PRELIM

TOPIC 1

Historical Antecedents In The Course Of Science and Technology

 Science and technology plays a major role in our lives

 The development in science and technology are not just products of people's imagination,
they are also brought about by gradual improvements to earlier works from different time
periods.

Ancient Times

 Transportation was significant during that time because people were trying to go to
places and discover new horizons
 They travelled to search for good and find better locations for their settlements. They also
travelled to trade their surplus goods in exchange for things that they looked.
 Navigations assisted them in their journey to unfamiliar and strange areas in the world.
 It allowed them to return home after they discovered new places or completed an
important trade with another group of people.
 Communication was also essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new places.
 They needed a way to communicate with the natives of the areas they visited so as to
facilitate trade and prevent conflicts.
 Record keeping was also important since they needed to remember the place they had
been to and document the trades they made with each other.
 Weapons and armors were important as well as in the discovery of new places or the
establishment of new alliances with other tribe. At that time, there was always a risk of
conflict when people met others with different cultures and orientations.
 Engineering Field allowed humans to build structures that would address their specific
needs and wants. Some of the structures built during the ancient times still exist today
and continually awe people.
 The development in engineering also ushered in the introduction of architecture. Others
might see architecture as a mere style, but during the ancient times, elaborate
architectural designs were signs of technological advancement of a particular civilization.
In generation to come, architecture would be considered a status symbol among nations.

Sumerian Civilization

Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia. They are known for high
degree operation with one another and desire for great things.
Cuneiform - First writing system. It is a system that utilizes word pictures and triangular
symbols which are carved on Clay's. It allowed Sumerians to keep records of things with great
historical values.

Uruk City – it is a great wonder not only because it is considered to be the first true city in the
world but also for the way it is erected. The construction is a big challenge to them. They made
the city using only mud or clay from river mixed with reeds, producing sunbaked bricks.

The Great Ziggurat of Ur – known as Mountain of God, was built in the same manner that they
constructed the City of Uruk. The ziggurat served as a sacred place of their chief God where only
their priests were allowed to enter.

Irrigation and Dikes - Sumerian built this to bring water to farmlands and at the same time
control the flooding of the rivers. This method was considered as one of the world's most
beneficial engineering works.

Sailboats

 Main mode of transportation was through waterways such as rivers and seas
 It was used to carry large quantities of products and were able to cover large distances.

Wheel

 The first wheels were not made for transportation but farm work and food processes.
 With the use of this, production was made easier.
 Farmers were able to Mill grains with less Time.

The Plow

 It was invented to dig the earth in a faster pace

 As the plow breaks the ground, the farmer would just drop the seeds and work is done
already.

Road

 To have faster and easier travel

 Sumerians developed the fish roads
 The flow of traffic became faster and organized
 They used din baked bricks that they laid on the ground.

Babylonian Civilization
  It emerged near the Tigris and Emphrates Rivers.
 The Babylonians were great builders, engineers and architect (BABYLONIAN)

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

 It is a structure made up of layers of gardens that contained several species of plants,

trees and vines.
 According to legends, the great Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II, built the gardens
for his wife, Queen Amytis
 No physical evidence has been found to prove the existence of the hanging gardens of
Babylon

Egyptian Civilization

 Another early civilization famous for its legacy is the Egyptian Civilization located in
North Africa.
 Many stories tell About the engineering feats of the Egyptians especially regarding the
infrastructures established by the pharaohs
 Aside from engineering technology, the Egyptians have contributed other practical things
that the world now considers as essential

Paper / Papyrus

 Earlier contributions of Egyptian Civilization

 Egypt wasn’t the first to develop a system of writing, they were able to make writing
easier for the world.
 Before Egyptian Innovation, clay tablets were used where keeping and transporting them
were a major problem
 Clay tablets were very heavy, and delicate to handle. So, bringing them to places was a
challenge.
 Papyrus was a plant that grew along Nile River that they produced into the sheets as they
can write on it.

