricultural strategies – an strategies – an EU priority,” concludes López. “Outcomes
EU priority. could facilitate the application of epigenetics in plant
priming, which could mean a real breakthrough in future
integrated pest management programmes that positively
plant responses to environmental changes,” explains impact crop yields.”
López. “This could impact different fields, from epigenetics,
plant defence and cell biology to ecology and evolution.”
EPILIPIN
López believes the benefits of EPILIPIN are already
tangible. “We have unravelled and positioned some of the ⇢ Coordinated by the Spanish National Research Council
elements in the signalling cascade between the pathogen (CSIC) in Spain
recognition and the establishment of stress memory ⇢ Funded under H2020-MSCA-IF
mediated by epigenetic mechanisms and conferring long- ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/746136
lasting plant protection.” ⇢ Project website: epilipin.wordpress.com
Better quality fish,

longer shelf life thanks to low-cost,
animal-friendly ice technology
In Europe, almost one out of every three fish spoils before reaching our plates, resulting in about
3 million tonnes in losses. An EU initiative introduced technological solutions to improve fresh
© ICE2LAST
fish’s quality and extend their shelf life.
The main method for preserving fresh fish uses crushed

ice, applied to the fish using the top icing technique along
with cold storage at 2 °C. However, fish have a very
limited shelf life with this procedure. Ice is an essential
commodity in the fish industry because it reduces the
growth of spoilage microorganisms and prevents fish
surface dehydration. It is also used during fish slaughter
and throughout the marketing chain, from storage and
transport to shop counters. Every tonne of farmed fish
needs 800 kg of ice for slaughter and preservation alone.
During fish slaughter, stress-related substances are

released and severely affect flesh quality. With meat, a
stunning process is mandatory before slaughter. “However,
fish are very rarely subject to any stunning procedure due
mainly to difficulties in management or the associated costs
of available stunning systems,” explains Nicolás López,
coordinator of the EU-funded project ICE2LAST (Innovative

technology based on the integration of natural substances
in ice to improve animal welfare and extend shelf-life of
farmed fish). As a result, fish produced by aquaculture are
“ Cost-effective solutions such as
ours have the potential to contribute
to aquaculture competitiveness and
”
subjected to long stress periods – up to 50 minutes – prior sustainability by improving the quality
to death. “The aquaculture sector must improve slaughter of European fish while promoting animal
methods to reduce animal suffering and needs new welfare.
conservation methods to increase shelf life,” he adds.
INTEGRATING NATURAL market share. The preserving ice will lead to a minimal
SUBSTANCES INTO ICE increase in retail cost of 1-2 cents per kilogram of fish,
making it an attractive choice for consumers. Following
Project partners introduced ice technologies that integrate patent approval, commercialisation will focus on Spain,
natural essential oils into crushed ice used for fish then other EU countries before branching out to Egypt,
stunning, slaughter and preservation. Specifically, they Tunisia and Turkey. New market segments have also
developed two different yet fully complementary types been identified, such as the potential of preserving ice as
of ice solutions: stunning ice and preserving ice for sea a solution to increase the shelf life of fresh vegetables
bream, sea bass, trout and salmon. such as broccoli.
Thanks to the proven sedative and antimicrobial activity Europe accounts for as much as 25 % of the global fish
of these essential oils, stunning ice completely stuns market. The EU produces 6 million tonnes of fish food,
fish in under 50 seconds at slaughter, while preserving about 20 % originating from aquaculture. To satisfy
ice extends shelf life by 50 %. Ultimately, less fish will be consumption, the EU imported 8.5 million tonnes of
thrown away by retailers and consumers. The ICE2LAST seafood products in 2014. It is expected to increase its
team found that when the two innovative ice types are domestic production to address the low rate of self-
used together, shelf life is longer and the quality is better. sufficiency in fish consumption, particularly through
aquaculture promotion since catches will stagnate to
BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES AWAIT address stock depletion. “Cost-effective solutions such
as ours have the potential to contribute to aquaculture
Studies conducted by the partners show that market competitiveness and sustainability by improving the
prospects for the aquaculture and retail sectors are great. quality of European fish while promoting animal welfare,”
There are ongoing discussions with Spain’s largest food concludes López.
retailer, with more than 1 600 shops and over 25 % of the
ICE2LAST
Almost one out of every ⇢ Coordinated by CUBIPLAYA in Spain

three fish spoils before reaching ⇢
⇢
Funded under H2020-FOOD and H2020-SME
cordis.europa.eu/project/id/804493
our plates, resulting in about ⇢ Project website: bit.ly/31FZOwy
3 million tonnes in losses bit.ly/35jwMW2

I N D U S T R I A L T E C H N O LO G I E S
Model-based technologies
modernise European
manufacturing
European manufacturing has to catch up with foreign competitors.
To do that, it’s incorporating modern engineering methods and tools.
In recent years, European manufacturing has been facing NEW MODEL-BASED TECHNOLOGIES
competition from other regions. This is especially true for FOR UPSCALING
the manufacture of electronic components and systems,
which are becoming even more complex. Industrial manufacturing usually means complex systems
and processes, involving multiple teams and serving
To regain competitiveness, European manufacturing needs several product lines at once. Tracing and monitoring, for
to modernise, which means introducing updated engineering the purpose of quality control, must be carried out while
© Jenson, Shutterstock
practices into its processes. This will translate into improved the processes are running. This is known as runtime. The
management of productivity, quality and safety. so-called model-based technologies seamlessly integrate
design and runtime aspects. Such technologies have
already achieved productivity gains in certain applications.

