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    Are Emancipative Values Caused by Democracy?: Box 9.2 Key Points

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    Jaime Patiño
    1) The document discusses whether emancipative values that support democracy are caused by experiencing democracy over many years, or by modernization and rising levels of education, income, and opportunities independent of a country's political system. 2) Statistical analysis showed that a country's level of "action resources" like education and income explained more of the variation in emancipative values between countries than the length of time a country had experienced democracy. 3) This suggests emancipative values that intrinsically support democracy emerge more from modernization processes than from long experience under democratic institutions alone.

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    Are Emancipative Values Caused by Democracy?: Box 9.2 Key Points

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    Jaime Patiño
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    1) The document discusses whether emancipative values that support democracy are caused by experiencing democracy over many years, or by modernization and rising levels of education, income, and opportunities independent of a country's political system. 2) Statistical analysis showed that a country's level of "action resources" like education and income explained more of the variation in emancipative values between countries than the length of time a country had experienced democracy. 3) This suggests emancipative values that intrinsically support democracy emerge more from modernization processes than from long experience under democratic institutions alone.

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    1) The document discusses whether emancipative values that support democracy are caused by experiencing democracy over many years, or by modernization and rising levels of education, income, and opportunities independent of a country's political system. 2) Statistical analysis showed that a country's level of "action resources" like education and income explained more of the variation in emancipative values between countries than the length of time a country had experienced democracy. 3) This suggests emancipative values that intrinsically support democracy emerge more from modernization processes than from long experience under democratic institutions alone.

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    21 views1 page

    Are Emancipative Values Caused by Democracy?: Box 9.2 Key Points

    Uploaded by

    Jaime Patiño
    1) The document discusses whether emancipative values that support democracy are caused by experiencing democracy over many years, or by modernization and rising levels of education, income, and opportunities independent of a country's political system. 2) Statistical analysis showed that a country's level of "action resources" like education and income explained more of the variation in emancipative values between countries than the length of time a country had experienced democracy. 3) This suggests emancipative values that intrinsically support democracy emerge more from modernization processes than from long experience under democratic institutions alone.

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    136 CHRISTIAN WELZEL AND RONALD F.

    INGLEHART

    Box 9.2 Key points

    • One can differentiate superficial, instrumental, and intrinsic mass preferences for democracy.

    • Intrinsic mass preferences for democracy are inspired by emancipative beliefs and these preferences are the most likely
    to translate into powerful popular pressures to attain, sustain or deepen democratic freedoms.

    • Sustained economic development tends to give rise to emancipative beliefs, but when these beliefs have grown
    strong in a population, a regime’s momentary economic performance becomes less important for people to consider
    it legitimate.

    Are Emancipative Values Caused by Democracy?


    Advocates of institutional learning theory argue emphasis on emancipatory values. At the same time,
    that people learn to value democracy by living under rising education, information levels, opportunities
    democratic institutions for many years (Rustow to connect with people and other resources, broad-
    1970). If this theory is correct, these beliefs can only ens people’s action repertoires, further increasing the
    emerge in countries that have been democratic for utility of freedom. In this view, self-expression values
    many years. And this implies that emancipative val- emerge and diffuse as a function of modernization,
    ues cannot cause democracy to emerge—since they rather than as a function of long-term experience
    would only appear long after democracy has been under democratic institutions.
    established. It also implies that if mass preferences Whether emancipative values emerge from grow-
    for democracy arise in authoritarian regimes, they ing resources or from experience with democracy
    must be instrumentally motivated, by goals other can be tested by a statistical technique called mul-
    than democracy itself such as prosperity. Intrinsic tivariate regression analysis. Using an indicator of
    mass preferences for democracy would only emerge a society’s accumulated experience with democracy
    through long experience under democratic institu- and an indicator of the utility of freedom, we can
    tions. Proponents of this view claim that eman- examine which of the two has a stronger effect on
    cipative values are ‘endogenous’ to democratic emancipative mass beliefs measured subsequently.
    institutions (Hadenius and Teorell 2005). The first indicator, called ‘democracy stock’, has been
    But, as Inglehart and Welzel (2005) demonstrate, developed by John Gerring et al. (2005) and measures
    high levels of intrinsic support for democracy had a country’s accumulated experience with democra-
    emerged in many authoritarian societies before they cy.1 The indicator of resources is Tatu Vanhanen’s
    made the transition to democracy. High levels of exis- (2003) ‘index of power resources’, which we prefer
    tential security and the emergence of post-industrial to call action resources.2 The result of this regres-
    economies had contributed to making self-expres- sion analysis is graphically depicted in Figure 9.3
    sion values widespread in such countries as Czech- below. It shows that, controlling for each country’s
    oslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Estonia, South Korea, length of democratic experience, action resources
    and Taiwan before they democratized. An intrinsic explain 28 per cent of the cross-national variation
    valuation of freedom can emerge even in the absence in emancipative values. By contrast, controlling for
    of democracy, provided modernization takes place. each country’s level of action resources, the demo-
    By providing rising incomes and other resources, cratic experience explains virtually none of the vari-
    modernization raises ordinary people’s sense of ation in emancipative values. Another 36 per cent of
    existential security, modernization leads to growing variation in emancipative values is explained by the

    09-haerpfer-chap09.indd 136 10/18/08 6:37:37 PM

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