Ink

 When the Egyptians invented papyrus or papers, engraving ceased to use in writing.
 As a result, they invented ink by combining soot with different chemicals to produce inks
of different colors
 It is used to record history, culture and codified laws
 Must be tamper-proof so that people couldn’t simply tinker with those written down by
authorities
Hieroglyphics

 Egyptians developed a system of writing using symbols

 Although some say that hieroglyphics was adopted from the early writing system in
Mesopotamia, the Egyptians believed that this writing system was provided to them by
their Gods
 It was the language that tells the modern world of the history and culture of the ancient
Egyptians

Cosmetics

 Function of cosmetics for the ancient Egyptians was for both health and aesthetics
reasons
 Egyptians were Kohl around the eyes to prevent and even cure eye diseases
 Kohl created by mixing soot or malachite with minerals galena. If they wear this, they
believe that they are protected from evil and it is a sign of holiness.

Wig

 Used to enhance the appearance of people who are building or those who want to try new
hair trends
 During the ancient Egyptians times, it is worn for health and wellness rather than for
aesthetics purposes
 Used to protect shaved breads of the wealthy Egyptians from harmful rays of the sun
 Moreover, it was considered cleaner than natural hair because it prevented the
accumulation of head lice

Water Clock / Clepsydra

 Utilizes gravity that affects the flow of water from one vessel to the other
 The amount of water remaining in the device determines how, much time has elapsed
since its full
 It is widely used as a timekeeping device during ancient times

Great Pyramid of Giza and Great Pyramid of Cheops

 Was done by thousands of slaves, peasants and prisoners of war using their bare hands,
ropes, ramps and sledges
 Still stand today as an evidence of scientific expertise and technical skills in geometry,
engineering, architecture and man power management
Greek Civilization

 Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part of Europe

 The birthplace of western philosophy, some of the major achievements of the Greeks
include in depth works on philosophy and mathematics
 More than coliseums and the Olympics, the Greek civilization has contributed much to
the world especially in the fields of science and technology

Alarm clock

 One of the most utilized gadgets today

 Although the alarm clock during that time didn’t resemble the present-day alarm clock,
the only similarity is to tell an individual when to stop and when to start
 Used large complicated mechanisms to time the alarm
 Made use of water or small stones or sand that drop into drums which sounded the alarm
 Plato used his own version of alarm clock where he used for water vessels lined up
vertically

Water Mill

 Used in agricultural process like milling of grains which was necessary form of food
processing
 Milling was made possible by the used of watermill, mass production of rice, cereals
flours and the like became common
 Better than mills powered by farm animals because it only required access to rivers or
flowing water where mechanism of large wheel with small “bockets” of water attached
to it could be installed

Roman Civilization

 The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the
west
 It was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance during that period
 Because it is so large, other civilizations looked up to it as their model in terms of
legislation and codified laws
 Aside from the contribution in politics, a lot of discoveries and inventions still relevant
today can be attributed to the Roman Empire
Newspaper

 First newspaper
 Gazettes, contained announcements of the Roman Empire to the people
 Made before the invention of paper, these gazettes were engraved in metal or stone
tablets and then public displayed
 When paper is invented, it became easier for the Romans to publish matters that needed
the attention of the Roman citizens
 This way, they enjoyed easy access to government information the same way we benefit
from present day newspaper

Bound Books / Codex

 Become easier for civilizations to write down everything that happened in their time
 Record-keeping was much easier since paper did not easily breaks and lightweight
 Aside from Romans, writing down information about history and politics, literature also
changed from clay tablets to parchment paper
 According to sources, Julius Caesar started the tradition of stacking up papyrus to form
pages of a book

Roman Architecture

 Most visual contributions of the ancient Rome empire

 Still regarded as pioneering since the Romans were able to adapt new building and
engineering technology
 In this manner, they were able to preserve great and elaborate architectural designs
because they could produce studier and stronger infrastructures
 Their known architectures were churches (cathedrals and basilicas), aqueducts,
coliseums, amphitheaters and residential houses.