Yet, these methods need enhancement before upscaling
“ The tools are divided into three
”
to real industrial projects could be possible. groups. These are holistic system engineering,
runtime validation, and traceability and
The EU-funded project MegaM@Rt2 (MegaModelling at megamodelling.
Runtime – scalable model-based framework for continuous
development and runtime validation of complex systems)
introduces model-based technologies into this manufacturing and clear guidelines are provided on how different
context. The purpose of MegaM@Rt2 is to help European tools can be combined into tool chains supporting real-
industry reduce development and maintenance costs. life scenarios.
In contrast to the conventional approach of building
a system and then testing whether it works, the new With the improvements to the manufacturing of electronic
methods allow designers to preview and tweak systems systems, not only do the manufacturers become more
during the design phase. MegaM@Rt2 developed a set competitive, but manufactured goods generally become
of tools that aid continuous development and runtime of more reliable. “This has an indirect impact on society,
manufacturing processes. through accelerating the development and use of cyber-
physical systems (CPS) scenarios, in transport and
SCALABLE TOOLSET FOR healthcare, where the impact is visible,” adds Torrado
MODEL-DRIVEN VERIFICATION Gracia. Such development also occurs in other fields,
notably energy and telecommunications, where success is
Researchers developed a total of 28 model-driven invisible to the consumer, but failures are particularly acute.
software tools, intended for real-life industrial projects. This means that consumers benefit from fewer outages, as
Most are distributed as opensource. “The tools are divided well as more reliable and cheaper energy provision.
into three groups,” explains Alba Torrado Gracia, project
assistant. “These are holistic system engineering, runtime Most of the existing consortium members united to
validation, and traceability and megamodelling.” System submit a new funding proposal. If accepted, this will form
engineering tools integrate and verify existing industrial a new EU-funded project called AIDOaRT.
practices. Runtime analysis means monitoring, testing
and validation of processes while under way. The final set
of tools relate design models with runtime models, and
allow mapping between the two sets. MEGAM@RT2
Together, the software tools allow feedback from runtime ⇢ Coordinated by Mälardalen University in Sweden
processes to affect the design stage. Information collected ⇢ Funded under H2020-LEIT-ICT
during the design phase improves the traceability and ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/737494
quality of the final product. ⇢ Project website: megamart2-ecsel.eu
bit.ly/2FWHp6X
Although model-based technologies have been popular
at the design phase, their use in runtime analysis has
so far been limited. Therefore, one of the project’s
challenges was to make all the tools speak the same
language of models. A second challenge was to make all
tools interoperable, to provide a seamless experience for
engineers. To this extent, many of the tools support the
common trace format (CTF) for interoperability purposes,

New concrete mixture and

design tools extend energy
infrastructure lifespans
Old concrete recipes don’t meet the new longevity demands for energy infrastructure.
The answer is nanoadditives.
The expected lifespans of major engineering projects are NANOMATERIALS FOR A

increasing. Projected lifespans used to be 25 years for REINFORCED CONCRETE MIX
energy infrastructure, 50 years for buildings and more
than 75 years for bridges. Now, designers are expected One key to achieving this requirement is new materials.
to achieve lifespans of 100 years or more. This is for The EU-funded LORCENIS (Long Lasting Reinforced
cost reasons. Investment in longevity at the construction Concrete for Energy Infrastructure under Severe Operating
stage pays off over the long term compared to repairing Conditions) project developed a new formula resulting
structures later. in a novel mixture that doubles previous lifespans for
concrete, even under extreme conditions of temperature,
In addition, infrastructure is moving into non-traditional pressure, salinity and acidity (e.g., sewage plants).
locations, such as offshore. Many such locations are
hostile to infrastructure. For example, sea air is highly The new concrete is mixed and poured normally. The
corrosive; certain locations may be subjected to freezing fundamental difference is the new, nanostructured
conditions and ice abrasion, extreme heat or intense additives that LORCENIS researchers developed. “They
© ErichFend, Shutterstock
pressures. Despite such challenges, the requirement for allow hardened concrete to self-repair, via a calcium
infrastructure longevity still applies. carbonate precipitation reaction,” explains Christian
Simon, LORCENIS coordinator. The additives also allow
the concrete to self-cure, meaning to set. “So the
additives mitigate shrinkage and crack formation. They
also increase freeze-thaw resistance, while decreasing
water permeability and absorption,” adds Simon.
The nanomaterials additionally function as sensors. With

software support, the sensors allow civil structures to
detect and monitor stresses, and thus, to self-diagnose
their own structural health.
SUPERIOR PERFORMANCE
A second key element of extended lifespans is improved

design tools. LORCENIS researchers developed and
validated a new modelling approach, incorporated into an
engineering software tool called ‘SEBASTOS’. This greatly
simplifies the computation time required in design. So
the tool helps designers predict and optimise reinforced
concrete in highly corrosive environments.

“ The nanomaterial fully repaired
a concrete crack, leaving it strong and in
good condition. We also achieved three times
better resistance to ice abrasion than normal
concrete. In concrete exposed to ocean winds
Finally, testing showed a 40 % improvement to the
self-repair capabilities of concrete under hydraulic
pressure, for crack widths up to 0.15 mm.
The functionality of the newly developed concrete
”
and currents, the new mixture reduced material has been verified, raising the technology
chloride concentration around steel concrete readiness level (TRL) from proof of concept (TRL3) to
reinforcing by 50 %. technology demonstration (TRL6-7).
LORCENIS partners have joined new initiatives,

