EUROPEAN UNION MICHELLE CINI SECOND EDITIONOXFORD WNIVERSITY PRESS Great Clarenclon Steet, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. 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Cini, Michele JN30,E8419 2006 341.242'2—de22 2006038145 ‘Typesst by Newgen [maging Systems (P) Ltd, Chennai, India Printed in Great Britain ‘on acid-free paper by Bath Press Ltd, Bath ISBN 0-19-928195-5 978-0-19-928195-4 woR76s4artContents Detailed Contents Guided Tour of Learning Features: 1 Guided Tour of the Online Resource Centre, xii st of Figures aaiv st of Boxes av List of Tables xix About the Contributors ax Abbreviations oxi 1 Introduction 1 Michelle Cini Part One The Historical Context " 2) The European Community: From 1945 to 1985 13 Derek We Urwin 3. Towards European Union 30 David Phinnemore 4 The Rise and Fall of the Constitutional Treaty 46 live Church and David Phinnemore Part Iwo Theories and Conceptual Approaches 67 5 Federalism and Federation 69 ‘Michael Burgess 6 Neo-functionalism 85 Carsten troby Jensen 7 Intergovernmentaliem 99 Michetle Cini 8 New Theories of European Integration 7 Ben Rosamand Material com direitos autorais,vi Contents Eve Foulleux Part Three Institutions and Actors 137, 9 The European Commission 139 Morten Egeberg 10. The Council of the European Union 154 Jeffiey Lewis 11 The European Parliament 174 Roger Scully 12 The Courts of the European Union, 188 as Kapsis 13. Interest Groupsand the European Union, 202 Rainer eising Part Four Policies and Policy-Making 223 14° curopean Union External Relations zs Michael Smith 15. The EU's Foreign, Secunty, and Defence Policies ar Rotert Cover 16 The Single Market 253 Michelle Egan 17 The EU's Secial Dirnension wn Gerda Folkner 18 Regional Europe 287 Angela k. Bourne 19. Justice and Home Affairs 304 Emek M Ucarer 20 Eeenerme end Monetary Union 2a Amy Vertu 21. The Common Agricultural Policy 240 Material com direitos autorais,Contents ix Part Five Issues and Debates 22 23 24 25 26 27 Democracy and the European Polity Dimitris N. Chryssochoou Public Opinion and the SU Lauren M.MeLaren Differentiated European Integration Kerstin Junge Europeanization Lucia Quagtie, Mari Neworen, Machiko Miyakoshi, and Michelle Cini Enlargement Jan Barres ana Pamete Barnes Conclusion: The Future of the European Union Alex Warteigh-Lack Glossary References Index 357 259 25 21 405 a 441 455 467 485 Copyrighted materialDetailed Contents Guided Tour of Learning Features Guided Tour of the Online Resource Centre List of Figures List of Boxes List of Tables About the Contributors Abbreviations 1 Introduction Michelle Cini Introduction: what isthe EU? Why was it set up? Who can join? Who pays? How is European policy made? ‘The organization of tne book xxiv ay ax vox Part One The Historical Context ” 2 The European Community: From 1945 to 1985 Detek W. Urwin Inteoduetion The opening moves ‘The Community idee Rome and the stalling of ambition The emergence of summits Conclusion Questions Guide to Further Reading. Important Websites, 3 Towards European Union David Phinnemore Introduction ‘The European Unionas a European union Reviewing the Union’ the 1995 IGC and the Treaty of Amsterdam Copyrighte 13 1“ 4 18 a 2% 28 28 28 23 30 3 32 35Preparing for enlargement: the 2000 IGC, the Treaty of Nice, and the ‘Future of Europe’ debate Conclusion Questions Guide to Further Reading Important Websites Detailed Contents xi 38 44 45 45 4 The Rise and Fall of the Constitutional Treaty Clive Church and David Phinnemore Introduction ‘The drafting process key elements of the Constitutional Treaty What the Constitutional Treaty is not about - an appraisal Ratification ‘The significance of the Constitutional Treaty and the ratification experience Where next for the EU and its treaties? Conclusion Questions Guide to Further Reading Important Websites 46 ar 48 BT 54 56 59 61 63 6 65 Part Two Theories and Conceptual Approaches 67 5 Federalism and Feder Michael Burgess