Roman Numerals

 Although other numbers system had been established before Roman numeral, these old
systems could not keep up with high calculation requirements
 Because of this, romans devised their own number system specifically to address the need
for a standard counting method that would meet their increasing communication and
trade concerns.
Chinese Civilization

 Considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia, if not the world

 Also known as the middle kingdom
 Located on the far east of Asia
 Famous among other ancient civilizations because of its silk trade

Silk

 One of the things that connected Far East China to the world
 China developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it to produce paper and
clothing
 Silk production resulted in the creation of a product for trade
 The silk trade opened China to the outside world, making way for cultural, economic and
scientific exchanges
 It bridged the gap between the western world and the middle kingdom

Tea Production

 Beverage produced by pouring hot or boiling water over crusted or shredded dried tea
leaves
 First tea was drank by a Chinese emperor
 Developed when an unknown Chinese inventor created a machine that was able to shred
tea leaves into strips
 This machine was done using wheel-based mechanism attached to a wooden or ceramic
pot

Great Wall of China

 Only manmade structure that could be seen from outer space

 Said to be the largest and most extensive infrastructure that the nation built
 Constructed to keep our foreign invaders and control the borders of China
 Made with stone, brick wood, earth, and other materials, it showcased the extent of
Chinese Engineering at the time

Gunpowder

 Developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve immortality

 They mixed charcoal, sulfur and potassium nitrate, but instead of creating an elixir of life,
they accidentally invented a black powder that could actually generate large amounts of
heat and gas in an instant
  It is widely used to propel bullet from guns and cannons which cause countless death.

Medieval / Middle Ages

 Known as Dark age

 Period of colonization and adventure
 There is a war between religion and science
 The start of the middle age was married by massive invasions and migrations
 War were prevalent during this time
 As such, great technology was needed in the fields of weaponry, navigation, mass food
production and health
 The wars have resulted in population decline, but during the latter part, there was a rise in
population

Printing Press

 After developing wood lock printing, Johan Gutenberg was able to invent the printing
press, a more reliable way of printing using a cast type
 He utilized wooden machines that extracted juices from fruits, attached to them a metal
impression of the letters and pressed firmly the cast metal into a piece of paper, which
then made an exact impression on paper

Microscope

 Due to more people that transferred to polluted and populated urban areas, it resulted to
more people getting sick and needing medical attention.
 The experts must understand the sickness through investigation thus they need a device
that could magnify things invisible to the eye.
 The same between the eyeglasses, Zacharias Jansen was able to develop the first
compound microscope
 With this, they can observe organisms that were normally unseen by naked eye

Telescope

 Since Middle Age is considered as Aged Of Exploration, the need for nautical inventions
was high
 Considering the vast and empty oceans that separated lands, ship captains needed to see
far and wide for them to navigate or to avoid dangers at sea
 This helps in the observation of remote objects
 Together with telescope is the compass, oars and rudders mode sea travelling easier
War Weapons

 Since war is widespread in this period all sides must develop weaponries not only as
offensive tools but also a defensive instrument
 For open-area, people developed cross bows and long brows so that they could attack the
enemies a long ranger, keeping themselves safe because of walls and fortresses
 While in close-range hand-to-hand combat, soldiers should wear something to protect
themselves by iron body armors.

Trebuchet

 Used by French to pull down ropes or pivoting and to counterbalance weight

Spectacle Lens

 Replaced the magnifying glasses in terms of usage, to view small letters on writing.

Wind Mill

 Were used as mills proper, for grinding corn into flour

Magnetic Compass

 Important advance in navigation because it allowed mariners to determine their direction

even if clouds obscured their usual astronomical cues such as the North Star.
 It uses a magnetic needle that can turn freely so that it always paints to the North pole of
the Earth’s magnetic field
 Knowing where north is allows the other directions to be determine as well

Modern Times

 The booming world population during the 19th century onwards demanded that more
goods to be produced at a faster rate.
 People needed efficient means of transportation to trade more goods and cover a larger
distance
 Machines that require animals to operate must thus be upgraded.
 Faster and easier means to communicate and compute should be developed to establish
connections among nations.

A.) Survival  includes health, food, medicine, defense

Pasteurization
  The challenge to keep manufactured food from deteriorating was greater for dairy
products, especially milk, since they spoil faster.
 LOUIS PASTEUR – French Biologist, microbiologist and chemist found a way to solve
the problem.
– He invented Pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to
kill harmful bacteria that causes spoilage

Leonardo Da Vinci

 Interested in astronomy, geology, anatomy and mechanics

 He is the first Modern anatomist
 He dissected bodies and discovered maxillary sinus, the moderator band and the heart and
ventricles of brain, making precise anatomical drawings

Andreas Vesalius

 Published the book “ON THE FABRIC OF THE HUMAN BODY”