During the final year of the project, researchers tested the funded by both the EU and national governments, to
new material on pilot-scale demonstrators prepared with continue development.
the new concrete mixture. Testing reflected the extreme
conditions likely to be encountered in each of the project’s The outcome of LORCENIS has been concrete that
four environmental scenarios: concrete infrastructure performs well and lasts much longer, even in extreme
in deep sea and (sub)arctic zones, under mechanical environments. This will help make infrastructure projects
fatigue, exposed to high-temperature thermal fatigue, in such environments more feasible.
and subjected to acid attack.
“Our results were outstanding,” notes Simon. “The

nanomaterial fully repaired a concrete crack, leaving LO R C E N I S
it strong and in good condition. We also achieved three
times better resistance to ice abrasion than normal ⇢ Coordinated by SINTEF in Norway
concrete. In concrete exposed to ocean winds and ⇢ Funded under H2020-LEIT-ADVMAT
currents, the new mixture reduced chloride concentration ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/685445
around steel concrete reinforcing it by 50 %,” says Simon. ⇢ Project website: lorcenis-eu.com
A recipe for success turns

composites manufacturing into
a piece of cake
Production of large and complex composite parts for the aerospace industry still relies largely
on trial-and-error approaches to composite design. A new process simulation tool promises
significant reduction in time, cost, errors and scrap, not to mention energy consumption.
Manufacturing a part that meets specifications requires The latest generation of medium- and long-range
detailed knowledge of the processing parameters, the passenger aircraft consists of 50 % or more composites
materials, and the behaviour of the materials during by weight. The EU-funded TRANSITION (Tool-
processing. Simulations are fundamental to successful Part-Interaction simulation process linked to laminate
delivery of high-quality components. Complex carbon quality) project has filled the critical need for process
fibre-reinforced plastic or polymer (CFRP) composites are simulation, taking the guesswork and ‘rework’ out of
a prime example, yet process simulation tools are lacking. CFRP composite manufacturing. It promises to enhance

“ TRANSITION’s process
simulation tool facilitates cost- and time-
efficient design of prepreg parts for autoclave
manufacturing. By reducing ‘trials’ and
”
rejection rates, the tool also minimises
energy-intensive autoclave use and enhances
manufacturing sustainability.
influencing the porosity of materials subjected to various

processing conditions, via micrographs and high-resolution
micro-computerised tomography scans, or micro-CT
scans. Scientists also developed and implemented a new
methodology to measure pressure between the prepreg
and the tool in the autoclave.
As a result, the numerical process simulation tool

implemented using the commercially available finite
element (FE) software ABAQUS effectively describes
© Dennis Bublitz
compaction behaviour and calculates porosity. Bublitz

the competitiveness, not only of the European aerospace summarises: “The model successfully predicted the
industry, but of any sector that relies on CFRPs. thickness distribution after curing in the autoclave.
Moreover, the distribution of the remaining porosity was
IT GETS COMPLICATED IN THERE predicted qualitatively. Therefore, the simulation results
can be used to identify critical regions with high porosity in
CFRP is a composite consisting of lightweight and high- manufactured parts. Finally, the tool enables optimisation
strength carbon fibres embedded in a matrix, typically a of the curing process in early design stages to achieve
polymer resin. These carbon fibre layers pre-impregnated high-quality parts, reducing development time and cost.”
with resin (prepregs) are widely used in aeronautical
applications. Prepregs are layered in a mould and TRANSITION has filled an important need with its FE-based
then cured in an autoclave. Extreme pressure provides simulation tool for complex autoclave processing. The
mechanical force to remove trapped air and volatile methodology was presented at the 2017 Composites and
materials, and very high temperature initiates cross- Advanced Materials Expo and the tool is integrated into
linking to form a rigid matrix. According to Dennis Bublitz, courses at the Technical University of Munich to expose
TRANSITION coordinator and chair of carbon composites students to practical applications. Bublitz concludes:
at the Technical University of Munich: “The inherent “TRANSITION’s process simulation tool facilitates cost-
variability in the manufacturing process leads to variations and time-efficient design of prepreg parts for autoclave
in the final part’s quality, like uneven part compaction and manufacturing. By reducing ‘trials’ and rejection rates,
porosity, increasing the risk of rejection. TRANSITION set the tool also minimises energy-intensive autoclave use
out to meet these challenges by developing a process and enhances manufacturing sustainability.” The tool
simulation tool to be introduced early in the design phase.” should also spur innovation, free now of the cumbersome
shackles of the trial-and-error process.
SHINING LIGHT INTO THE
BLACK BOX TRANSITION
Models simulate real-life scenarios and predict potential ⇢ Coordinated by the Technical University of
outcomes based on inputs. To do that well, they require Munich in Germany
extensive experimental data from numerous similar ⇢ Funded under H2020-TRANSPORT
scenarios on which to base predictions. TRANSITION’s ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/717145
experiments provided invaluable insight into factors ⇢ Project website: bit.ly/3jxuEgN

LIFE AFTER...
Catching up with ReconCell:

Major progress in bringing cutting-
edge next-gen (and SME-friendly!)
robotic solutions to the market
The ReconCell project has developed a cutting-edge workcell that makes robot solutions
commercially viable for SMEs that otherwise may not have the time or resources to automate their
production processes. Featured in issue 87 of Research*eu magazine in November 2019, project
coordinator Ales Ude had outlined how he and his team planned to commercialise further their
product – we reconnect with him to find out how they’ve been getting on.
Whilst ReconCell (A Reconfigurable robot improve their signature hexapod tech-
workCell for fast set-up of automated nology, which is essentially reconfigur-
assembly processes in SMEs) officially able fixtures with pneumatic brakes that
ended in February 2019, Ude and his are used to increase flexibility for assem-
colleagues have been working hard to bly processes in robotic workcells.
strengthen the spin-out company, FlexHex,
© Jozef Stefan Institute

that had been created to advance their “At the Jozef Stefan Institute (JSI), where
innovative workcell. “FlexHex has been ReconCell was coordinated, we have
very active in the last year. We’ve been developed a new algorithm and soft-
approached by a large German auto- ware to automate the placement and
motive company, a Turkish and a Polish configuration of the hexapod, which has
automotive supplier to deliver demon- substantially reduced the programming
stration samples so they can examine the efforts for the utilisation of the hexa- technologies and we hope to find new
feasibility of our developed technology in pods,” Ude says. “Then, my colleagues at industrial partners through our collabor-
new application areas,” outlines Ude. “On FlexHex devised a new, smaller version ation in this project,” explains Ude.
top of that, we’ve also been in contact of the hexapod and added sensors to the
with a Spanish automotive supplier, but legs to control the pose of the hexapod.” Looking back on the ReconCell project,
unfortunately due to COVID-19, this con- Ude states that even though some of the
tract has been suspended for now.” FlexHex has also started to develop sim- software technologies used had already
pler and more affordable breaks, which been previously developed, the new ideas
New additions and improvements are needed to fix the legs of the hexapod. generated and the opportunity to test
to the hexapod Finally, FlexHex acquired third-party fund- the technology in real industrial appli-
So, whilst FlexHex has received a lot of ing from the very large Horizon 2020 DIH2 cations were all down to ReconCell. “In this
positive commercial interest, in paral- project to upgrade the hexapods for weld- respect, we can say with confidence that
lel the team have also been striving to ing applications. the EU funding through Horizon 2020 was
crucial to our success,” Ude concludes.
New industrial partners, new
horizons RECONCELL
The JSI, Slovenia’s leading scientific
Ales Ude
“
ReconCell project coordinator institute, is also a part of another major ⇢ Coordinated by the Jozef Stefan
© Jozef Stefan Institute Horizon 2020 project, the TRINITY robot- Institute in Slovenia
ics digital innovation hub. “Through this ⇢ Funded under H2020-LEIT-ICT and
project, the ReconCell results are used as H2020-LEIT-ADVMANU
We’ve been approached by a large modules for demonstration experiments ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/680431
German automotive company, a Turkish and the dissemination of advanced robot ⇢ Project website: reconcell.eu
and a Polish automotive supplier to deliver
demonstration samples so they can examine the
feasibility of our developed technology in new
application areas. R esearch eu #98 D ecember 2020 – J anuary 2 0 2 1 33
D I G I TA L E C O N O M Y
Using behavioural models to

upgrade User Interface design
Indispensable to daily life, User Interfaces, through which we interact with computers,
have to be accessible, understandable and attractive. COMPUTED drew on behavioural
models from psychology to develop algorithms better suited to their design.
Modern computational techniques can improve experience and usability is quite weak. This means that
human-computer interaction (HCI) using combinatorial designers trial many iterations of designs, making the
optimisation. Here, a function is specified, and numeric process laborious and expensive.
values are assigned to designs proposed by an algorithm.
These values indicate how close each design comes to COMPUTED’s innovation was in its use of methodologies
meeting the function required. This approach has changed from a different discipline.
several industries, from logistics to telecommunications,
but hasn’t yet been widely adopted for HCI. “I exploited my background in cognitive psychology.
By adopting psychological models of performance,
Inspired by insights from cognitive psychology about perception, learning experience and decision-making, we
human behaviour, the EU-supported COMPUTED expanded what could be done with UIs,” adds Oulasvirta.
(Computational User Interface Design) project adopted
mathematical models and simulations for better User For example, the team worked with visual attention
Interface (UI) design. models from psychology, to predict how users typically
scan a display when looking for something. From this, they
“The idea of using combinatorial optimisation and models built an optimisation algorithm that can trial different UI
from psychology originates from the 1970s, but until designs, testing the likely impact on user experience at
now nobody really knew how to do it,” explains project the rate of millions per second.
coordinator Antti Oulasvirta, from Aalto University, Finland.
This approach has been applied to different design needs
As well as further optimising keyboards and menus, for and combined to create a range of tools. These can
example helping the French government design their new be used when sketching and wireframing, without any
Azerty keyboard layout, COMPUTED diversified the ways specialist knowledge.
in which UIs can be optimised. These now include web
pages and mobile apps, as well as virtual reality spaces. An example of the system in operation is the design of
COMPUTED’s advances were summarised in a recent IEEE graphical UI layouts, such as those used for websites.
Proceedings review. The solution produces several designs based on the
objectives of proper alignment, overall rectangularity and
BORROWING FROM PSYCHOLOGY preferential placement of elements. The system ensures
that designers get real-time design feedback, with new
UI designers typically use heuristics, or rules of thumb, such and diverse customised designs.
as ‘place elements symmetrically for optimum aesthetics’.
An experienced designer will have learned a large number STARTING UP THE START-UP
of such rules. While these have served to make computers
more accessible, they have significant limitations. The code is already available for designers to try. The team
plan to launch a start-up later this year to commercialise
Sometimes the heuristic rules contradict one another. the design tools. Given the scope of UI design problems,
They usually also consider only one or two design with prohibitively large data sets even for algorithms, the
decisions at a time. And their correlation with actual user team will exploit the power of deep learning.