Introduction Federalism, federation, ard European integration ‘The variety of federal models Monet's conception of Europe ard its political implications ‘The meaning of a federal Europe Conclusion: from quantity to quality, Questions Guide to Further Reading Important Websites 69 70 n 74 7 80 82 83 83 84 6 Neo-functionalism Carsten Stroty-Jensen Introduction What isneo-functionalism? A brief history of neo-functionalism Supranetionalism and spillover Critiques of neo-functionalism Copyrighte 85 86 86 85 89 93Detailed Contents ‘The revival of neo-functionalism 96 Conclusion 7 Questions 98 Guide to Further Reading 98 Important weosites 38 7 Intergovernmentalism 99 Michelle Cini Introduction 100 ‘What isinte:governmentalism? 100 Hoffmann and his eritics 103 Beyond classical intergovernmentalism 106 Liberal intergovernmentalism and its critics 109 Conclusion: the future ofintergovernmentalism na Questions ms Guide to Further Reading, ns Important Websites ne 8 New Theories of European Integration "7 Ben Rosamond Intreduetion na The limtts of the classical debate ns Institutionalism and the €U 122 ‘Theories of policy-making an the EU 126 Multi-level governance 128 Social constructivist approaches to the EU 130 International Relations and International Political Economy revisited 131 Conclusion 135 Questions 136 Guide to Further Reading 136 Important Websites 136 Part Three Institutions and Actors 137 9° The European Commission 139 Morten Egeberg Introduction 140 ‘The functions ofthe Commission 140 Commission influence 2 ‘The President and the commissioners 143 Commissioners’ cabinets 45 ‘The Commission services 146 Copyrighted materialDetailed Contents Connecting to national administrations: committees and networks 150 Conclusion 152 Questions, 152 Guide te Further Reading 153 Important wensites 153 10 The Council of the European Union 184 Jeffrey Lewis Introduction 158 The heart of EU decision-making, 155 The Council and the European Council notthe same thing 158 How does the Council work? 159 ‘The layers of Council decision making 161 Institutional evolution over time and current challenges 168 Conclusion: national, supranational, or bath? m Questions, wa Guide te Further Reading 173 Important Websites, 3 11 The European Parliament 174 Roger Scully Introduction ws ‘The origins and development of the European Parliament ws The powers and influence of the European Parliament Ww The internal polities of the European Parliament 180 Elections, the people, and the European Parliament 183 Conclusion 186 Questions 186 Guide te Further Reading 186 Important Websites 187 12. The Courts of the European Union 188 dias Kapsis Introduction 189 Composition, structure, and procedure 190 Jursdiction 92 ‘The ‘jusicial activism’ debate 198 Reforming the Union's judicial system 199 Conclusion 200 Questions 200 Guide to Further Reading wo Important Websites, 201 Copyrighted materialDetailed Contents 13. Interest Groups and the European Union 202 Rainer Esing Introduction 203 ‘The EU insttutions and interest groups 203 EU democracy and evil society 207 Europesn interest groups 20 ‘The Europeanization of domestic interests: az Conclusion a9 Questions ag Guide to Further Reading 220 Important Websites 220 Part Four Policies and Policy-Making 223 14. European Union External Relations 22s Michael Smith Intioduction 206 ‘The Common Commercial Policy (CCP} 27 Development assistance policy and monetary policy 29 External policy objectives 232 Obstacles and opportunities: the EU asa powerin the world economy 233 Conclusion 24 Questions 235 Guide to Further Reading 235 Innportant Websites 236 1S The EU's Foreign, Security, and Defence Policies 237, Robert Dover Introduction 238 Some history: European Political Cooperation (EPC) 239 The changing contex of European foreign policy 240 ‘commen Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) 20 Europesn Security and Defence Policy SDP) oy Conclusion us Questions asi Guide to Further