 He was a surgeon and anatomist who laid out in detail the first scientifically accurate
description of human anatomy
 He is considered as founder of modern medicine

Gabriel Fahrenheit

 Inventor of first mercury thermometer

Robert Hooke

 Conducted experiments in artificial respiration using a dog proving that air is essential to
respiration
 Made the description of cell

B.) Trade and Commerce

Calculator

 Circumstance in the modern times required a faster way to compute more complicated
equations
 Computing devices must also be easy to carry since they would be utilized on a day-to-
day basis
 The creation of modern calculators did not only pave the way for easier arithmetic
calculations but also resulted in the development of more complex processing.
Petroleum Refinery

 At first, people used animal oil for generating light to illuminate their homes
 However, the production of animal oils couldn’t keep up with the demand
 Because of this, SAMUEL KIER was able to invent kerosene by refining petroleum
 KEROSENE was later on referred to as the “ILLUMINATING OIL” because it was
used at first to provide lighting to homes.

Gas Lightning

 1792 by William Murdoch

Bunsen Burner

 By Robert W. von Bunsen

Photograph

 1839 by Nicephore Niepce

Electric Light

 1879 by Thomas Edison

C.) Transportation

 1761 – canals running from coal mine (James Brindley)

 1769 – steam automobile (Nicolas Cugnot)
 1788 – team boat (John Fitch)
 1800 – roman method of road building
 1802 – macadamizing (John Macadam), steam locomotive (Richard Treyrthick)
 1838 – steam ship
 1885 – gasoline powdered automobile (Karibenz and Gotilieb Daimter)

D.) Communication

Electric Telegraph

 1882, Samuel F.B Morse (beginning of digitalization)

  Words carry deeper meaning

First Transatlantic Cable between England and USA

 1866 by Cyrus Field

Telephone

 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell

Radio

 1901 BY Guglielmo Marconi

Important Inventions during the Modern Age

 1902 – air condition by Wills Carrier

 1903 – airplane by Orville and Wilbur Wright
 1906 – crystal radio, animated cartoon film, motion picture and AM radio
 1940 – first colored TV
 1945 – atomic bomb, artificial kidney
 1957 – developed laser, Sputnik Orbits Earth
 1958 – first nuclear power plant
 1961 – manned spacecraft
 1962 – minicomputer, robotics
 1969 – moon landing, video cassette
 1970 – computer floppy disk
 1972 – video disk, video game
 1973 – micro computer
 1975 – first laser printer, Betamax, VHS video
 1978 – test tube baby
 1984 – Motorola introduced the first commercial cellular phone
 1985 – first baby born from frozen embryo
 1994 – x-ray laser

Energy Alternatives

 Nuclear power plant

 Solar power
 Biogas
  Wind mill
 Hydro

Genetic Engineering

 Cloning
 Genetically Modified Organism

Computer and Microelectronics Technology

 Laser
 Internet

Medicine

 CT SCAN
 Position Emission Tomography (PET)
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Philippine Inventions

 Despite being considered a developing country, the Philippines also contributes to the
global advancement of science and technology
 It is quite remarkable to note the integrity of the Filipinos despite the lack in resources
 Many of the discoveries and inventions made by the Filipinos were therefore built from
indigenous materials or created to adopt to the harsh tropical environment

Salamander Amphibious Tricycle

 Filipinos innovation is the addition of a sidecar to a motorcycle, transforming it into a

tricycle to accommodate more passengers
 During rainy season and then flooded, tricycles find it difficult to traverse the streets
 To remedy the issue, Victor Llave and his team at Water Technologies were able to
invent the salamander, an amphibious tricycle than can across not only flooded streets but
also rivers and lakes.