“
the right models and efficient algorithms, other challenges

The idea of using combinatorial are related to language and semantics. Design is about
”
optimisation and models from psychology communication,” says Oulasvirta.
originates from the 1970s, but until now
nobody really knew how to do it.
COMPUTED
⇢ Hosted by Aalto University in Finland

“It will take us a long time to get to the point where ⇢ Funded under H2020-ERC
computers can design truly complex UIs, like those in ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/637991
airplanes, factories or even social media. Besides finding ⇢ Project website: userinterfaces.aalto.fi
D I G I TA L E C O N O M Y
Fog and cloud computing

work hand in hand
The increasing usage of cloud and fog paradigms in tandem offers novel opportunities to
develop new applications and architectural concepts that were never before possible.
Cloud computing is almost infinite and an industry-wide By bringing cloud computing capabilities closer to the end
game changer. But it’s also fragile and latency-prone. Fog device and users, fog computing can significantly extend
computing presents a number of potential advantages, the Internet of Things (IoT) services portfolio as well as
specifically in relation to overcoming obstacles between market and business opportunities in the cloud sector. The
physical and digital worlds. EU-funded mF2C (Towards an Open, Secure, Decentralized

and Coordinated Fog-to-Cloud Management Ecosystem)
project investigated methods and tools to support
“ Connecting people, devices and
services into one single digital ecosystem is
”
resource orchestration across fog and cloud environments. a real need for the coming years, and new
The increasing usage of both paradigms together offers solutions must be sought to meet user needs in
unprecedented novel opportunities to develop new a dynamic way.
applications and architectural concepts.
TOWARDS A SINGLE DIGITAL

ECOSYSTEM capabilities for distributed execution of applications
throughout IoT, fog and cloud environments.
The project addressed the need for an open, secure,
decentralised multi-stakeholder fog-to-cloud management SMART SYSTEMS AND SERVICES
framework that includes novel programming models, privacy
and security. “The normalisation in the usage of cloud- But, as a horizontal solution, it’s not easy to see results.
based technologies, together with the expansion of IoT For this reason, mF2C conducted three use cases. The
into a digital mesh, has completely changed the traditional first case related to emergency management situations
point of view on cloud computing trends,” explains Ana involving building collapse. “The deployment of the mF2C
Juan Ferrer, the project coordinator. “Connecting people, architecture in the emergency situation management
devices and services into one single digital ecosystem is a system has demonstrated a better reliability and quality
real need for the coming years, and new solutions must be of service, as well as improving the latency of a response
sought to meet user needs in a dynamic way.” to an alert situation when the software runs on the
fog,” reports Ferrer. “Moreover, thanks to the intrinsic
Ferrer notes organisational change is inevitable as more redundancy provided by mF2C, the number of devices
companies from traditional sectors are embracing cloud can be reduced without lowering the quality of service
services as a first step towards full digital transformation. proposed, so hardware-associated costs can be reduced.
“Lower barriers to enter into new markets, emerging In addition, the time response to emergency situations
business models and updated socio-economic structures improves when the services are run locally, rather than
are key factors creating new opportunities for businesses, on the cloud, and the emergency services are able to
overcoming obstacles between physical and digital intervene faster, which can save lives.”
worlds,” she adds.
The second case, related to smart navigation, provided
© Elnur, Shutterstock
To support organisations’ digital transformation, mF2C owners and users with an insight into boats’ status over
provided a coordinated management of traditional the fog or the cloud, depending on network possibilities.
cloud architectures and novel fog ones. It offered unique The third case involved a new fog hub service developed
for tracking people and objects indoors.
According to Ferrer, the project has allowed organisations

to create or enhance market-ready products in different
sectors. It also helped to generate new business
opportunities for industrial stakeholders.
MF2C
⇢ Coordinated by Atos in Spain

⇢ Funded under H2020-LEIT-ICT
⇢ Project website: mf2c-project.eu
bit.ly/35MPSmn

S PA C E
New compact antenna designs

poised to enhance nanosatellite
communications
EU-funded scientists have demonstrated simple, inexpensive compact antennas that
could expand the nanosatellite role in remote sensing and Space communications.
The new designs improve antenna bandwidth, and allow better communication
between Earth ground stations and satellites.
Nanosatellites and picosatellites are distinctively low- require dedicated real estate on the satellite bus and often
cost classes of miniaturised Space platforms that are require mechanical deployment after the satellite launch. This
built to standard dimensions and shapes. Both are adds extra weight and occupies valuable space that could be
modular and can be stacked together to create larger otherwise used, while it may also raise reliability concerns.
crafts. Their utility in Space seems limited only by their
size and the imagination of their designers and users. The project CSA-EU (Highly Disruptive and Compact Antenna
The private and public sectors increasingly rely on Systems for Small Satellites with Application to Surveillance,
them for Earth observation as well as test-flying novel Environmental and Crop-Growth Analysis, Enabling
communications technologies. European Union Dominance in the Space Industry), funded
© FoxPictures, Shutterstock
under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions programme,

The data that miniaturised satellites collect are as good as the proposed novel planar antenna designs that improve on
signal they send to Earth, while the signal is as good as the existing designs in a number of ways. Importantly, they are
antenna that sends it. Antennas for small satellites typically more compact and eliminate the need for a deployment