Reading 251 Important Websites 51 16 The Single Market 253 Michelle Egan Introduction 28 Copyrighted materialDetailed Contents xv Market integration in historical perspective 254 Harmonization: the politics of intervention 256 ‘The free trade umpire: the European Court of Justice and judicial activism 258 Matket-making: the politics of neo-liberalism 259 ‘The 1992 Programme: a blueprint for action 281 Maintaining and correcting the market 264 ‘Theorizing the Single Market 266 Conclusion 268 Questions, 169 Guide to Further Reading 269 Important Websites, 269 17. The EU's Social Dimension m Gerda Fatkner Introduetion mm ‘The E€C and its member states we ‘The Treaty reforms from Maastricht to the Draft Constitutional Treaty 28 ‘The development and scope of European social policy 776 ‘The European Social Fund a9 New developments: the open metnod of coordination 280 Social partnership at the European level 281 Conclusion 283 Questions, 284 Guide te Further Reading 234 Important Websites 285 18 Regional Europe 287 Angela K. Bourne Introduction 288 Regions in EU decision-making 288 Originsand development of EU regional policy 21 Building EU regional policy: from the Treaty of Rome to the present 293 ‘The implementation of EU regional policy 27 Conclusion: implications of regional Europe 301 19 Questions Guide to Further Reading Important Websites Justice and Home Affairs Emek M. Ucarer, Introduction Preludes to cooperation ‘The Schengen experiment 304 305 305, 308 Copyrighted materialxvi Detailed Contents Maastricht and the “third pillar’ 208 Fixing the third pillar. the Amsterdam and Nice Treaties 09 Policy output: baby steps to bold agendas 2 Extending JHA cooperation outwards 315 Conclusion He Questions ne Guide to Further Reading H9 Important Websites 220 20 Economic and Monetary Union 321 Amy Verdun Intioduction 322 What is EMU? 322 From The Hague to Maastricht (1959-91) 325 From treatyto reality(1982-2002) 28 Explaining EMU 332 Critcizms of EMU ma Conclusion 37 Questions 28 Guide to Further Reading 38 Important Websites 339 21 The Common Agricultural Policy 340 EveFoutlevr Introduction a ‘The eary days ofthe CAP andthe issue Of CAP reform 3a Acramatic shiftin 1992 345 An ongoing reform process x7 New challenges and debates for the CAP 351 Conclusion: the CAP at a crosstoacs 354 Questions 354 Guide to Further Reading 354 Important Websites 335 Part Five Issue and Debates 357 22. Democracy and the European Polity 389 Dimitris. Chryssochoou Introduction 360 Understanding the ‘demecratic deficit’ 360 Models of European democracy 364 Copyrighted materialDetailed Contents Democracy and treaty reform Conclusion Questions, wi 370 Guide to Further Reading 373 Important wensites 37a 23 Public Opinion andthe EU 378 Lauren M. McLaren Introduction 318 General perceptions of the EU a7 Knowledge of the EU and cognitive mobilization 379 Political economy and rationality 380 Attitudes to the national government 383 Identity 383 ‘The perceived poverty of EU institutions 385 Public opinion in the new member states 387 Conclusion 308 Questions 280 Guide to Further Reading Important Websites 390 24. Differentiated European Integration 391 Kerstin Junge Introduction 392 ‘The EU in the twenty-first century: flexibility as the norm? 392 ‘Thvee methods of ditferentiaton 396 Some possible problems of differentiation 398 Differentiation: what impact on the EU? 400 Conclusion 402 Questions, 402 Guide to Further Reading 03 Important Websites, 403 25 Europeanization 405 cies Quagla, Mari Neuvonen, Machiko Miyakoshi aid Michelle Cin Introduction 406 Defining Europeanization 408 ‘Theorizing Europeanization 408 Europeanizetion and state institutions a ‘The Europesnization of domestic policy a4 Copyrighted materialDetailed Contents The Europeznization of parties party systems, and political representation ar Conclusion a8 Questions ag Guide to Further Reading ag Important wensites 420 26 Enlargement 421 Jan Barnes and Pamela Barnes Introduction «22 Why enlargement? 