Salt Lamp

 One of the major needs of the Philippines, as a developing nation is electrification

 In many rural areas, activity would cease when it gets dark
 Filipinos resorted to using candles and kerosene lamps but they carry some hazards
  Solar panels are also expensive for ordinary Filipinos
 Fortunately, Aisa Mijeno invented lighting system Sustainable Alternative Lighting
(SALT) lamp that uses abundant material in the Philippines, the saltwater
 It is safer because it poses no risk of fire and emits no toxic gases

Medical Incubator

 A common problem in Philippines is the high mortality rate of newborn babies

 One reason was lack of available incubators especially in far lung rural areas due to lack
of resources and electricity
 Dr. Fe del Mundo, Filipino pediatrician and first Asian woman admitted to Harvard
Medical School devised a medical incubator made from indigenous materials which did
not run on electricity
 A native laundry basket is placed inside a bigger on
 Hot water bottles were inserted between the basket to provide warmth and a makeshift
hood to allow oxygen circulation
 Its main purpose was to maintain conditions suitable for newborn, usually a pre-term
baby.

Mosquito Ovicidal / Larvicidal Trap System

 Dengue, a mosquito-borne viral illness, is endemic in tropical and subtropical areas,

including Philippines
 This is transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquito, rampant during rainy season
 Insecticides were previous used but it is found it harmful not only to humans but also to
environment
 In 2010, the department of science and technological-industrial technology development
institute was able to introduce Mosquito Ovicidal or Larvicidal Trap System also known
as OL Trap
 It is made up of natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquitos but safe for environment
and humans

Ejeepney

 This vehicle was built using the military jeeps left by the Americans after World War II
 The chassis and the body of military jeeps were extended to accommodate more load and
passengers
 It is considered as the primary mode of transportation in the Philippines because of its
usefulness
 But diesel-powered jeepneys produce large quantities of black smoke and noise pollution
 To counter these disadvantages, electronic jeepney was developed which uses electricity
that is cheaper than diesel and it is more eco-friendly
Fluorescent Light

 By Agapito Flores
 Most commonly used lighting device in the world

Karaoke

 By Roberto Del Rosano

 Sing along system

Quick Ink

 By Francisco Quisumbing
 One of the best selling ink for fountain pens of the millennium

Single chip graphic user interface accelerator

 Diosdado Banatao
 It allowed computer users to use graphics for commands and not the usual typed
commands in older computers

Plastic to Diesel Converter

 Jayme Navarro
 Discovered a surprising way to convert plastic bags into usable fuel, namely gasoline,
diesel and kereosene
 The process, called PYROLYSIS, starts by drying the plastics, shredding them into
smaller pieces and heating them in a thermal chamber
 Navarro and his company, Polygreen Technology, and Resources Incorporated, which is
based in the Payatas area where most of the plastic waste comes from, produced around
1600 liters of fuel from recycling 2 metric tons of plastic daily
 In 2008, his research was even awarded the winner of the Outstanding Creative Research
Category by the Department of Science and Technology (DOST)

TOPIC 2

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
  There are instances when advancements in science and technology changed people’s
perception and beliefs
 Much of these events happened in a period now known as the Intellectual Revolution
 The development during the Intellectual Revolution showed how society was transformed
by science and technology

Copernican Revolution

 Many Greek philosophers and intellectuals wrote about planets in an attempt to explain
the movements of heavenly bodies and their effects on the world as they knew it
 A famous philosopher and astronomer, Cladius Ptolemy, stated that the planets, as well as
the sun and the moon, moved in circular motion around the earth
 The sun and moons revolution explained the existence of days and nights
 He believed that the earth was at the center-A concept known as GEOCENTRISM
 Ptolemy’s geocentric model was widely accepted by the people and was one of the
greatest discoveries of that time
 In 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus, a polish mathematician and astronomer, challenged
the Ptolemaic model
 He introduced a new concept known a HELIOCENTRISM, which suggested that the
center of the solar system was not the Earth but actually the sun
 This idea was rejected at first by the public
 It appalled many since their religious belief had taught them that the earth was created
before all other things
 Copernicus was even persecuted as a heretic because this teaching were against what was
widely accepted by religion
 After some time, astronomers realized that Copernican model simplified the orbits for
planets
 It also answered issues that could not be explained using geocentric model
 Other works that supported this model started to emerge as well
 It was eventually accepted by the people in a period with was called birth of modern
astronomy

Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion (Johannes Kepler)

 All planets revolved around the sun not in circular orbits but elliptical orbits
 The closer a planet to the sun the faster it moves

Darwinian Revolution

 Considered to be one of the most controversial intellectual revolutions of its time

