Intellectual Revolutions

Intellectual revolutions that defined
society:
a. Copernican
Nicolaus Copernicus
- one of the most familiar names among Renaissance scientists
- a mathematician and astronomer who proposed that the sun was stationary in the center of the
universe and the earth revolved around it
- created a concept of a universe in which the distances of the planets from the sun bore a direct
relationship to the size of their orbits.
Nicolaus Copernicus: Against The Ptolemaic System

A famous philosopher and astronomer Claudius Ptolemy, stated that the Earth sat stationary and
motionless at the center of several rotating, concentric spheres that bore the celestial bodies: the
sun, the moon, the known planets, and the stars. From ancient times, philosophers adhered to the
belief that the heavens were arranged in circles (which by definition are perfectly round), causing
confusion among astronomers who recorded the often-eccentric motion of the planets, which
sometimes appeared to halt in their orbit of Earth and move retrograde across the sky. The
Ptolemaic system remained Europe’s accepted cosmology for more than 1,000 years, but by
Copernicus’ day accumulated astronomical evidence had thrown some of his theories into
confusion.
In 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus challenge the Ptolemaic model. Copernicus introduce the
heliocentric theory. Copernicus held that the Earth is another planet revolving around the fixed Sun
once a year, and turning on its axis once a day. But while Copernicus put the Sun at the center of
the celestial spheres, he did not put it at the exact center of the universe, but near it. Copernicus'
system used only uniform circular motions, correcting what was seen by many as the chief
inelegance in Ptolemy's system.
The idea is rejected at first by the public. It appalled many since religious belief had taught them
that the Earth was created first before all things. Copernicus was even persecuted as a heretic
because his teachings were against what was widely accepted by religion.
After some time, astronomers realized that the Copernican Model simplified the orbits of planet. It
is also answered issues that could not be explained using the geocentric or Ptolemaic model. Public
was then accepted the model of Copernicus because many scientist and astronomers who have the
same ideas that supports the idea of Nicolaus Copernicus. As the Copernican Model was accepted it
was called “the birth of modern astronomy”, which resulted in the transformation of society’s
beliefs and thoughts.
b. Darwinian
Charles Darwin
-English naturalist whose scientific theory of evolution by natural selection became the foundation
of modern evolutionary studies
-His proposition that all species of life have descended from common ancestors is now widely
accepted and considered a fundamental concept in science.
-he introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process
that he called natural selection, in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the
artificial selection involved in selective breeding.
WHAT IS DARWINIAN THEORY?

Darwinism is called the Darwinian theory, it originally included the broad concepts of transmutation
of species or of evolution which gained general scientific acceptance after Darwin published On the
Origin of Species in 1859, including concepts which predated Darwin's theories.
Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin
(1809–1882) and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural
selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and
reproduce.
DARWIN'S THEORIES ABOUT THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE

The theory of evolution by natural selection, first formulated in Charles Darwin's book "On the
Origin of Species" in 1859, describes how organisms evolve over generations through the
inheritance of physical or behavioral traits. Individuals with traits that allow them to adapt to their
environments will help them survive and have more offspring, which will inherit those traits.
Individuals with less adaptive traits will less frequently survive to pass them on. Over time, the traits
that allow species to survive and reproduce will become more frequent in the population and the
population will change, or evolve. Through natural selection, Darwin suggested, a diverse life-form
could arise from a common ancestor.
c. Freudian
Sigmund Freud
1. Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, who created an entirely
new approach to the understanding of the human personality. He is regarded as one of the most
influential - and controversial - minds of the 20th century.
2. considered to be the father of psychiatry.
3. the man behind the Revolutionary Approach to Human Personality. He developed the
revolutionary of thinking about human mind, he introduces the idea of unconscious.
WHAT IS FREUDIAN REVOLUTION?

A relating to the ideas or methods of Sigmund Freud, especially his ideas about the way in which
people's hidden thoughts and feelings influence their behavior especially with respect to the causes
and treatment of neurotic and psychopathic states, the interpretation of dreams, etc. relating to or
influenced by Sigmund Freud and his methods of psychoanalysis, (Psychoanalysis: Freud's
Revolutionary Approach to Human Personality) especially with reference to the importance of
sexuality in human behavior.
EXPLORING THE UNCONCIOUS