422 The impact of enlargement on the EU 228 Who can join the EU? 426 What is the accession process? 228 Conditionality 1 Countries and regions 433 Moving the border eastward 437 Conclusion 238 uestions 439 Guide to Further Reading 439 Inmortant Websites 39 27. Conclusion: The Future of the European Union aa Ales Warleigh-Lack Introduction: the EU in crisis ~ again a2 Euro-visions: superpower or subordinate? 43 Determining the tuture of the EU 449 Conclusions: a flexible Future for Europe? 452 Questions “3 Guide to Further Reading 484 Important Websites 454 Glossary 455 References 467 Index 485 Bahan dengan hak cipiaThis page intemionally left blankGuided Tour of Learning Features This texts enriched with arange of learning tools to help you navigate the text material and reinforce your knowledge of the European Union. This guided tour shows you how to get the most out of your textbook package and do better in your studies. @ reader's Guide This chapter looks at the heat Union (or EU Council). The national interests in the Eur negotiation, compromise bui member states. The Council officials working at diferent I system of decision-making 1] ministers, and all the way dow Council embeds government: Cy aoa] Formations of the Council General Affairs and External Relati Economic and Financial Affairs (E Justice and Home Affairs JHA) Employment, Social Policy, Health ‘Competitiveness Consociational(ism): a political together distinct communities i making, whilst protecting the inter Constitutional Treaty: the Treaty: the EU Constitution, which was si; 2004, but which has not been ratifi: of'No' votes in referenda in France in 2005. Constitutionalization: the formali the game, which in an EU cont Reader’s Guides Reader's Guides at the beginning of every chapter set the scene for upcoming themes and issues to be discussed, and indicate the scope of coverage within each chapter topic. Boxes A number of topics benefit from further explanation or exploration in a manner that does not disrupt the flow of the main text. Throughout the book, boxes provide you with extra information on particular topics that complement your understanding of the main chapter text. Glossary Terms Key terms are bold-faced in the text and defined in a glossary at the end of the text, to aid you in exam revision.© The Council was designed to re states, and has both executive ai in the EU system of governance. = The work ofthe Council is compa, sectoral formations. © The Council involves a tremendo, officials (25,000-+) who meet) CCOREPER, and working group lev QUESTIONS 1. Why did the CAP originall 2. What were the negative 3. How did European policy etary costs in the 1980s? 4, Whydid the 1992 reform 5. What have the 1992, 1999) 6. Towhat extent does the ct GUIDE TO FURTHER REA\ = Cini, M. The European Cor (Wanchester Manchester Uni including the historical roots of| = Coombes, D. Politics and B EEC. (London: George Allen period. Its empirically rich and 1 Dimitrakopoules, D.6. Press, 2004). This book focus IMPORTANT WEBSITES 1m http:/www.qub.ac.ukiscl PaperSeries/EuropeanizationP| University Belfast, 1m http:/wwwarena.uio.no! Europeanization Guided Tour of Learning Features xxi Key Points Each main chapter section ends with aset of Key Points that summarize the most important arguments devel- coped within cach chapter topic. Questions A set of carefully devised questions has been provided to help you assess your comprehension of core themes, and may also be used as the basis of seminar discussion and coursework. Further Reading To take your learning further, reading lists have been provided as a guide to find out more about the issues raised within each chapter topic and to help you locate the key academic literature in the field. Important Websites At the end of every chapter you will find an annotated summary of useful websites on the European Union which will be instrumental in further research,