  In 1859, Charles Darwin, an English naturalist, biologist and geologist, published his
book, “ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES”
 In this book, Darwin introduced the theory of evolution, which process of natural
selection in which only the fittest would survive
 He started that organisms have the ability to adapt their environment and would gradually
change into something that would be more competitive to survive, a process known as
EVOLUTION
 However, this theory became controversial as people perceived it to be contradictory to
the Church’s teachings that the source of life is a powerful creator
 Because of this conflict, the people were divided. Some believed that the theory
explained the origin of life, but religious strongly refuted it.
 It even sparked a massive debate between science and religion

Freudian Revolution

 In the past, the field of psychology was always classified under philosophy
 Psychology was considered more of an art rather than a science
 In the late 19th century, Sigmund Freud was able to change people’s perception of
psychology with his revolutionary THEORY OF PSYCHOANALYSIS – study that
explains human behavior and emotions
 He also argued that personality is a product of 3 conflicting elements:
 ID
 Ego
 Superego
 Science hardlines brushed off the legitimacy of psychoanalysis as a science.
 Despite criticisms, Freud still continued to work on refining his theory and in tried to
explain how psychoanalysis can be a clinical method in treating some mental disorders.

TOPIC 3

Science, Technology, and Nation-building

- The development of science and technology in the Philippines has already

come a long way.
- Many significant inventions and discoveries have been accomplished by or
attributed to Filipinos.

Pre-Colonial Period
 - Scientific and technological development in the Philippines began in the pre-
colonial period.
- Even before the Spaniards came to the Philippine islands, early Filipino
settlers were already using certain pants and herbs as medicine.
- Systems of farming and animal-raising were also implemented.
- Moreover, Filipinos developed modes of transportation.
- Complicated engineering feat was achieved by the natives of the Cordilleras
when they built rice terraces by hand.
- Through these terraces, the people were able to cultivate crops on the
mountainsides in cold temperatures.
- They incorporated an irrigation system that uses water from the forests and
mountain tops to achieve an elaborate farming system.
- Extraction of irons ores until the importation of cast iron from Sarawak and
China.
- Learned to weave cotton make glass ornaments, cultivate lowland rice dike
fields and in terraced fields and to build boats.

Colonial Period

- Colonization by the Spaniards provided the Philippines with modern means

of construction. Walls, roads, bridges and other large infrastructures were
built using some of the engineering skills and tools brought by the
Spaniards.
- In addition, the Spanish government developed health and education systems
that were enjoyed by the principalia class. Some schools and hospitals were
also established.

Schools:

 Colegio de San Ildefonso (Cebu 1595);

 Colegio de San Ignacio (Manila 1595);
 Colegio de Nuestra Senora del Rosario (Manila 1597);
 Colegio de San Jose (Manila 1601);
 University of Santo Tomas (Manila 1611)
Hospitals:

 San Lazaro Hospital (1578) and Hospital de Los Banos (1590) specializes in
Infectious Diseases;
 San Juan de Dios (1596);
 Chinese General Hospital (1891)
- The American occupation modernized almost all aspects of life in the
Philippines. They established a government agency, the Bureau of Science,
for the sole purpose of nurturing development in the field of science and
technology.
- Promotion of Science and Technology in the Philippines was intensified.
The establishments of schools, universities, boards and bureaus: Bureau of
Science (1905); University of the Philippines (1908). The growth of higher
education, rise of professional organization of scientists and engineers.

Post-Colonial Period

- After achieving independence from the colonizers, the Philippines, under

different administrations, continue to pursue programs in science and
technology.
- Each leadership had its own science and technology agenda. However, it is
important to note than some Philippine presidents posted more
developments in the field than others.
- There was a deterioration of science in the Philippines that led to the
creation of National Science Development Board (NSDB). The reasons are
lack of government support, lack of scientist and lack of public awareness of
science.
- The formulated policies for the development of science ad to coordinate the
work of science agencies like:
 Philippine Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)
 National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST)
 The Philippine Investors Commission (1964)
 The Philippine Coconut Research Institute (1964)
 The Philippine Textile Research Institute (1967)
  The Forest Products Research (1969)

- One of the presidents who ushered advancements was Ferdinand Marcos.

The Agencies under him were:
 Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAGASA)
 National Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) and
 National Science and Technology Authority - which is now
“Department of Science and Technology (DOST)