mechanism – these advances are good first steps towards INCREASING DIRECTIVITY USING
reducing the volume and cost of tiny satellites. Regarding END-FIRE ARRAYS
their use, they are well-suited to Earth observation, where
high-resolution, real-time imaging is highly valued. Another part of the research focused on the design of
planar end-fire arrays. Emitting maximum radiation from
ENGINEERING PATCH ANTENNAS one end, these antenna arrays improve signal directivity.
ON SOLAR PANEL SURFACES The concept behind the newly developed antenna involved
a parallel-plate waveguide launcher based on a substrate
Over the last few years, significant progress has been integrated waveguide. The satellite signal propagates
made in making patch antennas work well in tandem through the substrate integrated waveguide which coaxes it
with solar panels. This merger saves space on the surface into a pattern known as transverse electromagnetic (TEM).
of nanosatellites. Patch antennas are also lower cost This was the first time researchers demonstrated TEM
compared to other antenna types due to the ease of mode with planar wave front propagation. Again, IEEE has
fabricating them on printed circuit boards. published the results of these important research works.
In a first, project researchers developed a circular polarised “Nanosatellites moving in low Earth orbits are moving across
dual-feed antenna placed above the nanosatellite solar the sky during their orbit so they do not have a constant
panels. The antenna was fabricated from a conductive line of sight with the receiving antenna. The ultimate aim
square mesh mounted on a transparent substrate material is to improve the ability of streaming high-resolution, real-
– a borosilicate glass layer. “The transparent material leaves time videos and images of Earth by making the most of
intact the solar cell’s original structure, and therefore does not the antenna’s narrow field of view. This clearly involves
compromise its performance. High values of transparency optimising directivity and bandwidth,” concludes Goussetis.
allow the solar panels to operate with high efficiency,” notes
George Goussetis, CSA-EU coordinator. Circular polarisation
of the signal allows the satellite and the ground station CSA-EU
to maintain communication even if the satellite rotates
relative to the receiver. Overall, the antenna demonstrated ⇢ Coordinated by Heriot-Watt University in the United
good impedance bandwidth, a stable radiation pattern and Kingdom
minimum shadowing levels. Research results have been ⇢ Funded under H2020-MSCA-IF
published by the IEEE open-access journal. ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/709372
S PA C E
Massive stars could be born

in clusters, lower-mass stars
could leave ‘home’
Have you ever wondered where stars are born and whether they form
in groups or alone? It seems like astronomers know more about stars
themselves than about the cradles of their formation!
In Space, dense regions in which gas and dust are glittering stars behind, just as fog blocks our view on a
contracting result in the formation of new stars. In misty day. When astronomer William Herschel observed
visible light, this dust is dark, blocking the streams of the such a cloud in the constellation of Scorpius in 1774, he

“ The research conducted by STARRY
is an excellent example of how the analysis of
flew 30 years ago provided such information for about
100 000 objects,” adds Oudmaijer.
”
the Big Data collected by modern scientific
instruments, such as the Gaia telescope, will The next step was to look for clusters around these
shape the future of astrophysics. stars using data regarding their positions, motions and
distances to other objects (stars in a cluster are located
close to each other and have similar motions and
is said to have exclaimed: “Truly there is a hole in the sky distances). “Preliminary results allowed us to conclude
here!” Today, it is known that these dark patches are not that the massive objects are more likely to be located in
empty regions, but rather cool, dark clouds which harbour the centre of their cluster than the lower-mass stars. The
most of the material necessary to form one or more stars. latter are either found alone or orbiting on the periphery of
massive stars, like being the side result of the formation
DO STARS FORM NECESSARILY of their larger counterparts,” explains Oudmaijer.
IN CLUSTERS?
“The research conducted by STARRY is an excellent
Some lucky young stars belong to beautiful clusters example of how the analysis of the Big Data collected by
comprising dozens to hundreds of stars, whereas others roam modern scientific instruments, such as the Gaia telescope,
the galaxy alone or with just a partner or two. The question will shape the future of astrophysics. Artificial intelligence
that arises is whether stars are born all together in clusters systems can identify patterns in vast quantities of data
or are grouped later in their lifetime. Which conditions favour – and it is likely that in those patterns, scientists will
low-mass star and massive star formation in clusters? find clues that will lead to new discoveries and fresh
understanding,” concludes Oudmaijer.
“Most massive stars are known to be deeply embedded
in their dusty birth environments, which often makes
them impervious to optical observations. To this end,
we decided to look at young stars of intermediate mass, S TA R RY
collectively known as Herbig Ae/Be stars. What’s more,
during their early stages, young stars do not affect the ⇢ Coordinated by the University of Leeds in
© NASA images, Shutterstock

cluster environment in which they were born,” notes the United Kingdom
Rene Oudmaijer, coordinator of the project STARRY ⇢ Funded under H2020-MSCA-ITN
(STARs that ‘R’ Young: When do stars form in clustered ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/676036
environments?), which was funded under the Marie ⇢ Project website: starry-project.eu
Skłodowska-Curie Actions programme.
PINNING DOWN THE STAR

BIRTHPLACE USING ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE
STARRY developed a bespoke artificial intelligence system

that identified more than 2 000 stars with around an 80 %
chance of being a Herbig Ae/Be star. The findings have
been reported in the ‘Catalogue of new Herbig AE/BE and
classical Be stars: A machine learning approach to Gaia
DR2’ published in the Astronomy and Astrophysics journal.
The system analysed data from the Gaia Space

telescope. Introduced in 2013, the data compiled by the
Gaia telescope allowed researchers to determine the
distances (using the so-called parallax) for approximately
1 billion stars. “This is an important, but often elusive
piece of information for the study of celestial objects. To
put it into perspective, Gaia’s predecessor Hipparcos that

F U N D A M E N TA L R E S E A R C H
How graphics cards are helping

to capture the rarest event
in the universe
Physicists have upgraded a detector at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN to hunt
for rare particles that can shed light on how the universe was formed.
The Standard Model of particle physics is our best current On extremely rare occasions, the s quark decays in an
explanation for the laws of nature. However, it fails to unexpected way due to flavour violation. Measuring the
explain phenomena such as dark matter, gravity at the rate of these occurrences would hint at which model was
quantum scale, and the observed imbalance between most accurate. “With the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) we
matter and antimatter in the universe. have a detector that reconstructs particle decays, but
wasn’t meant to select strange quarks,” explains Santos.
UNIVERSAL LAWS
VIDEO GAMES
Alternative models are waiting in the wings, such as
© D-VISIONS, Shutterstock
supersymmetry. To test which of these theories is most Around 6 years ago, the physicists realised that the decay
accurate, Diego Martínez Santos, project coordinator of of the strange quark was something that could be recorded
BSMFLEET (Challenging the Standard Model using an by a modified trigger system at the LHCb detector, one of
extended Physics program in LHCb), examined a subatomic the four main detectors at CERN.
particle known as a strange quark, or ‘s quark’.