Freud developed the theory that humans have an unconscious in which sexual and aggressive
impulses are in perpetual conflict for supremacy with the defenses against them. The late 1800s
mark the end of the Victorian age. Any expression of human sexuality was considered an outrage. In
1886 Dr. Sigmund Freud begun treating people with a simple and radical approach. His goal was to
get his patient to talk as much as possible about anything and everything. In 1897, he began an
intensive analysis of himself. In 1900, his major work 'The Interpretation of Dreams' was published
in which Freud analyzed dreams in terms of unconscious desires and experiences.
It is during the stages of development that the experiences are filtered through the three levels of
the human mind. It is from these structures and the inherent conflicts that arise in the mind that
personality is shaped. According to Freud while there is an interdependence among these three
levels, each level also serves a purpose in personality development.
Each stage is processed through Freud’s concept of the human mind as a three-tier system
consisting of the superego, the ego, and the id.
Super ego: functions at a conscious level. It serves as a type of screening center for what is going on.
It is at this level that society and parental guidance is weighed against personal pleasure and gain as
directed by one’s id. Obviously, this puts in motion situations ripe for conflict.
Ego: much like a judge in a trial, once experiences are processed through the superego and the id,
they fall into the ego to mediate a satisfactory outcome. Originally, Freud used the word ego to
mean a sense of self, but later revised it to mean a set of psychic functions such as judgment,
tolerance, reality testing, control, planning, defense, synthesis of information, intellectual
functioning, and memory.
Id: the egocentric center of the human universe, Freud believed that within this one level, the id is
constantly fighting to have our way in everything we undertake.
Reasons for the Freudian revolution

1.The first is purely practical: psychoanalysis has enormous historical significance. Mental illness
affects a large proportion of the population, either directly or indirectly, so any curative scheme as
widely accepted as was Freud's is important to our history in general.
2.The second, more important, reason is that Freud gave people a new way of thinking about why
they acted the way they did. He created a whole new way of interpreting behaviors: one could now
claim that a person had motives, desires, and beliefs–all buried in the unconscious–which they
knew nothing about but which nonetheless directly controlled and motivated their conscious
thought and behavior.
d. Information
Information
It came from the Latin word informare, means to give from, shape or character to something. In
a general sense, is processed, organized and structured data. It provides context for data and
enables decision making.
The Basics
The information age began around 1970's and it's still going on today. It is also shown as the
Computer Age, Digital Age, or New Media Age. This era brought about a time period in which
people could access information and knowledge easily.
INFLUENCES OF THE PAST ON THE INFORMATION AGE
The Renaissance influenced the information Age by creating the idea inventions, while too
advanced for the time, the basic idea used to develop modern inventions. The Renaissance also
changed literature. At first, only books that told stories of religion and religious heroes were
written. During the Renaissance people began to write realistic books and not just religious
stories. People's mindset about themselves changed. It was no longer about what humans could
do for God, but what humans could do for themselves. This way of thinking is called
HUMANISM.
The SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION changed the modern era by introducing important scientist such as
Galileo, Copernicus, and Sir Isaac Newton. Their discoveries paved the way for modern tools,
inventions and innovations.
The INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION brought about major changes in agriculture, manufacturing,

mining, transportation, and technology. This era had a profound effect on a social, economic,
and cultural conditions of the world.
INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS
There were many different inventions that came about because of the information age, one of
which was the computer. The internet allowed people to access information with the touch of a
button. The internet has turned society into homebodies, they can do everything online;
shopping, communicating, bill paying, working, education, entertainment, even ordering food.
Tim Berners-Lee, Steve Jobs, and Bill Gates
are several important people of the Information Age

BERNERS-LEE created the World Wide Web
STEVE JOBS who was created the first effective personal computer called the Apple 1.
BILL GATES is also a huge force in the information age. He founded Microsoft, which creates
almost everything that to do with computers.
CHANGES OF THE INFORMATION AGE
The Information Age has changed people, technology, science, economies, culture, and even the
way people think.
The internet is arguably the most important prominent innovations of the Information Age for it
changed the way people do everything.
IMPACTS OF THE INFORMATION AGE
The Information Age brought about many new inventions and innovations. Many
communication services like texting, email, and social media developed and the world has not
been the same since.
The Information Age is also known as the Age of Entrepreneurship. Now entrepreneurs can start
and run a company easier that before.
HOW DID IT CHANGE IT CHANGE/INFLUENCE SOCIETY AND THE WORLD
- Information Age influenced many factors in the society because it led us to the age of the
internet
- The world has experienced phenomena network growth during the last decade and further
growth is imminent
IN CONCLUSION
The Information Age is now. Every era from the Stone Age up to The Industrial Revolution has
led to the world as we know it. Without the information, knowledge and discoveries of those
from the past, we would not be where we are today. The past has shaped our present and will
continue to shape our future.

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Intellectual revolutions that defined

Nicolaus Copernicus: Against The Ptolemaic System

WHAT IS DARWINIAN THEORY?

DARWIN'S THEORIES ABOUT THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE

WHAT IS FREUDIAN REVOLUTION?

EXPLORING THE UNCONCIOUS

Reasons for the Freudian revolution

INFLUENCES OF THE PAST ON THE INFORMATION AGE

The INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION brought about major changes in agriculture, manufacturing,

INVENTIONS AND INNOVATIONS

Tim Berners-Lee, Steve Jobs, and Bill Gates

are several important people of the Information Age

CHANGES OF THE INFORMATION AGE

IMPACTS OF THE INFORMATION AGE

HOW DID IT CHANGE IT CHANGE/INFLUENCE SOCIETY AND THE WORLD

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