SERVERON - Duval DGA Seminar - July 2016 (Summary)

Practicing DGA
1
Fault Gas Formation
Note: For faults T3 in paper (C), curve for H2 is a bit higher.

Ref: Duval, TSUG 2013.
Material Of Dr. Duval

2 DO NOT REPRODUCE WITHOUT PERMISSION
Occurrence of Faults in Service at CIGRE

3
Triangle Method

Triangle 4 (using H2, CH4 and C2H6)
Allows to distinguish between:
-Stray gassing of oil at T < 200°C (in zone S)
-Overheating at T < 250°C (in zone O)
-Possible carbonization of paper at T >

300°C, with a probability of 80%, not 100%
(in zone C)
-Corona partial discharges (in zone PD).

Triangle 5 (using CH4, C2H4 and C2H6)
Allows to distinguish between:
-Hot spots in oil only at T > 300°C or

700°C (in zones T2 or T3)
-Possible carbonization of paper, with a

probability of 90%, not 100%
-For faults O, S, PD, use rather Triangle 4.

Use of Triangles 4 and 5
Triangle 4 should be used only for faults identified first with Triangle 1
as faults PD, T1 or T2, or when there is a high level of H2.
Triangle 5 should be used only for faults identified first with Triangle 1 as
thermal faults T2 or T3.
Neither Triangle 4 nor Triangle 5 should be used in case of electrical faults

D1 (including sparking PDs) or D2.
When Triangles 4 and 5 do not agree, this often indicates a mixture of faults.

Duval Pentagon 1 (2014):
-The order of gases at the 5 summits of the pentagon

corresponds to the increasing energy required to produce
these gases, i.e., from H2 to C2H2 counter-clockwise.
8 Material Of Dr. Duval

DO NOT REPRODUCE WITHOUT PERMISSION
8
Duval Pentagon 2 (2014):
-Free algorithms for Pentagons 1 and 2 are available from duvalm@ireq.ca.

9
9
Detection of Multiple Faults in Transformers:
-First clue is if there
is a change in gas pattern. Second clue is if
Triangles 1,4, 5 and Pentagons 1, 2 do not provide the same
diagnosis. This may be an indication of multiple faults.
-this is because each graphical representation is more sensitive to

some gases. For instance, Triangle 4 is more sensitive to H2 and
therefore to faults S or PD than even the Pentagons.
-similarly, Triangle 5 is more sensitive to C2H4 and to faults T3 in oil

than Triangle 1 and the Pentagons.

When to Use the Pentagons and Triangles?
-Ask software to indicate for each set of DGA results the fault indicated by Pentagons
1,2 and Triangles 1,4,5 (following the rules for the use of Triangles 4,5).
Display graphically in Pentagon 1 the evolution of DGA points with time. If some of them
are in thermal fault zones, switch to Pentagon 2.
When DGA points move with time from one fault zone to another, this means a new
fault is appearing. If interested to more precisely identify this new fault, subtract the last
gas formation from the new one and add it as DGA point “Delta”.
When the Pentagons and Triangles do not provide the same fault diagnosis for some
DGA results, this may indicate multiple faults. If interested to identify them more
precisely, display graphically Triangles 1, 4 and/or 5 providing different fault diagnosis
(or all of them), in addition to Pentagon 1 or 2.
See examples 19-19 for the interpretation of intermediate mixtures of faults.

11
Risk of failure vs. type and location of fault

Detection of Low DPs of Paper
-CO2, (> 10,000 ppm), CO2/CO (> 20) and furans 2-FAL (> 1 ppm) are
more sensitive than methanol to detect DPs < 400:

Cases of Transformers with Low DPs of Paper

Cases of Transformers with Low DPs of Paper
Note: no cases of mechanical failure of paper at low DPs have been

reported to CIGRE so far.

90% Typical Concentration Values
at IEC, in ppm
(vs. source)

90% Condition 1 Concentration Values
at IEEE, in ppm
(vs. kV, MVA, age, %O2)

CIGRE Gas Concentrations above Typical Values
Probability of having a
failure-related event in
service (PFS) in %, vs. the
concentration of all gases
in ppm. T = 90% typical
value; P = pre-failure
value.