His team, from the University of Santiago de Compostela,
developed such a trigger system to run during the period
2016-2019. More recently, the system has been improved
with GPU cards, more commonly used to render graphics in
video games.
“ ” The goal is to find any deviation
from the Standard Model.
EU funding,” notes Santos. As the main tasks are now

Strange quark decays do not deviate much from their initial complete, Santos and his team will go into 2021 analysing
momentum, making them hard to see against background their data, searching for what may prove to be the rarest
noise. What’s more, the Standard Model predicts that the event ever recorded in the giant particle collider.
unusual decay Santos was searching for has only a one
in 200 billion chance of occurring, meaning that Santos Santos says his interest in analysing the physics captured
was searching for as few as two incidences in all the data in collisions lasting a billionth of a second comes from
gathered from 2015 to 2018. his desire: “To understand better the fundamental laws
of nature.” He adds: “Maybe, at some point in the future,
Other models predict far higher frequency – as often perhaps centuries from now, there will be an application for
as once every 1 million events. “The goal is to find any what we discover. Sometimes it takes time to fully make
deviation from the Standard Model: decays that the model use of breakthroughs that seem, initially, to be abstract.”
comes close to forbidding,” he says. “In other models, these
events are not as suppressed, so we would be deciding
which should replace the Standard Model.”
BSMFLEET
SLOW SCIENCE
⇢ Hosted by the University of Santiago de Compostela
The work was carried out with support from the EU’s in Spain
Horizon 2020 programme. “It would have been almost ⇢ Funded under H2020-ERC
impossible to have conducted this research without the ⇢ cordis.europa.eu/project/id/639068
F U N D A M E N TA L R E S E A R C H
Removing restrictions
of only whole-number solutions
to Fermat’s Last Theorem
For centuries, mathematicians tried to solve Fermat’s Last Theorem
using only natural numbers. In a first, EU-funded scientists expanded
this number system to include bigger number systems with exotic values.
Natural numbers (positive integers) are not always enough mathematicians for over 350 years ever since the lawyer
to solve a problem. Over centuries, mathematicians and amateur mathematician Pierre de Fermat scribbled it
realised this when seeking to solve Fermat’s Last Theorem in the margin of a copy of Diophantus’ ‘Arithmetica’.
which states that no three positive integers x, y and z
can satisfy the equation xn + yn = zn for any integer value Diophantine equations, name after Diophantus of
n > 2. This simple statement became the most famous Alexandria, are combinations of variables, exponents and
open problem in mathematics. It has tormented swarms of coefficients, such as 3x + 7y = 1 or x3 + y3 = z3. Since

“ It is natural to wonder whether the
ideas of Frey, Wiles and others that led to the
stunning proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem can
found proof for n = 3, and Sophie Germain proved Fermat’s
Last Theorem for a very large set of prime exponents n.
”
reveal clues to the Fermat equation over an The complete proof was found by the British
infinite family of number fields of arbitrarily mathematician Andrew Wiles in 1995. It relied on three
large dimensions. concepts: number theory, namely elliptic curves, modular
forms and Galois representations.
“In the 1980s, Gerhard Frey proposed an astonishing link

ancient times, mathematicians have known how to work between Fermat’s conjecture and a deep idea called the
out whole-number combinations to solve Diophantine modularity conjecture for elliptic curves. Frey strongly
equations with two variables and no exponents larger than suspected that the elliptic curves over the field of
2. The oldest known record comes from Plimpton 322, rational numbers are not modular. Frey’s non-modularity
a Babylonian clay tablet believed to have been written was proven a few years later. Wiles proved Fermat’s
about 1800 BC. The tablet which was discovered in 1920 Last Theorem by proving the semistable case of the
contains 15 Pythagorean triples. modularity conjecture,” adds Siksek. Wiles’ proof predicts
that the residual Galois representation of that elliptic
“A Pythagorean triple is a triple of whole numbers curve comes from a finite computable set of modular
(x,y,z) that form the sides of a right-angled triangle. The Galois representations.
corresponding Diophantine equation is x2 + y2 = z2,” notes
Samir Siksek, coordinator of the GalRepsDiophantine WILES’ SOLUTION IS A PIECE OF A
(Galois Representations and Diophantine Problems) MUCH LARGER PUZZLE
project that was funded under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie
Actions programme. “Fermat’s conjecture implies that if Whilst Wiles succeeded in resolving Fermat’s conjecture
you push the exponent value above 2 then the equation is over the rationals, the proof strategy for many other
fundamentally different from Pythagorean triples.” Diophantine problems (including the Fermat equation
over number fields) is insufficient. “Modern studies focus
WILES’ MONUMENTAL on Diophantine equations over other number systems as
BREAKTHROUGH MOMENT well. One can even think about towers of number systems,
where the numbers are becoming increasingly abundant.
The only case of his theorem that Fermat actually proved It is natural to wonder whether the ideas of Frey, Wiles
and has survived intact is the case n = 4. Leonhard Euler and others that led to the stunning proof of Fermat’s
Last Theorem can reveal clues to the Fermat equation
over an infinite family of number fields of arbitrarily large
dimensions,” explains Siksek.
“Our study has been the first to consider the Fermat

equation for towers containing infinite number systems.
In particular, we succeeded in proving the asymptotic
Fermat’s Last Theorem over the layers of the Z2 extension
of the rationals,” concludes Siksek who jointly worked
with Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions fellow Nuno Freitas.
Project results are published on the project website.
GALREPSDIOPHANTINE
⇢ Coordinated by the University of Warwick in the