CIGRE Sampling Intervals between Typical
and Prefailure Concentrations, in ppm
(based on revised condition 1 values in the US of 2010 and

pre-failure values of CIGRE)

CIGRE Sampling Intervals between Typical
and Prefailure Gassing Rates, in ppm/month
(based on gassing rates for condition 1 in the US and pre-

failure gassing rates of CIGRE)

CIGRE Approach Applied to the IEEE
Transformers of 2014

90% Condition 1 Concentration Values
vs. Type of Thermal Fault at CIGRE:
(ppm)
(ppm)

22
Condition 4 Concentration Values
vs. Type of Fault at CIGRE:
(in ppm, using previous adjustment factors)

23
Comparison with Cases of High Gas Levels
without Failure at CIGRE:
(in ppm)

24
#2 - Attempt a fault diagnosis
• Compare lab results or monitor readings with in-house
typical values of concentration and gassing rate, or
compare with published values (e.g., from IEEE and
CIGRE)
• If measured DGA values are above typical values, a fault

diagnosis may be attempted

#3a - Evaluate the severity of the fault
• The severity of the fault will depend on:
• The rate of gas formation

• The concentration of gases
• The nature of the fault (electrical or thermal)
• The location of the fault (paper or oil only)

#4 - Actions on the equipment
-Increase the frequency of oil sampling
• (as values move from typical values to pre-failure values)
-Determine the dependence of gas formation on load
-Consider complementary tests

• (UHF detection of partial discharges, detection of hot spots by infra-red
cameras and acoustic tests)
-For critically located or severely affected equipment, install on-line gas

monitors
-For the most severe cases, plan the replacement of the transformer and/or
its removal from service and inspection
-Ask for advise of DGA experts

Concentration Limits for Multi-Gas Monitors

Gassing Rate Limits for Multi-Gas Monitors

Fault Detection with Hydrogen Monitors

DGA in LTCs at IEEE:
Triangle 2 for compartment types Triangles 2 for in-tank types

31
Normal operation zones for in-tank types:
• N or N1 for MR types M and D.

• N or N3 for MR types VR and VV.
• N or N4 for MR types R and V.
• N or N5 for MR types G and UZDs.
• Depending on operating conditions.
• Other DGA examples would be needed for the normal and faulty
operation of these LTCs.

32
Pentagon 3 for FR3


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Practicing DGA

Note: For faults T3 in paper (C), curve for H2 is a bit higher.

Material Of Dr. Duval

Material Of Dr. Duval

Material Of Dr. Duval

Allows to distinguish between:

-Stray gassing of oil at T < 200°C (in zone S)

-Overheating at T < 250°C (in zone O)

-Possible carbonization of paper at T >

-Corona partial discharges (in zone PD).

Material Of Dr. Duval

-Hot spots in oil only at T > 300°C or

-Possible carbonization of paper, with a

-For faults O, S, PD, use rather Triangle 4.

Material Of Dr. Duval

Neither Triangle 4 nor Triangle 5 should be used in case of electrical faults

Material Of Dr. Duval

-The order of gases at the 5 summits of the pentagon

8 Material Of Dr. Duval

-Free algorithms for Pentagons 1 and 2 are available from duvalm@ireq.ca.

Material Of Dr. Duval

-this is because each graphical representation is more sensitive to

-similarly, Triangle 5 is more sensitive to C2H4 and to faults T3 in oil

Material Of Dr. Duval

See examples 19-19 for the interpretation of intermediate mixtures of faults.

11 Material Of Dr. Duval

Material Of Dr. Duval

Material Of Dr. Duval

14 Material Of Dr. Duval

Note: no cases of mechanical failure of paper at low DPs have been

15 Material Of Dr. Duval

Material Of Dr. Duval

(vs. kV, MVA, age, %O2)

Material Of Dr. Duval

Material Of Dr. Duval

(based on revised condition 1 values in the US of 2010 and

Material Of Dr. Duval

(based on gassing rates for condition 1 in the US and pre-

Material Of Dr. Duval

Material Of Dr. Duval

Material Of Dr. Duval

(in ppm, using previous adjustment factors)

Material Of Dr. Duval

Material Of Dr. Duval

• If measured DGA values are above typical values, a fault

Material Of Dr. Duval

• The severity of the fault will depend on:

• The rate of gas formation

Material Of Dr. Duval

-Consider complementary tests

-For critically located or severely affected equipment, install on-line gas

-Ask for advise of DGA experts

Material Of Dr. Duval

Material Of Dr. Duval

Material Of Dr. Duval

Material Of Dr. Duval

Triangle 2 for compartment types Triangles 2 for in-tank types

Material Of Dr. Duval

• N or N1 for MR types M and D.

Material Of Dr. Duval