United Kingdom
⇢ Funded under H2020-MSCA-IF
⇢ Project website: bit.ly/GalRepsDiophantine

AGENDA
FEBRUARY 2021
DRESDEN, GERMANY
ENVRI Week, 2021 edition 1 ➔ 5
⇢ envri.eu/event/envri-week-2021 FEB
10 WORLDWIDE
World Pulses Day
FEB
ONLINE
PHOTOPTICS 2021 11 ➔ 13
⇢ photoptics.org FEB
E I N D H OV E N , T H E N E T H E R L A N D S
16 ➔ 17 International Workshop on CO2 Capture
and Utilization
FEB ⇢ bit.ly/3fc2w2r
WORLDWIDE
World Day of Social Justice
20
FEB
MORE
EVENTS
cordis.europa.eu/
news
1-4
ONLINE
5th HBP Student Conference on Interdisciplinary Brain Research
The 5th HBP Student Conference provides an open forum for the exchange of new ideas among
FEB early career researchers working across various sciences relevant to the Human Brain Project
(HBP). Attendees will be exposed to the data-driven brain research approach of the HBP and a
space for extensive scientific dialogue, both intra- and interdisciplinary, among peers and
faculty through a variety of discussion sessions, lectures and social events. It will take place
virtually, organised and supported by the HBP Education Programme.
⇢ humanbrainproject.eu/en/education/HBPSC2021
Whilst at the time of writing all of these events were scheduled to take place, we advise all of our readers to regularly check the status
of each event due to the continued uncertainty caused by the novel coronavirus epidemic in Europe – events may be cancelled,
rescheduled or reformulated (e.g. switched to being a digital event only) at any time.

CORDIS RESULTS PACK ON
THE BLACK SEA
In this Results Pack, we feature six projects that illustrate
how initiatives from different marine disciplines have
contributed to research on the Black Sea, with the
participation of scientists and other stakeholders
from the region.
Check out the Pack at:

cordis.europa.eu/article/id/422446
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ISSN 2599-7920

Securing the future of transnational

The technologies presented in

9 A new breakthrough in understanding how 28 Model-based technologies modernise European

Novel biodegradable bandage

sFilm-FS is utilised when haemostasis – a process to

UNPARALLELED STRENGTH AND STEP CHANGE IN OPERATING ROOMS

4 R e se a rc h e u #9 8 D ecember 2020 – J anuary 2021

surgery treatment. The project team is working on a SFILM-FS

R esearch eu #98 D ecember 2020 – J anuary 2 0 2 1 5

Pioneering foam therapy offers

deliver drugs to the lungs, since only small particles can

The LIFT project sought to address this by developing

“We wanted to demonstrate, in this project, that delivery

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an

“Patients are mechanically ventilated with supplemented NEW LUNG TREATMENTS

6 R e se a rc h e u #9 8 D ecember 2020 – J anuary 2021

to the lungs to treat conditions like chronic obstructive

To realise all this potential, a start-up company, called

“We plan to finalise the clinical prototype of our delivery

The next generation of

As highlighted by the COVID-19 pandemic, diagnostics is A TRAINING NETWORK FOR IN VITRO

R esearch eu #98 D ecember 2020 – J anuary 2 0 2 1 7

genotype tests for antimicrobial susceptibility and the

Additional state-of-the-art bioassays were generated

8 R e se a rc h e u #9 8 D ecember 2020 – J anuary 2021

“ Could the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2

able to establish that the Spike protein of SARS-

Research team press release

R esearch eu #98 D ecember 2020 – J anuary 2 0 2 1 9

Securing the future of

10 R e se a rc h e u #9 8 D ecember 2020 – J anuary 2021

With EHRI-2 having ended in 2019, EHRI is now supported EHRI

Tracing the medieval roots

R esearch eu #98 D ecember 2020 – J anuary 2 0 2 1 11

alternative accounts beyond the dominant Aristotelian

Analysing the notion of rationality, RiP looked at what has

The project focussed on the medieval period – under-

“We can’t dismiss the voices of those who wrote about

Many of the sources RiP worked with were handwritten

12 R e se a rc h e u #9 8 D ecember 2020 – J anuary 2021

“Without research investments like RiP, we risk losing

Open schools initiative

“School leaders should set a vision for creating learning F R O M S C H O O L TO I N N O VAT I V E

R esearch eu #98 D ecember 2020 – J anuary 2 0 2 1 13

and problems. Students have developed early warning

“ Everyone benefits through the

OPEN FUTURES ⇢ Coordinated by Ellinogermaniki Agogi in Greece

14 R e se a rc h e u #9 8 D ecember 2020 – J anuary 2021

Advanced solution offers

R esearch eu #98 D ecember 2020 – J anuary 2 0 2 1 15

HOW FRONTIER RESEARCH ADVANCES

16 R e se a rc h e u #9 8 D ecember 2020 – J anuary 2021

Speech recognition and AI help

ASSESSED UNDER REALISTIC

Project partners aimed to provide a proof-of-concept

Researchers also developed a realistic audio evaluation

capture and recognition technologies for use in a noisy